The Journal of Gemmology

Volume 26 No. 3 July 1998

The Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain 27 Greville Street, London EC1N 8SU Tel: 0171 404 3334 Fax: 0171 404 8843 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.gagtl.ac.uk/gagtl President: Professor R.A. Howie Vice-Presidents: E.M. Bruton, A.E. Farn, D.G. Kent, R.K. Mitchell Honorary Fellows: R.A. Howie, R.T. Liddicoat Jnr, K. Nassau Honorary Life Members: D.J. Callaghan, E.A. Jobbins, H. Tillander Council of Management: C.R. Cavey, T.J. Davidson, N.W. Deeks, R.R. Harding, I. Thomson, V.P. Watson Members' Council: A.J. Allnutt, P. Dwyer-Hickey, S.A. Everitt, R. Fuller, A.G. Good, J. Greatwood, B. Jackson, J. Kessler, J. Monnickendam, L. Music, J.B. Nelson, P.G. Read, R. Shepherd, P.J. Wates, C.H. Winter Branch Chairmen: Midlands - G.M. Green, North West - I. Knight, Scottish - B. Jackson Examiners: A.J. Allnutt, M.Sc., Ph.D., FGA, S.M. Anderson, B.Sc. (Hons), FGA, L. Bartlett, B.Sc., MPhil., FGA, DGA, E.M. Bruton, FGA, DGA, C.R. Cavey, FGA, S. Coelho, B.Sc., FGA, DGA, Prof. A.T. Collins, B.Sc., Ph.D, A.G. Good, FGA, DGA, G.M. Howe, FGA, DGA, G.H. Jones, B.Sc., Ph.D., FGA, M. Newton, B.Sc., D.Phil., CJ.E. Oldershaw, B.Sc. (Hons), FGA, H.L. Plumb, B.Sc., FGA, DGA, R.D. Ross, B.Sc., FGA, DGA, P.A. Sadler, B.Sc., FGA, DGA, E. Stern, FGA, DGA, Prof. I. Sunagawa, D.Sc., M. Tilley, GG, FGA, C.M. Woodward, B.Sc., FGA, DGA

The Journal of Gemmology Editor: Dr R.R. Harding Assistant Editors: M.J. O'Donoghue, P.G. Read Associate Editors: S.M. Anderson (Perth), Dr C.E.S. Arps (Leiden), G. Bosshart (Zurich), Prof. A.T. Collins (London), Dr J.W. Harris (Glasgow), Prof. R.A. Howie (Derbyshire), Dr J.M. Ogden (Cambridge), Prof. A.H. Rankin (Kingston upon Thames), Dr J.E. Shigley (Carlsbad), Prof. D.C. Smith (Paris), E. Stern (London), Prof. 1. Sunagawa (Tokyo), Dr M. Superchi (Milan), C.M. Woodward (London) Production Editor: M.A. Burland

Vol 26, No. 3, July 1998 ISSN: 1355-4565 The colour of Igmerald: I.G. Farbenindustrie flux-grown synthetic emerald

Dr Karl Schmetzer1 and Dr Lore Kiefert2 1. Marbacher Strasse 22b, D-85238 Petershausen, Germany 2. SSEF Swiss Gemmological Institute, CH-4001 Basel Switzerland

ABSTRACT: Seven samples of I.G. Farbenindustrie flux-grown synthetic emerald were examined. The synthetic emeralds were grown between 1929 and 1942 at Bitterfeld, Germany in a lithium molybdate solvent. Gemmological, chemical and spectroscopic properties are given. The colour of the samples is caused by minor amounts of chromium and nickel and, thus, the secret ingredient mentioned by Espig (1960) is identified as a nickel-bearing compound.

Introduction Webster, 1952, 1955, 1958; Wiegand, 1952; 145 Gübelin 1953; Eppler, 1958a,b). Regarding the Historical background growth technology used, there was only he first emerald synthesis which speculation until three more or less detailed produced facetable crystals above one papers of one of the inventors of the Tcentimetre in size was performed by I.G. Farbenindustrie process were published I.G. Farbenindustrie (literally I.G. Dye Trust) (Espig, 1960, 1961, 1962). Before this at Bitterfeld, Germany Facetable material information was available, the synthetic had been grown since 1929 (Schiebold, 1935; emeralds were considered as hydrothermally Espig, I960), but samples were released to grown (Webster, 1955,1958; Wilke 1956). the public only after the first announcement to the press in February 1935 (Anonymous, Growth technology 1935). Gemmological descriptions of this synthetic emerald were published in the Espig reported that the first attempts to same year (Eppler, 1935; Jaeger and Espig, grow synthetic emeralds at Bitterfeld started 1935; Anderson, 1935) and mineralogical in 1911 and that he was involved in these investigations of the synthetic emerald experiments from 1924. Crystal growth in the crystals, e.g. by X-ray powder diffraction, final stage of the technical development was were also performed (Schiebold, 1935; Espig, performed in platinum crucibles with 1935; Anderson, 1935). Gemmological lithium molybdate as the solvent. A properties of these synthetic emeralds were schematic drawing of the growth conditions examined later by various authors and their (Figure 1) which followed closely the results were summarized and compared descriptions of Espig was published by with the features of the first synthetic Recker (1973). A nutrient of BeO and A1203 emeralds produced in the United States by with lithium Chromate as colour-causing Chatham in different articles in the '50s (e.g. dopant was placed at the bottom of a

© Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain ISSN: 1355-4565 2

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Figure 1: Schematic diagram diagram of ofthe the process process applied applied to fluX to fluxgrowth growth of synthetic of synthetic emerald emerald by I.G. by I.G. Farbenindustrie at at Bitterfeld, Bitterfeld, Germany, Germany, from from 1929 1929to 1942; to 1942;Key: 1 Key: = platinum 1 = platinum crucible, crucible,2 = platinum 2 = platinum lid, 3 = insulation,insulation, 4 4= = heating heating system, system, 5 = 5 central = central platinum platinum tube tubefor the for addition the addition of material of material to the to the nutrient, 6 = baffle,baffle, 7 7= = nutrient, nutrient, 8 =8 quartz= quartz plates, plates, 9 = 9 growing = growing crystals, crystals, 10 = 10lithium = lithium molybdate molybdate solvent (adapted(adapted from from Recker, Kecker, 1973). 1973).

platinuplatinumm crucible.crucible. Subsequently,Subsequently, ththee cruciblecrucible 2 oror 3 emcm inin lengthlength (Espig,(Espig, 1960,1960, 1961,1961 , 1962).1962) . wawass filledfilled witwithh lithiulithiumm molybdatemolybdate andand FaceteFacetedd stonesstones upup toto 1 ctct inin weightweight measuringmeasuring emeraldemerald seedsseeds werweree positionedpositioned belobeloww a 5 toto 6 mmmm werewere cutcut fromfrom thethe rough.rough. platinumplatinum baffle.baffle. AbovAbovee thisthis bafflebaffle,, quartzquartz EmeraldEmeraldss werweree produceproducedd atat BitterfelBitterfeldd fromfrom platesplates ofof 8 toto 1010 mmmm inin thicknessthickness werewere 19291929 untiluntil 19421942 in in 12 12 furnaces furnaces (Espig, (Espig ,1960), 1960) but, bu t arranged.arranged. TheseThese quartzquartz platesplates floatedfloated oonn toptop ofof duedue toto thethe marketmarket situationsituation forfor naturalnatural ththee meltmelt afterafter heatinheatingg thethe furnacefurnace toto a constantconstant emeraldsemeralds andand ththee relativelrelativelyy highighh costcost ofof crystalcrystal temperaturetemperature ofof aboutabout 800°e.800°C ThisThis temperaturetemperature growth,growth, thertheree waswas nono large-scalelarge-scale industrialindustrial wawass kepkeptt atat a constantconstant levellevel overover a growthgrowth productioproductionn ooff syntheticsynthetic emeraldsemeralds atat thethe I.GLG.. periodperiod ooff 2020 days,days, butbut newnew nutrientnutrient waswas addedadded FarbenindustriFarbenindustrie(Anonymous,e (Anonymous, 1952;VV1egand,1952; Wiegand, everyevery secondsecond dayday bbyy meansmeans ofof a centralcentral 1952).1952). AsAs aa result,result, thethe syntheticsynthetic emeraldsemeralds werewere platinuplatinumm tubetube ttoo ththee materialmaterial atat thethe bottombottom ooff nevernever soldsold commerciallycommercially onon ththee freefree market.market. ththee crucible.crucible. AfteAfterr eacheach growthgrowth periodperiod,, thethe TheThe materialmaterial waswas namednamed Igmerald,Igmerald, standingstanding syntheticsynthetic emeraldemerald crystalscrystals werewere examinedexamined andand forfor I.GI.G.. emerald,emerald, andand wawass used forfor publicpublic extremelyextremely impureimpure layerslayers ofof syntheticsynthetic emeraldemerald relationsrelations purposepurposess ofof thethe I.G.LG. Farbenindustrie.Farbenindustrie. materiamateriall werewere removed.removed. TheThe largestlargest crystalscrystals ooff InIn 1945,1945, thethe completecomplete platinuplatinumm growthgrowth prismaticprismatic habithabit whichwhich werewere obtainedobtained iinn aboutabout facilitiesfacilities werweree lostlost andand productioproductionn waswas notnot 1818 growthgrowth periodsperiods duringduring oneone yearyear measuredmeasured resumedresumed afterafter thethe war.war.

J.J. Gemm.,Gemm .• 1998,26,3,145-1551998, 26, 3, 145-155 Colour of of Igmerald Igmeral d 1980;1980; NassauNassau andand Nassau,Nassau, 1980).1980). ThisThis AlthoughAlthough thethe basibasicc technologytechnology ofof emeraldemerald assumptionassumption wawass acceptedaccepted byby otherother scientistsscientists productioproductionn hahass beenbeen availableavailable toto ththee publicpublic (see(see e.g.e.g. Elwell,Elwell, 1979)1979) andand seemsseems reasonable,reasonable, sincesince 1960,I960, a fewfew sentencessentences inin thethe firstfirst ofof thethe becausebecause syntheticsynthetic greengreen 'emeralds''emeralds' whichwhich threethree paperspapers byby EspiEspigg ledled toto somesome speculation:speculation: werewere colouredcoloured bbyy vanadiumvanadium hadhad alreadyalready 'Zwar'Zwar stehtsteht inin allenallen Lehrbiichern,Lehrbüchern, daISdaß beenbeen mentionedmentioned inin 19261926 bbyy BernauerBernauer (in(in a SmaragdSmaragd durehdurch ChromoyxdChromoyxd gefarbtgefärbt istist unundd inin paperpaper dealingdealing withwith trapichtrapichee emeraldsemeralds fromfrom derder HauptsacheHauptsache trifftrifftt diesdies auehauch zu.zu. NachdemNachdem Colombia),Colombia), althoughalthough thethe growthgrowth methodmethod ooff wiwirr aberaber zumzum erstenmalerstenmal grolSegroße KristalleKristalle thesethese samplessamples wawass notnot described.described. ThisThis erhielten,erhielten, zeigtzeigtee sieh,sich, daISdaß ChromChrom alleinallein eieinn information,information, however,however, waswas availableavailable toto thethe kalteskaltes blauliehesbläuliches GriinGrün gibt,gibt, undund eses warenwaren scientistsscientists involvedinvolved inin thethe growthgrowth andand HunderteHunderte vovonn VersucheVersuchenn erforderlich,erforderlich, urnum examinationexamination ofof I.G.LG. FarbenindustrieFarbenindustrie diejenigendiejenigen StoffeStoffe ausfindigausfindig zuzu machen,machen, diedie diedie syntheticsynthetic emeraldsemeralds (see(see Schiebold,Schiebold, 1935)1935).. FarbeFarbe zuzurnm warmewarmenn GriinGrün einereiner WiesWiesee imim FriihlingFrühling nuancierten.'nuancierten/ ['It[It isis mentionedmentioned inin allall MaterialsMaterials andand methodsmethods textbookstextbooks thatthat emeralemeraldd isis colouredcoloured byby Seven Igmeralds (I.G. Farbenindustrie chromiumchromium oxide,oxide, andand thisthis isis generallygenerally correct.correct. Seven Igmeralds (LG. Farbenindustrie flux-grown synthetic emeralds) were ButBut afterafter wwee obtainedobtained largelarge crystalscrystals foforr ththee firstfirst flux-grown synthetic emeralds) were available from the research collection of time,time, wewe recognizerecognizedd thatthat chromiumchromium alonealone available from the research collection of E.E. Giibelin,Gübelin, Lucerne,Lucerne, SwitzerlandSwitzerland (Figure 2): 2): causescauses a coldcold bluishbluish green.green. HundredsHundreds ooff experimentsexperiments werewere necessarnecessaryy toto findfind thosethose - oneone prismatic,prismatic, slightlyslightly distorteddistorted crystalcrystal ooff compounds,compounds, whichwhich shiftedshifted thethe colourcolour toto thethe 3.813.81 ctct measuringmeasuring 9.59.5 mmmm inin lengthlength andand warmwarm greengreen ofof a meadomeadoww iinn spring.']spring/] betweenbetween 6.06.0 andand 6.86.8 mmmm inin diameter;diameter; AnotherAnother fluxflux growthgrowth processprocess ofof syntheticsynthetic - sixsix facetedfaceted stonesstones betweenbetween 0.480.48 andand emeraldemerald waswas performeperformedd inin thethe '20s'20s byby 0.120.12 ct,ct, allall witwithh anan orientationorientation ofof thethe tabletable 147 ProfessorProfessor RR.. NackeNackenn inin Frankfurt,Frankfurt, Germany,Germany, facetfacet perpendiculaperpendicularr toto thethe c-axis.c-axis. 147 usinusingg a molybdenum-molybdenum- andand vanadium­vanadium- AllAll sevenseven samplessamples werewere testedtested byby standardstandard bearinbearingg flux.flux. CrystalsCrystals upup toto 5 mmmm inin sizesize gemmologicalgemmological methodsmethods forfor opticaloptical properties,properties, werewere describeddescribed byby NassauNassau (1978)(1978) andand thethe fluorescence,fluorescence, specificspecific gravitygravity andand microscopicmicroscopic growthgrowth techniquetechnique waswas elucidatedelucidated usingusing features.features. InclusionsInclusions werewere studiedstudied microscopi­microscopi­ NackenNacken syntheticsynthetic emeraldsemeralds fromfrom privatprivatee andand callycally andand identifiedidentified byby RamanRaman spectroscopyspectroscopy publipublicc collections,collections, becausebecause nono publicatiopublicationn isis withwith a RenishaRenishaww RamanRaman Microscope.Microscope. ForFor a availableavailable fromfrom NackeNackenn himselfhimself describingdescribing chemicalchemical characterizationcharacterization ofof thethe syntheticsynthetic thethe growthgrowth procesprocesss (see(see alsoalso Webster,Webster, 19551955,, 1958).1958). NackenNacken syntheticsynthetic emeraldsemeralds werewere alsoalso regardedregarded asas hydrothermally-grownhydrothermally-grown syntheticsynthetic Figure 2: Rough and faceted I.G. emeraldsemeralds untiluntil thethe chemicalchemical compositioncomposition ofof a Farbenindustrie synthetic emeralds (left) trappedtrapped molybdenum-molybdenum- andand vanadium­vanadium- compared to to two two Chatham Chatham synthetic synthetic emeralds emeralds bearinbearingg residuaresiduall fluxflux waswas establishedestablished andand thethe (right). TheThe rough rough crystal crystal is 9.Sis 9.5mm mm long long (photo (photo absenceabsence ofof waterwater waswas confirmedconfirmed experimentallyexperimentally by H.A.H.A. Hanni).Hänni). (Nassau,(Nassau, 1978)1978).. KnowingKnowing ofof vanadiuvanadiumm asas a colour­colour- causingcausing tractracee elementelement inin naturalnatural emeraldsemeralds fromfrom certaicertainn sourcessources suchsuch asas Colombia,Colombia, NassauNassau mentionedmentioned a possiblepossible co-operationco-operation ooff I.G.LG. FarbenindustrieFarbenindustrie withwith NackeNackenn andand a possiblpossiblee useuse ofof vanadiuvanadiumm asas a colour-causingcolour-causing dopantdopant inin ththee LGI.G.. FarbenindustrieFarbenindustrie growthgrowth procesprocesss ofof Igmerald.Igmerald. HeHe suggestedsuggested thatthat thethe secretsecret ingredieningredientt ofof JaegeJaegerr andand EspigEspig maymay havehave beenbeen vanadiumvanadium (Nassau,(Nassau, 1976,1976, 19781978,,

The colour ofoflgmerald Igmerald (I.G.(LG. Farbenindustrie flux-grownflux-grown synthetic emerald) Figure 3: Growth and and colour colour zoning zoning parallel parallel to to the basal pinacoid in LG.I.G. FarbenindustrieFarbenindustrie synthetic emerald.emerald. View View perpendicular perpendicular to the to c­the c- axis, immersion,immersion, 35x 35x

emeraldsemeralds,, thethe roughrough crystalcrystal andand thethe twotwo largerlarger facetedfaceted samplessamples ofof 0.480.48 andand 0.260.26 cctt werewere submittedsubmitted ttoo energy-dispersiveenergy-dispersive X-rayX-ray fluorescencefluorescence analysisanalysis (EDXRF)(EDXRF) usinusingg a SpectraceSpectrace 50005000 TracorTracor X-rayX-ray fluorescencefluorescence Figure 4: Growth and colour zoningzoning spectrometerspectrometer witwithh a TracoTracorr NorthernNorthern SpectraceSpectrace approximately parallel parallel to the to basalthe basal pinacoid pinacoid in I.G. in I.G. Farbenindustrie synthetic synthetic emerald; emerald; some some of the of the TX-6100TX-6100 softwaresoftware system.system. SpectroscopicSpectroscopic datadata growth planes planes are are not not exactly exactly parallel parallel to each to other. each other. inin thethe visiblevisible andand ultravioleultraviolett rangerange forfor allall sevenseven View perpendicular perpendicular to theto thec-axis, c-axis, immersion, immersion, SOx 80x 148148 samplessamples werewere recordedrecorded witwithh a Leitz-UnicamLeitz-Unicam SPSP 800800 spectrophotometer.spectrophotometer. ofof flux-growflux-grownn syntheticsynthetic emeraldsemeralds ooff differentdifferent producersproducers,, especiallyespecially withwith thosethose ooff ResultResultss syntheticsynthetic emeraldsemeralds whichwhich werewere growgrownn inin a Gemmological propertiesproperties solvensolventt ofof lithiumlithium molybdatmolybdatee (see(see FlanigenFlanigen GemmologicalGemmological properties,properties, e.g.e.g. refractiverefractive et al.,al, 1967)1967).. indices,indices, specificspecific gravity,gravity, andand fluorescencefluorescence AllAll samplessamples revealerevealedd a characteristiccharacteristic datadata (Table 1), I), are ar ecomparable comparabl eto t othe th eproperties propertie s growthgrowth zoningzoning consistingconsisting ofof alternatingalternating

Table I: I:Properties Properties of chromium- of chromium-and nickel-bearing and nickel-bearing synthetic emeralds synthetic emeralds Chatham Iîgmeraldgmerald Gilsol/Gilson*" ColouColourr bluish-greebluish-greenn grass-greengrass-green yellowishyellowish-gree-greenn PleochroisPleochroi mm paralleparallell c blue-greeblue-greenn bluish-greebluish-greenn intenintens e greengreen perpendiculaperpendicularr cc yellowish-greeyellowish-greenn yellow-greeyellow-greenn yellow-greenyellow-green Refractive indices no 1.564 1.563-1.566 1.563 Refractive indices no 1.564 1.563-1.566 1.563 n. 1.560 1.559-1.561 1.559 ne 1.560 1.559-1.561 1.559 0.004 0.004-0.005 0.004 BirefringencBirefringencee 0.004 0.004-0.005 0.004 Specific graVity 2.65 2.65-2.66 2.65 Specific gravity 2.65 2.65-2.66 2.65 UV fluorescence long-wave moderate red moderate red light yellowish UV fluorescence long-wavshort-wavee moderatlight rede red moderatlight rede red lightlight yellowishh short-wave light red light red light yellowish Significant minor elements Cr Cr> i»Fe Cr- i>(V,Fe,Cu) Significant minor elements Cr Cr>Ni»Fe Cr~Ni>(V,Fe,Cu) Significant absorption bands Cr Cr> Significant absorption bands Cr Cr>Ni Cr^Ni

* Schmelzer,Schmetzer, 19891989

J.J. Gemm., 1998, 26, 3, 145-155145-155 Figure 5: Inclusions ofof . prismatic beryl crystals with orientations different different from that of the host synthetic emerald; inclu­ inclu­ sions of opaque residuesresidues of the solvent have beenbeen trapped in the prismatic beryl. Immersion, (a) in plane-polarized light,light, lOOx, and (b) in cross-cross­ polarized light,light, 100x.lOOx. green,green, yellowish-greenyellowish-green andand sometimessometimes eveneven ththee hoshostt beryberyll and,and, thus,thus, ththee singlesingle prismsprisms greenish-yellowgreenish-yellow layerslayers mormoree oror lessless parallelparallel werewere sometimessometimes difficultdifficult toto observe.observe. ttoo ththee basabasall pinacoipinacoidd (Figure 3). 3). Some Some of o fthese these UnderUnder crossedcrossed polarizers,polarizers, howeverhowever,, thesethese growthgrowth boundarieboundariess werweree slightlyslightly inclinedinclined toto prismprismss alwaysalways becambecamee visiblevisible duedue toto eacheach otherother,, i.e.i.e. notnot allall growthgrowth lineslines werewere theitheirr interferenceinterference colourscolours (Figure 5). exactlyexactly parallelparallel,, thusthus representinrepresentingg slightlyslightly Consequently,Consequently, thesethese inclusionsinclusions werewere unevenuneven undulatinundulatingg planesplanes withiwithinn ththee berylberyl identifiedidentified asas beryberyll witwithh anan orientationorientation crystalscrystals (Figure 4). 4). The The rough rough crystal crysta lshowed showed differentdifferent fromfrom thatthat ooff thethe host.host. alsalsoo smallsmall areaareass withwith growtgrowthh zoninzoningg parallelparallel ThThee secondsecond typetype ofof birefringentbiréfringent inclusionsinclusions ttoo ththee hexagonahexagonall prismprism facesfaces (1010)(lOTO) andand consistedconsisted ofof colourlesscolourless crystals,crystals, mostlmostlyy withwith 149 (1120),(1120), butbut thesthesee thithinn outerouter layerslayers werewere 149 completelycompletely removedremoved byby cuttingcutting inin allall sixsix somewhatsomewhat roundedrounded edgesedges withwith refractiverefractive facetedfaceted samples.samples. indicesindices distinctlydistinctly aboveabove thathatt ofof ththee host. TheseThese inclusionsinclusions werewere identifiedidentified bbyy micromicro TwoTwo typetypess ooff birefringentbiréfringent crystalscrystals werewere RamaRamann spectroscopyspectroscopy asas phenakite,phenakite, whichwhich isis a presenpresentt asas inclusions:inclusions: thethe firstfirst typetype commoncommon inclusioinclusionn inin flux-grownflux-grown syntheticsynthetic consistedconsisted ofof prismaticprismatic,, elongatedelongated crystalscrystals emeraldsemeralds fromfrom differentdifferent producersproducers (Delé(Dele­- whichwhich containecontainedd numerounumerouss smallsmall opaqueopaque DuboiDuboiss et al.,al, 1986a,1986a, b).b) . inclusions,inclusions, mostmost probablyprobably ofof residualresidual flux.flux. TheThe refractiverefractive indexindex ofof thesthesee prismaticprismatic crystalscrystals waswas closeclose oror identicalidentical ttoo thathatt ooff Figure 7: Residual flux trapped in I.G.I.G. Farbenindustrie synthetic synthetic emerald. emerald. Immersion, Immersion, 60x. 60x. Figure 6: Cellular pattern of residual fluxflux in LG.I.G. Farbenindustrie synthetic emerald. View parallel to the c-axis, immersion, 60x.60x.

