Pluto's Republic: Incorporating the Art of the Soluble and Induction

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Pluto's Republic: Incorporating the Art of the Soluble and Induction 'To write good essays in popular science is almost as rare as to win the Nobel Prize; and the professor ... has achieved both distinctions.' Sunday Times 'Few if any chimera-killers since Heracles have had Medawar's style and range ... he has a unique and important inability to write or tolerate nonsense which has few parallels in scientific-philosophic writing.' Alex Comfort, Guardian 'Don't you just adore Pluto's Republic?' exclaimed a neighbour of Sir Peter Medawar's on hearing of his interest in philosophy. This struck Sir Peter as a perfect name for the intellectual underworld which so many of his essays explore- the realm of scientific reasoning, and of misconceptions about science. What is science? What sort of person is a scientist? What kind of act of reasoning leads to scientific discovery? These are the central questions to which Sir Peter constantly returns in these wide-ranging studies. The answers are often surprising. Conventional wisdom pictures the scientist as a book-keeper of nature, methodically working towards general scientific laws by objective research and painstaking observation. But scientific creation, Sir Peter shows, is more complex and more inspiring than this. It depends upon an imaginative leap akin to that of the poet. Furthermore there is no such animal as 'the scientist', and 'the scientific method' does not exist. Pluto's Republic is the definitive collection of the author's work. It includes not only the whole of his best-known book, The Art of the Soluble, unavailable for some years, but also Induction and Intuition in Scientific Thought, the bulk of The Hope of Progress (also out of print), and several other pieces not previously collected, as well as a recent essay on expectation and prediction published here for the first time. A new introduction links the essays and describes the denizens of Pluto's domain: IQ psychologists, practitioners of 'scientism' and 'poetism', mystical theolo ians, futurolo ists and the rest. PLUTO'S REPUBLIC By the same author The Uniqueness of the Individual The Future of Man Advice to a Young Scientist with]. S. Medawar The Life Science PLUTO'S REPUBLIC PETER MEDAWAR Incorporating THE ART OF THE SOLUBLE and INDUCTION AND INTUITION IN SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT Oxford New York OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford ox~ 6DP London Glasgow New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calculla Madras Karachi Kuala Lumpur Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland and associates in Beirut Berlin Ibadan Mexico City Nicosia © Peter Medawar 1958, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1974. 1975. 1982 'Technology and Evolution' by Sir Peter Medawar appeared in the Smithsonian magazine, May 1973. Copyright© 1973, 1974, 1975 by Doubleday & Company, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Doubleday & Company, Inc. 'Lucky Jim', '].B.S.', 'Victims of Psychiatry', 'Unnatural Science' and 'The Crab' reprinted from the New York Review of Books copyright© 1968, 1975, 1977 NYREV, Inc. 'Ind11ction 1111d Intuition in Scientific Thought' © American Philosophical Society 1969 'Does ethology throw any light on human behaviour?' © Cambridge University Press 19 76 For details ~(previous publication see Acknowledgements, p. vii All rights resen•ed. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmilled, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford Unil'ersity Press British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Medau•ar, Peter Pluto's republic 1. Science I. Title 500 Q158.5 ISBN o-19-217726-5 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Medawar, P. B. (Peter Brian), 1915- Pluto's Republic. 'Incorporating The Art of the soluble and Induction and intuition in scientific thought.' Includes index. 1. Science - Philosophy - Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Title. Q175.3.M4 501 81-22333 ISBN o-19-217726-5 AACR2 Set by Western Printin.~ Services Ltd Printed in Great Britain by Butler and Tanner Ltd TO JEAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I SHOULD like to thank the original publishers of these essays for their per­ mission to include them in this volume. The following list gives details of their relevant prior publication. Essays marked with an asterisk were previously collected in The Art of the Soluble (London, 1967: Methuen), those marked with a dagger in The Hope of Progress (London, 1972: Methuen). 'Introduction: Pluto's Republic' is newly written, but includes passages from the Introduction to The Art of the Soluble. *'Two Conceptions of Science': 'Anglo-Saxon Attitudes', Henry Tizard Memorial Lecture, Encounter 143 (August 1965). t 'Science and Literature': Romanes Lecture for r968,Encounter 32 no. r (January 1969). t 'Further Comments on Psychoanalysis': in The Hope of Progress. 