DOCSLIB.ORG

Varghese Anita R.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Varghese Anita R.Pdf ECOLOGY, IMPACT AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF RESIN HARVEST ON THE WILD DAMMER TREE-CANARIUM STRICTUM ROXB. IN THE NILGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE, WESTERN GHATS, INDIA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MᾹNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY AUGUST 2014 By Anita Varghese Dissertation Committee: Tamara Ticktin, Chairperson David C. Duffy Jefferson Fox Orou Gaoue Christopher A. Lepcyzk Keywords: non timber forest produce, resin, harvest, traditional ecological knowledge, mixed effects models, phenology, Canarium strictum, Nilgiri biosphere reserve ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This intense journey of the past years would not have been possible without grace from the Almighty and support, and encouragement of family, friends, teachers, colleagues and institutions. To all of them I remain deeply grateful and wish to express my heartfelt gratitude. My committee members – Dr Tamara Ticktin (Chairperson) for her unflinching faith in her student’s abilities and for being the wonderful person she is. Drs David Duffy, Jefferson Fox, Christopher Lepcyzk and Orou Gaoue for comments, suggestions, ideas and encouragement. My family and friends- Parents, daughter, sister, nieces, brother in law and cousins for their support and faith in what I do. My daughter, Merab who helped me set out on this journey and was there to help me take it to the end point. Friends and neighbours in Kotagiri – Pratim, Sneh, Mathew and Annie, my motivators and my local guardians. Pastor and members of the Union Church in Kotagiri, who have been a source of strength. Chamanlalji and Shipradi, for their blessings and countless lessons about life. Mari and Stan, from Gudalur for their encouragement. Anu, Sunita, Kochu, Durga – friends for a long time. Teachers at Rishi Valley School, who adopted Merab as their own. Hawaii my home away from home and so much like my home. Tamara, Gustavo and Ylang, my family away from family. Vandana, Lisa, Isabel, Alesandre, Jennifer, Daniela, Georgia, Natalie, Katie, Gioconda, Shimona – for the learning times and fun times. A special word for Jennifer my constant ‘J-seek’. The Botany department at UHM - a great place to be and Dr. Tom Ranker, Dr. Alison Sherwood and Ms Patty Bedoya have been especially supportive. My organisation – Keystone Foundation- a small NGO with big ideas - an inspiring place to be. Sneh, Pratim and Mathew – founders who shared their dreams ii with me. My team members especially Sumin, colleagues and well-wishers who have made the place so vibrant. For help in field work that I received from Aradukuttan, Mahadesh, Sudhakar, L. Rajendran, Senthil Prasad, Maya,Vasu, Punit, Rajan, Karian, Rangasamy, Rangan, and Lingan. My funding agencies – The East West Center, PEO International Scholarship, East West Center Summer Research Grant, Jean E Rolles Scholarship, UH Foundation Grants, Ruffords Small Grants, Botany in Action-Phipps Conservatory, Mohammed bin Zayed species conservation fund, and Keystone Foundation. Many people knew from a long time that I should get out and do my PhD and I am grateful to them for their advice – Tony Cunningham who started this idea, Pratim Roy who nurtured it, Tamara Ticktin who welcomed it and Patricia Shanley who helped me take that final decision. I deeply miss my good friends, T.Kunhimohammed and S.S.Manoharan who were there when I started out but are not here on earth to see this journey reach its destination. iii ABSTRACT Harvest of plant products from the wild are an important source of livelihood to millions of people who live near forests. The impact of harvesting occurs at many levels to the ecology of the species. Harvesters are guided by their traditional ecological knowledge that also aids in reducing the impact of the harvest. I use the case study of Canarium strictum Roxb, (Burseraceae) a semi-evergreen tree harvested for resin by several indigenous communities in the Indian subcontinent. Resin is used locally for rituals and healing purposes and traded widely for industrial uses. I investigated the effects of resin harvesting on the ecology and phenology of the species on 89 trees in three regions of the Nilgiri Biopshere Reserve, Western Ghats, for two years. Seed germination experiments with seeds from harvested and not harvested trees were also undertaken. Through focus group discussions with harvesters, and using a fuzzy logic approach I documented their perceptions on the ecology of resin harvest and trees. I found that harvesting practices, size of the tree along with the characteristic of the tree flush colour were significant predictors of resin harvest. My results show that harvesting of resin has no negative effect on the growth rate, and fruit production. However harvested trees flowered at different times from not harvested trees and showed increased fruit production and seed germination rates. I found that resin harvesting was a prevalent practice among the indigenous people of the region and many of the factors perceived by the harvesters to influence resin quality and status of resin tree numbers in the forest coincided with factors observed in the ecological studies. Overall my results suggest that harvesting of resin has relatively low impact on the ecology of C. strictum and harvesters of resin make decisions on resin harvest based on a number of ecological factors. My results illustrate some of the detailed knowledge that harvesters have with regard to a lesser iv studied species like C. strictum, and community based monitoring programs that build on this knowledge can ensure strategies that allow for sustainable use while meeting the goals of conservation. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. VIII LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... X CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 1 Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR), Western Ghats India ........................................... 2 Impacts of harvesting from the wild .......................................................................... 3 People and forests in India ......................................................................................... 5 Community based ecological monitoring .................................................................. 6 Research questions and dissertation outline ............................................................... 8 CHAPTER 2 - IMPACT OF RESIN HARVEST ON THE BIOLOGY OF CANARIUM STRICTUM ROXB .............................................................................. 10 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 10 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................. 13 Results ...................................................................................................................... 18 Discussion & Conclusion ......................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 3 - PHENOLOGICAL PATTERNS IN CANARIUM STRICTUM ROXB. (BURSERACEAE), A RESIN HARVESTED SPECIES OF THE NILGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE, WESTERN GHATS, INDIA ...................... 29 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 29 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................. 31 Results ...................................................................................................................... 35 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 39 CHAPTER 4. TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF RESIN GATHERERS OF THE NILGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE, WESTERN GHATS, INDIA .......................................................................................................... 55 vi Introduction .............................................................................................................. 55 Materials & Methods ................................................................................................ 58 Results ...................................................................................................................... 63 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 67 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................ 85 Main findings ........................................................................................................... 85 Contributions to scientific literature ......................................................................... 89 Future directions ....................................................................................................... 92 APPENDIX.A. MAPS OF STUDY REGIONS WITH APPROXIMATE LOCATION
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Extreme Ecological Specialization in a Rainforest Mammal, the Bornean
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.03.233999; this version posted August 3, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 2 3 4 Extreme ecological specialization in a rainforest mammal, 5 the Bornean tufted ground squirrel, Rheithrosciurus macrotis 6 7 8 Andrew J. Marshall1*, Erik Meijaard2, and Mark Leighton3 9 10 1Department of Anthropology, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Program in the 11 Environment, and School for Environment and Sustainability, 101 West Hall, 1085 S. University 12 Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 USA. 13 2Borneo Futures, Block C, Unit C8, Second Floor, Lot 51461, Kg Kota Batu, Mukim Kota Batu, 14 BA 2711, Brunei Darussalam. 15 3Harvard University, 11 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, U.S.A. 16 17 * Corresponding author 18 E-mail: [email protected] (AJM) 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.03.233999; this version posted August 3, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 19 Abstract 20 The endemic Bornean tufted ground squirrel, Rheithrosciurus macrotis, has attracted great 21 interest among biologists and the public recently. Nevertheless, we lack information on the most 22 basic aspects of its biology.