The colour ofoflgmerald Igmerald (I.G.(LG. Farbenindustrie flux-grownflux-grown synthetic emerald) ResidualResidual fluxflux waswas presentpresent inin variousvarious flux-grownflux-grown emeraldsemeralds (Dele-Dubois(Delé-Dubois et alah,., formsforms inin allall sevenseven I.GLG. FarbenindustrieFarbenindustrie 1986a,1986a, b).b). InIn addition,addition, thethe strongeststrongest RamanRaman syntheticsynthetic emeraldsemeralds examined.examined. InIn viewsviews lineslines ofof orthorhombicorthorhombic molybdenummolybdenum trioxidetrioxide parallelparallel toto thethe c-axis,c-axis, a cellularcellular patternpattern ofof fluxflux (Krasser,(Krasser, 1969;1969; PyPy et al.,ah, 1977;1977; Dele-DuboisDelé-Dubois et particlesparticles waswas sometimessometimes visiblevisible (Figure 6). InIn al.,ah, 1986a,1986a, b)b) werewere alsoalso observedobserved. otherother directionsdirections ofof view,view, thethe wispywispy veilsveils typicaltypical forfor flux-grownflux-grown syntheticsynthetic emeraldsemeralds Chemical and spectroscopic propertiesproperties werewere commonlycommonly observedobserved (Figure 7). TheThe roughrough crystalcrystal andand thethe twotwo facetedfaceted Occasionally,Occasionally, residualresidual flux waswas alsoalso foundfound samplessamples whichwhich werewere examinedexamined byby energyenergy inin channelschannels parallelparallel ttoo thethe c-axis.c-axis. RamanRaman dispersivedispersive X-rayX-ray fluorescencefluorescence revealedrevealed spectroscopyspectroscopy ofof thethe compoundscompounds trappedtrapped inin characteristiccharacteristic EDXRFEDXRF spectraspectra indicatingindicating thethe channelschannels parallelparallel toto c indicatesindicates thatthat atat leastleast presencepresence ofof molybdenummolybdenum (from(from residualresidual fluxflux threthreee solidsolid phasesphases areare present.present. TheThe spectraspectra material),material), distinctdistinct amountsamounts ofof chromiumchromium andand areare consistentconsistent withwith ththee RamanRaman spectraspectra ooff nickel,nickel, andand tracestraces ofof ironiron (Figure 8). InIn allall differentdifferent polymolybdatepolymolybdate moleculesmolecules inin samplessamples testetestedd ththee relativerelative abundancesabundances werewere solutionssolutions (Johansson(Johansson et ah,ai., 1979;1979; MurataMurata andand CrCr > NNi»i » FeFe,, butbut ththee characteristiccharacteristic emissionemission Ikeda,Ikeda, 1983)1983) andand witwithh ththee spectrumspectrum ofof lineslines ofof vanadiuvanadiumm werewere notnot found.found. residualresidual polymolybdatepolymolybdate fluxesfluxes iinn differentdifferent

Figure 8: EDXRF spectrumspectrum of a faceted I.G.LG. Farbenindustrie synthetic emerald showing distinctdistinct amounts of Cr and Ni (chromophores) and and Mo Mo (from(from the the flux). flux).

150 M 150 o

c r

o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

JJ.. Gemm., 1998,1998, 26,26, 33,145-155, 145-155 WAVELBNGTH (nm) 350 400 500 600 700

II , I I I II

151 151

,- , / , / , I ,, , '4 , V, \

W , u 0.5 ' ~ a II "" , I I I I I' ~<:

30 25 20 15

WAVENUMBER (1000 em-I)

Figure 9: Absorption spectra of chromium- and nickel-bearing synthetic emeralds: (a) chromium­chromium- bearing Chatham synthetic emerald, (b) to (e) chromium and nickel-bearing LG.I.G. Farbenindustrie synthetic emeralds; spectra (b), (c), and (d) were recorded fromfrom facetedfaceted samplessamples withwith directiondirection ofof thethe beam parallelparallel to to the the c-axis, c-axis, the the polarized polarized spectra spectra (a) (a) and and (e) (e) were were recorded recorded from from faceted faceted or roughor rough crystals crystals with direction of the beam perpendicular to the c-axis; the positions of nickel absorption maxima areare indicated by dashed and solid lines at the bottom and at the top of the drawing; solid lines represent a polarization perpendicular to the c-axis, dashed lines represent a polarization parallel to the c-axis.

The colour ofoflgmerald Igmerald (I.G.(LG. Farbenindustrie flux-grownflux-grown synthetic emerald) W A VELENGTf:! (nm)

350 400 500 600 700

c

d

152 152 Ul ~ co }s a

Btil co«

30 25 20 15 WAVENUMBER (1000-1)

Figure 10: Absorption spectra of chromium- and nickel-bearing syntheticsynthetic emeralds andand nickel-bearingnickel-bearing synthetic beryl: (a) nickel-bearing Russian hydrothermally-grown synthetic beryl, (b) chromium and nickel-bearing LG.I.G. Farbenindustrie synthetic emerald, (c) chromium and nickel-bearing Gilson synthetic emerald, (d) chromium-bearing Chatham synthetic emerald; the the positions positions ofof nickel nickel absorption absorption maxima are indicated by solid lines at the bottom and at the top of the drawing; all spectra representrepresent polarization perpendicular to the c-axis.

PolarizePolarizedd absorptionabsorption spectraspectra ofof ththee roughrough chromiumchromium spectrumspectrum perpendiculaperpendicularr ttoo c iiss crystalcrystal (Figure ge) 9e) and an dnon-polarized non-polarize dspectra spectr a superimposedsuperimposed byby twtwoo absorptionabsorption bandbandss withwith ofof alalll sixsix facetedfaceted samplessamples (Figure 9b9b to to d) d) maximamaxima atat 2121 700700 anandd 2420024 200 cm-cm"l1 (Figure 10) 10) wherewhere ththee incidentincident beabeamm wawass parallelparallel ttoo thethe andand ththee chromiuchromiumm spectruspectrumm parallelparallel ttoo c iiss c-axis,c-axis, i.e.i.e. representingrepresenting a spectrumspectrum withwith superimposedsuperimposed byby a doubletdoublet atat 1650016 500 andand polarizatiopolarizationn perpendicularperpendicular ttoo c, consistedconsisted ooff 1680016 800 cmcm--1I andand byby aann absorptioabsorptionn banbandd atat -1 thethe well-knowwell-knownn absorptioabsorptionn spectrumspectrum ooff 2210022 100 cmcm-I .. AccordinAccordingg toto thethe examinatioexaminationn ooff chromiumchromium inin beryberyll (see Figure 9a), nickel-bearingnickel-bearing hydrothermally-grownhydrothermally-grown superimposedsuperimposed byby a seriesseries ooff nickelnickel syntheticsynthetic berylberyl andand ththee assignmentsassignments ofof thethe absorptionabsorption bands.bands. In particular,particular, thethe observedobserved absorptionabsorption bandsbands toto NiNF+2+ anandd NiNi3+3+

JJ.. Gemm., 1998, 26, 3, 145-155145-155 inin thethe paperspapers byby SolntsevSolntsev (1981a,(1981a, b);b); KlyakhinKlyakhin ItIt isis evidentevident thathatt ththee secretsecret ingredientingredient et al.,al, (1981);(1981); andand LebedeLebedevv et al.,al, (1986),(1986), thethe mentionementionedd byby EspigEspig (1960)(1960) whicwhichh wawass addedadded banbandd atat 2222 100100 cm-cm-1 isis causedcaused bbyy bivalentbivalent ttoo thethe nutrientnutrient forfor thethe fluxflux growtgrowthh ooff nickenickell anandd thethe remaininremainingg bandsbands mentionedmentioned syntheticsynthetic emeraldsemeralds bbyy LGLG.. FarbenindustriFarbenindustriee atat areare duedue ttoo trivalenttrivalent nickelnickel,, bothboth replacinreplacingg AP+Al3+ BitterfelBitterfeldd wawass a nickel-bearinnickel-bearingg compound.compound. inin octahedraloctahedral sitessites ofof ththee beryberyll structure.structure. FroFromm thethe presentpresent study,study, therethere isis nono evidenceevidence ItIt iiss worthworth mentioninmentioningg thathatt thethe nickelnickel foforr thethe presencepresence ooff vanadiuvanadiumm iinn thethe flufluxx oror inin doubletdoublet atat 1650016 500 andand 1680016 800 cm-cm"1 hadhad thethe nutrientnutrient.. Thus,Thus, ouourr experimentaexperimentall datadata cancan alreadyalready beebeenn observedobserved byby AndersonAnderson (1935)(1935) inin offeroffer nnoo supportsupport ttoo a possiblpossiblee linlinkk betweenbetween oneone ofof ththee firstfirst Igmeralds,Igmeralds, andand thisthis waswas laterlater ProfessorProfessor NackenNacken anandd ththee scientistsscientists whowho confirmedconfirmed forfor additionaladditional samplessamples iinn thethe werweree involveinvolvedd atat I.GLG.. FarbenindustriFarbenindustriee withwith UniteUnitedd StatesStates andand SwitzerlandSwitzerland (Anonymous,(Anonymous, thethe developmentdevelopment ofof ththee growtgrowthh procesprocesss forfor 1937;1937; GiibelinGübelin andand Shipley,Shipley, 1941).1941). ThereThere was,was, syntheticsynthetic emeralds.emeralds. AccordingAccording ttoo hishis 19621962 howeverhowever,, nono explanationexplanation forfor ththee additionaladditional paperpaper,, EspiEspigg wawass stillstill assuminassumingg a absorptionabsorption bandbandss inin thethe IgmeraldIgmerald spectrumspectrum hydrothermalhydrothermal techniqutechniquee forfor emeralemeraldd growthgrowth atat thathatt time.time. bbyy NackeNackenn atat thatthat timetime.. ThereThere wawass nnoo reasonreason toto publispublishh suchsuch a statementstatement iinn 19621962 inin a DiscussionDiscussion descriptiodescriptionn ofof mosmostt ofof ththee technicaltechnical detailsdetails ooff ththee emeraldemerald growthgrowth procesprocesss byby Characteristic propertiesproperties ofofl.G. I.G. LGLG.. FarbenindustrieFarbenindustrie,, ifif thertheree reallreallyy waswas co­co­ Farbenindustrie synthetic emeraldsemeralds operatiooperationn inin ththee '20s.'20s. TheThe mostmost characteristiccharacteristic microscopicmicroscopic ThThee authorsauthors araree awareaware thathatt nickel-freenickel-free featurefeature ooff IgmeraldIgmerald isis thethe distinctdistinct growthgrowth andand syntheticsynthetic emeraldsemeralds werweree alsoalso produceproducedd atat colourcolour zoninzoningg paralleparallell toto thethe basalbasal pinacoid.pinacoid. BitterfeldBitterfeld.. Thus,Thus, foforr samplessamples ofof doubtfuldoubtful A roughrough calculationcalculation fromfrom thethe datadata givengiven byby origioriginn oror possiblypossibly mislabellemislabelledd syntheticsynthetic EspigEspig (1960,(1960, 1961,1961, 1962)1962) indicatesindicates a growthgrowth emeraldemeraldss inin gemstonegemstone collections,collections, forfor whichwhich 153153 raterate ofof abouaboutt 0.060.06 ttoo 0.00.099 mmmm perper dayday.. TheThe a distinctdistinct nickelnickel contentcontent cannotcannot bebe proven,proven, growthgrowth layerlayer obtainedobtained iinn a growthgrowth perioperiodd ooff ththee characteristiccharacteristic growtgrowthh patternpattern andand colourcolour twtwoo daysdays correspondcorrespondss toto ththee averageaverage zoninzoningg and/orand/or typicatypicall inclusions,inclusions, e.g.e.g. thicknesthicknesss ofof growthgrowth layerslayers iinn facetedfaceted prismatiprismaticc berylberyl crystalscrystals withwith a highhigh samples,samples, whichwhich werweree determineddetermined byby concentrationconcentration ofof residuaresiduall flux,flux, mamayy bebe microscopicmicroscopic examination.. ThisThis isis appreciatedappreciated asas characteristiccharacteristic features.features. understandablunderstandablee accordingaccording toto thethe factfact thatthat thethe ItIt iiss interestinginteresting ttoo notenote thatthat ththee syntheticsynthetic equilibriumequilibrium betweenbetween thethe differentdifferent emeraldemeraldss ofof Zerfass,Zerfass, whicwhichh werweree produceproducedd atat componentscomponents ofof beryberyll inin thethe solventsolvent waswas Idar-ObersteiIdar-Obersteinn fromfrom 19631963 (Eppler,(Eppler, 1964)1964) byby abruptlyabruptly changedchanged everyevery secondsecond dayday bbyy thethe oneone ofof Espig'Espig'ss formerformer co-workersco-workers withwith additionaddition ofof neneww materiamateriall toto ththee nutriennutrientt atat knowledgknowledgee ofof ththee I.GLG.. FarbenindustrieFarbenindustrie thethe bottombottom ofof ththee crucible.crucible. Obviously,Obviously, therethere procesprocesss (Nassau,(Nassau, 1976,1976, 1980),1980), werewere colouredcoloured werweree differentdifferent periodsperiods ofof growthgrowth andand eveneven onlyonly byby chromiumchromium andand dididd nonott containcontain dissolutiondissolution (see(see Espig,Espig, 1962)1962) withiwithinn thesethese nickelnickel.. BaseBasedd oonn investigationsinvestigations ooff severalseveral growthgrowth cyclescycles,, andand thesethese causedcaused somewhatsomewhat samplessamples ofof ZerfasZerfasss syntheticsynthetic emeraldemeraldss bbyy thethe uneveunevenn undulatinundulatingg surfacessurfaces onon differentdifferent presenpresentt authorsauthors usinusingg absorptionabsorption partsparts ofof ththee growthgrowth layers.layers. spectroscopyspectroscopy andand X-raX-rayy fluorescencefluorescence TheThe inclusioninclusionss ooff smallsmall prismatiprismaticc berylberyl analysis,analysis, thethe emeraldsemeralds examinedexamined displadisplayy a crystalscrystals withwith a highighh concentrationconcentration ooff trappedtrapped normanormall chromiumchromium absorptionabsorption spectrumspectrum andand opaqueopaque fluxflux materiamateriall isis alsoalso characteristiccharacteristic forfor contaicontainn amongamong ththee minorminor elementselements onlyonly Igmerald,Igmerald, butbut thithiss featurfeaturee wawass onlyonly observedobserved molybdenumolybdenumm (fro(fromm ththee flux)flux) andand chromium.chromium. inin somesome ofof thethe samples.samples. InclusionsInclusions ooff phenakitphenakitee andand variouvariouss formformss ofof trappetrappedd fluxflux Colour of nickel-bearing syntheticsynthetic emeralds areare commocommonn inin flux-growflux-grownn syntheticsynthetic IInn general,general, distinctdistinct amountsamounts ofof nickenickell areare emeraldsemeralds fromfrom variouvariouss producers.producers. presenpresentt inin additionaddition toto chromium,chromium, ironiron andand

The colour of Igmerald (I.G.(LG. Farbenindustrie flux-grownflux-grown synthetic emerald) emeraldsemeralds,, increasinincreasingg nickenickell contencontentt relativrelativee ttoo chromiuchromiumm causecausess ththee pleochroipleochroicc coloucolourr paralleparallell ttoo cc ttoo shifshiftt frofromm blue-greeblue-greenn ttoo bluisbluishh greegreenn anandd greengreen,, i.ei.e.. ththee bluisbluishh componentcomponent iiss reducedreduced.. ThThee pleochroipleochroicc coloucolourr perpendiculaperpendicularr ttoo c shiftshiftss slightlslightlyy fromfrom yellowish-greeyellowish-greenn ttoo yellow-greenyellow-green,, i.ei.e.. ththee yelloyelloww componencomponentt ooff ththee greegreenn iiss slightlslightlyy increasedincreased.. IInn generalgeneral,, ththee overaloveralll coloucolourr shiftsshifts witwithh increasinincreasingg nickenickell contencontentt frofromm bluishbluish­- greegreenn ttoo grass-greegrass-greenn anandd yellowish-greenyellowish-green Figure 11: Chromium- andand nickel-bearingnickel-bearing I.G. Î.G. (Figure(Figure 11, Table D.I). FarbenindustrieFarbenindustrie syntheticsynthetic emerald (left)(left) andand ThesThesee resultresultss araree consistenconsistentt witwithh ththee datdataa chromium-bearing Chatham synthetic emerald chromium-bearing Chatham synthetic emerald presentepresentedd bbyy BukiBukinn etet al. (1981)(1981),, whwhoo founfoundd a (right).(right). The right-handright-hand samplesample measuresmeasures complex relation between colour and the 9 x 7.3 mm mm (photo (photo by by H.A. H.A. Hanni) Hänni) complex relation between colour and the relativrelativee amountamountss ooff NiNi2+2+,, Ni33+ an andd CrCr3+3* iinn indiindi­­ viduaviduall samplessamples.. AccordinAccordingg ttoo BukinBukin,, aa nickenickell coppecopperr iinn botbothh typetypess ooff RussiaRussiann contencontentt abovabovee 0.0.11 wt.wt.%% iiss ablablee ttoo changchangee ththee hydrothermally-growhydrothermally-grownn synthetisyntheticc emeraldemeraldss coloucolourr ooff aann emeralemeraldd samplesample.. WitWithh increasinincreasingg whicwhichh araree produceproducedd commerciallcommerciallyy amountamountss ooff nickelnickel,, a shifshiftt ooff coloucolourr iiss mainlmainlyy (Schmetzer(Schmetzer,, 19881988,, 19961996;; KoivulKoivulaa etet al,al., 1996)1996).. observeobservedd paralleparallell ttoo c, anandd onlonlyy aa minominorr ThesThesee crystalcrystalss araree growgrownn iinn autoclaveautoclavess changchangee iiss founfoundd perpendiculaperpendicularr ttoo c.c. withouwithoutt precioupreciouss metametall linersliners,, aa techniqutechniquee ObviouslyObviously,, ththee grass-greegrass-greenn coloucolourr ooff whicwhichh wawass alsalsoo proveprovenn foforr samplesampless ooff chromiumchromium-- anandd nickel-bearinnickel-bearingg synthetisyntheticc LechleitneLechleitnerr hydrothermahydrothermall fullfullyy synthetisyntheticc emeralemeraldd wawass mormoree acceptablacceptablee aass aa 'good'good'' 154154 emeraldemeraldss (Schmetzer(Schmetzer,, 1990)1990).. ThesThesee samplesampless emeralemeraldd coloucolourr iinn ththee '30'30ss iinn GermanGermanyy bbyy ththee alsalsoo containecontainedd distincdistinctt amountamountss ooff producerproducerss ooff IgmeraldIgmeraldss thathann ththee mormoree bluishbluish­- chromiumchromium,, ironiron,, nickenickell anandd coppecopperr aass colourcolour­- greegreenn ooff chromium-bearingchromium-bearing,, nickel-freenickel-free causincausingg tractracee elementselements.. ThThee coloucolourr ooff alalll emeraldemerald.. AAss aa consequencconsequencee ooff ththee greagreatt effortsefforts thesthesee hydrothermally-growhydrothermally-grownn synthetisyntheticc necessarnecessaryy ttoo finfindd ththee appropriatappropriatee mixturmixturee ooff emeraldemeraldss iiss a complecomplexx functiofunctionn ooff ththee relativrelativee compoundcompoundss iinn ththee nutriennutrientt whicwhichh produceproducedd concentrationconcentrationss ooff alalll foufourr transitiotransitionn metalsmetals.. thithiss 'good'good'' emeralemeraldd colourcolour,, thithiss reciprecipee wawass nonott TraceTracess ooff 0.00.044 wt.% % NiNiOO werweree analyzeanalyzedd bbyy disclosedisclosedd iinn ththee paperpaperss ooff EspiEspigg (1960(1960,, 19611961,, SchradeSchraderr (1983(1983)) iinn ononee samplsamplee ooff InamorInamorii 19621962)) anandd hahass beebeenn kepkeptt secresecrett untiuntill nownow.. flux-growflux-grownn synthetisyntheticc emeraldemerald,, bubutt accordinaccordingg ttoo ththee highighh chromiuchromiumm contencontentt ooff thithiss stonestone,, AcknowledgementAcknowledgementss aann influencinfluencee ooff nickenickell oonn ththee coloucolourr ooff thithiss samplsamplee iiss unlikelyunlikely.. ThThee authorauthorss araree gratefugratefull ttoo ProfessoProfessorr EE.. GübeliGiibelinn ooff LucerneLucerne,, SwitzerlandSwitzerland,, foforr ththee loaloann AnotheAnotherr nickel-to-chromiunickel-to-chromiumm ratiratioo wawass ooff ththee sevesevenn samplesampless ooff IgmeraldIgmerald founfoundd iinn aann extraordinarextraordinaryy yellowish-greeyellowish-greenn (LG(LG.. FarbenindustriFarbenindustriee flux-growflux-grownn synthetisyntheticc GilsoGilsonn flux-growflux-grownn synthetisyntheticc emeraldemerald,, whicwhichh emeraldemerald)) useusedd iinn ththee presenpresentt studystudy.. ProfessorProfessor containecontainedd similasimilarr amountamountss ooff chromiuchromiumm anandd H.AH.A.. HännHiinnii ooff SSEFSSEF,, BaselBasel,, Switzerland,Switzerland, nickenickell (Schmetzer(Schmetzer,, 1989)1989).. ComparinComparingg ththee kindlkindlyy reviewereviewedd ththee manuscript.manuscript. absorptioabsorptionn spectruspectrumm ooff thithiss samplsamplee witwithh ththee spectrspectraa ooff ththee sevesevenn IgmeraldIgmeraldss examineexaminedd iinn thithiss studystudy,, iitt becomebecomess evidenevidentt thathatt ththee ReferenceReferencess relativrelativee intensitintensityy ooff nickenickell absorptioabsorptionn bandbandss AndersonAnderson,, B.W.B.W.,, 19351935.. IgmeralIgmeraldd - ththee GermaGermann synthetisyntheticc comparecomparedd ttoo ththee chromiuchromiumm spectruspectrumm iiss emeraldemerald.. The Gemmologist,Gemmologist, 4(46), 4(46) 295-300, 295-30 0 strongestrongerr iinn ththee GilsoGilsonn samplsamplee thathann iinn ththee AnonymousAnonymous,, 19351935.. SynthetischeSynthetischerr SmaragdSmaragd.. DeutscheDeutsche Goldschmiede-Zeitung, 38(6), 38(6) 3-4, 3- 4 IgmeralIgmeraldd spectrspectraa (Figure(Figure 10).10). In In terms terms ofof thethe AnonymousAnonymous,, 19371937.. NeNeww syntheticsynthetic emeraldemerald developments.developments. coloucolourr anandd pleochroispleochroismm ooff synthetisyntheticc Gems && Gemology, Gemology, 2(8), 2(8) 131-4, 131- 4