'Induction and Intuition in Scientific Thought': Jayne Lectures for 1968 (Philadelphia, 1969: American Philosophical Society; London, 1969: Methuen). *'Hypothesis and Imagination': Times Literary Supplement, 25 October 1963; repr. in expanded form in The Art of the Soluble. 'Victims of Psychiatry': review of I. S. Cooper, The Victim is Always the Same, New York Review of Books, 23 January 1975· * 'Darwin's Illness': review of Phyllis Greenacre, The Quest for the Father, and Gavin de Beer, Charles Darwin, New Statesman, 3 April 1964. 'Type A Behaviour and Your Heart': Introduction to Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, 'Type A Behaviour and Your Heart' (London, 1974: Wildwood House). 'The Crab': review of Thelma Brumfield Dunn, The Unseen Fight Against Cancer, Larry Agran, The Cancer Connection: And What We Can Do About It, Priscilla Laws, X-rays: More Harm Than Good?, Lawrence LeShan, You Can Fight For Your Life: Emotional Factors in the Causation of Cancer, and Jane E. Brody and Arthur I. Holleb, You Can Fight Cancer and Win, New York Review of Books, 9 June I977· 'Unnatural Science': review of Leon J. Kamin, The Science and Politics of IQ, and N.J. Block and Gerald Dworkin (eds), The IQ Controversy, New York Review of Books, 3 February 1977. 'Technology and Evolution': in Technology and the Frontiers of Knowledge, Vlll ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the Frank Nelson Doubleday Lectures, 1972-3 (New York, 1975: Doubleday). 'Does ethology throw any light on human behaviour?': in P. P. G. Bateson and R. A. Hinde (eds), Growing Points in Ethology (Cambridge, 1976: Cambridge University Press). 'Taking the Measure of Man': review of D. W. Forrest, Francis Galton: The Life and Work of a Victorian Genius, Times Literary Supplement, 24 January 1975· *'Herbert Spencer and the Law of General Evolution': 'Onwards from Spencer: Evolution and Evolutionism', Spencer Lecture for 1963, Encounter 120 (September 1963). * 'D'Arcy Thompson and Growth and Form': 'Postscript: D'Arcy Thompson and Growth and Form', in Ruth D'Arcy Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, The Scholar-Naturalist, 1860-1948 (London, 1958: Oxford Uni­ versity Press). * 'The Phenomenon ofMan': review of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenom­ enon ~f Man, Mind 70 (1961). * 'The Act of Creation': 'Koestler's Theory of the Creative Act', review of Arthur Koestler, The Act of Creation, New Statesman, 19 June 1964; Koestler's reply and P.B.M.'s further comments, ibid., 10 July 1964. t 'J.B.S.': 'AJohnsonian Scientist', New York Review ofBooks, 10 October 1968. t 'Lucky Jim': review ofJ. D. Watson, The Double Helix, New York Review of Books, 28 March 1968. 'House in Order': review of Barbara Ward and Rene Dubos, Only One Earth, and John Maddox, The Doomsday Syndrome, World, 12 September 1972. *'A Biological Retrospect': Presidential Address to Section D of the British Association, Nature, 25 September 1965. 'Expectation and Prediction' appears here for the first time. t 'Science and the Sanctity of Life': Encounter 27 no. 6 (December 1966). t 'On "The Effecting of All Things Possible"': Presidential Address to the British Association, 1969, in The Hope Of Progress. I renew my thanks to Mr Arthur Koestler for allowing me to reprint his reply to my review of The Act of Creation. My secretary and assistant Mrs Joy Heys has given me invaluable help in the preparation of this book for press, and I have received more editorial assistance from Dr Henry Hardy - an officer of the Press - than any author is entitled to expect. P.B.M. Octobt•r 1981 CONTENTS Introduction: Pluto's Republic I Two conceptions of science 28 Science and literature 42 Further comments on psychoanalysis 62 Induction and intuition in scientific thought 73 I The problem stated 73 n Mainly about induction 85 III Mainly about intuition 99 Hypothesis and imagination II5 Victims of psychiatry 136 Darwin's illness 141 Type A behaviour :..nd your heart 148 The crab 154 Unnatural science 167 Technology and evolution 184 Does ethology throw any light on human behaviour? 191 Taking the measure of man 203 Herbert Spencer and the law of general evolution 209 D' Arcy Thompson and Growth and Form 228 The Phenomenon of Man 242 The Act of Creation 252 ].B.S. 263 Lucky Jim 270 House in order 279 A biological retrospect 287 X CONTENTS Expectation and prediction Science and the sanctity of life 311 On 'the effecting of all things possible' 324 Index 341 INTRODUCTION: PLUTO'S REPUBLIC A GOOD many years ago a neighbour whose sex chivalry forbids me to disclose exclaimed upon learning of my interest in philosophy: 'Don't you just adore Pluto's Republic?' Pluto's Republic has remained in my mind ever since as a superla­ tively apt description of that intellectual underworld which so many of the essays in this volume explore. We each populate Pluto's Republic according to our own prejudices: for me its most prominent citizens are IQ psychologists, and all psychotherapists who apply psycho­ therapy to the victims of organic diseases of the nervous system. With them I include all who share Dr David Cooper's sneering depreciation of the notion of cure (p.
