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Centro De Investigación Y De Estudios Avanzados Del CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y DE ESTUDIOS AVANZADOS DEL INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL UNIDAD ZACATENCO DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOMEDICINA MOLECULAR “La mutación A431E en PSEN1 causante de Enfermedad de Alzheimer Familiar altera el perfil proteómico de las células mesenquimales del epitelio olfatorio” T E S I S Que presenta Lory Jhenifer Rochín Hernández Para obtener el grado de MAESTRA EN CIENCIAS EN LA ESPECIALIDAD DE BIOMEDICINA MOLECULAR Director de la Tesis: Dr. Marco Antonio Meraz Ríos Ciudad de México Agosto, 2019. AGRADECIMIENTOS Primero que nada, me gustaría agradecer a mi familia, como se los he dicho siempre; mis logros serán sus logros, ya que sin ustedes esto no sería posible. A mis padres, Rodolfo y Gloria, quienes han sacrificado gran parte de su vida por educarnos y guiarnos, muchas gracias por todo, pero principalmente por su amor incondicional, soy muy afortunada de tenerlos como padres. A mis hermanos, por ser un gran ejemplo para mí; Rody gracias por enseñarme a ser perseverante y luchar por tus objetivos. A Fany, mi persona favorita, gracias por existir y estar siempre a mi lado, si no hubiera sido por ti yo no habría intentado hacer la maestría, gracias por darme la fuerza y apoyo necesarios para lograrlo eres mi máximo orgullo y ejemplo, simplemente lo mejor de mi vida. A mi director de tesis, el Dr. Marco Antonio Meraz Ríos, por permitirme ser parte de su grupo de trabajo, por depositar su confianza en mí, por su apoyo, paciencia, tiempo y enseñanzas, pero sobre todo por motivarme a seguir adelante y a ser mejor cada día, ¡lo quiero mucho! A la IBt. Lorena Ramírez Reyes y a él M. en C. Emmanuel Ríos Castro de la Unidad de Genómica, Proteómica y Metabolómica (UGPM) del Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Experimentales LaNSE) CINVESTAV por apoyo técnico, su asesoría y colaboración indispensables para poder llevar a cabo este proyecto, gracias Lore por todas tus enseñanzas y ayuda, espero seguir aprendiendo mucho de ti. A mis asesores el Dr. Michael Schnoor y a el Dr. Nicolás Villegas Sepúlveda por su apoyo, observaciones y comentarios para mejorar este proyecto. Al QFB Víctor H. Rosales García por su apoyo en citometría de flujo, y sobre todo por su amistad, por permitirme ser parte de su equipo de fútbol y hacerme reír siempre. A la M. en C. Pilar Figueroa por su apoyo técnico, enseñanzas, consejos y pláticas, gracias por hacer del laboratorio un buen ambiente de trabajo. A Julito por su apoyo, paciencia, disponibilidad y amistad en todo momento. A la Mays mi hermanita de laboratorio, gracias por ser mi confidente y amiga en este camino, aprendí mucho de ti migaja, y espero sigamos aprendiendo y haciendo ii locuras en el doctorado. A mis compañeros del laboratorio Rosa, Karla, Manu, Benja, Chicalote, Jorge, Memo, Migue y Fran. Así como a mis compañeros de otros laboratorios, que me apoyaron cuando las cosas no iban tan bien, que me enseñaron algunas técnicas y que me prestaron algunos reactivos y equipos; Iván, Paola, Rem, Raúl, Mike, Zu, Marce, y Charly. Al mi tocayo el Sr. Fer y al Dr. Luis B. Cotera del departamento de Biotecnología por sus palabras de aliento, amistad y apoyo incondicional. A todos mis amigos y personas del Cinvestav (Maru, chicos del tenis, del beis, del fútbol, los señores/señoritas. Polis etc.), que ayudaron a que esta experiencia fuera inolvidable, divertida y agradable. Y, por último, pero no menos importante agradezco al CONACYT por el apoyo económico otorgado a través de la beca. ¡Muchas gracias a todos! iii A mi familia con todo mi amor y respeto… “Nada en la vida es para ser temido, es sólo para ser comprendido. Ahora es el momento para entender más, de modo que podamos temer menos. Marie S. Curie iv ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS ........................................................................................................ ii ÍNDICE ............................................................................................................................... 1 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ........................................................................................................ 4 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS .......................................................................................................... 5 ABREVIATURAS ............................................................................................................... 6 RESUMEN ......................................................................................................................... 1 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................ 5 ENFERMEDADES NEURODEGENERATIVAS (NDD) ....................................................... 5 ENFERMEDAD DE ALZHEIMER (EA) ............................................................................. 5 Epidemiología e importancia .......................................................................................... 5 Características histopatológicas de la EA ....................................................................... 6 Proteína Tau .................................................................................................................. 7 β Amiloide y procesamiento de APP .............................................................................. 8 Complejo γ secretasa (GS) ............................................................................................ 9 Estadios de Braak y disfunción olfatoria en EA ............................................................ 10 Diagnóstico y Tratamiento de la EA. ............................................................................. 12 Clasificación de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer ............................................................... 13 ENFERMEDAD DE ALZHEIMER FAMILIAR (EAF) ........................................................ 14 Proteína Precursora Amiloide (APP) ............................................................................ 15 Presenilinas 1 y 2 (PSEN1 y PSEN2) ........................................................................... 15 Mutación A431E en PSEN1 ......................................................................................... 16 MECANISMOS PATOGÉNICOS INVOLUCRADOS EN EA ........................................... 18 PROTEÓMICA ................................................................................................................. 19 Tipos de estudios proteómicos ....................................................................................... 20 Estudios proteómicos cuantitativos .............................................................................. 20 Estudios proteómicos con marcaje .............................................................................. 21 Estudios proteómicos sin marcaje “label free” ............................................................. 22 FASES DE UN ESTUDIO PROTEÓMICO ....................................................................... 23 FASE 1: PREPARACIÓN DE LA MUESTRA ................................................................... 24 FASE 2: SEPARACIÓN DE LA MUESTRA ..................................................................... 26 Electroforesis Bidimensional (2-DE) .............................................................................. 26 Cromatografía líquida acoplada a Espectrometría de Masas (LC-MS) .......................... 27 FASE 3: ANALISIS POR ESPECTROMETRÍA DE MASAS ............................................ 28 Elementos de un Espectrómetro de masas .................................................................... 28 FUENTE DE IONIZACIÓN ............................................................................................ 29 MALDI (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization) .................................................. 29 ESI (Electrospray Ionization) ....................................................................................... 30 ANALIZADORES DE MASAS ....................................................................................... 30 Cuadrupólo (quadrupole, Q) ........................................................................................ 30 Trampa Iónica (ion trap, IT) ......................................................................................... 31 Tiempo de Vuelo (Time of Flight, TOF) ....................................................................... 31 Orbitrap ....................................................................................................................... 31 DETECTOR DE MASAS ............................................................................................... 31 FASE 4: IDENTTIFICACIÓN DE PROTEÍNAS ................................................................ 32 Huella peptídica (peptide mass fingerprint PMF) ........................................................... 32 Espectrometría de masas en tándem (MS/MS) ............................................................. 32 CONTROL DE CALIDAD EN ESTUDIOS PROTEÓMICOS TIPO “LABEL FREE” .......... 33 CÉLULAS MESENQUIMALES ......................................................................................... 35 Células ecto-mesenquimales de epitelio olfatorio (Ce-MEO / MSC-OE) .......................... 36 2.ANTECEDENTES DIRECTOS ...................................................................................... 36 3.JUSTIFICACIÓN ..........................................................................................................
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