JJ.. Gemm., 1998,1998, 26, 26, 3, 3,145 145-155 155 Anonymous,Anonymous, 1952.1952. FootnoteFootnote inin thethe papepaperr ofof G.G. Wiegand.Wiegand. Lebedev,Lebedev, AS.,A.S., I1'in,Il'in, AG.,A.G., Klyakhin,Klyakhin, VA.,V.A., 1986.1986. Deutsche Goldschmiede-Zeitung, 50(11),50(11), 322322 Hydrothermally-grownHydrothermally-grown berylsberyls ofof gemgem quality.quality. Bernauer,Bernauer, F.E,, 1926.1926. DieDie sog.sog. SmaragddrillingeSmaragddrillinge vovonn MuzoMuzo In:In: MorphologyMorphology andand phasephase equilibriaequilibria ofof unundd ihreihre optischenoptischen Anomalien.Anomalien. Neues Jahrbuch fiirfür minerals.minerals. Proceedings of the 13th General Meeting ofof Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie,Palaontologie, 54.54. Beilage­Beilage- IMA, Varna 1982,2,1982, 2, publishedpublished SofiaSofia 1986,1986, 403-11403-11 [in[in Band,Band, AbtAbt.. A,A, 205-42205-42 Russian]Russian] Bukin,Bukin, G.v.,G.V., LokhovaLokhova,, G.G.,G.G., Ripinen,Ripinen, OJ.,O.I., Veiss,Veiss, N.S.N.5.,, Murata,Murata, K.,K., Ikeda,Ikeda, S.,S., 1983.1983. StudiesStudies onon polynuclearpolynuclear 1981.1981. EffectEffect ofof isomorphouisomorphouss impuritiesimpurities onon colorcolor molybdatesmolybdates inin thethe aqueousaqueous solutionsolution byby laserlaser RamanRaman characteristicscharacteristics ooff berylsberyls.. In:In: Issled.Issled. Fiz.Fiz. SvoistvSvoistv I spectroscopy.spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta, 39A(9),39A(9), 787-94787-94 SostavaSostava Sintet.Sintet. Mineralov I Monokristallov,Monokristallov, Nassau,Nassau, K.,K., 1976.1976. SyntheticSynthetic emerald:emerald: thethe confusingconfusing historyhistory NovosibirskNovosibirsk,, 20-820-8 [in[in Russian]Russian] andand thethe currentcurrent technologiestechnologies.. Journal of Crystal Growth,Growth, Dele-Dubois,Delé-Dubois, M.-L.M.-L.,, Dhamelincourt,Dhamelincourt, P.,P., PoirotPoirot,, J.-P.,J.-P., 35,211-2235, 211-22 Schubnel,Schubnel, H.-J.,H.-J., 1986a.1986a. DifferentiatioDifferentiationn betweenbetween naturalnatural Nassau,Nassau, K.,K., 1978.1978. DidDid ProfessorProfessor NackenNacken everever growgrow gems andand synthetic synthetic minerals minerals by laser by laserRaman Raman microspectrometry. micro­ hydrothermalhydrothermal emeralds?emeralds? Journal of Gemmology, 16(1),16(1), spectrometry. Journal of Molecular Structure, 143,143, 135--8135-8 36-4936-49 Dele-Dubois,Delé-Dubois, M.-L., M.-L., Poirot, Poirot, J.-P., J.-P., Schubnel, Schubnel, H.-J., H.-J.,1986b. 1986b. Nassau,Nassau, K.,K., 1980.1980. Gems made by man. ChiltonChilton BookBook IdentificationIdentification dede micro-inclusionmicro-inclusionss dansdans desdes rubisrubis etet Company,Company, Radnor,Radnor, Pennsylvania,Pennsylvania, USAUSA emeraudesémeraudes dede synthesesynthèse parpar spectroscopiespectroscopic Raman.Raman. Nassau,Nassau, K.,K., Nassau,Nassau, J.,J., 1980.1980. TheThe growthgrowth ofof syntheticsynthetic andand Revue de Gemmologie, 88,88, 15-1715-17 imitationimitation gems.gems. In:In: FreyhartFreyhart H.C.H.C. (Ed.).(Ed.). Crystals.Crystals. Elwell,Elwell, D.,D., 1979.1979. Man-made gemstones. EllisEllis HorwoodHorwood Growth, properties and applications. Vol. 2, Growth and Publishers,Publishers, ChichesterChichester properties, 1-50,1-50, Springer,Springer, BerlinBerlin Eppler,Eppler, W.E,W.F., 1935.1935. DerDer synthetischesynthetische Smaragd.Smaragd. Deutsche Py,Py, M.A,M.A., Schmid,Schmid, PhE.,PhE., Vallin,Vallin, J.T.,J.T., 1977.1977. RamanRaman • Goldschmiede-Zeitung, 38(15),38(15), 144--{;144-6 scatteringscattering andand structuralstructural propertiesproperties ofof Mo0MoO3. IIIl NuovoNuovo Eppler,Eppler, W.E,W.F., 1958a.1958a. SynthetischerSynthetischer Smaragd.Smaragd. Deutsche Cimento, 38B(2),38B(2), 271-9271-9 Goldschmiede-Zeitung, 56(4),56(4), 193-7;193-7; (5)(5) 249-51;249-51; (6)(6) Recker,Recker, K.,K., 1973.1973. ZuZurr kiinstlichenkünstlichen HerstellungHerstellung vonvon 327-9;327-9; (7)(7) 381-5381-5 Schmucksteinen.Schmucksteinen. Zeitschrift der DeutschenDeutschen Eppler,Eppler, W.F.W.E,, 1958b.1958b. SyntheticSynthetic emerald.emerald. Journal ofof Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, 22(4),22(4), 145--78145-78 Gemmology, 6(8),6(8), 360-9360-9 Schiebold,Schiebold, E.,E., 1935.1935. VergleichendeVergleichende UntersuchungenUntersuchungen anan Eppler,Eppler, W.F.W.E,, 1964.1964. EinEin neuerneuer synthetischersynthetischer Smaragd.Smaragd. natiirlichennatürlichen unundd synthetischensynthetischen Smaragdkristallen.Smaragdkristallen. Deutsche Goldschmiede-Zeitung, 62(3),62(3), 183--4183-4 Zeitschrift fürfiir Kristallographie, Abt.Abt. A,A, 92,92, 435-73435-73 Espig,Espig, H.,H., 1935.1935. DeDerr synthetischesynthetische Smaragd.Smaragd. Zeitschrift fiirfür Schmetzer,Schmetzer, K.,K., 1988.1988. CharacterizationCharacterization ofof RussianRussian 155155 Kristallographie, Abt.Abt. A,A., 92,92, 387-91387-91 hydrothermally-grownhydrothermally-grown syntheticsynthetic emeralds.emeralds. Journal ofof Espig,Espig, H.H.,, 1960.1960. DieDie SyntheseSynthese desdes Smaragds.Smaragds. Chemische Gemmology, 21(3),145--6421(3), 145-64 Technik, 12(6),12(6), 327-31327-31 Schmetzer,Schmetzer, K.,K., 1989.1989. Yellowish-greeYellowish-greenn GilsonGilson syntheticsynthetic Espig,Espig, H.H.,, 1961.1961. DiDiee SyntheseSynthese desdes Smaragds.Smaragds. Deutsche emerald.emerald. Journal of Gemmology, 21(5),21(5), 305-7305-7 Goldschmiede-Zeitung, 59(10),59(10), 660-3660-3 Schmelzer,Schmetzer, K.,K., 1990.1990. TwoTwo remarkableremarkable LechleitnerLechleitner syntheticsynthetic Espig,Espig, H.,H., 1962.1962. DieDie SyntheseSynthese desdes SmaragdsSmaragds undund einigereiniger emeralds.emeralds. Journal of Gemmology, 22(1),22(1), 20-3220-32 andereranderer Minerale.Minerale. Berichte der Geologischen GesellschaftGesellschaft Schmelzer,Schmetzer, K.,K., 1996.1996. GrowthGrowth methodmethod andand growth-relatedgrowth-related der DDR, 7,7, 464-75464-75 propertiesproperties ofof a neneww typtypee ofof RussianRussian hydrothermalhydrothermal Flanigen,Flanigen, E.M.E.M.,, BreckBreck,, D.W.D.W.,, Mumbach,Mumbach, N.R.,N.R., Taylor,Taylor, AM.,A.M., syntheticsynthetic emerald.emerald. Gems & Gemology, 32(1),32(1), 40-340-3 1967.1967. CharacteristicsCharacteristics ofof syntheticsynthetic emeralds.emeralds. American Schrader,Schrader, H.-W.,H.-W., 1983.1983. ContributionsContributions toto thethe studystudy ofof thethe Mineralogist, 52(5--6),52(5-6), 744-72744-72 distinctiondistinction ofof naturanaturall andand syntheticsynthetic emeralds.emeralds. Journal Giibelin,Gübelin, E.J.E.J.,, 1953.1953. Inclusions as a means of gemstonegemstone of Gemmology, 18(6),18(6), 530-43530-43 identification. GIA,GIA, LoLoss Angeles,Angeles, California,California, USAUSA Solntsev,Solntsev, V.P.,V.P., 1981a.1981a. NatureNature ofof colorcolor centrescentres andand EPREPR inin Giibelin,Gübelin, E.,E., Shipley,Shipley, R.M.R.M.,, 1941.1941. TheThe syntheticsynthetic emerald.emerald. berylberyl andand chrysoberyl.chrysoberyl. Tr. Inst. Inst. Geol.Geol. Geofiz., Geofiz., Akad. Akad. Nauk Nauk Gems & Gemology, 3(10),3(10), 146-50146-50 SSSR, Sib. Otd., 499,499, 92-14092-140 [in[in Russian]Russian] Jaeger,Jaeger, E.,E., Espig,Espig, H.H.,, 1935.1935. DerDer synthetischesynthetische Smaragd.Smaragd. Solntsev,Solntsev, V.P.,V.P., 1981b.1981b. AbsorptioAbsorptionn spectraspectra andand EPREPR spectraspectra Deutsche Goldschmiede-Zeitung, 38(35),38(35), 347-9347-9 ofof tracetrace impuritiesimpurities inin beryllium-containingberyllium-containing mineralsminerals Johansson,Johansson, G.,G., PetterssonPettersson,, L.,L., Ingri,Ingri, N.,N., 1979.1979. OnOn thethe andand theirtheir relationrelation ttoo specimenspecimen color.color. In:In: Issled.Issled. Fiz.Fiz. formationformation ofof hepta-hepta- andand octa-molybdatesocta-molybdates inin aqueousaqueous SvoistvSvoistv I SostavaSostava Sintet.Sintet. Mineralov I Monokristallov,Monokristallov, solution.solution. X-rayX-ray scatteringscattering andand RamanRaman measurements.measurements. NovosibirsNovosibirskk 1981,1981, 37-4737-47 [in[in Russian]Russian] Acta Chemica Scandinavica, A33(4),A33(4), 305--12305-12 WebsterWebster,, R.,R., 1952.1952. TheThe secretssecrets ofof syntheticsynthetic emerald.emerald. The Klyakhin,Klyakhin, V.A,V.A., LebedevLebedev,, AS.,A.S., Il'iIl'inn AG.,A.G., Solntsev,Solntsev, V.P.VP.,, Gemmologist, 21(252),21(252), 117-21117-21 (253),(253), 140-5140-5 1981.1981. GrowingGrowing ofof hydrothermalhydrothermal berylberyl.. In:In: Sintez I WebsterWebster,, R.,R., 1955.1955. TheThe emerald.emerald. Journal of Gemmology, 5(4),5(4), Vyrashchivanie Optich. Kristallov I Yuvelir. Kamnei,Kamnei, 185-221185-221 NovosibirskNovosibirsk 1981,1981, 45--6645-66 [in[in Russian]Russian] Webster,Webster, R.,R., 1958.1958. SynthesisSynthesis ofof emerald.emerald. The Gemmologist,Gemmologist, Koivula,Koivula, J.I.,J.I., KammerlingKammerling,, R.c.,R.C., DeGhionno,DeGhionno, D.D.,, Reinitz,Reinitz, 27(328),203--{j27(328), 203-6 I.,I., Fritsch,Fritsch, E.,E., Johnson.Johnson.,, M.L.,M.L., 1996.1996. GemologicalGemological Wiegand,Wiegand, G.,G., 1952.1952. VorsichVorsichtt mitmit Smaragden!Smaragden! Deutsche investigationinvestigation ofof a neneww typetype ofof RussianRussian hydrothermalhydrothermal Goldschmiede-Zeitung, 50(11),50(11), 322-4322-4 syntheticsynthetic emerald.emerald. Gems & Gemology, 32(1),32(1), 32-932-9 Wilke K.-Th.,K.-Th., 1956. 1956. Die EntwicklungDie Entwicklung der Kristallzüchtung der Kristall­

Krasser,Krasser, W.W.,, 1969.1969. DieDie RamanspektrenRamanspektren vovonn MoOMo03 undund ziichtungseit 1945. Forstschritte seit 1945. derForstschritte Mineralogie, der 33Mineralogie,, 33, • W0WO3. Naturwissenschaften, 56(4),56(4), 213-4213-4 85--15085-150

The colour of IgmeraldIgmerald (I.G.(LG. Farbenindustrie flux-grownflux-grown synthetic emerald) A study of Korean precious serpentine

Professor Dr Won-Sa Kim and Sun-Hee Cho Department of Geology, Chungnam National University, Taejon 305-764, Rep. of Korea

ABSTRACT: A precious serpentine deposit was recently discovered in Booyo County, Republic of Korea, and is the first recorded occurrence in the country. It forms along both contacts of a garnet vein intruding the serpentinite. The precious serpentine is semi-transparent and deep green with an oily lustre. It is very tough and measures about 5 on Mohs' scale of hardness. Its SG and RI are 2.57-2.58 and ND = 1.56, respectively. X-ray powder diffraction analysis indicates that the precious serpentine is antigorite. The major chemical components are Si02 (42.49%), MgO (39.08%), Fe203 (3.85%), and H20 (11.87%). Important trace elements include Cr (2188 ppm), Ni (1110 ppm), and Co (58 ppm). An IR spectrum and DTA/TGA thermogram are discussed and black inclusions finely dispersed through the serpentine consist of magnetite.

Keywords: precious serpentine, Booyo, Korea, antigorite, serpentine 156

Introduction Occurrences new gem-quality serpentine deposit The geology of the precious serpentine was discovered in 1995 in the Booyo deposit consists of Precambrian schist and Aarea, about 250 km south-west of granitic gneiss, Jurassic conglomerate Seoul, Korea (Figure 1), and is being mined by the Booyo Nokok (meaning green jade) Mining Company. After the Booyo material has been fashioned as rings, beads, cabochons, pendants, earrings, etc. (Figure 2), it is traded CHINA / J on the domestic market under the name 'Booyo precious serpentine'. The green- coloured Booyo precious serpentine has ~S O^S KOREA t J gained a high reputation in the country and is V \r\ \ JAPAN \ valued much more highly than the existing so- called 'Korea Jade' which is a greenish-yellow X ? 1 ^.J bowenite, reportedly produced from Haeju in North Korea (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Map of Korea showing two important gem-quality serpentine deposits, Haeju (1) and Booyo (2).

© Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain ISSN: 1355-4565 Figure 2: Precious serpentine from Booyo, Korea,Korea, fashioned fashioned as as a a ring, ring, cabochon, cabochon, pendant, pendant, button, button, and and a string of beads with eye-visible black inclusions (magnetite). The semi-transparent nature of the 157157 serpentine is well demonstrated.demonstrated.

Figure 3: Geological map map of of the the Booyo Booyo Nokok Nokok mine mine area, area, Korea. Korea.

, " ~i .... LEGEND " : ,' ...... LEGEND " - ~ ,, ..- \ 1 1...... QUATERQUATERNAR. ARYY —- ~ ALLUVIUALLUVIUMM

-U-TJnconformi noon(or'mltt yy - r----,—I BAEKWUNSBAEKWUNSAA ~^MM^ SANDSTONESANDSTONE JURASSJURASSIIC [r----,P"HH! CHOGYERCHOGYERII ~im$mm COCONGLOMERAT GLOMERATEE -- UUnconformitnconfomlityy -- K OW. SERPENT] ITE AGE-iGE-UNKNOWN -—fllH,-i------___E-.I ; SERPENTINITE

•- lIntrusiont ru~ionn -- HSSBI GRAGRANITI !TICC GEISS BHBHI GNEISS PRECAMBRIAN CHIST SCHIST

Booyo Nokok M.inc ®(*sry) Booyo Nokok Mine

A study of KoreanKorean precious precious serpentine serpentine Table I: X-ray diffractiandiffraction data of precious sserpentineerpentine and antigorite.antigorite. ' . 1 T2 1 do0 (M(A) Wo1/10 dJÂ)do (A) w1/100 h k I 7AQ7.40 100 7.29 100 0 0 1 100 7.29 100 0 0 1 _. 6.46.433 40 40 - - 5.85.822 4400 6"6 l1 0 ) 515.155 4400 33 l 1 4.64.644 2255 4.64.644 4400 0 2 0 4.26 20 4 2 0 4.26 20 Ï 2 7 1 1 } 1- 7 1 Ï) 3.99 5 9 0 1 3.99 5 9 0 1 3.68 68 3.61 80 12 0 0 3.68 68 3.61 80 12 0 0 2.757 69 2.794 20 11 2 1 2.757 69 2.794 20 11 2 3 3 1 } 3 3 il Figure 4: Non-preciousNon-precio us serpentine extractedextracted 2.667 5 15 0 1 from the BooyoBooyo Nokok Nokok min mine.e. 2.667 5 156 02 2 } 6 2 I) 2.596 20 12 0 2 2.596 20 127 03 1 } (Chogyeri(Chogyeri Formation)Formation) andand sandstonesandstone 7 3 Î) (Baekwunsa(Baekwunsa Formation), andand serpentiniteserpentinite ooff 2.530 49 2.525 100 16 0 1 - unknowunknownn agagee (Figure 3). 2.530 49 2.525 100 16 0 1 (Figure 3). 2.459 32 2.458 60 9 3 1" 158 ThThee precioupreciouss serpentineserpentine lieliess iinn a bodbodyy ooff 2.459 32 2.458 60 9 3 T 158 2.429 20 17 0 1" serpentiniteserpentinite,, a parpartt ooff whicwhichh iiss characterizedcharacterized 2.429 20 172 00 3 } bbyy well-developewell-developedd igneouigneouss layerlayerss thathatt strikestrike 2 0 H o 2.386 20 14 0 2 N18°NI8°WW anandd didipp 50°SW50 SW.. OutcroOutcropp ooff thethe 2.386 20 14 0 2 serpentinitserpentinitee aatt ththee surfacsurfacee iiss approximatelyapproximately 2.210 20 1 4 1 } 100100 m longlong.. A grossulagrossularr garnegarnett veinvein,, 1515 ccmm iinn 2.210 20 11" 44 1 1 4 :i averagaveragee widtwidthh aatt ththee surfacsurfacee anandd light brownbrown 2.113 32 2.172 60 8 3 2: inin colourcolour,, hahass intrudeintrudedd ththee serpentinite,serpentinite, 2.113 32 2.172 60 89 3 0 1 } strikinstrikingg E-E-WW anandd dippindippingg 6°N6°N.. PreciouPreciouss 9 0 u 1.833 20 18 2 2 serpentinserpentinee hahass formeformedd alonalongg botbothh contactscontacts 1.833 20 188 24 2 } anandd varievariess iinn thicknesthicknesss betweebetweenn 3 anandd 2200 cmcm.. 8 4 1.812 20 15 1 i3) AAtt presenpresentt 2 aditaditss araree opeopenn aatt ththee minemine.. 1.812 20 151 1 5 1 } 1 5 TheTheyy araree aatt 1100 metremetress verticaverticall intervaintervall anandd 1.742 20 7 5 ?1 } araree abouaboutt 8800 m longlong,, ttoo follofolloww ththee garnegarnett 1.742 20 720 5 2 2 } veinvein.. ExtracteExtractedd ororee materialmaterialss araree dumpedumpedd oonn 20 2 1) 1.710 21 1.709 5 23 2 1 } ththee groungroundd nearbnearbyy (Figure 4). 4). 1.710 21 1.709 5 23 9 2 5 1 9 5 id GemmologicaGemmologicall propertiesproperties 11.. PreciouPreciouss serpentinserpentinee frofromm BooyBooyoo NokoNokokk minminee 2.. AntigoriteAntigorite,, JCPDJCPDSS 21-963.21-963. Colour, diaphaneity diaphaneity and and lustr lustree ThThee BooyBooyo precioupreciouss serpentinserpentinee iiss deedeepp greegreenn anandd coloucolourr distributiodistributionn iiss quitquitee Mineral compositioncomposition and and texture texture uniformuniform.. ThThee materiamateriall iiss semi-transparentsemi-transparent X-raX-rayy powdepowderr diffractiodiffractionn analysianalysiss (Figure 2)2) andand showsshows aa resresinouinouss oror waxywaxy confirmeconfirmedd thathatt ththee precioupreciouss serpentineserpentine lustrelustre.. WheWhenn heat-treateheat-treatedd aatt 850°850°CC foforr a fefeww consistconsistss ooff antigoritantigoritee (Table(Table I).I). UnderUnder thethe hourshours,, ititss coloucolourr changechangess ttoo orange-pink.orange-pink. polarizinpolarizingg microscopemicroscope,, ththee precioupreciouss

J. GemmGemm.,., 1998, 1998, 26 26,, 3, 156-1643, 156-164 Figure 5: Photomicrographs showing textural variation between precious serpentine and ordinary 159159 serpentinite: a: PreciousPrecious serpentineserpentine underunder crossedcrossed polars. polars. Fibrous Fibrous antigorite antigorite crystalscrystals are are visible. visible. 40 40 x. x. b: PreciousPrecious serpentine serpentine underunder plane-polarizedplane-polarized light. light. OriginalOriginal shapesshapes of of pre-existingpre-existing mineralsminerals andand inter­inter­ stitial magnetite grains are visible. 40 x. c: Serpentinite under crossed polars. Lath-shaped antigorite crystals occur with random orientation. 40 x. d: Serpentinite under plane-polarized light. Original shapes of pre-existing minerals are only justjust detectable. serpentineserpentine cancan bebe seenseen toto bbee composedcomposed ooff Refractive index randomlyrandomly orientedoriented fibroufibrouss aggregatesaggregates OwingOwing toto thethe aggregateaggregatedd naturnaturee ofof thethe (Figure Sa). 5a). TheThe serpentineserpentine aggregatesaggregates areare microscopicallymicroscopically smallsmall antigoriteantigorite crystals,crystals, boundedbounded byby roundedrounded outlineoutliness thatthat areare clearlyclearly onlyonly a singlesingle readingreading ofof aboutabout 1.561.56 cancan bbee visiblevisible inin plane-polarizedplane-polarized light (Figure Sb),5b), obtainedobtained oonn a standarstandardd gemmologicalgemmological indicatingindicating thatthat thethe serpentineserpentine waswas formeformedd byby refractometer.refractometer. ThisThis valuvaluee comparescompares wellwell alterationalteration ofof olivineolivine andand pyroxenepyroxene.. OlivineOlivine withwith refractiverefractive indicesindices forfor antigoriteantigorite andand pyroxenpyroxenee remnantsremnants areare rarerare withiwithinn thethe (a(a = 1.5581.558 -1.567,~ 1.567, ß~ = 1.566,1.566, Yy = = 1.5621.562 -1.574).~ 1.574) . matrixmatrix ooff serpentineserpentine mineralsminerals.. TheThe fibrousfibrous ItIt iiss slightlyslightly highehigherr thathann ththee RIRIss ofof ththee otherother naturenature ofof thethe serpentineserpentine changeschanges signifi­signifi­ twotwo serpentineserpentine polymorphs,polymorphs, chrysotilechrysotile (a(a cantlycantly onon passingpassing ttoo ththee opaqueopaque materialmaterial ooff 1.5321.532 ~- 1.549,1.549, Yy 1.5451.545 -~ 1.556)1.556) andand lizarditelizardite thethe mainmain serpentiniteserpentinite iinn whichwhich blades,blades, flakesflakes (a(a 1.5381.538 ~- 1.554,1.554, Yy 1.5461.546 ~- 1.560)1.560).. andand plateplatess ofof antigoritantigoritee crystalscrystals areare predominantpredominant (Figures 5c 5c and and 5d); 5d); the th lattere latte isr is similarsimilar toto thethe 'interpenetrating'interpenetrating texture'texture' Hardness and toughness describeddescribed bbyy WicksWicks andand WhittakeWhittakerr (1977)(1977).. TheThe hardneshardnesss wawass measuredmeasured atat aboutabout Therefore,Therefore, itit isis believedbelieved thatthat ththee diaphaneitydiaphaneity 5 onon Mohs'Mohs' scalescale and,and, duedue toto thethe feltedfelted ofof thethe serpentineserpentine aggregatesaggregates isis relatedrelated toto thethe naturenature ofof thethe crystalcrystal aggregatesaggregates,, itit isis veryvery developmentdevelopment ofof thethe fibrousfibrous texture.texture. tough.tough.