    [Show full text]
  • WIAD CONSERVATION a Handbook of Traditional Knowledge and Biodiversity
    WIAD CONSERVATION A Handbook of Traditional Knowledge and Biodiversity WIAD CONSERVATION A Handbook of Traditional Knowledge and Biodiversity Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... 2 Ohu Map ...................................................................................................................................... 3 History of WIAD Conservation ...................................................................................................... 4 WIAD Legends .............................................................................................................................. 7 The Story of Julug and Tabalib ............................................................................................................... 7 Mou the Snake of A’at ........................................................................................................................... 8 The Place of Thunder ........................................................................................................................... 10 The Stone Mirror ................................................................................................................................. 11 The Weather Bird ................................................................................................................................ 12 The Story of Jelamanu Waterfall .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Origins and Assembly of Malesian Rainforests
    ES50CH06_Kooyman ARjats.cls October 21, 2019 11:31 Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Origins and Assembly of Malesian Rainforests Robert M. Kooyman,1,2 Robert J. Morley,3,4 Darren M. Crayn,5 Elizabeth M. Joyce,5 Maurizio Rossetto,2 J.W. Ferry Slik,6 Joeri S. Strijk,7,8,9 Ta o S u , 9,10 Jia-Yee S. Yap,2,11 and Peter Wilf12 1Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; email: [email protected] 2National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia 3Palynova UK, Littleport, Cambridgeshire CB6 1PY, United Kingdom 4Earth Sciences Department, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom 5Australian Tropical Herbarium and Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia 6Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam 7State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China 8Alliance for Conservation Tree Genomics, Pha Tad Ke Botanical Garden, 06000 Luang Prabang, Lao PDR 9Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China 10Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar Access provided by 118.208.177.216 on 11/06/19. For personal use only. 11Queensland Alliance of Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia 12Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Annu.
    [Show full text]
  • The Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific
    Volume 58 Number 2 2019 for Asia and the Pacific The Journal of Archaeology ASIAN PERSPECTIVES Volume 58 . Number 2 . 2019 ASIAN PERSPECTIVES The Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific Volume 58 2019 Number 2 Editors8 Note 219 articles A Bioarchaeological Study of Trauma at Late Iron Age to Protohistoric Non Ban Jak, Northeast Thailand 220 Lucille T. PEDERSEN, Kate M. DOMETT, Nigel J. CHANG, Siân E. HALCROW, Hallie R. BUCKLEY, Charles F. W. HIGHAM, Dougald J. W. O’REILLY, and Louise SHEWAN Austronesian Expansions and the Role of Mainland New Guinea: A New Perspective 250 Glenn R. SUMMERHAYES Ritual, Landscapes of Exchange, and the Domestication of Canarium: A Seram Case Study 261 Roy ELLEN Conflict and Identity: The Ritual of Wall Construction in Early China 287 YANG Qian Last-Millennium Settlement on Yadua Island, Fiji: Insights into Conflict and Climate Change 316 Piérick C. M. MARTIN, Patrick D. NUNN, Niko TOKAINAVATU, Frank THOMAS, Javier LEON, and Neil TINDALE Household Ethnoarchaeology and Social Action in a Megalith-Building Society in West Sumba, Indonesia 331 Ron L. ADAMS On Craft Production and the Settlement Pattern of the Jinsha Site Cluster on the Chengdu Plain 366 Kuei-chen LIN book reviews World Heritage Craze in China: Universal Discourse, National Culture, and Local Memory 401 Reviewed by Magnus FISKESJÖ Archaeology and Buddhism in South Asia 404 Reviewed by Lars FOGELIN Yungang: Art, History, Archaeology, Liturgy 406 Reviewed by Denise Patry LEIDY Khao Sam Kaeo: An Early Port-City between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea 409 Reviewed by Michèle H.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Laevistrombus Canarium (Linnaeus 1758)
    Journal of Sustainability Science and Management e-ISSN: 2672-7226 Volume 14 Number 1, February 2019 : 1-10 © Penerbit UMT EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON FOOD CONSUMPTION OF JUVENILES DOG CONCH, Laevistrombus canarium (LINNAEUS, 1758) IN LABORATORY CONDITION WAN NURUL HUSNA WAN HASSAN1*, NURUL AMIN SM2, MAZLAN ABD GHAFFAR1,3,4 AND ZAIDI CHE COB1,3 1School of Environmental and Natural Resources Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 3Marine Ecosystem Research Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 4Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: The dog conch, Laevistrombus canarium (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the economically important marine molluscs that have high market value, particularly in the Southeast Asian region. This study investigates food consumption and assimilation by the juvenile conch at different temperature regimes (22, 26, 30 and 34°C). Live samples of the juvenile conch were collected on several occasions between December 2013 to May 2105 at Merambong shoal, Johor Straits, Malaysia. They were acclimatized for one week in stocking aquaria with well-aerated seawater at 30 PSU, 26°C and fed with commercial marine sinking pellets. Prior to experimentation, the gastric emptying levels of the samples were standardized by allowing them to feed until satiation, followed by 24 hrs starvation. All treatments were carried out in ten replicates of similar sized aquarium (20 x 15 x 15 cm) containing 4L of aerated seawater. The conch food consumption rate was significantly different (p<0.05) between different temperature regimes.