Recommended publications
  • 1 Chapter 1.6. Evolution While You Are Watching Chapter 1.6
    Chapter 1.6. Evolution While You Are Watching Chapter 1.6 describes more or less direct observations of evolution. Although Macroevolution which results in really profound changes of living beings occurs too slowly for such observations, substantial changes in a lineage can and do occur at the time scale of thousands or even hundreds of generations. Fast evolution is usually driven by strong selection and can involve numerous allele replacements. Direct observations of evolution come from data of four kinds. Section 1.6.1 treats observations of rapid evolution of nature. Here we will understand the concept of observation broadly, and include data on changes of phenotypes in continuous paleontological records and on local adaptation. However, under some circumstances evolution proceeds so rapidly that substantial changes occur in the course of decades, and, thus, can be literally observed. Section 1.6.2 considers domestication, a phenomenon which became common after the origin agriculture ~12,000 years ago, and evolution of domesticated plants and animals. Due to artificial selection and to natural selection under new environment, important phenotypes of many domesticated species are currently way outside the range of their natural variation, and the diversity of varieties is astonishing. Thus, domesticated species provide a rich source of data on evolution at a relatively small scale. Section 1.6.3 reviews data on experimental evolution in controlled populations of a variety of organisms. Such experiments are an important tool of evolutionary biology, which made it possible to directly observe a number of key phenomena. However, a limitation of evolutionary experiments is that they must deal with organisms with short generation times.
    [Show full text]
  • Edwards, Anthony
    Anthony Edwards Personal Details Name Anthony Edwards Dates Born 1935 Place of Birth UK (London) Main work places Pavia, Cambridge Principal field of work Mathematical genetics Short biography See below Interview Recorded interview made Yes Interviewer Peter Harper Date of Interview 10/12/2004 Edited transcript available See below Personal Scientific Records Significant Record set exists Yes Records catalogued No Permanent place of archive Summary of archive Biography Anthony William Fairbank Edwards (born 1935) is a British statistician, geneticist, and evolutionary biologist. He is a Life Fellow of Gonville and Caius College and retired Professor of Biometry at the University of Cambridge, and holds both the ScD and LittD degrees. A pupil of R.A. Fisher, he has written several books and numerous scientific papers. He is best known for his pioneering work, with L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, on quantitative methods of phylogenetic analysis, and for strongly advocating Fisher's concept of likelihood as the proper basis for statistical and scientific inference. He has also written extensively on the history of genetics and statistics, including an analysis of whether Mendel's results were "too good", and also on purely mathematical subjects, such as Venn diagrams. His elder brother John H. Edwards (1928–2007) was a geneticist. He is also known for his involvement in gliding, particularly within the Cambridge University Gliding Club and for his writing on the subject in Sailplane and Gliding magazine as "the armchair pilot". INTERVIEW WITH PROFESSOR ANTHONY EDWARDS, 10th DECEMBER, 2004 AE. It’s Friday 10 December 2004 and I’m speaking to Professor Anthony Edwards at his home in Barton near Cambridge.