A study of Korean preciousprecious serpentineserpentine Table II:II: Chemical analysesanalyses ofof preciousprecious serpentineserpentine fromfrom KoreaKorea and serpentine minerals from other sourcessources

wt.%Wt. % 1 2 3 4 55

1 Si02 42.49 43.1 43.60 38.04 39.45 Si02 42.49 43.1 43.60 38.04 39.45 A1AlPA3 1.31.300 1.31.3 1.031.03 0.860.86 1.071.07 FeFep203 3.83.855 3.43.4 1.711.71 77.6.622 7.727.72 MgMgOO 39.039.088 39.839.8 41.0041.00 3737.4.477 38.4838.48 MnMnOO 0.10.122 00.0.044 00.1.111 0.100.10 CaCaOO 0.60.688 0.050.05 0.240.24 0.630.63 KpKz° 0.00.066 0.00.033 0.010.01 0.020.02

Naa20 n.dn.d.. 0.010.01 om0.01 0.250.25

Ti0Ti022 0.00.011 0.00.011 0.00.011 00.0.022 n.d. CrCr20 33 *• 0.00.022 n.d.. n.d. NiiOO *• 0.10.166 n.d. . n.d.n.d. pps 0.00.066 n.dn.d.. 0.00.011 00.1.111 P2°5 LOLOJI 11.811.877 n.d.. 11.3011.30 up~O 11.911.977 12.212.266 | TotaTotall 99.599.522 99.5 99.577 99.999.922 84.384.388 99.1599.15 160160 ppbppb,, iinn serpentinserpentinee frofromm BooyBooyoo Nokookokk minemine,, KoreKoreaa LUi 2717.52717.500 NNbb 12925.112925.199 TTbb 3535.9.922 291.25 BBee 321.1321.100 MMoo 2858.62858.600 DDyy 291.25 n.d. 47.37 SScc 5409.15409.166 CCdd n.d. HHoo 47.37 2022.68 Er 135.69 CCrr 2188503.92188503.911 TTee 2022.68 Er 135.69 58426.31 1450.91 Tm 70.57 . CCoo 58426.31 CCss 1450.91 Tm 70.57 i 1110853.28 Ba 22816.11 Yb 254.40 Ni 1110853.28 Ba 22816.11 Yb 254.40 Cu 5929.28 La 1941.50 Lu n.d. Cu 5929.28 La 1941.50 Lu n.d. Zn 96669.14 Ce 4302.41 Hf n.d. Zn 96669.14 Ce 4302.41 Hf n.d. Ga 2193.34 Pr 396.02 Ta 108501 .11 Ga 2193.34 Pr 396.02 Ta 108501.11 Rb 19809.42 d 1242.18 Pb 4264.71 Rb 19809.42 Nd 1242.18 Pb 4264.71 Sr 7097.00 Sm 450.36 Bi 675.74 Sr 7097.00 Sm 450.36 Bi 675.74 Y 2897.50 Eu 26.83 Th 1894.58 Y 2897.50 Eu 26.83 Th 1894.58 Zr 8995.92 Gd 601.57 U 991.02 Zr 8995.92 Gd 601.57 U 991.02

11.. PreciouPreciouss serpentinserpentinee (antigorite(antigorite)) frofromm BooyBooyoo NokoNokokk minemine,, KoreKoreaa 22.. AntigoriteAntigorite,, JCPDJCPDSS carcardd 21-9621-9633 33.. AntigoriteAntigorite,, VenezuelVenezuelaa (Hes(Hesss etet al,aI., 19521952)) 44.. LizarditLizarditee frofromm UlsaUlsann serpentinitserpentinitee (Par(Parkk anandd LeeLee,, 19551955)) 55.. LizarditLizarditee frofromm UlsaUlsann serpentinitserpentinitee (Cho(Choii etet al.,al, 19901990)) ** seesee listlist ofof tracetrace elementselements n.dn.d.. nonott determinedeterminedd

JJ.. Gemm.,Gemm., 1998,1998, 26, 26,3,156-164 3, 156-164 Wavenumber (em-I)

Figure 6: Infrared absorption spectrum of the precious serpentine fromfrom Booyo, Korea. 161161 Specific gravitygravity (11.87(11.87 wt.wt. %),%), probablyprobably waterwater,, comparecompare wellwell ThThee specificspecific gravitygravity ooff preciousprecious serpentineserpentine withwith ththee ideaideall chemicalchemical compositioncomposition ooff determineddetermined byby thethe hydrostatichydrostatic weighinweighingg tech­tech­ serpentine,serpentine, MgMg3Si20S<0H)4'3Si205(OH)4. TheThe presencepresence ooff niquenique rangerangess fromfrom 2.52.577 toto 2.58.2.58. ThisThis valuevalue otheotherr elementselements includingincluding AlAl andand FeFe isis comparescompares wellwell withwith thathatt ofof antigoriteantigorite (2.5(2.588 ~- attributableattributable toto thethe elementalelemental substitutionsubstitution ooff 3+ 44+ 3+ 33+ 22+ 2.59),2.59), bubutt isis higherhigher thanthan thathatt ofof chrysotilechrysotile (2.55(2.55)) AP+Al foforr Si +,, andand AP+,Al , Fe +,, Fe +,, andand NiNi forfor 2+ andand lizarditelizardite (2.55(2.55 oror lower)lower) givengiven byby DeerDeer et al. Mg2+Mg (Dee(Deerr et a/.,al, 1966).1966). AmountAmountss ofof Si02, (1966).(1966). ThThee specificspecific gravitygravity valuvaluee ofof ththee BooyoBooyo MgOMgO anandd A122003 ofof thethe BooyBooyoo materiamateriall areare preciousprecious serpentine,serpentine, howeverhowever,, isis considerablyconsiderably surprisinglysurprisingly similarsimilar toto thosthosee ofof antigoriteantigorite lowerlower thathann thethe 2.612.6177 reportereportedd forfor a bluish­bluish- fromfrom GriffinGriffin Range,Range, NewNew ZealanZealandd (Table II,II, greengreen varietyvariety fromfrom SouthSouth Island,Island, NewNew 2), andand CaracasCaracas,, VenezuelaVenezuela (Table II,II, 3).3). TheThe Zealand,Zealand, byby WebsterWebster (1994,(1994, pp370) 370).. TheThe smallersmaller amounamountt ofof FeFe inin antigoriteantigorite fromfrom differencedifference maymay bbee explained,explained, inin part,part, byby Venezuela,Venezuela, whenwhen comparedcompared witwithh thatthat fromfrom differentdifferent inclusionsinclusions inin ththee twtwoo materialsmaterials butbut BooyoBooyo andand thethe GriffinGriffin Range,Range, isis consistentconsistent thisthis needsneeds furtherfurther work.work. withwith a higherhigher MgOMgO contentcontent inin thethe material.material. ItIt isis interestinginteresting toto notenote thathatt ththee amountamount ooff SiOSi02z (38.04%(38.04%,, 39.4539.45 wtwt.. %%)) iinn lizarditelizardite fromfrom Chemical composition thethe UlsanUlsan serpentiniteserpentinite,, KoreKoreaa (Table II,II, 4-5),4-5), ChemicalChemical compositionscompositions ofof thethe preciousprecious isis significantlysignificantly lowerlower thathann antigoriteantigorite fromfrom serpentineserpentine werewere determineddetermined byby X-rayX-ray fluo­fluo­ variousvarious sources.sources. ThisThis deficiencdeficiencyy maymay bebe rescencerescence (XRF)(XRF) andand inductivelinductivelyy coupledcoupled compensatedcompensated partlpartlyy bbyy itsits higherhigher thanthan plasmaplasma massmass spectrometryspectrometry (ICP-MS)(ICP-MS) normalnormal FeZ2003 content.content. methodsmethods andand areare shownshown inm TableTable II. II. AmountsAmounts TheThe precioupreciouss serpentineserpentine fromfrom BooyBooyoo isis ofof Si02 (42.4(42.499 wt.wt. %)%) andand MgMgOO (39.08(39.08 wtwt.. %%)) relativelyrelatively richrich inin transitiontransition elementselements CrCr togethertogether withwith lossloss oonn ignitionignition (LOl)(LOI) (2188(2188 ppm)ppm),, NNii (1110(1110 ppmppm)) andand CoCo

A study of Korean precious serpentineserpentine w t(%) NETZSCH Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer STA 409 5 40

30 >: 3- u 10'" -3 20 i!l ~ is

10

------I-..:::j O

200 400 600 800 1000

Temperature (OC)

Figure 7: Differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA) thermogram ofof 162 the precious serpentine from Booyo, Korea 162 (58(58 ppm)ppm) (Table II). II). Such Such aa largelarge concentrationconcentration Fluorescence ofof thesethese elementselements suggestssuggests thathatt ththee antigoriteantigorite TheThe precioupreciouss serpentineserpentine showsshows nono isis anan alterationalteration producproductt ofof ultramafiultramaficc igneousigneous luminescenceluminescence undeunderr ultravioletultraviolet light.light. rocksrocks whosewhose principaprincipall constituentsconstituents werewere olivineolivine andand pyroxene.pyroxene. Differential thermal analysis and thermo­thermo­ gravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA)(DTA/TGA) Infrared spectrumspectrum ThermalThermal analysisanalysis datadata recorderecordedd bbyy a ThThee infraredinfrared absorptionabsorption spectrumspectrum NetzscNetzschh simultaneoussimultaneous ThermalThermal AnalyserAnalyser (Figure 6)6) ofof thethe preciousprecious serpentine,serpentine, recordedrecorded STASTA 409409 (Figure 7), showshow peakspeaks atat 343.0343.0°oeC byby a JASCOIRA-JASeO lRA-11 spectrophotometer,spectrophotometer, showsshows (exothermic),(exothermic), 755.0755.0°oeC (endothermic),(endothermic), andand characteristiccharacteristic absorptionsabsorptions atat 3670,3670,1190,1070 1190, 1070,, 830.1°e830.1°C (exothermic).(exothermic). TheThe peapeakk atat 755.0755.0°oeC -1I 980,980, andand 610610 cm-cm .. TheThe strongstrong peakpeak atat (green(green line)line) correspondscorresponds toto thethe decompositiondecomposition 36703670 cmcm--1I isis duedue toto OHOH stretching,stretching, andand thosethose ofof thethe mineraminerall byby expulsionexpulsion ofof ththee structuralstructural atat 1190,1190, 1070,1070, andand 980980 cm-cm"1I areare duedue toto SiOSiO watewaterr (Deer(Deer et ah,al., 1966).1966). AccordinAccordingg toto stretching.stretching. TheThe 610610 cm-cm-1I banbandd resultresultss fromfrom anan Smykatz-KlossSmykatz-Kloss (1974)(1974) thethe decompositiondecomposition OHOH bendingbending vibrationvibration (Farmer,(Farmer, 1974);1974); thisthis isis temperaturetemperature iiss influencedinfluenced byby ththee Fe-contentFe-content consistentconsistent withwith absorptionabsorption betweebetweenn 600600 andand inin thethe structure,structure, andand cancan varvaryy betweenbetween 760760 -1 666600 cmcm-I causedcaused bbyy hydroxylshydroxyls inin ththee serpen­serpen­ andand 800800°0 Ce forfor Fe-freFe-freee serpentinesserpentines andand tinetine mineralmineralss reportereportedd bbyy PampuchPampuch andand PtakPtak betweebetweenn 600600 andand 650°C650°C foforr Fe-richFe-rich varieties.varieties. (1970).(1970). ThThee sharpnesssharpness ofof OHOH absorptionsabsorptions atat TheThe strongstrong exothermalexothermal peapeakk atat 830.1°C830.1 °C 36703670 andand 610610 cm-cm-1I maymay indicateindicate thatthat thisthis (green(green line)line) isis relaterelatedd toto thethe structuralstructural changechange preciousprecious serpentineserpentine (a(a trioctahedratrioctahedrall 1:11:1 ofof antigoriteantigorite ttoo olivine,olivine, whichwhich isis supportedsupported layeredlayered silicate)silicate) hashas a relativelyrelatively orderedordered bbyy X-raX-rayy diffractiondiffraction datadata ofof preciousprecious structure.structure. serpentinesserpentines bothboth beforbeforee andand afterafter heatheat

J.J . Gemm., 1998, 1998, 26, 26, 3, 3,156-164156-164 c

B

A

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8

28

Figure 8: X-ray diffraction data for the precious serpentine from Booyo, Korea. Antigorite structures Figure 8: X-ray diffraction data for the precious serpentine from Booyo, Korea. Antigorite structures163 ofof preciousprecious serpentine, serpentine, A: A: untreated, untreated, B: after B: after heat heattreatment treatment at 600°C. at 600°C. C: Olivine C: structureOlivine structure is developed is developed afterafter heat treatment treatment at at 850°C. 850°C. 163

treatmentreatmentt aatt 850°850°CC (Figure(Figure 8).8). AA totaltotal weightweight (Fe,Mg)(Fe,Mg)2Si042Si04 ++ (Mg,Fe)Si0(Mg,Fe)Si033 ++ 2H2Hp20 loslosss ooff wate waterr iinn associatioassociationn witwithh thithiss reactioreactionn olivinolivinee pyroxenpyroxenee iiss 11.6411.64%% (se(seee reredd linlinee anandd blubluee indicatorindicatorss iinn FigureFigure 7);7); thisthis correspondscorresponds veryvery wellwell withwith thethe -~ (Mg(Mg33SiSips(OH)4205(OH)4 ++ FeFep4304 chemicachemicall datdataa (los(losss oonn ignitioignitionn ooff 11.811.877 wtwt.. %)%).. antigoritantigoritee magnetitmagnetitee ThThee exothermiexothermicc reactioreactionn aatt 343.0°343.0°CC (gree(greenn lineline)) mamayy possiblpossiblyy bbee causecausedd bbyy aa polypoly­­ morphimorphicc transformatiotransformationn ooff antigoriteantigorite.. ConclusioConclusionn ThThee BooyBooyoo precioupreciouss serpentinserpentinee iiss nonoww InclusionsInclusions beinbeingg cutcut,, polishepolishedd anandd solsoldd exclusivelexclusivelyy bbyy ThThee precioupreciouss serpentinserpentinee frofromm BooyBooyoo ththee NokokwoNokokwonn (meanin(meaningg greegreenn jadjadee gardengarden)) containcontainss numerounumerouss finfinee blacblackk inclusioninclusionss CompanCompanyy iinn SeoulSeoul.. whicwhichh araree concentrateconcentratedd iinn ththee intersticeintersticess ooff ththee formeformerr olivinolivinee oorr pyroxenpyroxenee graingrainss AcknowledgementAcknowledgementss (Figure(Figure 5b). 5b). TheseThese opaqueopaque inclusionsinclusions werewere identifieidentifiedd aass magnetitmagnetitee bbyy X-raX-rayy diffractiodiffractionn WWee araree greatlgreatlyy indebteindebtedd ttoo MMrr DongDong­- usinusingg 114.114.66 mmmm GandolfGandolfii X-raX-rayy cameracamera.. WhaWhann ChChoo anandd MMrr Nam-YonNam-Yongg ChoChonn ooff ththee DurinDuringg th thee serpentinizatio serpentinizationn process process,, mucmuchh o off BooyBooyoo NokoNokokk Min Minee foforr allowinallowingg uuss accesaccesss ttoo ththee iroironn containecontainedd iinn ththee olivinolivinee anandd ththee minminee anandd foforr providinprovidingg specimenspecimenss useusedd pyroxenpyroxenee mamayy ggoo ttoo forformm magnetitmagnetitee becausbecausee foforr thithiss studystudy.. OuOurr thank thankss araree duduee ttoo MMrr Tae Tae­- ooff th thee relativel relativelyy loloww preferencpreferencee foforr iroironn i inn ththee HyunHyungg UrUrnn ooff SsanyonSsanyongg ResearcResearchh CenteCenterr foforr serpentinserpentinee structurstructuree (Wick(Wickss anandd WhittakerWhittaker,, DTA/TGDTA/TGAA analysisanalysis,, ttoo MMrr Kyung-soKyung-sooo KimKim,, 1977)1977).. FormatioFormationn ooff magnetitmagnetitee cacann bbee MMrr Kyung-naKyung-namm MiMinn anandd MrMrss Hyun-sooHyun-sookk representerepresentedd bbyy ththee followinfollowingg equationequation:: ShiShinn foforr preparinpreparingg figurefiguress anandd tablestables.. WWee araree

AA. study study of of Korean Korean preciousprecious serpentineserpentine alsoalso gratefulgrateful toto ththee editorseditors forfor improvementsimprovements ParkPark,, B.J.,B.J., andand Lee,Lee, J.Y.,J.Y., 1995.1995. A geochemicageochemicall studystudy ooff ttoo thethe manuscript.manuscript. ThisThis researchresearch hashas beenbeen genesisgenesis ofof UlsanUlsan SerpentineSerpentine Deposits.Deposits. JJ.. Kor. EarthEarth Sci.Sci. Soc. 16, 9-19 supported by the Korea Scientific and Soc. 16, 9-19 supported by the Korea Scientific and Smykatz-Kloss,Smykatz-Kloss, w.,W., 1974:1974; Differential thermal analysis - EngineerinEngineeringg FoundationFoundation (95-1-05-01-01-2)(95-1-05-01-01-2) application and results in mineralogy. Springer-Verlag.Springer-Verlag. andand thethe CentreCentre forfor MineralMineral ResourceResource NewNew YorkYork ResearcResearchh sponsoredsponsored byby thethe KOSEKOSEF.R Webster, R.,R, 1994. CemsGems -theirtheir sources, sources, description description andand identification.identifi­ cation. 5th5th edn.edn. Ed.Ed. P.G.P.G. Read.Read. Oxford.Oxford. Butterworth­Butterworth- Heinemann WicksWicks,, EJ.,F.J., andand Whittaker,Whittaker, E.J.W.,E.J.W., 1977.1977. SerpentineSerpentine ReferencesReferences texturestextures andand serpentinization.serpentinization. Can. Mineral. 15,15, 459-88459-88 Choi,Choi, S.Y.,S.Y., Hwang,Hwang, J.Y.,J.Y, KimKim,, J.J.J.J.,, andand Lee,Lee, Y. J.,J., 1990.1990. StudiesStudies onon mineralogymineralogy andand geochemistrygeochemistry ofof UlsanUlsan FurtherFurther readingreading SerpentinitesSerpentinites inin UlsanUlsan minminee area.area. JJ.. Ceol.Geol. Soc. Kor. 2626,, 105-18105-18 BowenBowen,, N.L.,N.L., andand Tuttle,Tuttle, O.E,O.F., 1949.1949. ThThee systemsystem Deer, W.A.,W.A., Howie,Howie, R.A., RA., and and Zussman, Zussman, J., 1966. J., 1966. An introductionAn intro­ MgO-Si02-Hp.MgO-SiO2-H2O. BullBull.. Ceol.Geol. Soc. Amer. 6060,439-46, 439-46 to theduction rock-forming to the rock-forming minerals. London, minerals. Longmans London, Longmans Dietrich,Dietrich, v.,V., andand Peters,Peters, T.,T., 1971.1971. RegionaleRegionale VerteilunVerteilungg derder Farmer,Farmer, v.c.,V.C., 1974.1974. The Infrared Spectra of Minerals.Minerals. Mg-PhyllosilikateMg-Phyllosilikate inin denden SerpentiniteSerpentinitenn desdes MineralogicaMineralogicall Soc.Soc. Monograph.Monograph. 4 Oberhalbsteins.Oberhalbsteins. Schweiz. Mineral.Mineral. Petrogr.Petrogr. Mitt. Mitt. 51,329-48 51, 329-4 8 HessHess,, H.H.,H.H., Smith,Smith, R.J.R.J.,, andand DengoDengo,, G.,G., 1952.1952. AntigoriteAntigorite Johannes,Johannes, W.,W., 1968.1968. ZurZur BildungBildung undund StabilitaStabilitatt vovonn Forsterit,Forsterit, fromfrom thethe vicinityvicinity ofof Caracas.Caracas. Amer. Mineral. 3737,68, 68 Talc,Talc, Serpentin,Serpentin, QuartzQuartz unundd MagnesitMagnesit imim SystemSystem

JointJoint CommitteeCommittee onon PowderPowder DiffractioDiffractionn Standards,Standards, 1980.1980. MgO-Si0MgO-SiO2-H-H2O-COO-C022.. Contrib. Miner.Miner. Petrol.Petrol. 19,309-15 19, 309-15 Mineral Diffraction File. InternationaInternationall CenterCenter forfor Kim,Kim, K.H.,K.H., Park,Park, J.K.,J.K., Yang,Yang, J.M.,J.M., andand Satake,Satake, H.H.,, 1993.1993. A DiffractionDiffraction DataData studystudy onon serpentinizationserpentinization ofof serpentinitesserpentinites fromfrom thethe PampuchPampuch,, R,R., andand Ptak,Ptak, W.,W., 1970.1970. VibrationalVibrational spectraspectra andand UlsanUlsan IronIron Mine.Mine. JJ.. Kor. Inst.Inst. Min.Min. Ceol.Geol . 3,3 , 267-78267-78 thethe structurestructure ofof laminarlaminar silicatessilicates ofof 1:1 type.type. IIII.. Wicks,Wicks, E,F., Whittaker,Whittaker, E.J.W.,E.J.W., andand Zussman,Zussman, J.J.,, 1977.1977. AnAn OctahedralOctahedral layer.layer. Polska.Polska. Akad. Nauk, Oddzial idealizedidealized modelmodel forfor serpentiniteserpentinite texturetexturess afteafterr olivine.olivine. Krakowie, Prace Komisji Ceram.,Ceram., Cerami.Cerami. 14,14, 7-367-36 Can.Can. Mineral.Mineral. 15,446-5815, 446-58