    [Show full text]
  • Camera Trapping of Wildlife in the Newly Established Baleh National Park, Sarawak
    Journal of Sustainability Science and Management eISSN: 2672-7226 Volume 14 Number 4, August 2019: 38-51 © Penerbit UMT CAMERA TRAPPING OF WILDLIFE IN THE NEWLY ESTABLISHED BALEH NATIONAL PARK, SARAWAK JAYASILAN MOHD-AZLAN*1, MELYNDA CHEOK KA YI1, BELINDA LIP2 AND JASON HON2 1Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia. 2World Wildlife Fund for Nature, 7th Floor, Bangunan Binamas, Lot 138, Section 54, Jalan Padungan, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: The persistence of biodiversity in the Bornean rainforest depends on its ability to adapt to anthropogenic exploitation. The remaining forests in Sarawak are fragmented and isolated and their ability to support large sized mammals is of great concern. In view of this, camera trapping survey was conducted in the recently gazetted Baleh National Park to record the richness, activity pattern and distribution of medium-to-large sized mammals. A total of 15 infrared camera traps were set within the park. We identified at least 27 species of mammals, 12 birds and two reptiles. From the total mammalian species detected, four were listed as “totally protected” and 15 as “protected” under the Sarawak Wild Life Protection Ordinance 1998. Additionally, under the IUCN 2018 Red List criteria, one species was identified as “critically endangered” (Manis javanica), one as “endangered” (Catopuma badia), seven as “vulnerable” and four as “near threatened”. This study had identified the occurrence and distribution of some rare, endangered and threatened species. The presence of these species can be used to identify core conservation sites within Baleh National Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Canarium Schweinfurthii Burseraceae Engl
    Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. Burseraceae white mahogany, African canarium LOCAL NAMES English (purple canary tree,incense tree,gum resin tree,bush candle tree,African elemi); French (elemier d’Afrique,elemi de Moahum,elemi d’ouganda); Luganda (muwafu); Swahili (mpafu,mbani); Trade name (white mahogany,African canarium) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Canarium schweinfurthii is a large forest tree with its crown reaching to the upper canopy of the forest, with a long clean, straight and cylindrical bole exceeding 50 m. Diameter above the heavy root swellings can be up to 4.5 m. Bark thick, on young tree fairly smooth, becoming increasingly scaly and fissured with age. The slash is reddish or light brown with turpentine like odour, exuding a heavy, sticky oleoresin that colours to sulphur yellow and becomes solid. Leaves are pinnate, clustered at the end of the branches, and may be 15- 65 cm long, with 8-12 pairs of leaflets, mostly opposite, oblong, cordate at base, 5-20 cm long and 3-6 cm broad, with 12-24 main lateral nerves on each side of the mid-rib, prominent and pubescent beneath. The lower leaflets are bigger than the upper ones. The lower part of the petiole is winged on the upper side. The creamy white unisexual flowers about 1 cm long grow in inflorescences that stand in the axils of the leaves and may be up to 28 cm long. The fruit is a small drupe, bluish-purple, glabrous, 3-4 cm long and 1-2 cm thick. The calyx is persistent and remains attached to the fruit. The fruit contains a hard spindle-shaped, trigonous stone that eventually splits releasing 3 seeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: an and Taxonomists Throughout the World Who Have Left Inventory
    United States Department of Agriculture Perennial Edible Fruits Agricultural Research Service of the Tropics Agriculture Handbook No. 642 An Inventory t Abstract Acknowledgments Martin, Franklin W., Carl W. Cannpbell, Ruth M. Puberté. We owe first thanks to the botanists, horticulturists 1987 Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: An and taxonomists throughout the world who have left Inventory. U.S. Department of Agriculture, written records of the fruits they encountered. Agriculture Handbook No. 642, 252 p., illus. Second, we thank Richard A. Hamilton, who read and The edible fruits of the Tropics are nnany in number, criticized the major