    [Show full text]
  • Fraser, George
    George Fraser Personal Details Name George Fraser Dates 1932 Place of Birth Uzhhorod (Ukraine) Main work places London, Leiden, Adelaide, Seattle, Oxford Principal field of work Human genetics Short biography To follow Interview Recorded interview made Yes Interviewer Peter Harper Date of Interview 03/02/2005 Edited transcript available See below Personal Scientific Records Significant Record set exists Yes Records catalogued In progress Permanent place of archive Summary of archive This document is based on a conversation between George Fraser and Peter Harper on 3 February 2005 at the Galton Laboratory, London . PSH. George, can I start at the beginning and ask where were you born and brought up? GF. I was born in Užhorod— I must tell you a little story about Užhorod. An elderly gentleman died and went to heaven where he was received by Saint Peter. ‘Where were you born?’ asked Saint Peter. ‘The Austro-Hungarian Empire’ was the reply. ‘Where did you go to school?’ ‘Czechoslovakia.’ ‘Where did you get married?’ ‘Carpatho-Ruthenia. I was married on 15 March 1939 when Carpatho- Ruthenia was an independent republic for one day.’ ‘Where did you have children? ‘Hungary.’ ‘Where did your children grow up?’ ‘The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.’ ‘Where did you die?’ ‘Ukraine.’ Saint Peter reflected on this unusual set of answers. ‘Perhaps you have been sent to the wrong place because we do not have facilities for tourism up here. Why did you move around so much down there?’ ‘Move around? I was born in Užhorod and I died in Užhorod and I never once left Užhorod during my entire life’ PSH.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Simple Polygenic Segregations in a Natural Population (Genetic Variation/Drosophila Melanogaster/Dominance Modifiers) JAMES N
    Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 82, pp. 8552-8556, December 1985 Evolution Detection of simple polygenic segregations in a natural population (genetic variation/Drosophila melanogaster/dominance modifiers) JAMES N. TH6MPSON, JR.,* AND C. G. N. MASCIE-TAYLORt *Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019; and tDepartment of Physical Anthropology, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3DZ England Communicated by Hampton L. Carson, August 7, 1985 ABSTRACT Penetrance frequencies were used to quantify MATERIALS AND METHODS segregating polygenic effects in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. When males from a series of 100 Polygenic modifiers offormation ofthe fifth-longitudinal (L5) isofemale strains were crossed to females from a veinlet line vein were scored in 100 isofemale strains collected around a (ve) single watermelon on a single day in 1973 in Oklahoma City, that had been selected for shortened veins, gaps commonly Oklahoma. The bait was exposed for less than 6 hr before appeared In the fifth longitudinal (L5) vein in the ve/+ collections were made. A localized natural D. melanogaster heterozygotes. We were able to assign each strain to one of six population is extremely difficult to identify with certainty. In significantly different clusters, based upon the pattern of sampling 100 separate genomes collected at the same time polygenic modifiers of ve dominance segregating in each strain. from the same location, however, we have done our best to We conclude that the extensive range of phenotypic variation obtain flies from the same population. in vein-forming ability is actually based upon a relatively Each female had been inseminated before collection, simple underlying polygenic structure that is consistent with though the number ofinseminations could not be determined.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Sense of Heritability
    Making Sense of Heritability In this book, Neven Sesardic defends the view that it is both possible and useful to measure the separate contributions of heredity and environ- ment to the explanation of human psychological differences. He critically examines the view – very widely accepted by scientists, social scientists and philosophers of science – that heritability estimates have no causal implications and are devoid of any interest. In a series of clearly writ- ten chapters he introduces the reader to the problems and subjects the arguments to close philosophical scrutiny. His conclusion is that anti- heritability arguments are based on conceptual confusions and misun- derstandings of behavior genetics. His book is a fresh, original, and com- pelling intervention in a very contentious debate. neven sesardic is Associate Professor in the Department of Philoso- phy at Lingnan University, Hong Kong. His areas of specialization are philosophy of biology, philosophy of science, and philosophy of mind. cambridge studies in philosophy and biology General Editor Michael Ruse Florida State University Advisory Board Michael Donoghue Yale University Jean Gayon University of Paris Jonathan Hodge University of Leeds Jane Maienschein Arizona State University Jesus ´ Moster´ın Instituto de Filosof´ıa (Spanish Research Council) Elliott Sober University of Wisconsin Alfred I. Tauber The Immune Self: Theory or Metaphor? Elliott Sober From a Biological Point of View Robert Brandon Concepts and Methods in Evolutionary Biology Peter Godfrey-Smith Complexity
    [Show full text]