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J. Cemm.,Gemm., 1998, 26, 3,156-1643, 156-164 Distinction of taaffeite and musgravite

Dr Lore Kiefert1 and Dr Karl Schmetzer2 1. SSEF Swiss Gemmological Institute, Falknerstr. 9, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland 2. Marbacher Strasse 22b, D-85238 Petershausen, Germany

ABSTRACT: Problems associated with the identification of taaffeite and musgravite are discussed. Due to an overlap of gemmological properties, time consuming mineralogical research techniques (quantitative chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction) are needed for a determination of both species. However, recently micro-Raman spectroscopy has been found to be useful as a quick non-destructive routine technique for identification of both species.

he structurally related Be-Mg-Al- powder diffraction (Johnson and Koivula, oxides taaffeite, BeMg3Al8016, and 1997). In this third stone, major amounts of Tmusgravite, BeMg2Al6012, were zinc and iron were detected by qualitative originally regarded as polytypes of one EDXRF analysis. 165 single mineral. Chemical and structural Because the difference in BeO content examinations, however, proved the existence between taaffeite and musgravite is only of two independent species with different 1.56 wt. %, similar physical properties such chemical formulae, unit cell dimensions, as refractive indices and specific gravity are space groups and crystal structures. In both observed for both mineral species. In detail, a minerals a certain amount of isomorphous complete overlap has been found for the replacement of Mg by Fe, Zn and Mn may be properties of the three faceted musgravites observed, thus leading to a more complex described so far (RI no 1.725-1.728, ne formula of Be(Mg,Fe,Zn,Mn)3Al8016 for 1.719-1.721, SG 3.62-3.69) and for high zinc- taaffeite and to a formula of Be(Mg,Fe, and iron-bearing faceted taaffeites from Sri Zn)2Al6012 for musgravite (Schmetzer, 1983, Lanka (RI no 1.724-1.730, ne 1.719-1.726, SG a,b; Nuber and Schmetzer, 1983). 3.61-3.71; Schmetzer and Bank, 1985; For almost half a century since the Ponahlo, 1993). Consequently, neither the discovery of the first taaffeite as a cut determination of physical properties such as gemstone in 1945, faceted and rough refractive indices and specific gravity in the taaffeites were known predominantly from range given above nor qualitative chemical Sri Lanka, a few rare samples were also analyses with the determination of zinc and mentioned from Myanmar (Kampf, 1991; iron in major amounts are useful in deciding Demartin et al, 1993). In 1993, however, two whether taaffeite or musgravite is present. faceted 'taaffeites' from Sri Lanka were Thus, an unequivocal distinction between identified as musgravites by means of X-ray taaffeite and musgravite has so far only been single crystal diffraction (Demartin et al., possible by quantitative chemical analysis or 1993) and, just recently, a third faceted by X-ray diffraction (powder or single crystal musgravite was determined by X-ray techniques). These methods, however, are

© Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain ISSN: 1355-4565 120000

100000 musgravite

l! It') 0" ~ u" 80000 :g M

60000 g

taaffeite

200 300 400 SOO 600 700 800 900 166 166 Raman Shift (em- I)

FigureFigure 1:1: RamanRaman spectra of of taaffeite, taaffeite, Sri Sri Lanka, Lanka, and andmusgravite, musgravite, Antarctica. Antarctica.

time-consumintime-consumingg researcresearchh techniquetechniquess anandd nonott (fiv(fivee facetefacetedd anandd ononee rougroughh gem-qualitygem-quality)) routinroutinee methodmethodss inin gemmologygenunology.. IInn additionaddition,, frofromm SrSrii LankLankaa werweree examinedexamined.. SmalSmalll foforr th thee preparatio preparationn o off a ann X-ra X-rayy powde powderr diffrac diffrac­­ musgravitmusgravitee crystal crystalss werweree availablavailablee frofromm ththee tiotionn pattern pattern, ,a a smalsmalll amoun amountt o off substanc substancee ha hass MusgravMusgravee RangesRanges,, AustraliAustraliaa (typ(typee materialmaterial)) toto b bee scrape scrapedd fro fromm th thee girdl girdlee o off a a facete facetedd stone stone,, anandd frofromm CaseCaseyy BayBay,, AntarcticaAntarctica. . FoForr alalll whicwhichh i sis no nott alway alwayss wante wantedd o orr allowe allowedd b byy th thee samplesampless quantitativ quantitativee chemica chemicall analyse analysess wer weree owneownerr o off a a sampl samplee t oto b bee identifiedidentified.. performeperformedd toto identifidentifyy thethemm aass taaffeitetaaffeitess oorr musgravites and for most of them X-ray WitWithh thithiss backgroundbackground,, ththee authorauthorss testetestedd musgravites and for most of them X-ray ththee applicabilitapplicabilityy ooff micro-Ramamicro-Ramann singlsinglee crystacrystall and/oand/orr powdepowderr diffractiodiffractionn spectroscopspectroscopyy foforr ththee distinctiodistinctionn ooff datdataa wer weree als alsoo available available.. Rama Ramann spectr spectraa wer weree musgravitmusgravitee anandd taaffeitetaaffeite.. AAtt ththee enendd ooff ththee recorderecordedd usinusingg aa RenishaRenishaww RamaRamann '90s'90s,, aann increasinincreasingg numbenumberr ooff RamaRamann MicroscopMicroscopee facilityfacility.. microscopmicroscopee facilitiefacilitiess araree availablavailablee aatt ththee AAss aa resultresult,, w wee observe observedd a a uniquuniquee typ typee o off majomajorr gem-testingem-testingg laboratorielaboratoriess arounaroundd ththee RamaRamann spectruspectrumm fo forr alalll taaffeitetaaffeitess examinedexamined,, worlworldd anandd araree useusedd aass routinroutinee instrumentinstrumentss aass welwelll aass anotheanotherr RamaRamann spectruspectrumm foforr ththee foforr variouvariouss problemproblemss iinn gegemm testintestingg (Hänn(Hiinnii musgravitemusgravitess (Figure(Figure 1).1). ThThee sisixx strongesstrongestt etet al.,aI., 1997)1997).. TToo evaluatevaluatee possiblpossiblee RamaRamann lineliness werweree recorderecordedd aass 415415,, 435435,, 447447,, determinationdeterminationss ooff taaffeittaaffeitee anandd musgravitmusgravitee 703703,758, 758 an andd 80 8099 cm"cm-11 fo forr taaffeittaaffeitee anandd a att 412 412,, bbyy micro-Ramamicro-Ramann spectroscopyspectroscopy,, sisixx taaffeitetaaffeitess 443443,, 489489,, 660660,, 717133 anandd 808033 cm"cm-11 foforr

JJ.. Gemm.,Gemm .,1998, 1998 ,26, 26 ,3, 3 , 165-167165- 167 musgravite;musgravite; broabroadd peakpeakss forfor musgravitemusgravite araree schematicallyschematically indicatedindicated byby wavenumberswavenumbers 564564 andand 803.803. ItIt isis notablenotable thatthat althoughalthough therethere areare smalsmalll differencesdifferences inin peapeakk intensitiesintensities relatedrelated toto orientationorientation ofof thethe specimen,specimen, ththee LONDON DIAMOND overalloverall patterpatternn ofof thethe spectrumspectrum (in(in termsterms ooff REPORT peakpeak positionspositions andand peakpeak shapes)shapes) ofof taaffeitetaaffeite isis distinctldistinctlyy differentdifferent fromfrom thathatt ooff musgravite.musgravite. Consequently,Consequently, RamanRaman spectroscopyspectroscopy isis usefuluseful asas a non-destructivenon-destructive routineroutine techniquetechnique forfor rapidrapid distinctiondistinction ooff taaffeitetaaffeite andand musgravite.musgravite.

ReferencesReferences The Demartin,Demartin, F.,E, PilatiPilati,, T.T.,, GramaccioliGramaccioli,, e.M.,C.M., andand dede Michele,Michele, V.,V., 1993.1993 . TheThe firstfirst occurrenceoccurrence ofof musgravitemusgravite aass a Gem Testing facetedfaceted gemstone.gemstone. J.Gemm.,].Gemm., 2323 (8),482-5(8), 482-5 Laboratory Hanni,Hänni, H.A.H.A.,, KiefertKiefert,, L.L.,, Chalain,Chalain, J.-P.,J.-P., andand Wilcock,Wilcock, I.C.I.e.,, 1997.1997. A RamaRamann microscopmicroscopee inin thethe gemmologicalgemmological laboratory:laboratory: firstfirst experiencesexperiences ofof application.application. ].Gemm.,J.Gemm., 2525 (6),(6), 394-406394-406 Johnson,Johnson, M.L.,M.L., andand Koivula,Koivula, J.I.J.I. (eds),(eds), 1997.1997. GemGem news­news Musgravite:Musgravite: a raritrarityy amongamong thethe rare.rare. Gems Gemo!.,Gemol., 3333 (2),145-7(2), 145-7 Kampf,Kampf, A.R.,A.R. , 1991.1991. TaaffeiteTaaffeite crystals.crystals. Mineral. Record, 2222 (5),343-7(5), 343-7 167 NuberNuber,, B.B.,, andand Schmetzer,Schmetzer, K.,K., 1983.1983. CrystalCrystal structurestructure ooff 167 ternarternaryy Be-Mg-ABe-Mg-All oxidesoxides:: taaffeite,taaffeite, BeMg3Als016'BeMg3Al8O16, andand

musgravitemusgravite,, BeMg,AlBeMg2Al60O12 .• N. lb.Jb. Miner. Mh., 1983,1983, 99,, 393-402393-402 Ponahlo,Ponahlo, J.J.,, 1993.1993 . KathodolurnineszenzKathodolumineszenz (KL(KL)) unundd KLKL­- SpektreSpektrenn vovonn Edelsteinen.Edelsteinen. Z.Z. Dt. Gemmol. Ges., 4242 (4),(4) , 149--{i2149-62 Schmetzer,Schmetzer, K.,K., 1983a.1983a. CrystalCrystal chemistrychemistry ofof naturalnatural Be-Mg-Al-oxides:Be-Mg-Al-oxides: taaffeitetaaffeite,, taprobanite,taprobanite, musgravite.musgravite. N. lb.Jb. Miner. Abh., 146146 (1),(1), 15-2815-28 Diamond grading service Schmetzer,Schmetzer, K.,K., 1983b.1983b. TaaffeitTaaffeitee oror taprobanitetaprobanite - a problemproblem Diamonestablishedd gradin ing 1980servic e ofof mineralogicamineralogicall nomenclature.nomenclature. J].. Gemm., 1818 (7)(7),, established in 1980 623-34623-34 Each diamond graded by Schmetzer,Schmetzer, K.,K., andand Bank,Bank, H.,H., 1985.1985. ZincianZincian taaffeitetaaffeite fromfrom Each diamond graded by SriSri Lanka.Lanka. J].. Gemm., 1919 (6),(6), 494-7494-7 three experienced graders three experienced graders Report based on the current Reporinternationalt based on thgradinge curren t proceduresinternationa for colourl gradin andg clarity procedures for colour and clarity Whether buying or selling, theWhethe Londonr buyin Diamondg or selling Report, assuresthe Londo the prestigen Diamon ofd your Repor stonet assures the prestige of your stone

The Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain GAGTL, 27 Greville Street. London EC1 N 8SU The Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain Telephone: 0171 ·4053351 Fax: 0171·8319479 GAGTL, 27 Greville Street, London EC1N 8SU Telephone: 0171-405 3351 Fax: 0171-831 9479

Distinction of taaffeite andand musgravitemusgravite Identification of polystyrene in impregnated jadeite P.L. Quek and T.L. Tan National University of Singapore, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119073, Singapore

ABSTRACT: Fourier transform infrared transmission and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have proven to be useful spectroscopic techniques used to detect the presence of wax and polymers in jadeites, thus enabling the discrimination between A and B jades. This paper reports the results of Fourier transform infrared transmission and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies done on a sample of polymer- impregnated jadeite. The polymer used for the impregnation of this sample has been previously reported (e.g. Fritsch and McClure, 1993) to be present in impregnated jadeite. Using the above two spectroscopic techniques, this polymer has been identified as polystyrene.

Keywords: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, impregnation, jadeite, polymers, polystyrene, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 168

Introduction 1992), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ince at least 1989, the jade market in (Tan et al, 1995) and diffuse reflectance many parts of Asia has been infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy infiltrated by many jade pieces which (Quek and Tan, 1997), have been found S useful in the detection of impregnated have been bleached then polymer- impregnated (Hurwit, 1989; Anon, 1991a and jadeite. Using a scanning electron microscope, b). The gem is soaked in acid to. take away evidence of damaged crystal structure was the brown spots (iron oxides) present on the found in impregnated jadeites (Tay et al, surface of the jadeite and these cracks and 1993) but this method cannot be used to holes are then filled up with polymers. This determine the chemical composition of the ensures that the jadeite does not have visible substance of impregnation. flaws on its surface and enables it to fetch a Though many detection methods have higher price. It has been well established that been used in jadeite testing, an exact the simple gemmological tests like measure- identification of the polymers present in ment of refractive index, specific gravity and jadeite has not been carried out. The focus fluorescence under ultra-violet light cannot has been mainly on the identification and reliably detect impregnation (Fritsch et al., discrimination of A and B jade. In 1992, 1992; Tan et al, 1995; Quek and Tan, 1997). Fritsch et al found that two polymers in The impregnation is also not detectable impregnated jadeites had Fourier transform under the optical microscope (Hurwit, 1989). infrared transmission spectra very similar to Now, detection methods like Fourier an Opticon-like polymer and to a compound transform infrared transmission spectroscopy of the class of phthalates. In this study, we (Fritsch and Stockton, 1987; Fritsch et al, use similar methods to positively identify

© Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain ISSN: 1355-565 anotheranother polymepolymerr foundfound inin impregnatedimpregnated shownshown inin comparisoncomparison withwith Figure la atat 1 1 1 1 jadeitesjadeites.. KnowledgeKnowledge ofof thethe typetype ofof polymerspolymers 40454045 cm-1, 31073107 cm-cm"1, 30833083 cm-l,cm- , 30603060 cm-l,cm" , usedused inin jadeitjadeitee impregnationimpregnation isis usefuluseful inin 30253025 cm-l,cm"1, 30013001 cm-l,cm"1, 29252925 cm-cm"1 andand 11 manymany waysways,, andand cancan bebe usedused inin supple­supple­ 28522852 cm- .• FritschFritsch andand McClureMcClure (1993)(1993) alsoalso mentingmenting furtherfurther gemmologicalgemmological studiesstudies onon obtainedobtained a FourierFourier transfortransformm infrareinfraredd trans­trans­ impregnatedimpregnated jadeites.jadeites. missionmission spectrumspectrum withwith identicalidentical peakspeaks comparedcompared ttoo Figure lb, andand bothboth spectraspectra MethodsMethods andand teststests matchmatch polystyrene'polystyrene'ss FourierFourier transformtransform infraredinfrared transmissiontransmission spectrumspectrum aboveabove A samplesample ofof jadeitjadeitee whichwhich waswas shownshown 20002000 cm-cm-1 shownshown inin Figure le.lc. earlierearlier ttoo bebe impregnatedimpregnated withwith polymerpolymer waswas PolystyrenePolystyrene iiss mademade ofof twotwo mainmain parts:parts: anan useusedd forfor thithiss study.study. ForFor thethe testingtesting ofof thethe aliphaticaliphatic componentcomponent (CH2z) andand anan aromaticaromatic jadeitjadeitee sample,sample, a BomemBomem DA3.002DA3.002 FourierFourier componentcomponent (C6Hs5))'. TheThe aromaticaromatic componentcomponent transformtransform infraredinfrared transmissiontransmission spectro­spectro­ comescomes fromfrom a singlesingle benzenebenzene ringring occurringoccurring photometerphotometer (Tan(Tan et al., 1995)1995) waswas usedused.. TheThe inin everyevery monomermonomer unit.unit. TheThe monomermonomer ooff resolutionresolution ofof thethe spectrophotometerspectrophotometer usedused polystyrenepolystyrene isis styrene,styrene, namednamed systematicallysystematically -11 waswas 2 cm-cm .. SpectrSpectraa werewere takentaken ofof ththee jadeitejadeite asas phenylethene.phenylethene. A clearerclearer chemicalchemical formulaformula -1 samplesample onlyonly fromfrom 20002000 toto 50005000 cm-cm asas thethe is [-CH =CH(C H )-])-]n', which indicates quite is [-CH2z=CH(C6H5s n which indicates quite infraredinfrared lightlight usedused cannotcannot passpass throughthrough thethe clearlyclearly thethe arrangementarrangement ofof atomsatoms inin poly­poly­ samplesample beyonbeyondd thesthesee frequencies.frequencies. styrene.styrene. TheThe samplesample waswas furtherfurther testetestedd usingusing a VGVG TheThe twotwo peakpeakss atat 28522852 cm-cm"1 andand 29252925 cm-cm"1 ESCALABESCALAB MkIIMkll X-raX-rayy photoelectronphotoelectron spectro­spectro­ correspondcorrespond toto ththee symmetricsymmetric andand asymmetricasymmetric metermeter usinusingg anan MgMgKK X-rayX-ray sourcesource (1253.6(1253.6 eVeV C-HC-H stretchesstretches ofof ththee CH2z groupgroup inin polystyrenepolystyrene photonsphotons)) atat a reducereducedd powerpower ofof 120120 W (12(12 kVkV respectively.respectively. TheseThese strongstrong peakspeaks areare superim­superim­ andand 1010 rnA)mA) (Tan(Tan et al.,al, 1995)1995).. posedposed onon thethe waxwax absorptionabsorption peakspeaks ifif therethere isis 169 anyany waxwax present.present. TheThe CH2z isis thethe aliphaticaliphatic 169 ResultsResults andand discussiondiscussion groupgroup inin thethe polymer,polymer, andand thethe twotwo peakspeaks corre­corre­ spondspond toto thethe normalnormal 2960-28502960-2850 cm-cm-1 absorp­absorp­ AsAs commonlycommonly known,known, infraredinfrared lightlight isis tiontion frequencyfrequency ofof aliphaticaliphatic C-HC-H bonds.bonds. absorbedabsorbed bbyy differentdifferent functionalfunctional groupsgroups inin AromaticAromatic C-HC-H bondsbonds,, however,however, revealreveal anan organicorganic compoundscompounds and,and, thus,thus, eacheach absorptionabsorption inin a regionregion ofof slightlyslightly higherhigher compoundcompound hahass a characteristiccharacteristic infraredinfrared wavenumber,wavenumber, betweebetweenn 31003100 cm-cm-1 andand spectrum.spectrum. ComparisonComparison ofof infraredinfrared spectraspectra 30003000 cm-cm-11 andand thethe absorptionabsorption peakspeaks atat cancan thuthuss unambiguouslunambiguouslyy identifyidentify a particularparticular 11 1 1 1 31073107 cm-cm" ,,308 30833 cm-l,cur , 30603060 cm-l,cm" , 30253025 cm-cm" andand compound.compound. 30013001 cm-cm-1 inin thethe polystyrenepolystyrene spectrumspectrum areare Figure la showsshows thethe FourierFourier transformtransform attributedattributed toto thisthis cause.cause. infraredinfrared transmissiontransmission spectrumspectrum ofof a piecepiece ooff ForFor furtherfurther confirmationconfirmation ofof thethe identityidentity ooff GradeGrade A jadjadee whichwhich hashas beenbeen onlyonly wax­wax- thethe polymerpolymer,, thethe X-rayX-ray photoelectronphotoelectron buffedbuffed,, somethingsomething thatthat isis donedone veryvery oftenoften byby spectrumspectrum ofof thethe jadeitjadeitee samplesample waswas collectedcollected jewellerjewellerss ttoo improvimprovee thethe shineshine ofof thethe jadejade atat lowlow andand highighh resolutions.resolutions. ManyMany ofof thethe (Ehrman,(Ehrman, 1958;1958; Crowningshield,Crowningshield, 1972).1972). ThisThis functionalfunctional groupsgroups inin organicorganic compoundscompounds doesdoes notnot affectaffect ththee qualityquality ofof ththee jadejade.. NoteNote shiftshift thethe valuevalue ofof thethe primaryprimary C IsIs chemicalchemical thathatt relativrelativee ttoo ththee characteristiccharacteristic absorptionabsorption shiftshift fromfrom itsits standardstandard positionposition atat 285.00285.00 eVeY.. 1 ofof jadeitjadeitee betweenbetween 3800-32003800-3200 cm-cm" , thethe peakspeaks ThisThis shiftshift cancan bebe accuratelyaccurately measuredmeasured andand -1 -1 fromfrom ththee waxwax atat 29202920 cm-cm 1 andand 28522852 cm-cm 1 areare thus,thus, thethe functionalfunctional groupsgroups inin thethe compoundcompound muchmuch weaker,weaker, showinshowingg thatthat thethe concentra­concentra­ cancan bebe determined.determined. InIn ourour study,study, thethe rangerange ofof tiontion ofof ththee wawaxx isis quitequite low.low. bindingbinding energiesenergies betweebetweenn 280280 eVeV toto 295295 eVeV Figure lb, inin comparison,comparison, showsshows thethe waswas scannedscanned toto showshow thethe C IsIs chemicalchemical shiftshift spectrumspectrum ofof ththee piecepiece ofof bleachebleachedd andand inin thethe jadeitjadeitee sample.sample. ThisThis waswas alsoalso polymer-impregnatepolymer-impregnatedd jadeitjadeitee examinedexamined inin comparedcompared againstagainst standardstandard spectraspectra toto thethe presentpresent study.study. NeNeww absorptionabsorption peakspeaks areare confirmconfirm thethe identificationidentification ofof thethe polymer.polymer. ItIt

Identification of polystyrene in impregnated jadeitejadeite (a)

3025 2925 (b) 1 QI u ~ 170 '" -eo 'Jl .!:l 4045 ~

(c)

5000 4250 3500 2750 2000 Wavenumber (em")

