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Research Article Recovery of Exhaust Waste Heat for ICE Using the Beta Type Stirling Engine

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Research Article Recovery of Exhaust Waste Heat for ICE Using the Beta Type Stirling Engine Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Energy Volume 2015, Article ID 495418, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/495418 Research Article Recovery of Exhaust Waste Heat for ICE Using the Beta Type Stirling Engine Wail Aladayleh and Ali Alahmer DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TafilaTechnicalUniversity,P.O.Box179,Tafila66110,Jordan Correspondence should be addressed to Ali Alahmer; [email protected] Received 26 August 2014; Accepted 9 December 2014 Academic Editor: Guobing Zhou Copyright © 2015 W. Aladayleh and A. Alahmer. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This paper investigates the potential of utilizing the exhaust waste heat using an integrated mechanical device with internal combustion engine for the automobiles to increase the fuel economy, the useful power, and the environment safety. One of the ways of utilizing waste heat is to use a Stirling engine. A Stirling engine requires only an external heat source as wasted heat for its ∘ operation. Because the exhaust gas temperature may reach 200 to 700 C, Stirling engine will work effectively. The indication work, real shaft power and specific fuel consumption for Stirling engine, and the exhaust power losses for IC engine are calculated. The study shows the availability and possibility of recovery of the waste heat from internal combustion engine using Stirling engine. 1. Introduction give largest power at high temperature. Another method now used to recover the heat from exhaust gas is called Today, the energy researches take a wide place in the world; organic Rankin cycle (ORC). Figure 2 is based on the steam the automobile is so significant that it consumes more than generation in a secondary circuit using the exhaust gas half of the total energy used by all types of transportation thermal energy to produce additional power by means of combined. Numerically, the energy consumption of auto- a steam expander. The principle working of the organic mobiles accounts for 52% of all energy used by the entire Rankin cycle is the same as that of Rankin cycle: the working transportation; less than 35% of the energy in a gallon of fluid is pumped to a boiler where it is evaporated, passed gasoline reaches the wheels of a typical car; the remaining through an expansion device (turbine or other expander), heat is expelled to the environment through exhaust gases and then passed through a condenser heat exchanger which and engine cooling systems [1]. Figure 1 illustrates the energy it is finally recondensed [3, 4]. Another method to recover losses of internal combustion engine (ICE). The figure shows exhaust heat is by the use of the Stirling engine technique. the thermal losses take 60% approximately, and 33% of the This method has more activity and it is considered an power is expelled with exhaust gases; in another mean two- external combustion engine to produce mechanical work. thirds of our fuels’ money was spent in the environment. The recovery and utilization of waste heat not only conserve Sincemostoftheenergyconsumedbyaninternalcombus- fuel, usually fossil fuel, but also reduce the amount of waste tion engine is wasted, capturing much of that wasted energy heat and greenhouse gases damped to environment [2]. The can provide more power and efficiency. Many researchers use of Stirling engine has many advantages which can be examine how to utilize that lost energy and many methods summarized as follows [5–7]: high potential efficiency up to were used such as thermoelectric generation, piezoelectric 45%, reversible operation, cleaner emissions, quiet operation, generation, thermionic generation, thermophotovoltaic, and low vibrations, low maintenance, smooth torque delivery, mechanical turbo [2]. But these entire components were and ability to run at different fuels; finally Stirling engine considered as electric or electronic methods and they cannot does not have valves, carburetor, ignition system, or boilers. 2 Journal of Energy Exhaust 33% Thermodynamics Total energy losses losses Cooling 29% Fuel energy 100% Engine 11.5% Friction Transmission 5% losses 33% Mechanical Rolling resist power 38% 11.5% Energy used to move the Brakes 5% car 21.5% Air drag 5% Air drag 5% Figure 1: Energy losses of internal combustion engine. Reduce heat Heat Heat Power Expender Electric + exchanger Gas (radiator) (turbine) generator $$ Gasifier Sealed system Gas Liquid Cooler Pump Liquid (radiator) Figure 2: Organic Rankin cycle (ORC). On the other side the main disadvantages and limitations can 2. Stirling Engine Effective Factors be concluded as long start-up time at cold starting, typically not self-starting, and finally being quite large and heavy. Usually the design point of a Stirling engine will be some- The main objectives of this paper could be summarized in where between the two limits of (1) maximum efficiency point two points: using Stirling engine to recover the waste power and (2) maximum power point. There are many factors that through exhaust manifold to generate electrical power and may affect the out power and mechanical efficiency for the also showing the effect of raising the entire operating pressure Stirling efficiency, which can be concise as the following. for Stirling engine to get more power in practical size for the (i) Swept volume: the area under the P-V diagram indicates automobile and internal combustion engine. to the network that if the volume expands the power will The body structure of this paper starts by highlighting be increased; (ii) regenerator efficiency: the regenerator has objectives, advantages, limitations, and related research in mesh wires to store the heat while the working gas transfers Sectionone.Themainfactorsthathaveaneffectonthe between the hot side and cold side; theoretically if the engine performance of Stirling engine were displayed in Section two. does not have a full regenerative, the major trouble will be Thermodynamic model analysis in terms of Schmidt cycle, in the stream flow losses through the regenerator; (iii) mean waste exhaust recovery, Stirling engine power, and exhaust pressure: it is the average pressure inside the engine at the temperature profile were covered in Section three. Our pro- maximum and lower temperatures; the problem appeared posed exhaust’s heat recovery system in Section four follows. when the inside pressure is more than the atmospheric Section five presented the experimental methodology and pressure;unbalanceonthepistonwilloccur;(iv)workinggas: setup. The calculation and results were depicted in Section the type of gas in the Stirling engine takes a major factor; to six. Finally, Section seven summarizes the entire paper and get more power, the filled gas must have high specific heat shows the main conclusion. capacitysothatthegaswillgainandlosetheheatrapidly; Journal of Energy 3 then the piston is moving rapidly to produce a positive speed The engine pressure basedonthemeanpressure mean,the [5]. The hydrogen has the lowest molecular weight soit minimum pressure min, and the maximum pressure max is has great efficiency but low safety. Helium (He), N2,and described in [8]: air were considered a working gas for Stirling engine; and √1−2 (1−) finally (v) temperature difference: as any heat engine, the = mean = max mechanical efficiency stands upon the hot temperature and 1−⋅cos (−) 1−⋅cos (−) (5) cold temperature so more difference gives more efficiency. (1+) = min , 1−⋅cos (−) 3. Thermodynamic Analysis where −1 V sin 3.1. Schmidt Cycle Analysis. The Schmidt cycle is defined asa =tan , Stirlingcycleinwhichthedisplacerandthepowerpistonor +cos +1 the two power pistons move sinusoidally and dead volumes 4 arefound.TheassumptionsuponwhichtheSchmidtanalysis =+2 + + V +2 +1−2 , 1+ wasbasedareasfollows[8]: (i) sinusoidal motion of parts; (ii)gastemperaturesknownandconstantinallpartsofthe = , engine; (iii) absence of gas leakage; (iv) working fluid follow- ing perfect gas law; and finally (v) at each instant in the cycle (6) the gas pressure being the same throughout the working gas. 2 2 =√ +2(−1) V cos +V −2+1, InthispapertheSchmidtcyclewillbeevaluatednumer- ically.Theperformanceoftheenginecanbecalculatedusing = ,= , V = ,= , P-V diagram. The volume in the engine is calculated using the internal geometry. When the volume, mass of the working gas, and the temperature are decided, then the pressure is = , = , calculated using an ideal gas method in PV = mRT equation. Firstly, the volumes of the expansion and compression where is temperature ratio, V is a swept volume ratio, and cylinder at a given crank angle will be determined. The in- is dead volume ratio. stantaneous expansion volume is The net indicated work per cycle [8] is described by (1−) sin = mean = (1− ) + , (1) net √ 2 2 cos 1+ 1− min (1−) sin √1+ = ⋅ (7) where is a swept volume of the expansion piston and 1+√1−2 √1− is an expansion dead volume under the condition. (1−) √1− The instantaneous compression volume is determined = max sin ⋅ . by 1+√1−2 √1+ 3.2. Waste Heat Energy Calculation. The quantity of waste = [1− ) + [1 − (−)]+ −, 2 cos 2 cos heat contained in an exhaust gas is a function of both the (2) temperature and the mass flow rate of the exhaust gas: ̇ = ∗̇ ∗Δ, (8) where is a swept volume of the compression piston, ̇ ̇ is a compression dead volume, and is phase angle. where is the heat loss (kJ/s); istheexhaustgasmassflow rate (kg/s); is the specific heat of exhaust gas (kJ/kg⋅K); and The total instantaneous volume is calculated in Δ is temperature gradient in K. The mass flow rate of exhaust gas ̇ = + +. (3) ̇ = ̇ + ̇ . (9) Mass flow rate of air (̇ ) can be evaluated according to In the Beta type Stirling engine, the displacer piston and the power piston are located in the same cylinder. When both ̇ = ∗ ∗ V ∗∗2. (10) pistonsoverlap,aneffectiveworkingspaceiscreated.The Mass flow rate of fuel (̇ ) overlap volume is ̇ ̇ = . (/) (11) 2 2 ratio + √ + = − − cos . (4) 2 4 2 The volumetric efficiency ()hasarange0.8to0.9. 4 Journal of Energy 0.02 400 C) AB ∘ Large.
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