part of the manuscript. His help varied in form, and irregular in distribution. They can be was invaluable. categorized as major or minor. Only about 300 Tropical fruits can be considered great. These are outstanding We also thank the many individuals who read, criti- in one or more of the following: Size, beauty, flavor, and cized, or contributed to various parts of the book. In nutritional value. In contrast are the more than 3,000 alphabetical order, they are Susan Abraham (Indian fruits that can be considered minor, limited severely by fruits), Herbert Barrett (citrus fruits), Jose Calzada one or more defects, such as very small size, poor taste Benza (fruits of Peru), Clarkson (South African fruits), or appeal, limited adaptability, or limited distribution. William 0. Cooper (citrus fruits), Derek Cormack The major fruits are not all well known. Some excellent (arrangements for review in Africa), Milton de Albu- fruits which rival the commercialized greatest are still querque (Brazilian fruits), Enriquito D.
    [Show full text]
  • Canarium L. : a Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review
    R.Mogana et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(8),2482-2489 Review Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 http://jprsolutions.info Canarium L. : A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review R.Mogana1* and C.Wiart2 1School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham(Malaysia Campus), Jln Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 2School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham(Malaysia Campus), Jln Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Received on: 17-05-2011; Revised on: 12-06-2011; Accepted on:16-07-2011 ABSTRACT The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally Canarium L. species have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for Canarium L. as discussed in this review include antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity. Keywords: Canarium L., Burseraceae, antibacterial, antioxidant, pharmacology, secondary metabolites INTRODUCTION Canarium L. belongs to the family of Burseraceae Kunth. in the order Sapindales the bark of Canarium luzonicum Miq. or Canarium commune L. which has Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Pearl. This family consists of 18 genera and about 700 been used in the form of an ointment as a stomach stimulant and as an expec- species of tropical trees[1]. The word Canarium L. derives from the Malay torant [8]. The barks of Canarium indicum L. has been used for chest pains name ‘kanari’[2].
    [Show full text]
  • Canarium Ovatum Engl
    Canarium ovatum Engl. Burseraceae pili, Kedongdong LOCAL NAMES English (pilinut,Philippine nut,canarium melioides); Filipino (pili- pilauai,pili,pilaui,liputi,basiad,anangi); Trade name (pili,Kedongdong) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Canarium ovatum is an attractive, symmetrically shaped evergreen tree, up to 20 m tall and 50 cm in diameter. Stipules persistent, deltoid to lingulate, 5-20 x 3-10 mm. Leaves 2-4-jugate, imparipinnate, spirally arranged, about 40 cm long; Roadside tree (Rafael T. Cadiz) leaflets ovate to elliptic, 4-24 x 2-12 cm, stiff, coriaceous, entire, base oblique, rounded to subcordate, apex abruptly acuminate, 8-12 pairs of nerves. Inflorescence axillary, close together at the ends of branches, narrowly thyrsoid, 3-12 cm long, few flowers; flowers trimerous, unisexual, subsessile, pubescent, up to 12 mm long, calyx cupular, 7 mm long in male, 8-9 mm in female flowers; petals 2 x 1 cm; stamens 6, slightly adnate to the disk and sterile in female flowers; pistil absent in male flowers, 7 mm long in female. Canarium ovatum Flower (Rafael T. Cadiz) Fruit drupaceous, ovoid to ellipsoid, 3.5-6.25 x 2-2.75 cm, acute, triangular in cross-section; exocarp thin, glabrous, shiny, turning from light green to purplish-black; mesocarp fibrous, fleshy, thick and greenish-yellow in colour; endocarp (shell) elongated, stony, trigonous, pointed at base, blunt or obtuse at apex, tawny to dirty brown, sterile cells strongly reduced. Seed with 1 brown papery seed coat. Much of the kernel weight is made up of the cotyledons, which are about 4.1-16.6% of the whole fruit.