J. Gemm., 1998,26,3,168-173 waswas foundfound thathatt ththee ratioratio ofof thethe C IsIs peakpeak toto follows:follows: itit isis hardhard,, cheap,cheap, readilyreadily available,available, thethe NaNa IsIs peapeakk inin thethe low-resolutionlow-resolution hashas lowlow moisturemoisture absorption,absorption, isis easyeasy toto spectrumspectrum isis moremore thathann 40,40, a positivpositivee identifi­identifi­ fabricatefabricate andand hashas surfacesurface smoothnesssmoothness andand cationcation forfor polymerpolymer impregnationimpregnation inin jadeitejadeite clearnessclearness (Sprouse(Sprouse andand Hansen,Hansen, 1987).1987). AlAlll reportedreported inin TanTan et al. (1995).(1995) . thesethese characteristicscharacteristics makemake itit easyeasy forfor Figure 2a 2a shows show sthe the high-resolution high-resolution X-ray X-ray impregnationimpregnation ttoo bebe carriedcarried out,out, yetyet makemake photoelectrophotoelectronn spectrumspectrum ofof thethe iritpregnatedimpregnated detectiondetection extremelyextremely difficult,difficult, especiallyespecially jadeitjadeitee samplesample fromfrom 280280 toto 295295 eVeV . ThereThere isis anan whenwhen onlyonly smallsmall amountsamounts ofof thethe polymerpolymer areare extremelyextremely intenseintense peakpeak atat 285285 eVeV composedcomposed ofof used.used. bothboth aliphaticaliphatic andand aromaticaromatic carbons,carbons, which,which, AsAs mentionedmentioned before,before, polystyrenepolystyrene waswas becausebecause ofof theitheirr greatgreat similaritysimilarity inin eVeV valuesvalues,, reportedreported asas anan unidentifiedunidentified polymerpolymer areare superimposedsuperimposed asas oneone peak.peak. TheThe smallsmall peakpeak (Polymer(Polymer 5)5) inin FritschFritsch andand McClureMcClure (1993)(1993).. atat 287287 eVeV correspondscorresponds toto thethe C-OC-O group.group. ThisThis TheThe jadeitjadeitee samplessamples atat thathatt timetime werewere peapeakk isis presenpresentt becausbecausee thethe jadeitjadeitee samplessamples reportedreported toto 'sweat''sweat' whenwhen testedtested withwith thethe werewere cleanedcleaned witwithh highlyhighly volatilevolatile propanolpropanol TemperatureTemperature ReactionReaction TesterTester (TRT)(TRT) andand float (propyl(propyl alcohol)alcohol) beforbeforee spectraspectra werewere collected,collected, inin methylenemethylene iodideiodide (specific(specific gravitygravity 3.32).3.32). andand somesome ofof thethe propanopropanoll isis stillstill presentpresent asas anan ThisThis isis consistentconsistent withwith thethe physicalphysical impurity.impurity. ThisThis peakpeak isis notnot seenseen inin Figure 2b, 2b, propertiesproperties ooff polystyrene,polystyrene, whichwhich hashas a glassglass whicwhichh showsshows thethe high-resolutionhigh-resolution X-raX-rayy photophoto­- transitiontransition temperaturetemperature ofof 100°C100°C andand isis thusthus electronelectron spectrumspectrum ofof polystyrenepolystyrene.. TheThe peakpeak expectedexpected toto causecause thethe jadeitjadeitee samplesample toto duedue ttoo ththee CC-O-OH H groupgroup inin propanolpropanol isis notnot seenseen 'sweat''sweat' easily.easily. InIn addition,addition, polystyrene'spolystyrene's oonn thethe infraredinfrared spectrumspectrum becausebecause thethe C-OC-O relativerelative densitydensity ofof 1.0471.047 wouldwould resultresult inin a groupgroup absorbsabsorbs infraredinfrared lightlight atat wavenumberwavenumber 1 significantsignificant decreasedecrease inin thethe specificspecific gravitygravity ooff 1300-10001300-1000 cm-cm"1 andand thethe O-HO-H bondbond absorbsabsorbs -1 jadeitjadeitee treatedtreated witwithh polystyrenepolystyrene anandd causecause itit infrared light at wavenumber 3550-3230 cm 1. infrared light at wavenumber 3550-3230 cm- . toto floatfloat iinn methylenmethylenee iodide.iodide. InIn thesthesee twtwoo regionsregions jadeitjadeitee absorbsabsorbs infraredinfrared 171171 lightlight veryvery strongly,strongly, andand thus,thus, thethe C-OHC-OH peakspeaks AnotherAnother importantimportant pointpoint toto notnotee isis thatthat duedue toto propanolpropanol areare obscured.obscured. polystyrenepolystyrene degradesdegrades underunder ultra-violetultra-violet lightlight andand thithiss couldcould bbee thethe reasonreason whywhy somesome However,However, thethe mosmostt distinguishingdistinguishing featurefeature treatedtreated jadeitejadeitess turturnn darkdark andand havehave a greyishgreyish ofof ththee high-resolutionhigh-resolution X-rayX-ray photoelectronphotoelectron colourcolour afterafter somesome timetime,, a featurefeature reportedreported byby spectrumspectrum (Figure 2a) 2a) is ithes th e'shake-up' 'shake-up feature' featur e FritschFritsch et al.al (1992)(1992).. betweenbetween 292292 andand 295295 eV. ThisThis isis causedcaused byby thethe conjugationconjugation betweebetweenn thethe 2p2p orbitalsorbitals ooff thethe carboncarbon atomsatoms inin thethe phenylphenyl groupgroup ConclusionConclusion resultingresulting inin a 1tjt orbitalorbital beingbeing formed.formed. TheThe 'shake-up''shake-up' isis characteristiccharacteristic ofof aromaticaromatic andand InIn thisthis paper,paper, wewe havehave mademade useuse ofof twotwo unsaturateunsaturatedd systems,systems, andand thisthis particularparticular spectroscopicspectroscopic techniquestechniques toto studystudy a samplesample patternpattern ofof 'shake-up'shake-up'' isis characteristiccharacteristic ofof poly­poly­ ofof bleachedbleached andand impregnatedimpregnated jadeitjadeitee andand styrenestyrene (Figure 2b) (Beamson(Beamson andand BriggsBriggs,, havehave identifiedidentified thethe polymerpolymer usedused inin thethe 1992).1992). ThisThis showsshows clearlyclearly thatthat thethe polymerpolymer impregnationimpregnation toto bbee polystyrene;polystyrene; a substancesubstance presenpresentt onon thethe jadeitjadeitee surfacesurface isis polystyrene.polystyrene. thatthat isis cheapcheap andand commonlycommonly available,available, andand yetyet hashas manymany characteristicscharacteristics whichwhich makemake itit PropertiesProperties ofof polystyrenepolystyrene andand effectiveeffective inin jadeitjadeitee impregnation.impregnation. FurtherFurther studiesstudies onon thethe identificationidentification ofof polymerspolymers polystyrenepolystyrene impregnatedimpregnated jadeitejadeite wouldwould bbee usefuluseful whewhenn lookinglooking forfor alternativealternative TheThe propertiepropertiess ofof polystyrenepolystyrene whicwhichh makemake methodsmethods ofof discriminationdiscrimination betweenbetween GradeGrade A itit suitablsuitablee forfor jadjadee impregnationimpregnation areare asas andand B jadeites.jadeites.

Figure 1: (a) FourierFourier transform transform infrared infrared transmission transmission spectrum spectrum of a sample of a sampleof wax-buffed of wax-buffed jadeite. jadeite. (b) FourierFourier transform transform infrared infrared transmission transmission spectrum spectrum of the bleachedof the bleached and polymer-impregnated and polymer-impregnated jadeite jadeite sample used used for for this this study. study, (c) (c) Fourier Fourier transform transform infrared infrared transmission transmission spectrum spectrum of polystyrene of polystyrene

Identification of polystyrene in impregnated jadeite (a) 285 eV Cls fCH2-CH-In 6

287eV 292eV (il -¢- o Cls n-n" shake- lip r- Z :J cO oc :5 1: I (b) Vi Z 1 72 I UJ r-

280 285 290 295

BINDING ENERGY (eV)

Figure 2: (a) High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrum ofthe bleached andpolymer-impregnated jadeite sample (from 280to295 eV). (b) High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrum of polystyrene.

J. Gemm., 1998, 26. 3,168-173 ReferenceReferencess FritschFritsch,, E.E.,, WWuu S.-T.T.S.-TT,, MosesMoses,, T.T,, McClureMcClure,, S.F.S.P.,, anandd MoonMoon,, M.M.,, 19921992.. IdentificatioIdentificationn ooff bleachebleachedd anandd polymerpolymer­- AnonAnon,, 1991a1991a.. GreeGreenn jadeitjadeitee bleachebleachedd thethenn dyedyedd emeralemeraldd impregnateimpregnatedd jadeitejadeite.. Gems andand Gemology,Gemology, 2828,, 176-8176-877 greengreen.. JewelleryJewellery NewsNews Asia,Asia, 7979,, 122122,, 121244 HurwitHurwit,, K.K.,, 19891989.. GeCernm tradtradee lalabb notesnotes:: ImpregnateImpregnatedd AnonAnon,, 1991b1991b.. NeNeww fillefillerr threatenthreatenss jadeitjadeitee salesaless iinn JapanJapan.. jadeitjadeitee jadejade.. Gems andand Gemology, 2525,, 239-4239-400 JewelleryJewellery News Asia,Asia, 8282,, 11,, 7722 QuekQuek,, P.L.P.L.,, anandd TanTan,, T.L.T.L.,, 19971997.. IdentificatioIdentificationn ooff BB jadjadee bbyy BeamsonBeamson,, GC.. anandd BriggsBriggs,, D.D.,, 19921992.. High resolutionresolution XPSXPS ofof diffusdiffusee reflectancreflectancee infrareinfraredd FourieFourierr transfortransformm (DRIFT)(DRIFT) organicorganic polymers:polymers: The ScientaScienta ESCA300ESCA300 database. spectroscopyspectroscopy.. JournalJournal ofof Gemmology,Gemmology, 2525,, 66,, 417-2417-277 pppp.. 72-372-3.. JohJohnn WileWileyy anandd SonSonss Ltd.Ltd.,, WesWestt SusseSussexx SprouseSprouse,, J.F.J.E,, anandd HansenHansen,, D.L.D.L.,, 19871987.. SprouseSprouse collectioncollection of CrowningshieldCrowningshield,, G.R.C.R.,, 19721972.. ParaffiParaffinn …... ItItss propross anandd conscons.. infraredinfrared spectra,spectra, BookBook I;I; PolymersPolymers.. pppp.. 162162,, 165165.. SprousSprousee Gems andand Gemology, 1414,, 33,, 84-84-55 ScientifiScientificc SystemsSystems,, Inc.Inc.,, PennsylvaniaPennsylvania,, USUSAA EhrmanEhrman,, M.L.M.L.,, 19581958.. AA neneww loolookk iinn jadejade.. Gems andand TanTan,, T.L.TL.,, TayTay,, T.S.T.5.,, LohLoh,, F.C.Ee,, TanTan,, K.L.K.L.,, anandd TangTang,, S.M.S.M.,, Gemology, 99,, 55,, 134-135134-135,, 151588 19951995.. IdentificatioIdentificationn ooff waxwax-- anandd polymer-impregnatepolymer-impregnatedd FritschFritsch,, E.E.,, anandd McClureMcClure,, S.F.S.P.,, 19931993.. PolymePolymerr impregnateimpregnatedd jadeitjadeitee bbyy X-raX-rayy photoelectrophotoelectronn spectroscopyspectroscopy.. JournalJournal of jadeitejadeite.. ICAICA LaboratoryLaboratory Alert, 7575 Gemmology, 2424,, 475-8475-833 FritschFritsch,, E.E.,, anandd StocktonStockton,, C.M.C.M.,, 19871987.. InfraredInfrared TayTay,, T.S.T.5.,, PaulPaul,S.,, S., anandd PuahPuah,, C.M.eM.,, 19931993.. SESEMM studiestudiess ooff spectroscopspectroscopyy iinn gegemm identificationidentification.. GemsGems andand bleachebleachedd anandd polymer-impregnatepolymer-impregnatedd jadeitejadeite.. TheThe Gemology, 2323,, 18-218-266 AustralianAustralian Gemmologist, 1818,, 257-6257-611

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AccelerateAcceleratedd FGFGAA CourseCoursess NinNinee montmonthh gemmologgemmologyy courscoursee -- startstart datedate MondayMonday 14 14 September September 173173 TheorTheoryy anandd practicapracticall tuitiotuitionn oonn twtwoo daydayss a weeweekk frofromm 1010 aa.m.m.. toto 5 5 p.m. p.m . ThThee pricpricee ooff £399£39955 includesincludes:: tuitiontuition,, a basibasicc instrumeninstrumentt kitkit,, PreliminarPreliminaryy andand DiplomaDiploma courscoursee notesnotes,, examexam feefeess andand GAGTLGAGTL membershipmembership forfor oneone year.year .

SixteeSixteenn montmonthh gemmologgemmologyy evenineveningg programmprogrammee -- startstart datedate MondayMonday 77 September September TheorTheoryy anandd practicapracticall tuitiotuitionn oonn twtwoo eveningeveningss peperr weeweekk frofromm 6.36.300 p.m.p.m. ThThee pricpricee ooff £110£11000 includeincludess tuitiontttition,, PreliminarPreliminaryy anandd DiplomaDiploma courscoursee notesnotes andand examinatioexaminationn feesfees.. GeGemm DiamonDiamondd CourseCoursess FouFourr monthmonth DGADG A course course - —start star datet dat Thursdaye Thursda y10 1 0September Septembe r TheorTheoryy anandd practicapracticall tuitiotuitionn evereveryy ThursdaThursdayy frofromm 1010 a.m.a.m . toto 5 5 p.m. p.m . The price of £1500 includes tuition, a basic instrument kit, courses notes, examination fees Thande pricGAGTLe of £150membership0 include fors tuition one year., a basi c instrument kit, courses notes, examination fees and G AGTL membership for one year. Eight month DGA evening programme - start date Wednesday 30 September Bight month DGA evening programme - start date Wednesday 30 September Theory and practical tWtion one evening a week from 6.30 p.m. Theory and practical tuition one evening a week from 6.30 p.m. The price of £680 includes tuition, course notes and examination fees. The price of £680 includes tuition, course notes and examination fees. For further details contact GAGTL Education on 0171 404 3334 (fax 0171 404 8843) FoE-mailr furthe [email protected] details contact G AGTL Education on 0171 404 3334 (fax 0171 404 8843) E-mail gagtl#btintemetcom

IdentificationIdentification ofof polystyrenepolystyrene inin impregnatedimpregnated jadeitejadeite Emeralds from Sandawana, Zimbabwe: the use of Raman microspectroscopy in identification of their solid inclusions

J.C. (Hanco) Zwaan, M.Sc, FGA1 and Ernst A.J. Burke, M.Sc., Eur. Geol.2 1. National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands 2. Faculty of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

ABSTRACT: For the first time, Raman microspectroscopy has been used as a tool to identify mineral inclusions in emeralds from Sandawana, Zimbabwe. Spectra of emerald, actinolite, cummingtonite, albite, apatite, calcite, Mn-Fe-bearing dolomite and quartz are presented and discussed. Correct characterisation and identification of solid inclusions in Sandawana emeralds could not be carried out by Raman microspec- troscopy alone, but is effective in conjunction with chemical analysis by electron microprobe. By these means, inclusions of chromium-rich ilmenorutile have been identified; this variety has not been known and 174 described before. Keywords: Raman microspectroscopy, Sandawana, solid inclusions, chromian ilmenorutile

Introduction also contains numerous relatively small imbabwe's Sandawana mines have pegmatite bodies that intruded mostly the been an important producer of southern limb of the belt, during a main Zemeralds for 40 years. The emerald deformation event in the area, around deposits are located 65 km south of the 2.6 billion years ago. Emeralds occur near the village Mberengwa (or 68 km east of West pegmatites at the contact with (ultra)mafic Nicholson), in the Mweza greenstone belt. lavas; they are concentrated in pockets at The mining lease and claim holdings cover a sites where the pegmatite is tightly folded 21-km-long strip along the southern slope of and/or the rocks are sheared. the Mweza Hills, on which three mines, Mining at the largest mine (the Zeus mine) named Zeus, Aeres and Orpheus, are is done underground, with the ore processed currently producing. The name 'Sandawana' in a standard washing/screening trommel refers to the entire mining area, and the plant. Since the Sandawana mines came under emeralds mined there. new ownership in 1993, consistent production The Archaean Mweza greenstone belt of emeralds has been established. In addition consists of a series of intensely deformed and to the small sizes for which Sandawana is best moderately metamorphosed ultramafic-to- known, more polished stones up to 1.50 ct mafic volcanic rocks and metasediments. It have been produced.

© Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain ISSN: 1355-4565 600 687 500 ~

400

300

1070 200

398 100

0 1200 1119 1036 950 863 774 685 594 501 408 313 216 118 Wavenumber (em-I)

1 Figure 1: Raman spectrum of emerald withwith characteristiccharacteristic peakspeaks at at 10701070 and and 687687 cm- cm'1• .

BecausBecausee ofof theirtheir relativelrelativelyy constantconstant informationinformation oonn thethe solisolidd inclusionsinclusions 175175 propertiesproperties SandawanaSandawana emeraldsemeralds cancan bebe (especially(especially ththee rarerrarer ones)ones) andand alsoalso aimsaims ttoo readilreadilyy separatedseparated fromfrom emeraldemeraldss fromfrom otherother evaluateevaluate toto whawhatt extentextent non-destructivenon-destructive localitieslocalities worldwide.worldwide. TheyThey havhavee highhigh identificationidentification ofof thesethese inclusionsinclusions couldcould bbee refractiverefractive indicesindices andand specifispecificc gravities,gravities, andand carriedcarried ououtt witwithh thethe aidaid ofof a RamanRaman chemically,chemically, thetheyy havhavee ververyy highighh chromiumchromium microprobe.microprobe. andand sodiusodiumm contents.contents. TwoTwo amphiboles,amphiboles, actinolite and cummingtonite, are abundant actinolite and cummingtonite, are abundant Raman microspectroscopy in inclusions;inclusions; albitealbite andand apatiteapatite areare common.common. Raman microspectroscopy in AlsoAlso foundfound areare remnantsremnants ofof fluidfluid inclusions.inclusions. gemmologygemmology SoonSoon afterafter theirtheir discovery,discovery, characteristicscharacteristics TheThe RamanRaman techniquetechnique andand itsits instru­instru­ ofof SandawanaSandawana emeraldsemeralds werweree describeddescribed byby mentationmentation isis thoroughlythoroughly describeddescribed inin GiibelinGübelin (1958),(1958), whilewhile mucmuchh laterlater B6hmkeBöhmke McMillaMcMillann andand HofmeisterHofmeister (1988),(1988), McMillanMcMillan (1982)(1982) describeddescribed thethe paragenesiparagenesiss ofof thethe (1989)(1989) andand WilliamWilliamss et alal. (1994).(1994). McMillanMcMillan emeraldemerald andand thethe geologygeology ofof thethe SandawanaSandawana (1989)(1989) givesgives anan overvieovervieww ofof applicationsapplications ooff area.area. AndersoAndersonn (1978)(1978) gavgavee informationinformation onon RamanRaman spectroscopy,spectroscopy, whicwhichh includeinclude thethe occurrenceoccurrence andand mineralogmineralogyy ofof emeraldsemeralds applicationsapplications inin structuralstructural studiesstudies ofof silicatesilicate inin ZimbabweZimbabwe,, withwith additionaladditional datadata onon glassesglasses andand meltsmelts,, studystudy ofof dissolutiondissolution , ) SandawanaSandawana emeralds.emeralds. AAnn updateupdate andand mechanismsmechanisms ooff volatilevolatiless (H220,0, COC02, H2) inin overviewoverview ofof thethe geology,geology, miningmining,, physicalphysical aluminosilicatealuminosilicate meltsmelts andand glasses,glasses, studystudy ooff propertiesproperties andand chemistrychemistry ofof emeraldsemeralds fromfrom thethe structurestructure ooff aqueousaqueous fluids andand liquids,liquids, Sandawana,Sandawana, briebrieff descriptionsdescriptions ofof thethe mostmost studystudy ofof geochemicalgeochemical fluidsfluids atat highhigh commoncommon inclusionsinclusions iinn them,them, andand a temperaturestemperatures andand highhigh pressurespressures,, studiesstudies ooff comparisoncomparison witwithh propertiesproperties ofof emeraldsemeralds phase-transitionphase-transitionss inin solids,solids, andand micro­micro- fromfrom otherother occurrences,occurrences, areare givengiven inin ZwaanZwaan RamanRaman analysisanalysis ofof fluid inclusioninclusionss whichwhich hahass et al. (1997).(1997). ThisThis papepaperr givesgives moremore beenbeen useusedd successfullysuccessfully foforr qualitativequalitative andand

Emeralds from Sandawana, Zimbabwe: thethe use of Raman microspectroscopy inin identificationidentification of theirtheir solid inclusionsinclusions Figure 2a and b: Emerald inclusions inclusions in inemerald, emerald, in transmittedin transmitted light lightbetween between crossed crossed polarising polarising filters.filters. MagnifiedMagnified lOOx. lOOx. Photomicrographs Photomicrographs by I.C by Zwaan. J.C. Zwaan.

quantitative analysesanalyses ofof molecularmolecular species,species, ApplicationsApplications ofof RamanRaman spectroscopspectroscopyy iinn , , , , 02 suchsuch asas COC02, CO,CO, CH4, N2, H2, 02 andand H2S identificationidentification ofof mineralsminerals andand gemsgems anandd solidsolid (e.g.(e.g. BurkeBurke andand Lustenhouwer,Lustenhouwer, 1987;1987; VanVan denden inclusionsinclusions inin themthem areare describeddescribed bbyy e.g.e.g. Kerkhof,Kerkhof, 1988;1988; Burke,Burke, 1994).1994). DhamelincourtDhamelincourt andand SchubnelSchubnel (1977),(1977), DeléDele­- DuboisDubois et al. (1980),(1980), NassaNassauu (1981),(1981), GriffithGriffith (1987),(1987), SchubnelSchubnel (1992),(1992), PinetPinet et al.al (1992)(1992),, Figure 3: Actinolite (large long prismatic Figure 3: Actinolite (large long prismatic LasnierLasnier (1995)(1995) andand HanniHänni et al.al (1997).(1997) . OneOne ofof crystal) and cummingtonite (long prismaticprismatic crystal on the left, showing twinning) areare ththee earliestearliest applicationsapplications ooff RamanRaman common amphiboles in emeralds fromfrom microspectroscopymicrospectroscopy toto thethe identificationidentification ooff Sandawana. TransmittedTransmitted light, light, magnified magnified lax. Wx. solidsolid inclusionsinclusions inin emeraldsemeralds wawass carriedcarried outout 176176 Photomicrograph by byI.C J.C. Zwaan. Zwaan. byby RosascoRosasco andand RoedderRoedder (1979).(1979). ThisThis paperpaper presentpresentss anotheranother application,application, whicwhichh showsshows advantagesadvantages butbut alsoalso limitationslimitations ofof thisthis techniquetechnique..

MaterialsMaterials andand methodsmethods ForFor thisthis study,study, 6868 emeraldemerald specimensspecimens werewere examinedexamined inin detail,detail, ofof whicwhichh 3366 werewere polishedpolished.. AlmostAlmost allall thethe rougroughh materiamateriall waswas transparentransparentt andand suitablesuitable forfor cutting.cutting. InclusionInclusionss werewere identifiedidentified usinusingg a standardstandard gemmologicalgemmological microscopemicroscope (Supe(Superr 6060 ZoomZoom GemoliteGemolite MarkMark VII),VII), a polarisationpolarisation microscopmicroscopee (Leica(Leica DMRPDMRP ResearchResearch microscope)microscope) andand a laselaserr RamanRaman microspectrometermicrospectrometer (Dilor(Dilor S.A.S.A. modelmodel Microdil-28®).Microdil-28®). PolishedPolished thinthin sectionssections werewere preparedprepared fromfrom 1111 samples,samples, anandd semisemi­­ quantitativequantitative andand quantitativequantitative chemicalchemical analysesanalyses onon thethe inclusionsinclusions werweree carriecarriedd outout witwithh EPMAEPMA (Electron(Electron ProbeProbe MicrMicroo AnalysisAnalysis,, JEOLJEOL modelmodel JXA-8800M).JXA-8800M). BothBoth RamaRamann andand EPMAEPMA analysesanalyses werewere performeperformedd atat thethe FacultyFaculty ofof Earth Sciences,Sciences, VrijeVrije UniversiteitUniversiteit Amsterdam.Amsterdam.

