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To cite this article: J-P. Delahaye et al 2018 JINST 13 T06003 - Overview of the Neutrinos from Stored Muons Facility - nuSTORM D. Adey, R.B. Appleby, R. Bayes et al.

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This content was downloaded from IP address 131.243.51.218 on 07/01/2019 at 17:49 2018 JINST 13 T06003 f May 8, 2018 May 8, 2018 June 12, 2018 : : : March 21, 2018 : Revised D. Neuffer, Accepted e Published Received H.G. Kirk, d P. Huber, —MUON c https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/06/T06003 Published by IOP Publishing for Sissa Medialab HYSICS P h S.A. Bogacz, b ARTICLE P and P.V. Snopok g C.M. Ankenbrandt, 1 , R. Ryne a : 1803.07431 Accelerator Subsystems and Technologies; Accelerator Applications; Accelerator e jean-pierre.delahaye@cern.ch : A Neutrino Factory where neutrinos of all species are produced in equal quantities by CCELERATORS FOR A Corresponding author. 1 UON 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab LBNL, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. IIT, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, U.S.A. E-mail: SLAC, Menlo Park, California, U.S.A. Muons, Inc, 552 N. Batavia Avenue, Batavia,JLAB, IL Newport 60510, News, U.S.A. Virginia 23606, U.S.A. Virginia Tech., Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061,BNL, U.S.A. Upton, Long Island, New York 11973,FNAL, U.S.A. Batavia, Illinois 60510, U.S.A. f e c g h a b d c

M Abstract J-P. Delahaye, muon decay is described as aconditions facility at for the ultimate intensity neutrino frontier studies for andLBNF exquisite precision the at providing ideal ideal Fermilab. complement to Itand Long Baseline performance, is Facilities taking foreseen like advantage to of beFermilab. existing built or A proposed tentative in layout facilities based stages at on with asaving an recirculating progressively is existing linac discussed increasing laboratory providing as opportunities complexity like well for considerable asby its Physics. possible Tentative parameters evolution of toward the ato various muon address stages collider the are if technological presented and issues as when and well requested demonstrate as their the feasibility. necessary R&D Keywords: modelling and simulations (multi-particle dynamics; single-particle dynamics) ArXiv ePrint The NuMAX Long Baseline Neutrino Factory concept M.A. Palmer, 2018 JINST 13 T06003 1 2 7 . − µ from + at Daya Bay in China and of the % improving systematic precision µ 1 13 θ ∼ – 1 – the production of all neutrino species allowing physics with multiplea neutrino channels, beam constitution defined with a precision of a clean muon detector with a magnetic field to distinguish A Neutrino Factory (NF) where neutrinos are produced as tertiary particles by muons decay • • • 2.1 The accelerator2.22 complex The detector4 3.1 Rationale5 3.2 Staging scenario6 (figure1b) would constitute the ideal complementstandard [1] technology where to neutrinos Long are Baseline produced Facilities asand based secondary would on particles provide a by very pion more attractive decay improvements (figure1a), especially: 1 Overview The 2012 major discoveries of theHiggs large boson flavour mixing by angle LHC atthe CERN Higgs discovery dramatically corresponds modified to thesign a Particle of splendid Physics physics confirmation landscape. Beyond Standard ofnecessary Model the Although to (BSM) Standard has address Model (yet) basic (SM) beenmatter-antimatter and questions detected asymmetry, no which and at the neutrino LHC, SM mass. BSMpriority cannot, physics for especially Therefore is the the dark future quest matter, for ofhigh dark BSM High intensity energy, physics Energy frontiers. is Physics. a Neutrinopotential high It oscillations to requires are probe facilities irrefutable at up evidenceNeutrino both for to Facilities as BSM the extremely the physics high one high with energy foreseen energies. at the measured and FNAL value are of presently Although sufficient the due neutrino flavour toflux mixing studies the of unexpected angle, in neutrinos large Neutrino Long from Factories muon Baseline withprecision decay flavour an physics will at intense be the and required intensity frontier. well inwill At defined the be the future energy necessary to frontier, as a provide a lepton multi-TeV anModel collider precision ideal if facility and tool to when for complement such high the physics is LHC, confirmed. for physics beyond the Standard Contents 1 Overview 2 NuMAX 3 Phased5 approach 4 Main7 parameters 5 R&D 2018 JINST 13 T06003 – 2 – ”, has been defined in the frame of the Muon