  • The Royal College of Physicians and Oxford Brookes University Medical Sciences Video Archive MSVA 031
    © Oxford Brookes University 2012 The Royal College of Physicians and Oxford Brookes University Medical Sciences Video Archive MSVA 031 Sir Walter Bodmer FRS in interview with Dr Max Blythe Oxford, 4 December 1987 Interview 1 MB Sir Walter, I would like to turn your thoughts to your early days and to ask you to tell me something about your mother and father and the main influences of your schooling. WB I was born in Germany, in Frankfurt am Main. My father was Jewish, my mother was not - she had a mixed English/Swiss background. And, because of Hitler, we had to leave Germany, but that was in 1938 and I was only two and a half then, so I don’t remember anything of that time at all. My father was a doctor but he had to retake his medical exams because of the English regulations, so at the age of forty-six, or something like that, not knowing any English, it was quite hard. So we settled in Manchester then ... MB A big change? WB Well, it was! Although the only thing that I remember at the time, which was interesting because I had just learnt to talk, and I had learnt to talk German, and what I do remember of that time is first, not wanting to talk English and then not wanting to talk German afterwards. So although I later learnt German at school, and I still understand it reasonably well, and my parents used to speak quite a bit to each other in German and would speak to us - I was the youngest of three brothers - in German, we would always reply in English.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 60 of the Genetics Society Newsletter
    January 2009 . ISSUE 60 GENETICS SOCIETY NEWS www.genetics.org.uk IN THIS ISSUE Genetics Society News is edited by Steve Russell. Items for future • Evolution Of Sexual And Asexual issues should be sent to Steve Russell, preferably by email to [email protected], or hard copy to Department of Genetics, Reproduction Meeting University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH. The Newsletter is published twice a year, with copy dates of 1st June and • A Guide To Undergraduate Summer Projects 26th November. • John Thoday: An Appreciation • John Edwards: An Appreciation Two adult strepsipteran females (Family Xenidae) dissected from a Polistes paper wasp. From the fieldwork report by Dino McMahon on page 39 of this issue • My Favourite Paper (Image © D McMahon) • Student Travel and Fieldwork Reports A WORD FROM THE EDITOR A word from the editor There is a focus on some more research studentships: we have historical aspects of UK recently increased the stipends genetics in this issue with and the lab expenses for these appreciations of both John awards. Our Postgraduate Thoday and John Edwards, student committee rep, Tom both of whom made important Nowakowski, has written a contributions to the short piece aimed at budding development of genetics young scientists who are research and teaching in considering embarking on a Britain. We also have a short research career. I think it’s report on a remarkable film of useful for group leaders to the 1948 International Genetics consider some of the problems Congress, which was shown in undergraduates face and try Cambridge recently and and encourage them by helping contains the only known them find summer projects or moving images of Ronald funding.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Simple Polygenic Segregations in a Natural Population (Genetic Variation/Drosophila Melanogaster/Dominance Modifiers) JAMES N
    Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 82, pp. 8552-8556, December 1985 Evolution Detection of simple polygenic segregations in a natural population (genetic variation/Drosophila melanogaster/dominance modifiers) JAMES N. TH6MPSON, JR.,* AND C. G. N. MASCIE-TAYLORt *Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019; and tDepartment of Physical Anthropology, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3DZ England Communicated by Hampton L. Carson, August 7, 1985 ABSTRACT Penetrance frequencies were used to quantify MATERIALS AND METHODS segregating polygenic effects in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. When males from a series of 100 Polygenic modifiers offormation ofthe fifth-longitudinal (L5) isofemale strains were crossed to females from a veinlet line vein were scored in 100 isofemale strains collected around a (ve) single watermelon on a single day in 1973 in Oklahoma City, that had been selected for shortened veins, gaps commonly Oklahoma. The bait was exposed for less than 6 hr before appeared In the fifth longitudinal (L5) vein in the ve/+ collections were made. A localized natural D. melanogaster heterozygotes. We were able to assign each strain to one of six population is extremely difficult to identify with certainty. In significantly different clusters, based upon the pattern of sampling 100 separate genomes collected at the same time polygenic modifiers of ve dominance segregating in each strain. from the same location, however, we have done our best to We conclude that the extensive range of phenotypic variation obtain flies from the same population. in vein-forming ability is actually based upon a relatively Each female had been inseminated before collection, simple underlying polygenic structure that is consistent with though the number ofinseminations could not be determined.