J.J. Gemm., 1998,1998,26,3,174-187 26, 3,174-187 o Actinolite • Cummingtonite

1130 1047

Wavenumber (em-' )

Figure 4a: Raman spectra spectra of ofactinoliteactinolite and and cummingtonite, cummingtonite, both bothC/inoamphiboles, clinoamphiboles, which show which a char­ show a char­ I 1 177 acteristic peak peak near near 670 670 cm- cm'. . 177 ResultResultss Figure 4b: Raman spectraspectra of of the the OH OH stretching stretching modes of of actinolite actinolite and and cummingtonite. cummingtonite. Emerald EmeraldEmeraldss frofromm SandawanSandawanaa shoshoww a RamaRamann spectruspectrumm ooff beryberyll (Figure 1) 1) with wit hcharacteristic characteristi c 1 peakpeakss aatt 10710700 anandd 686877 em-I.cm" . InIn additionaddition toto o Actinolite thesthesee peakspeaks,, PinetPinet et al.al (1992)(1992) showedshowed othersothers atat 1200 • Cummingtonite 10111011,, 526526,, 404000 anandd 325325.. OuOurr spectrspectraa showeshowedd -1 onlonlyy additionaadditionall peakpeakss neanearr 10010044 anandd 393988 em-I.cm . 1000 IInn somsomee emeraldsemeralds,, emeralemeraldd inclusioninclusionss occuoccurr aass crystalcrystalss witwithh a ververyy loloww relierelieff anandd a slightlslightlyy differendifferentt orientationorientation,, whicwhichh cacann bbee vieweviewedd besbestt 800 betweebetweenn crossecrossedd polarisinpolarisingg filterfilterss (Figure 2). 2). ThThee inclusioninclusionss anandd ththee hoshostt shoshoww ththee samsamee 600 RamaRamann spectruspectrumm ooff berylberyl..

AmphibolesAmphiboles ThThee mosmostt commocommonn anandd welwelll knowknownn inclusioninclusionss iinn ththee emeraldemeraldss frofromm SandawanSandawanaa araree aciculaacicularr amphibolamphibolee crystalscrystals.. IInn thithiss studstudyy twtwoo amphiboleamphiboless werweree identifiedidentified,, actinolitactinolitee anandd cummingtonitcummingtonitee (Figure(Figure 3).3). Both Both mineralsmineral s areare equallequallyy abundanabundantt anandd occuoccurr aass fibrefibress aass welwelll aass Wavenumber (an-' ) long-prismatilong-prismaticc crystalscrystals..

EmeraldsEmeralds fromfrom Sandawana,Sandawana, Zimbabwe:Zimbal:rwe: thethe useuse ofof RamanRaman microspectroscopymicrospectroscopy inin identificationidentification ofof theirtheir solidsolid inclusionsinclusions Table 1.I. Chemical analyses of the actinolite andand Table II. Chemical analyses of two large albite cummingtonite crystals, of which Raman spectra areare (NaAlSips)(NaAlSi308) grains*. Albite is the only feldsparfeldspar that shown in Figure 4. has been identified in emeralds fromfrom Sandawana.Sandawana.

Oxides (WI. (wt%) %) ArlillolilcActinolite CUII/II/illg-Cumming- I OxidesOxides (wt(wt.. %) ALBALB1 1 ALB2ALB 2 I tonite/ollile 5i0Si02 66.866.8 67.3673 Si022 •54.54.1 1 56.56.44 2 110 0.05 Ti022 0.05 - AlP3Aip3 2020..22 20.420.4 A1A~O)A 2.92.911 0.40.455 FeDFeO om0.01 0.180.18 CrCr,o,203 0.30.311 0.10.133 FeFeOO 8.48.400 15.15.88 CaOCaO 0.840.84 0.910.91 MnMnOO 0.40.411 0.60.666 ! Naa2020 11.311.3 11.311.3 | MgMgOO '18.18.3 3 22.22.77 K 0 0.040.04 0.030.03 CaC~OO 11.11.99 0.60.611 Kz°2 a,o 0.96 0.19 Total 99.19 100.12 Na20 0.96 0.19 Total 99.19 100.12 0.06 Kp~O 0.06 - Catiolls based on 8 0. HoC>" 2.01 211 Cations based on 8 0. H20* 2.01 2.11 F 0.13 5i4•+ 2.95 2.95 F 0.13 - Si 2.95 2.95 Total 99.55 99.05 i All<3+ 1.05 1.05 Total 99.55 99.05 Al 1.05 1.05 Fel + 0 0.01 entiollS /Ifl$ed (III Minimum Maximum Fe* 0 0.01 Cations22 Oalld based 2 on MinimumFe!' Maximum + F,,'- Ca 2+ 0.04 0.04 llOandl(OH,F.CI). Fé Fé+ Ca2+ 0.04 0.04 (OH^Cl). Si 7.67 7.59 .00 a'+ 0.97 0.96 Si 7.67 759 8.00 Na 0.97 0.96 AI IV 0.33 0.41 0 A1IV 0.33 0.41 0 K'+ 0 0 Tsile 8.00 8.00 8.00 K 0 0 Tsite 8.00 8.00 8.00 umber of cations 5.01 5.01 Number of cations 5.01 5.01 Al Vl 0.16 0.08 0.07 A1V1 0.16 0.08 0.07 "ALB*ALB 1 isis feldsparfeldspar I inin Figure 6. 178178 Fe). 0 0.20 0 Fe3+ 0 0.20 0 n om om 0 TiCr 0.00.041 0.0 0.041 00.01 CummingtoniteCummingtonite maymay bebe distinguisheddistinguished CMgr 0.03.874 0.03.834 0.04.791 fromfrom actinoliteactinolite bbyy itsits higherhigher relierelieff andand MFel+g 3.80.947 3.80.793 4.70.l29 lamellalamellarr twinning,twinning, whichwhich waswas seenseen undeunderr a Fe2+ MI, 2, 3 sites 0.95.004 0.75.009 0.15.002 microscopemicroscope inin transmittedtransmitted anandd polarisedpolarised 5.00 Ml, 2,3 sites 5.00 5.00 light.light. However,However, bothboth amphibolesamphiboles araree oftenoften Pel' 0.06 0 1.75 intergrownintergrown andand withwith a normalnormal gemmologicalgemmological Fe2* 0.06 0 1.75 Mn 0.05 0 0.08 microscopemicroscope itit isis inin mostmost casescases nonott possiblpossiblee toto MCan 0.01.815 01.79 0.00.098 Caa 1.80.081 1.70.219 0.00.059 Figure 5a: A large grain of feldspar (feldspar II NM4sitea 0.08 0.21 0.05 2.00 2.00 1.97 in Figure 6) turned out to be albite. The lozenge­lozenge- M4 site 2.00 2.00 1.97 shaped crystal underneath it is identified as a 0.19 0.06 0 cummingtonite. Transmitted light, magnifiedmagnified NK'a 0.10.019 0.0om6 00 lOOx.lOOx. KAsHe+ 0.00.201 0.00.071 00 A site 0.20 0.07 0 OJ-! 1.90 1.90 2.00 OFH 1.90.100 1.90.100 2.0tl 0 FAnion 0.12.000 0.12.000 0 2.00 Anion 2.00 2.00 2.00 - notnot detecteddetected *• calculatedcalculated AlAlll ferrousferrous formulaeformulae forfor botbothh amphibolesamphiboles areare permitted,permitted, forfor cationcation sumssums areare nonott tootoo highhigh.. ThusThus formulaformula werewere 3+ calculatedcalculated basedbased onon a minimuminimumm Fe3+ estimateestimate = 0.0000.00Ü (Compare(Compare LeakeLeake et ai.,al, 1997).1997). FoForr anan explanationexplanation ofof thethe 3+ actinoliteactinolite formulaformula basebasedd onon a maximummaximum Fe3+ estimate,estimate, seesee thethe text.text.

/J.. Cemm.,Gemm., 1998,26,3,174-1871998, 26, 3,174-187 Figure 5b: Small idiomorphic albiteaïbite crystals crystals Figure 5c: Two slightly brownish to white frequently occur occur in inemeralds emeralds fram from Sandawana Sandawana.. The Thecrystals of ofalbite, albite, surrounded surrounded by minute by minute inclusions, inclusions, Raman spectr spectrumum of ofthis this crystal crystal is shown is shown in Figure in Figure mostly also albite.albite. The The Raman Raman spectrum spectrum of theof the 6 (feldspar(feldspar II) II).. Transmitted Transmitted light, light, magnifi magnifieded 175x. 175x.crystal on on the the left left is is shown shown in inFigure Figure 6 (feldspar6 (feldspar III). Transmitted light, magnified 175x. makemake a distinction.distinction. RamanRaman spectraspectra ofof thethe twotwo Photomicrographs by rc.by J.C.Zwaan. Zwaan. amphibolesamphiboles areare shownshown inin Figure 4a 4a and and b. b. BothBoth actinoliteactinolite andand cummingtonitecummingtonite showshow Feldspar a veryvery strongstrong peakpeak atat 671671 em-I,cm-1, whichwhich isis FeldsparFeldspar isis veryvery commoncommon inin emeraldsemeralds characteristiccharacteristic forfor allall clinoamphibolesclinoamphiboles (e.g. fromfrom SandawanaSandawana andand showsshows variousvarious PinetPinet et al.al,, 1992)1992).. VariousVarious peakspeaks areare recordedrecorded morphologies.. ItIt mamayy occuroccur asas largelarge tabulartabular nearnear 10001000 andand 36503650 em-Icm-1.. TheThe identitieidentitiess ooff fragments,fragments, asas smallsmall idiomorphiidiomorphicc toto slightlyslightly actinolitactinolitee anandd cummingtonitecummingtonite werweree confirmedconfirmed roundedrounded,, colourlescolourlesss crystalcrystalss oorr aass whitishwhitish bbyy chemicachemicall analysianalysiss (Table D. I). ttoo slightlslightlyy brownisbrownishh crystalcrystalss surroundedsurrounded 179179 Figure 6:6: Raman Raman Spectra Spectra of feldsparsof feldspars with with different different morphology. morphology. The spectra The spectrashow the show same thepeaks, same peaks, which allall correspond correspond to theto thespectrum spectrum of albite of albite feldspar. feldspar.

1000 o Feldspar I 900 Feldspar IT 800 o Feldspar rn 700 600 479 500 400 300

Wavenumber (em-')

268

Emeralds fromfrom Sandawana, Zimbabwe: the use of Raman microspectroscopy in identification of their solid inclusions byby minutminutee inclusionsinclusions (Figure 5a, b and c). TheThe RamaRamann spectraspectra ofof thethe threthreee habithabitss areare shownshown inin Figure 6.6. TheThe spectraspectra ofof thethe feldsparsfeldspars withwith differentdifferent habithabitss areare veryvery similar.similar. AlthoughAlthough thethe intensityintensity ofof ththee peakspeaks maymay varyvary,, duedue toto differentdifferent crystallographiccrystallographic orientationsorientations ooff thethe inclusions,inclusions, theythey areare allall inin thethe samesame positionspositions.. TheThe mosmostt importantimportant peakspeaks thathatt werweree recorderecordedd areare atat 506,506, 479479 andand 289289 em-I.cm"1. TheseThese similarsimilar spectraspectra indicateindicate thathatt thethe variousvarious crystalscrystals representrepresent jusjustt oneone particulaparticularr kinkindd ooff feldsparfeldspar.. ComparedCompared toto ththee spectraspectra ofof feldsparsfeldspars publishepublishedd byby Figure 7: Idiomorphic apatite inclusion inin PinetPinet et al.al (1992)(1992) andand HanniHänni et al. (1997)(1997),, Sandawana emerald; its Raman spectrum is ourour spectraspectra correspondedcorresponded mostlymostly toto shown in Figure S.8. Transmitted and conoscopicconoscopic thethe spectrumspectrum ofof albite,albite, whicwhichh waswas light, magnified 175x.17 5x. PhotomicrographPhotomicrograph confirmedconfirmed bbyy chemicalchemical analysesanalyses asas Ab96An4An4 J.e.J.C. Zwaan.Zwaan. (Table II).II).

1 Figure 8: RamanHET spectrumKASTEEL of apatite, with one diagnostic peak at 964 cm'cm-1,, and an increasing back­back­ ground towards higher wavenumbers due to fluorescence.fluorescence.

180 1200 .------~

964 IApatitel 1000

800

600

400

200

o 1211 1130 1047 962 875 786 Wavenumber (em-I)

J./. Gemm., 1998, 26, 3,3,174-187 174-187 c- o""..... 1200

1000 Carbonate II

800

600 N ~ 400

200

o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1211 1130 1047 <) 62 875 786 697 607 514 423 329 233 136 Wavenumber (em-I)

Figure 9: Different grains grains of of a acommon common carbonate carbonate in Sandawana in Sandawana emeralds emeralds produced produced similar spectra. similar spectra. Chemical analysis analysis of ofthe the carbonate carbonate shows shows it to beit ato dolomite. be a dolomite. The peaks The at 687peaks and at 399 687 cm- and1 are 399 caused cm'1 are caused by emerald.emerald.

Apatite inclusionsinclusions areare veryvery small.small. TheThe RamanRaman 181181 LikLikee albite,albite, apatiteapatite frequentlyfrequently occursoccurs iinn spectrumspectrum ofof apatiteapatite isis characteristiccharacteristic withwith a emeraldsemeralds HETfromfrom Sandawana,SandawanaKASTEEL, andand alsoalso showsshows peapeakk aatt 964964 cm-cm-1 (Figure 8) andand thereforetherefore variouvariouss morphologies.morphologies. ItIt occursoccurs asas providesprovides a quickquick andand reliablereliable identification.identification. transparenttransparent,, ofteoftenn colourlesscolourless idiomorphicidiomorphic InIn fact,fact, ththee RamaRamann spectrumspectrum ofof apatiteapatite wawass crystals,crystals, eithereither isolatedisolated oror inin clusters,clusters, andand aass soso prominentprominent (it(it causedcaused abundantabundant fluorescence),fluorescence), rounderoundedd crystalscrystals withwith mormoree irregularirregular surfacessurfaces thatthat iitt waswas nonott possiblpossiblee toto analysanalysee inclusioninclusionss iinn (Figure 7). 7). The Th eapatite apatit eand and albite albit ecrystals crystal scan can apatiteapatite crystals,crystals, whichwhich occuroccur inin emerald-bearingemerald-bearing appearappear ververyy similar,similar, althoughalthough mostmost apatiteapatite amphiboleamphibole schistschist aatt Sandawana.Sandawana.

Table III. III. Published Published and previousand previous recorded recorded Raman spectra Raman of carbonates spectra of carbonates MineralMineral RecordedRecorded peak peakss (C II(cm-I"I) 1) ReferellceReference DolomitDolomitee 10910977 727255 292999 176176 a 10910999 303000 175175 b MagnesitMagnesitee 10910944 737388 323299 a AnkeritAnkeritee 10910911 727200 282844 c CalcitCalcitee 10810855 717111 282833 156156 a 10810866 717122 282800 153153 b Aragonite 1089 710 209 152 Aragonite 1089 710 209 152 a 1085 702 206 151 b 1085 702 206 151 b a)a) BurkeBurke,, 19941994.. bb)) PinetPinet et al.,al, 19921992 c)c) referencereference samplesample FreeFree University,University, AmsterdamAmsterdam (W.(W. Lustenhouwer)Lustenhouwer)

Emeralds from from Sandawana, Sandawana, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe: the use the of Ramanuse of Ramanmicrospectroscopy microspectroscopy in identification in identification of their solid inclusionsof their solid inclusions Table Iv.IV. Spot analyses of Carbonate I, a manganese- iron bearing dolomite. Oxides (wt. (wt. % %)) 1 2 CaCaOO 27.27.9 28.328.3 SrsrOO 0.00.044 0.030.03 FeFeOO 8.58.566 7.507.50 MnMnOO 3.63.666 33.0.011 MgMgOO 12.12.9 14.214.2 CO • 46.9 47.0 co22* 46.9 47.0 TotaTotall 99.999.966 100.0100.044 Figure 11:11: Elongated Elongated and and parallel parallel quartz quartz crystals cn/stals occur in some emeralds from Sandawana.Sandawana. Magnified 100x, lOOx, photomicrograph photomicrograph by J.e. by Zwaan. J.C. Zwaan. Cations based all 6 O. Cations based onôO. Ca2+ 0.96 0.96 Ca2+ 0.96 0.96 Carbonates Sr+ 0.00 0.00 Sr2* 0.00 0.00 TwoTwo carbonatecarbonate mineralsminerals werewere identified:identified: Fe22 + 0.23 0.20 calcitecalcite andand anotheranother carbonatecarbonate whichwhich showedshowed Fe * 0.23 0.20 ambiguous Raman spectra. Calcite is present in Mn2• 0.10 0.08 ambiguous Raman spectra. Calcite is present in Mn2+ 0.10 0.08 veryvery smallsmall grains,grains, whichwhich showedshowed characteristiccharacteristic Mg2+ 0.62 0.67 -11 + 1086 282 . Mg2 0.62 0.67 RamanRaman peakspeaks atat 1086 andand 282 cm-cm .The The spectra spectra 0+. 6+ 2.05 2.04 ofof twotwo otherother carbonatecarbonate grains,grains, whichwhich showshow c * 2.05 2.04 Number of cations 3.96 3.95 peakspeaks atat equalequal positions,positions, areare presentepresentedd iinn 182 Number of cations 3.96 3.95 Figure 9. 9. Both Bot hcarbonates carbonate sshow show peaks peak sat a 1096,t 1096 , 11 182 722,292-293,722,292-293, andand 172172 cm-cm" •. •* CC waswas notnot measured:measured: CO,C02 hashas beenbeen calculatedcalculated atat 100%.100% . ComparingComparing thesethese spectraspectra witwithh thethe Figure 10: Mn-Fe dolomite is a commoncommon publishepublishedd valuevaluess (Table III), III), they they lie li ebetween between carbonate in inemeralds emeralds from from Sandawana, Sandawana, normally normally ththee spectraspectra ofof dolomite-CaMg(C03))z2 andand as very small and irregular grains, grains, but but also also as as 3 ankerite-CaFe(C033))z'2. ChemicalChemical analysisanalysis larger elongated grainsgrains such such as as shown shown here. here. provedproved thathatt thethe carbonatescarbonates areare Mn-FeMn-Fe Between crossed crossed polarising polarising filters filters this grain this grain shows shows bearingbearing dolomitesdolomites (Table IV). IV). high orderorder interference interference colours colours characteristic characteristic for a for a carbonate. Magnified Magnified 100x. lOOx. The RamanThe Raman spectrum spectrum DolomitesDolomite s withwith similarsimilar chemicalchemical of this particular grain grain is isshown shown in in Figure Figure 9 9 compositioncomposition werewere regularlregularlyy encounteredencountered inin (carbonate 1). I).Photomicrograph Photomicrograph by J.e. by Zwaan. J.C. Zwaan. SandawanaSandawana emeralds,emeralds, notnot onlyonly asas smallsmall grains,grains, likelike calcite,calcite, bubutt alsoalso asas larger,larger, elongatedelongated grainsgrains (Figure 10). 10). Three Thre edolomites dolomite s whichwhich werewere chemicallchemicallyy analysedanalysed containedcontained onon averageaverage 12.612.6 wt%wt% MgO,MgO, 7.707.70 wt%wt% FeOFeO,, andand 3.353.35 wtwt%% MnOMnO..

Quartz QuartzQuartz occursoccurs inin emeraldsemeralds fromfrom SandawanaSandawana asas smallsmall isolatedisolated andand roundedrounded grains,grains, andand asas elongatedelongated andand tube-liktube-likee crystalscrystals withwith lowlow relief,relief, whichwhich areare orientatedorientated parallelparallel toto ththee c-axisc-axis (Figure 11). 11). Because Becaus thesee thes grainse grain ares ar e smallsmall andand mosmostt areare notnot closeclose toto ththee surface,surface, iitt waswas nonott easyeasy toto getget reliablereliable RamanRaman spectra;spectra; howeverhowever,, diagnosticdiagnostic peakspeaks atat 466466 andand 207207 cm-cm-11 werewere obtainedobtained fromfrom severalseveral grainsgrains..

J.J . Gemm., 1998, 1998, 26, 26, 3, 3,174-187 174-187 Ilmenorutile OpaqueOpaque mineralsminerals areare rarerare inin SandawanaSandawana emeraldsemeralds butbut blackblack crystalscrystals withwith submetallicsubmetallic lustrelustre uupp ttoo 0.70.7 mmmm werewere presenpresentt inin oneone polishepolishedd stonestone (Figure 12). ReliableReliable RamanRaman spectraspectra ofof thesthesee crystalscrystals cannotcannot bbee obtained.obtained. AlthoughAlthough RamanRaman analysisanalysis isis inin principlprinciplee non­non­ destructive,destructive, ththee risriskk ofof instantinstant oxidationoxidation isis considerableconsiderable whewhenn oneone triestries toto analyseanalyse opaqueopaque inclusions.inclusions. ChemicalChemical analysisanalysis provedproved thesethese crystalscrystals toto bbee a chromium-iron-niobium-tantalum­chromium-iron-niobium-tantalum- titaniumtitanium oxideoxide (ilmenorutile).(ilmenorutile). FromFrom Table V (spot(spot analysesanalyses 1-5)1-5) andand Figure 1313 itit cancan bebe seenseen thathatt thithiss graingrain showsshows a ratherrather homogeneoushomogeneous compositioncomposition witwithh a veryvery highhigh chromiumchromium content.content. TheThe whitishwhitish areaarea atat thethe upperupper sideside ooff thethe graingrain showsshows eveneven higherhigher Cr,Cr, bubutt alsoalso higherhigher NbNb,, Ta,Ta, FeFe andand lowerlower TiTi (analysis(analysis 6)6).. Figure 12: Extremely rare crystals of Cr-ilmeno-Cr-ilmeno­ BasedBased onon analysesanalyses 1-51-5 thethe averageaverage rutile were foundfound inin aa polishedpolished Sandawana Sandawana emerald. emerald. chemicalchemical formulaformula couldcould bebe writtenwritten as:as: Magnified 60x. Photomicrograph by by rc. J.C. Zwaan. Zwaan.

(Tio.SosSnO,002NbO,062Tao,034CrO,OSlFeo,022)l,00602,OO·^ Al0.805^n0.002^ ko.062 *a0.034^-ro.08r e0.022 '1.006^2.00 ' calledcalled niobianniobian rutilerutile (preferred(preferred byby Flinter,Flinter, ForFor ththee whitiswhitishh areaarea inin Figure 13 ththee formulaformula 19591959 andand CernyCerny et al., 1964)1964) oror ilmenorutileilmenorutile woulwouldd bebe:: (Siivola,(Siivola, 1970),1970), a namnamee whichwhich hashas beenbeen usedused 183183 sincesince itsits discoverydiscovery inin 18541854 (if(if Nb/TaNb/Ta < 1 thethe (Ti1 ,74SSnn O,002NbO,078Aa Ta ,OSl Crr o,o92 Fee o,04o) S1.00S02,OO' ^ 0.745^O 0.002^ko.078 0.051^-O 0.092^ 0.040^ ^1.008^2.00* namename wouldwould bebe tantaliantantalian rutilerutile oror striiverite).strüverite). ThThee averageaverage atomicatomic ratioratio Nb/TNb/Taa isis 1.821.82 OtherOther phasesphases thathatt werweree identifiedidentified inin thethe (whitish(whitish area:area: Nb/TNb/TaHETa === 1.53).1.53)KASTEEL. BecauseBecause thethe analysedanalysed graingrain (Figure 13) areare ilmeniteilmenite andand atomicatomic ratiratioo Nb/TaNb/Ta > 1,1, thisthis mineralmineral maymay bebe chromite;chromite; oneone graingrain ofof probableprobable

Figure 13: ElectronElectron photomicrograph of a chromium rich ilmenorutile grain inin Sandawana emerald.emerald. The whitish area at the upper side of the grain indicates a lower Ti concentration (and higher Cr, Nb,Nb, TaTa and and Fe Fe concentrations). OtherOther phases include ilmeniteilmenite (the very dark grey part on the upper left side), chromite (the dark grey part next to it) and tantalite/columbite (the small white speck in the middle of the grain).grain). Photomicrograph by WIW.J. Lustenhouwer.Lustenhouwer.