Accelerator X Neutrinos productions schemes. By muon decay in Neutrino Factories By pion decay in Long Baseline Facilities (b) (a) Figure 1. ccelerator comple A uon M trino from The concept of a Neutrino Factory on the FNAL site, called NuMAX — which stands for In particular, it envisions using the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) foreseen to NuMAX is foreseen to be built in phases, as presented in section3, in order toThe make R&D required the to demonstrate its feasibility, optimize its performance and/or mitigate its u e N “ house the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) detectorFacility of (LBNF). Because the its Long distance Baseline of Neutrino 1300 km fromin FNAL is the shorter than IDS-NF, the 2000 the km considered optimumreduced neutrino from 10 energy to is about around 5in GeV 1 the with Fast to considerable Acceleration Systems savings chapter 2 of GeV of [3] such theFactory and accelerating that the Storage system muon the Ring decay as ring muon described chapter as described energy ofNuMAX in is the [3]. with Neutrino a similar In neutrino spite flux of is similar the to reduced the energy, one theproject of as IDS-NF physics realistic as as performance discussed possible of and in to section4. NuMAX favor its possible takes future advantage evolution towards of a Muonlayouts the Collider as [6]. strong shown on synergies figure2 betweenthus enabling Neutrino facilities Factory at both and the Muon intensitycost and Collider is the presented energy in frontiers. section5. 2 NuMAX 2.1 The accelerator complex Like the IDS-NF [5],impinging a NuMAX high uses Z afew hundred material high-power MeV/c, with target. proton a beam large The momentum to spread, majority produce and of transverse charged momentum the pions components produced by that pions have momenta of a Program (MAP) [2–4]. It is strongly inspired fromon the IDS-NF a study green [5] of site. an ideal Neutrino Nevertheless,into Factory its account concept, and described take in advantageand section2, of maximize is the the significantly specificities synergies modified with of to the the take FNAL FNAL existing or site planned in systems order and programs. to mitigate its cost 2018 JINST 13 T06003 – 3 – s. Finally, muons are stored in the decay ring to produce µ 2 . 2 = 0 τ Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider layouts emphasizing synergies between the various sub- A proton source producing a high-power multi-GeV bunched protonA beam [7]. pion production target thatthe operates pions radially, within guiding a them high-field into a solenoid. decay channelA The [8,9]. front-end solenoid made confines of amuons solenoid longitudinally into decay a channel bunch equipped train,increases with and the RF then energy of applies cavities the a that slower (low-energy) time-dependent bunches captures(high-energy) acceleration and decreases the bunches that the [10, energy11]. of the faster A cooling channel that uses ionization coolingby to the reduce beam, the so transverse that phase it space fits occupied within theAn acceptance acceleration of scheme the that first accelerates acceleration the stage muons [12–16]. to 5A GeV 5 [17]. GeV “racetrack” storage ring with long straight sectionsShort [18]. and long baseline detectors, described in the section 2.2 The functional elements of a Neutrino Factory, illustrated schematically in figure2, are: • • • • • • • A tentative block diagram of the NuMAX complex is displayed on figure3. neutrino beams in the ring’swhere straight neutrinos sections are pointing analyzed. towards short and long base-line detectors systems especially concerning the muon production and initial cooling stage. are comparable to their longitudinalenergy momentum. within a Hence, large longitudinal the and daughter transverse phase-space. muonsconfined transversely, are This captured longitudinally, initial produced and muon have at population its must phase-space low be manipulatedacceptance to fit of within an the accelerator. Thesedecay beam with a manipulations lifetime must at be rest done of quickly, before the muons Figure 2. 