    [Show full text]
  • Galton Institute Newsletter Issue 69
    ISSN 1359-9321 The Galton Institute NEWSLETTER Galtonia candicans Issue Number 69 December 2008 there has been much speculation that Contents there exist ‘genes for…’ many types of Cannabis and Psychosis: mental illness.2 However, as the evi- The Environment Trigger dence mounts which suggests gene- Cannabis and Psychosis 1 by environment interactions in human Benjamin Capps and David development – particularly in the effects Nutt of exposure to an environmental patho- Professor John Thoday 8 (Centre for Ethics in Medicine and gen on a person’s health is conditional Henry Wellcome L.I.N.E., upon her genotype3 – emphasis has IUSSP Seminar on University of Bristol) switched from discovering the Medelian Trade-offs in Female ‘units’ that cause phenotypes, to the Life Histories: 9 understanding of the complex relation- Introduction ship between genes and environment.4 Apparent IQ stability across There is growing evidence to suggest This paper addresses the ethical issues several decades 12 that there is a gene-environment interac- that arise from evidence that suggests tion between drug-taking and mental that some of the negative health effects health, that includes known environ- of cannabis use, in particular psychosis, mental pathogens and risk factors to may be predicted by genetic polymor- Milo Keynes specific substance-use disorders, and a phisms. We attempt to balance a heterogeneity in responses to these I am sad to have to announce that ‘genetic determinist’ view of disease Milo Keynes (our current Newsletter specific causes.5 One such drug is (e.g. a ‘gene for psychosis’) with the Editor) suffered a stroke on August cannabis, whose use is associated with concurrent evidence that the phenotypic 19th, 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • SHATTERING the MYTHS DARWINISM
    SHATTERING the MYTHS of DARWINISM RICHARD MILTON • = Park Street Press Rochester, Vermont Park Street Press One Park Street Rochester, Vermont 05767 www.gotoit.com Copyright© 1992, 1997 by Richard Milton First U.S. edition published by Park Street Press in 1997 Originally published in Great Britain by Fourth Estate Limited All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo­ copying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. LIBRARY oF CoNGREss CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Milton, Richard, 1943- [Facts of life] Shattering the myths of Darwinism I Richard Milton. p. em. "Originally published in Great Britain by Fourth Estate Limited"- T.p. verso. Originally published: Facts of life : London : Corgi Books, 1993. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and indexes. ISBN 0-89281-732-1 (alk. paper) 1. Evolution (Biology)-Philosophy. I. Title. QH360.5.M55 1997 576.8'2-DC21 97-9962 CIP Printed and bound in Canada 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Text design and layout by Kristin Camp This book was typeset inJ anson with Lucida Sans as the display typeface Park Street Press is a division of Inner Traditions International Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Publishers Group West (PGW), Toronto, Ontario Contents Preface lX PART ONE: CHAOS 1. A National Tr easure 2 2. Through the Looking Glass 7 3. A Matter of Conjecture 15 4. The Key to the Past? 25 5. Rock of Ages 37 PART TWO: CLAY 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Concepts in Biotechnology : History, Science and Business
    Klaus Buchholz, John Collins Concepts in Biotechnology History, Science and Business Klaus Buchholz and John Collins Concepts in Biotechnology Related Titles Nicolaou, K. C., Montagnon, T. Molecules that Changed the World 385 pages 2008 Hardcover ISBN: 978-3-527-30983-2 Sneader, W. Drug Discovery A History 472 pages Softcover ISBN: 978-0-471-89980-8 Ho, R. J. Y., Gibaldi, M. Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Transforming Proteins and Genes into Drugs 576 pages 2003 Softcover ISBN: 978-0-471-20690-3 Greenberg, A. The Art of Chemistry Myths, Medicines, and Materials 384 pages 2003 Hardcover ISBN: 978-0-471-07180-8 Sapienza, A. M., Stork, D. Leading Biotechnology Alliances Right from the Start 216 pages 2001 Hardcover ISBN: 978-0-471-18248-1 Klaus Buchholz and John Collins Concepts in Biotechnology History, Science and Business The Authors All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and Prof. em. Dr. Klaus Buchholz publisher do not warrant the information contained Technical University Braunschschweig in these books, including this book, to be free of Institute for Chemical Engineering errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that Hans-Sommer-Str. 10 statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or 38106 Braunschweig other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Germany Library of Congress Card No.: applied for Prof. em. Dr. John Collins British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Technical University Braunschschweig A catalogue record for this book is available from the Life Sciences Faculty British Library. c/o Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research – HZI AG Directed Evolution Bibliographic information published by Inhoffenstr. 7 the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek 38124 Braunschweig The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this fi Germany publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliogra e; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
    [Show full text]