    [Show full text]
  • Production of Pickled Chinese Olive (Canarium Album) Fruit
    N. P. Minh et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 11(5), 2019, 1698-1702 Production of Pickled Chinese Olive (Canarium Album) Fruit N. P. Minh1,*, P. X. Mai2, K. S. Du3, T. M. Thang4, V. H. Dao5, H. P. Quyen6 1Faculty of Food Technology - Biotech, Dong A University, Da Nang City, Vietnam 2Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam 3Tien Giang University, Tien Giang Province, Vietnam 4Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam 5Soc Trang Community College, Soc Trang Province, Vietnam 6An Giang University, An Giang Province, Vietnam Abstract. Chinese olive (Canarium album L.), a plant in the Burseraceae family, is widely cultivated in Vietnam. The fresh fruit has the organoleptic characteristics of strong bitter and astringent tastes, and then tastes fragrant, sour and sweet after being chewed for a longer time. An attempt explored a lactic fermentation from Canarium album by focusing on the effect of different parameters such as blanching time and temperature as pre-treatment, salt concentration, fermentation time to total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total triterpenoids, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of pickled Canarium album. Experimental results revealed that blanching raw Canarium album in water heated at 95oC in 10 seconds, 6% salt in 12 days of fermentation was appropriated to get a pleasant pickled Canarium album quality. Canarium album pickles are considered as one of the health supplements. Keywords: Canarium album, lactic fermentation, salt, blanching, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total triterpenoids, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity 1. INTRODUCTION restricts the growth of spoilage flora and pathogenic Canarium L. belongs to the family of Burseraceae Kunth.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Variation in Non-Timber Forest Product Harvest Strategies
    Copyright © 2008 by the author(s). Published here under license by the Resilience Alliance. Varghese, A., and T. Ticktin. 2008. Regional variation in non-timber forest product harvest strategies, trade, and ecological impacts: the case of black dammar (Canarium strictum roxb.) use and conservation in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India. Ecology and Society 13(2): 11. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyand society.org/vol13/iss2/art11/ Research Regional Variation in Non-Timber Forest Product Harvest Strategies, Trade, and Ecological Impacts: the Case of Black Dammar (Canarium strictum Roxb.) Use and Conservation in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India Anita Varghese 1 and Tamara Ticktin 2,3 ABSTRACT. Millions of people worldwide depend on the harvest of non-timber forest products (NTFP) for their livelihoods, and the importance of understanding the complex relationships between NTFP harvest and conservation is increasingly recognized. This study employs a cross-disciplinary, regional approach to identify some of the links between patterns of harvest, trade, and conservation of one of South India’s most heavily harvested resins, Canarium strictum Roxb. (Burseraceae), or black dammar. We focus on indigenous communities in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR) and ask: How is C. strictum tapped and is there variation across communities? How is C. strictum resin sold and bought, and what trade routes are involved? What are the impacts of tapping on C. strictum trees and population structure? We carried out interviews and focus-group discussions with harvesters in eight villages in three different regions, and with buyers and traders inside and outside of the NBR. We also established twenty-two 20 x 20 m plots to document population structure.
    [Show full text]