2018 JINST 13 T06003 – 4 – ) lie in the 1–2 GeV range. The MIND technology preferred in the International 2 32 m ∆ Tentative block diagram of the NuMAX complex based on a dual use linac [17] accelerating both It is based on an extension of the envisioned PIP-II linac accelerating the proton beam in two A 12-meter diameter by 60-meter long liquid argon detector requires a coil with 400,000 A/m Figure 3. stages up to 3 GeVpion and production. further accelerated The by muonsrecirculated a produced to 650 by the MHz pion dual dual linac decay, for linac captureduse further and before acceleration linac bunched hitting up concept to in the [17] 5 the GeV target accelerating asconsiderable front for required both end savings by the NuMAX. are as The proton described dual and ininitial muon cooling the beams [12] to Fast provides match muon acceleration an beam opportunity systems emittancesRF to subsection for standards the linac of adopted acceptances by at [3]. the the 325optimization PIP-II and It as 650 program. MHz the requires best The trade-off initial between cooling linac, RF specifications and result cooling. 2.2 from a cost The detector With a baseline ofUnderground Research Facility 1300 (SURF), km the relevant corresponding neutrino energies for(dictated to oscillation by measurements the distance between Fermilab and the Sanford protons and muons. to generate a 0.5 Tcryostat. magnetic field. This One wouldrequire might require 14 use 23,000 kilotons NbTi of meters steel. carrying of 40,000 A cable in or a 920,000 kA-m. 10-cm diameter The flux return would Design Study for the Neutrino Factoryand (IDS-NF) it starts is to anticipated become that inefficientthemselves a at at change these this of point low in energies detector time: technologyargon will magnetized, TPCs. fully be active, Since needed. plastic the scintillator Two DUNE and candidatesTPC detector magnetized suggest as liquid [19] its of the far-detector LBNF technology,liquid facility a argon has detector staged chosen seems approach a the to way liquidwhole to argon a detector) go, (LAr) at Neutrino with the possibly Factory initial 10 phase using kt of fiducial a NuMAX, mass upgradable magnetized (twice to as 30 much kt for at the the final phase of NuMAX+. 2018 JINST 13 T06003 compared with the one of Long δ – 5 – NuMAX stages Physics performance [1] in terms of CP phase There is considerable liquid argon TPC R&D taking place worldwide with the primary goal of With such detector, the physics performance [1] compares well with the performance of other providing input to the detailedefforts design in Europe of toward a the magnetized LAr DUNE TPC, but farthat considerable R&D, detector(s). R&D remains it to is be There not done. have yet Pending clear beenretrofitted whether with some a a R&D non-magnetized magnetic LAr field TPC or for whether DUNE an could entirely be new economically detector wouldfacilities need even in to the be early built. NuMAX phasesand as shown the in detector figure4. allows The gradual progressiverequired upgrade improvements precision of of in the a the facility few performance degrees in of the the CP facility violating phase. towards the 3 Phased approach 3.1 Rationale The feasibility of the technologies requiredvalidated for before Neutrino a Factories facility and/or based Muondedicated upon Colliders test these must facilities, be can which be are proposed.convenient, specially these designed test Such facilities to validation are address rather is expensive theare usually to major build made therefore and issues. in difficult to operate Although to over very severaltechnology justify years. development rather They and than fund, for physics. given especially that they are usually useful only for Figure 4. Baseline Neutrino facilities like LBNF andof T2HK neutrino and cross their sections possible at improvement nuSTORM by [20]. precise measurements 2018 JINST 13 T06003 acility (SURF). F esearch R a long-baseline 5 GeV Neutrino X): nderground U anford with production of up to 60000 top particles per based on a limited proton beam power of 1MW S – 6 – ccelerator Comple A uon Top Factory sec) with exquisite energy resolution enabling direct Higgs mass M 7 upgraded from the commissioning phase by adding a limited amount : if warranted by LHC results, a muon collider with an ultimate en- , a full-intensity Neutrino Factory, achieved through progressive upgrades of [23, 24]: a collider capable of providing between 3500 (at startup) and 13,500 sec) for precise top properties measurements. 7 eutrino from [22]: a short-baseline Neutrino Factory-like ring enabling a definitive search initial (commissioning) phase on the muon productionconventional technology, target while with already providing no very attractive cooling physics parameters. for an earlyof and 6D realistic cooling, start affording a with precisethe capabilities and of well-characterized conventional neutrino superbeams. source that exceeds NuMAX. These upgrades include increasingit the becomes proton available, beam and powerperformance on carrying similar to target, that out when specified a for theultimate IDS-NF corresponding source [5]. upgrade to Such enable a of precision machine represents CP-violation the the measurements detector in the for neutrino sector. Possible upgrade to a An year (10 – NuMAX baseline – NuMAX+ – – Unique physics capabilities such that the corresponding facility obtains support and isAn funded. integrated R&D program, indevelopment, addition beam to tests, the validation of scienceexperience subsequent program, for steps, that the and next supports stage. the technology acquisition of operational Construction of each stageequipment and as systems already installed, an such that add-on theaffordable. additional budget to of each the stage remains previous stages, extensively reusing the nuSTORM Higgs events per year (10 for sterile neutrinos, as wellrequired as for neutrino precision cross-section measurements at measurements any that long-baseline will experiment. ultimatelyNuMAX be (N Higgs Factory and width measurements. Multi-TeV Collider Factory, optimized for aThis detector facility at can be the deployed in phases: ergy reach of 10 TeV likelyconsumption of offers any the lepton best collider capable performance, of lowest operating cost, in the and multi-TeV regime. minimum power An alternative approach is considered here. It consists of a series of facilities built in stages, • • • • • • • where each stage offers: 3.2 Staging scenario A complete staging scenario hasStaging been Study (MASS) developed within [21]. theand It framework with consists of performance of the characteristics providing a Muon unique series Accelerator physics reach: of facilities, each with increasing complexity 2018 JINST 13 T06003 neutrinos per year at the far detector, 60 20 10 × – 7 – 5 muons/bunch are stored in the muon decay ring with a 15 Hz repetition 10 10 × 5 . 3 Existing tunnels and other conventional facilities; The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) as the MW-class proton driverThe for muon Sanford generation; Underground Research facilitywhich (SURF) could then as house developed the for detector the for a DUNE long-baseline detector, Neutrino Factory. Proton driver and target corresponding to theno state of specific the art development in operation needed, atprotons SNS except and and therefore possibly muons beams; for the dual use linac accelerating both A tentative block diagram of the overall complex in a phased approach emphasizing the In order to achieve the required flux of The early NuMAX commissioning phase without any cooling and a proton beam power of • • • • evolution and synergies from Neutrino Factoryinstalled to Muon for collider each is phase shown in issystems5. figure are re-used added The in after systems tests the and following validation phases in the for previous which phase. specific equipment4 or sub- Main parameters Preliminary parameters of the three NuMAXperformance phases are with presented progressively in increasing complexity table1 and ofand NuMAX+ compared provides with a nuSTORM. neutrino In flux particular, similar the to the final one phase obtained by IDS-NF [5]. Such a staging scenariostage. provides clear This decision represents points ancurrent before and especially planned embarking attractive facilities, upon thus approach maximizing each atand the the subsequent FNAL, synergies proposed between where MAP the path it ongoing forward, FNAL leverages specifically: program the use of Obviously, some parts of the plan could be skipped depending on Physics needs. bunches of rate. Taking intoalong account the reasonable NuMAX transmission complex andtarget performance, [10], a including it production muon requires rate a decaymuon of high production losses, 0.13 and but a useful not modest muon amount unreasonable of2 per proton 6D in 6.75 cooling beam the GeV by longitudinal power proton a direction) of factor in on 50 2.75reasonable order (5 MW accelerating to in on system. match each the target transverse muon plane for beam and emittances to the acceptances of a 1 MW, corresponding to the present stateorder of of the magnitude art, lower already than provides the an one attractivea flux provided factor by although 4 the one by IDS-NF. implementing The the flux 6D is then cooling improved in by the about NuMAX baseline phase. 5 R&D Since the initial-stage Neutrino Factory, NuMAX, reliesany on cooling, a its proton critical beam challenges power are of limited 1 to: MW without 2018 JINST 13 T06003 – 8 – Layout of a multi-TeV Muon Collider Layout of a Muon based Higgs factory Layout of a Muon based Neutrino factory (c) (b) (a) Evolution in stages of the muon complex from a Neutrino Factory (a) to a HIGGS factory (b) and Figure 5. a multi-TeV Muon Collider (c). 2018 JINST 13 T06003 Sn conductor could be used; 3 – 9 – –12 T so that Nb 10 ∼ Main beam and machine parameters of the various stages of the NuMAX Neutrino Factory compared A 15–20 T solenoid to efficientlylimit capture the the magnetic pions field produced to in the target. One would try to Accelerating gradient in lowmagnetic field frequency as (325–975 required MHz) by the RF front structures end; immersedHigh in efficiency Recirculating high Linear Accelerators (RLA); 10 kt magnetized liquid argon (LAr) or magnetized fully active plastic-scintillator detector. • • • • The required high-field solenoid and RF cavitiessubjects immersed of in development large during magnetic the fields MAP have Feasibility been Assessmentinvolves major multi-pass phase. arcs The based novel RLA on technology linear combined-functionpasses magnets, with which very allow different two consecutive energiessolution to combines be compactness transported with through all the of same the string advantages of of magnets. a linear Such non-scaling a FFAG, namely, Table 1. with the preliminary nuSTORM facility. 2018 JINST 13 T06003 /pulse) as required 12 muons/bunch) could be 12 10 ∼ – 10 – /bunch) as required by Muon Colliders. 12 muons/bunch) could be further tested using the proposed nuSTORM facility as a muon 8 by the full-intensity Neutrino Factory, NuMAX+.complex at In the addition, 1 MW it level would as validate well the as injector theA corresponding high-intensity target, Neutrino front Factory, end NuMAX+, only and(by requires 5 GeV a a RLA. modest factor amount 2 of in 6Dsource longitudinal cooling and and an 5 R&D in platform each to(6D) transverse test cooling planes) and but validate by the could five demanding beintensity transverse orders (10 used and as of longitudinal a magnitude muon to full specification and nominal muon bunch A lower-intensity Neutrino Factory, the initial NuMAX, thatcould does be not used require any as cooling a but the long-baseline longitudinal neutrino and source transverse and cooling an (6D) R&D at platform full to muon test intensity and (10 validate tested with protons in the proposed ASTA test facility at FNAL. A multi-megawatt Proton driver which is(ESS). being validated by the European Spallation Source A corresponding upgrade of thewhich target the possibly feasibility by adopting hasat Hg-jet CERN. successfully target technology been from demonstrated by the MERIT experiment [9] Ionization Cooling, which is being studied inexpected the in MICE experiment 2018. at RAL, with(10 first results As described insource. In ref. parallel, [20], cooling at ionization full Muon cooling Collider intensities at ( reasonable intensity In parallel, NuMAX could be used to validate the technology required for the following phases: The baseline Neutrino Factory, NuMAX, is upgraded from the NuMAX initial stage by modest • • • • • Acknowledgments This work was supported by Fermilablaboratories under under contract No. contracts DE-AC02-76SF00515, DE-AC02-07CH11359 and DE-AC05-06OR23177,DE-AC02-05CH11231 by DE-SC0012704, with other the and US U.S. Department of Energy. The full-intensity Neutrino Factory, NuMAX+, is upgraded from theproton NuMAX beam baseline by power additional up to 2.75 MW on target. Its major technical challenges therefore consist of: The NuMAX facility could then bemance, constructed building in up on phases the with technical progressing systemsprevious and complexity phases. the and operational perfor- experience accumulated during the 6D cooling of the beam emittancesmajor by technical a challenge factor therefore 2 consists in of: longitudinal and 5 in both transverse planes. Its the large dynamic aperture andThe momentum dogbone acceptance RLA with essential 2-pass for arcs large-emittance isJEMMRLA the muon (JLab subject beams. Electron of Model a of specific Muon proof-of-concept RLA electron [25],Lab. test proposed facility, to be The built and NuMAX operated facility at Jefferson couldthe MAP thus feasibility be study. built soon after the completion of the R&D specified in 2018 JINST 13 T06003 . , JINST Phys. , 2018 JINST , 5th , in , 2017 1st Proceedings of , LBNL-2932E , in , in , submitted to ]. arXiv:1411.0629 , (2015) 031003. 18 arXiv:1612.08960 , Dresden, Germany, 16–20 Jun 2014, , Kyoto, Japan, 23–28 May 2010, Final Cooling for a High-Energy ]. . (2015). A Neutrino factory for both large and small ]. T07003[ , Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A., July 29–August 6, 2013 , BNL-52503, Snowmass (1996). JINST , 12 Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams COOL’15 , – 11 – (2013) 091001. 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