Emeralds from Sandawana, Zimbabwe:Zimbabwe: thethe useuse ofof Raman lIlicrospectroscopymicrospectroscopy inin identificationidentification ofof their their solid solid inclusions inclusions Table V. Spot Spot chemical chemical analyses analyses of of a achromium-rich chromium-rich ilmenorutile ilmenorutile inclusion inclusion in inemerald emerald from from Sandawana. Sandawana.

1 OxidesOxides (wt.%)iwt.%) 2 22 33 44 55 66 1 Ti0 72.1 71.7 70.3 70.1 70.7 63.7 TiO2z 72.1 71.7 70.3 70.1 70.7 63.7

Si0SiOz2 0.00.077 0.00.077 0.00.077 0.00.088 0.00.077 0.00.099 0.32 Sn0Sn02 2 0.30.388 0.40.422 0.40.455 0.40.455 0.32 0.30.344

NbNbp2Os s 8.88.811 8.98.933 9.29.255 9.39.399 9.39.322 11.11.11 T*TapsA 8.28.233 7.77.799 8.48.411 8.18.155 8.68.677 12.12.11 A*A40A 3 0.00.055 0.00.044 0.00.055 0.00.055 0.00.055 0.00.066

CrCrP3203 6.66.644 6.86.855 7.07.033 6.86.833 6.66.622 7.47.455 FeFeDO 1.81.800 1.51.533 1.61.666 1.71.755 2.02.055 3.03.077 MnMnOO ------MgMgOO ------CaCaOO 0.00.022 0.00.033 0.00.033 0.00.033 0.00.022 0.00.011 I TotalTotal** 98.198.100 97.397.366 97.297.255 96.896.833 97.897.833 97.997.922

CationsCations based based onon 20 2 ° 0.810 0.810 0.800 0.800 0.801 0.745 Tl4+ 0.810 0.810 0.800 0.800 0.801 0.745 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 Si4* 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 j 184 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 Sn4+ 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 184 0.060 0.061 0.063 0.064 0.063 0.078 Nb5* 0.060 0.061 0.063 0.064 0.063 0.078 0.033 0.032 0.Q35 0.034 0.036 0.051 Ta5* 0.033 0.032 0.035 0.034 0.036 0.051 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Al3* 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Cr3+ 0.078 0.081 0.084 0.082 0.079 0.092 Cr3* 0.078 0.081 0.084 0.082 0.079 0.092 0.023 0.019 0.021 0.022 0.026 0.040 Fe2* 0.023 0.019 0.021 0.022 0.026 0.040 Ca2+ 0.001 0.001 Ca2+ - - 0.001 0.001 - - umber of cations 1.008 1.008 1.009 1.008 1.009 1.011 Number of cations Î.008 1.008 1.009 1.008 1.009 1.011 - notnot detecteddetected •* lowlow totalstotals areare duedue toto conductivityconductivity whichwhich waswas notnot optimaloptimal

tantalite/columbittantalite/ columbitee isis tootoo smallsmall forfor TheThe particularparticular actinoliteactinolite ofof whicwhichh thethe microprobmicroprobee analysis.analysis. RamanRaman spectrumspectrum isis shown,shown, iiss magnesium­magnesium- rich;rich; thethe analysisanalysis (Table I) showsshows a 2+ DiscussionDiscussion Mg/MgMg/Mg + Fe + ratioratio = 0.79,0.79, whicwhichh isis slightlyslightly highehigherr thanthan thethe maximummaximum ratiratioo ofof 0.74,0.74, TheThe acicularacicular amphiboleamphibole crystalscrystals inin thethe whichwhich waswas previouslypreviously indicatedindicated (Zwaa(Zwaann et al.,al, emeraldsemeralds fromfrom SandawanaSandawana werewere previouslypreviously 1997).1997). TheThe indicatedindicated ratioratio iiss basebasedd oonn a describeddescribed byby variousvarious authorsauthors (e.g.(e.g. Giibelin,Gübelin, minimumminimum ferricferric estimation.estimation. InIn ordeorderr toto 1958;1958; B6hmke,Böhmke, 1982;1982; GiibelinGübelin andand Koivula,Koivula, definedefine thethe rangerange ofof possiblepossible formulaformulaee andand 1992)1992) asas tremolitetremolite needlesneedles oror fibres.fibres. FromFrom possiblpossiblee namenamess forfor thisthis particulaparticularr amphiboleamphibole resultsresults inin ourour study,study, itit becambecamee apparentapparent thatthat (as(as recommendedrecommended byby LeakeLeake et al,ai., 1997),1997), thethe thethe .amphiboles.amphiboles presentpresent areare actinoliteactinolite andand formulaformula forfor thethe maximummaximum ferriferricc estimatestimatee hashas cummingtonitecummingtonite bubutt nonott tremolite.tremolite. alsoalso beenbeen calculatedcalculated (Table 1).I). FroFromm thisthis

J.J . Gemm., 1998, 1998, 26, 26, 3, 3,174-187 174-187 22+ calculatiocalculationn ththee Mg/MgMg /Mg ++ FeFe + ratiratioo == 0.83 0.83,, feldsparfeldspar'' anandd BöhmkB6hmkee (1982(1982)) mentionementionedd ththee whicwhichh iiss stilstilll consistenconsistentt witwithh naminnamingg ththee presencpresencee ooff plagioclasplagioclasee feldspafeldsparr anandd apatiteapatite amphibolamphibolee actinoliteactinolite.. iinn ththee ore-zone.ore-zone. UnfortunatelyUnfortunately,, ververyy fefeww RamaRamann spectrospectro­­ Mn-FMn-Fee bearinbearingg dolomitdolomitee hahass nonott beenbeen scopiscopicc investigationinvestigationss ooff amphiboleamphiboless havhavee beenbeen reportereportedd beforbeforee iinn SandawanSandawanaa emerald.emerald. reportereportedd (e.g.. WangWang et al.,al, 1988)1988) andand itit shouldshould bebe RamaRamann spectrspectraa ooff thithiss particulaparticularr dolomitedolomite 1 notenotedd thathatt manmanyy amphiboleamphiboless shoshoww stronstrongg fluofluo­­ (peak(peakss aatt 1096,722,292-2931096, 722, 292-293,, anandd 171722 cm"em-I)) areare rescencerescence,, whicwhichh generallgenerallyy maskmaskss theitheirr RamanRaman distinctldistinctlyy differendifferentt frofromm ththee previouslypreviously spectraspectra.. IItt iiss thereforthereforee difficuldifficultt ttoo obtaiobtainn goodgood publishepublishedd spectrspectraa ooff (normal?(normal?)) dolomitedolomitess (se(seee RamaRamann spectrspectraa anandd ttoo interpreinterprett thethemm correctly.. Table III).III). ThesThesee spectrspectraa mamayy bbee difficultdifficult ttoo distinguisdistinguishh frofromm spectrspectraa ooff ankerite, IInn FigureFigure 4a ththee stronstrongg peapeakk aatt 676711 cmcm--11 iiss anotheanotherr membememberr ooff ththee dolomitdolomitee group.group. causecausedd bbyy ththee Si-O-SSi-O-Sii bondsbonds,, bubutt ththee peakspeaks A solisolidd solutionsolution serieseriess existexistss betweenbetween neanearr 10010000 cm-11 araree difficuldifficultt ttoo interpreinterprett (Pinet(Pinet dolomite-CaMg(C03))22', ankerite-CaFe(C03))2 et al,aI. , 1992).1992). ThThee peakpeakss neanearr 36536500 cm-cm"1 3 3 anandd kutnohorite-CaMn(C0kutrlOhorite-CaMn(C03))22.' NaturallyNaturally (Figur(Figuree 4b) areare causedcaused byby thethe OHOH stretchingstretching 3 occurrinoccurringg dolomitdolomitee deviatedeviatess somewhasomewhatt fromfrom vibrations.. ThesThesee spectrspectraa araree useusedd ttoo studystudy Ca:MCa:Mgg =1:= 1:11 witwithh ththee Ca:MCa:Mgg ratiratioo rangingranging ththee catiocationn distributiodistributionn iinn amphiboleamphiboless (Wang(Wang frofromm 58:458:422 ttoo 47.5:52.47.5:52.55 (Klei(Kleinn anandd Hurlbut,Hurlbut, et al,aI., 1988). IInn thithiss regionregion,, ththee recorderecordedd peakspeaks 1993).1993). ThThee Ca:MCa:Mgg ratiratioo ooff carbonatcarbonatee I (Table N) IV) ooff actinolitactinolitee (3674(3674,, 36636600 anandd 36436455 cm"em-1I)) andand -1 varievariess betweebetweenn 60:460:400 anandd 59:4159:41;; whicwhichh iiss veryvery cummingtonitcummingtonitee (366(36699 anandd 36536533 cmem-I)) closelyclosely closclosee ttoo ththee ratioratioss ooff dolomitedolomite.. ThThee slightlyslightly corresponcorrespondd ttoo ththee positionpositionss ooff ththee peaks, lowelowerr magnesiumagnesiumm contencontentt iiss compensatecompensatedd byby publishepublishedd bbyy WanWangg et alal. (1988)(1988).. SomSomee otherother ththee presencpresencee ooff iroironn (ankerite(ankerite componentcomponent)) andand peakpeakss publishepublishedd bbyy thethemm werweree nonott recordedrecorded manganesmanganesee (kutnohorite(kutnohorite component).. TheThe inin thithiss study,study, probablprobablyy duedue ttoo ththee variabilityvariability chemicalchemical formulformulaa ofof ththee analysedanalysed Mn-FeMn-Fe ofof peapeakk intensitintensityy witwithh crystalcrystal orientation.orientation. bearinbearingg dolomitedolomite inin TablTablee N IV cancan bebe writtenwritten asas 185185 BecausBecausee ththee resolutioresolutionn ooff thesthesee spectraspectra iiss notnot highighh enough,enough, itit iiss aatt presenpresentt notnot possiblepossible Cao.96(M&.64sFeo.21SMllo.D9 )(Cl.o230 3)2· (even(even witwithh ththee ususee ooff thethe mosmostt sophisticatedsophisticated ThThee presencepresence ofof ilmenorutileilmenorutile asas a rarerare RamanRaman spectrometers)spectrometers) ttoo positivelypositively identifyidentify inclusioninclusion inin SandawanaSandawana emeraldemerald waswas a particularparticular clinoamphiboleclinoamphibole solelysolely onon thethe mentionementionedd earlierearlier bbyy B6hmkeBöhmke (1982).(1982). WhileWhile basibasiss ofof positionpOSitionss ofof ththee peakpeakss causedcaused bbyy OHOH Mn-ricMn-richh ilmenorutileilmenorutile isis knownknown fromfrom (see(see alsoalso WangWang eett al.,al, 1988).1988). ThThereforereforee UzumineUzumine,, JapanJapan (Kawai, 1960), a chromium­chromium- chemicalchemical analysisanalysis onon ththee surfacesurface ofof a samplesample ricrichh varietvarietyy ofof ilmenorutile,ilmenorutile, suchsuch aass encoun­encoun­ isis stillstill neededneeded ttoo confirmconfirm thethe identityidentity ofof a tereteredd inin ouourr study, hashas nonott beenbeen reportedreported particularparticular amphiboleamphibole. beforebefore (see(see e.g.e.g. CernyCerny eett al.al,, 1964;1964; Siivola,Siivola, 1970).1970). ChromiumChromium isis notnot presentpresent inin ConsideringConsidering thethe spectraspectra ofof nearlnearlyy purepure ilmenorutileilmenorutile fromfrom otherother localities.localities. OnlyOnly inin albite,albite, peakspeaks werweree recordedrecorded atat 506,506, 479479 andand ilmenorutileilmenorutile fromfrom thethe typtypee localitylocality inin thethe 289 em-I.1 According to Pinet 289 cm" . According to Pinet eett al.al (1992),(1992), IlmenIlmen mountains,mountains, Urals,Urals, Russia,Russia, chromiumchromium isis albitealbite shouldshould showshow peakspeaks atat 510,510, 482482 andand possibly present in concentrations of -1 possibly present in concentrations of 294294 em-I,cm , whilewhile HanniHänni et al.al (1997)(1997) reportedreported <0.009%<0.009% (Cerny(Cerny et aI.al,, 1964).1964). WhileWhile inter­inter- -1 peakspeaks atat 505,, 477477 andand 288288 cm-cm inin thisthis region. growthsgrowths ofof ilmenorutileilmenorutile withwith ilmeniteilmenite andand ApatiteApatite showsshows a characteristiccharacteristic RamanRaman columbitecolumbite areare quitequite commoncommon (e.g.(e.g. Sosedko,Sosedko, spectrum,spectrum, butbut maymay produceproduce suchsuch 1939;1939; AndoAndo andand Nitta,Nitta, 1941;1941; Noll,Noll, 1949; fluorescencefluorescence thatthat identificationidentification ofof itsits CernyCerny et aI.,al, 1964; Siivola,Siivola, 1970),1970), thethe inclusionsinclusions byby RamanRaman spectrometryspectrometry isis notnot associationassociation ofof ilmenorutileilmenorutile andand chromitechromite inin possible.possible. BothBoth apatiteapatite andand albitealbite havehave notnot SandawanaSandawana emeraldemerald isis thethe firstfirst ofof itsits kind.kind. beenbeen reportedreported asas inclusionsinclusions inin SandawanaSandawana FromFrom thisthis studystudy itit appearsappears thatthat inin orderorder toto emeraldemerald byby previousprevious authors,authors, althoughalthough identifyidentify solidsolid inclusionsinclusions inin gemgem materialmaterial GiibelinGübelin (1958)(1958) andand AndersonAnderson (1978)(1978) correctly,correctly, itit isis stillstill generallygenerally necessarynecessary toto getget mentionedmentioned thethe presencepresence ofof 'decomposed'decomposed a (semi-)quantitative(semi-)quantitative chemicalchemical analysisanalysis ofof thethe

EmEmeraldseralds fromfrom SSandawana,andawana, Zimbabwe:Zimbabwe: thethe uusese ooff Raman microsmicrospectroscopypectroscopy inin identificationidentification ofof ththeireir sosolidlid ininclusionsclusions inclusions,inclusions, asas supportsupport forfor thethe initialinitial analysedanalysed byby RamanRaman butbut werweree identifiedidentified withwith identificatioidentificationn fromfrom RamanRaman spectra,spectra, oror simplysimply electronelectron microprobemicroprobe asas chromian­chromian- asas anan alternativealternative (e.g.(e.g. inin thethe casecase ofof ilmenorutile.ilmenorutile. ThisThis varietyvariety hashas neveneverr beenbeen phlogopitephlogopite,, whichwhich waswas identifiedidentified inin reportereportedd beforebefore,, andand cancan thuthuss bbee consideredconsidered SandawanaSandawana emeraldemerald bbyy opticaloptical microscopymicroscopy asas extremelyextremely rare.rare. andand chemicalchemical analysis).analysis). InIn thisthis contextcontext thethe ItIt isis concludedconcluded thatthat inin orderorder ttoo identifyidentify restrictionsrestrictions ofof thethe RamanRaman method,method, asas solidsolid inclusionsinclusions inin gemgem materialmaterial correctly,correctly, inin mentionedmentioned bbyy e.g.e.g. VanVan denden KerkhofKerkhof (1988),(1988), manmanyy casescases itit isis stillstill necessarynecessary toto getget a (semi-)(semi-) areare stillstill valid:valid: spectraspectra ofof solidssolids areare nonott easyeasy toto quantitativequantitative chemicalchemical analysisanalysis ofof ththee inclusion,inclusion, interpret,interpret, RamanRaman peapeakk intensitiesintensities areare asas a backubackupp forfor ththee obtainedobtained RamanRaman spectrum,spectrum, stronglystrongly dependentdependent oonn thethe crystallographiccrystallographic oror jusjustt asas anan alternative.alternative. InIn orderorder ttoo makemake thethe orientationorientation duedue toto differentdifferent polarisationspolarisations ooff mostmost ofof applyingapplying RamanRaman MicrospectroscopyMicrospectroscopy inin thethe lightlight inin differentdifferent directions,directions, whichwhich meansmeans identificationidentification ofof mineralsminerals itit isis necessarynecessary ttoo gaingain thatthat thesethese intensitiesintensities cannotcannot bbee quantified;quantified; nono moremore theoreticaltheoretical understandingunderstanding ofof thethe directdirect quantitativequantitative informationinformation onon thethe interactioninteraction ofof lightlight andand crystallinecrystalline materials,materials, compositioncomposition ofof thethe mineralmineral cancan bebe obtained,obtained, andand toto builbuildd a reliablereliable database.database. somesome mineralmineralss areare stronglystrongly fluorescentfluorescent andand somesome areare nonott oror areare onlyonly weaklyweakly RamanRaman active.active. Consequently,Consequently, nonott onlyonly a hugehuge AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements database is needed, as indicated by Hänni et al. database is needed, as indicated by Hanni et al. WeWe thankthank WillemWillem J.J. LustenhouwerLustenhouwer forfor (1997), but also more theoretical under­ (1997), but also more theoretical under­ helpinghelping withwith thethe microprobemicroprobe analyses.analyses. standingstanding ofof thethe interactioninteraction ofof lightlight andand FacilitiesFacilities forfor RamanRaman spectroscopyspectroscopy andand crystallinecrystalline materialmaterial (crystal(crystal lattice)lattice) isis electronelectron microprobemicroprobe analysesanalyses werewere providedprovided requiredrequired toto makemake ththee mostmost ofof applyingapplying byby thethe FreeFree UniversityUniversity ofof AmsterdamAmsterdam andand byby RamanRaman microspectroscopymicrospectroscopy inin identificationidentification NWONWO,, thethe NetherlandsNetherlands OrganisationOrganisation forfor 186186 ofof minerals.minerals. ScientificScientific Research.Research. MostMost ofof thethe gemgem materialmaterial waswas kindlykindly provideprovidedd bbyy SandawanaSandawana MinesMines ConclusionConclusion (Pvt.)(Pvt.) Ltd.,Ltd., Zimbabwe.Zimbabwe. MrMr A.G.A.G. Bode,Bode, ooff BodesBodes & Bode,Bode, thethe Netherlands,Netherlands, andand RamanRaman spectroscopyspectroscopy isis a usefuluseful non­non­ DrDr J.J. Kanis,Kanis, Germany,Germany, areare thankedthanked forfor destructivedestructive techniquetechnique toto identifyidentify notnot onlyonly fluidfluid loaningloaning somesome ofof thethe polishedpolished material.material. butbut alsoalso solidsolid inclusionsinclusions inin gemstones.gemstones. AnAn important advantage of this technique is that it important advantage of this technique is that it ReferencesReferences enablesenables usus toto notnot onlyonly identifyidentify inclusionsinclusions atat thethe surfacesurface butbut alsoalso underneathunderneath it.it. However,However, itit alsoalso AndersonAnderson,, S.M.,S.M., 1978.1978. NotesNotes onon ththee occurrenceoccurrence andand hashas itsits limitations.limitations. InIn thisthis study,study, itit appearedappeared mineralogymineralogy ofof emeraldsemeralds inin Rhodesia.Rhodesia. Journal ofof Gemmology, 15,15, 2,2, 80-280-2 thatthat amphibolesamphiboles andand carbonatescarbonates areare difficultdifficult toto Ando,Ando, R.R.,, andand NittaNitta,, I.,I., 1941.1941. X-rayX-ray studystudy ofof somesome JapaneseJapanese identifyidentify correctly,correctly, andand thatthat opaqueopaque mineralsminerals minerals.minerals. II.II. IlmenorutileIlmenorutile atat Tesirogi,Tesirogi, HukusimaHukusima maymay bebe burntburnt,, whichwhich meansmeans thatthat inin somesome casescases Prefecture.Prefecture. Journal ofof the the Chemical Chemical Society Society Japan, Japan, 62, 62 978-83, 978-8 3 thethe methodmethod mightmight turnturn outout toto bbee destructive.destructive. BohmkeBöhmke F.e.,F.C., 1982.1982. EmeraldsEmeralds atat Sandawana.Sandawana. In:In: ApatiteApatite maymay produceproduce a fairfair amountamount ofof fluores­fluores­ Gemstones,Gemstones, ReportReport ofof thethe SixthSixth AnnualAnnual CommodityCommodity Meeting,Meeting, IMM,IMM, London,London, A110-A122A110-A122 cence,cence, suchsuch thatthat inclusionsinclusions inin itit cannotcannot bbee iden­iden­ Burke,Burke, E.A.J.,E.A.J., 1994.1994. RamanRaman microspectrometrymicrospectrometry ofof fluidfluid tified.tified. ItIt becambecamee apparentapparent thathatt RamanRaman spectraspectra inclusions:inclusions: th thee dailydaily practicepractice.. In:In: Fluid inclusions in ofof dolomitesdolomites whichwhich containcontain somesome ironiron andand minerals: methods and applications. ShortShort CourseCourse ofof thethe manganesemanganese areare distinctlydistinctly differentdifferent fromfrom thethe IMAIMA WorkingWorking GroupGroup 'Inclusions'Inclusions inin minerals',minerals', PontignanoPontignano (Siena)(Siena) 1-41-4 SeptemberSeptember 1994,1994, 25-4425-44 previouslypreviously publishedpublished spectraspectra ofof dolomites.dolomites. Burke, E.A.J.,E.A.J., andand Lustenhouwer, Lustenhouwer, W.J., W.J., 1987. 1987. The The application applica­ TheseThese spectraspectra mamayy bbee difficultdifficult toto distinguishdistinguish tion ofof a multichannelmultichannel laserlaser RamanRaman microprobemicroprobe fromfrom spectraspectra ofof ankerite,ankerite, anotheranother membermember ooff (MicroDiI-28)(MicroDil-28) toto thethe analysisanalysis ofof fluidfluid inclusions.inclusions. thethe dolomitedolomite group.group. Chemical Geology, 61,61, 11-17 Cerny,Cerny, P.,P., Cech,Cech, F., andand Povondra,Povondra, P.,P., 1964.1964. ReviewReview ooff RareRare largelarge opaqueopaque inclusionsinclusions atat thethe ilmenorutile-striiveriteilmenorutile-strüverite minerals.minerals. Neues Jahrbuch furfür surfacesurface ofof a polishedpolished emeraldemerald couldcould notnot bebe Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, 101,101, 2,2, 142-72142-72

J. Gemm., 1998, 26, 3, 174-187 Dele-Dubois,Delé-Dubois, M.L.M.L.,, Dhamelincourt,Dhamelincourt, P,P., andand Schubnel,Schubnel, H.J.,H.J., McMillan,McMillan, P.F.,PE, 1989.1989. RamanRaman spectroscopyspectroscopy inin mineralogymineralogy 1980.1980. EtudeEtude parpar spectrometriespectrométrie RamanRaman d'inclusionsd'inclusions andand geochemistry.geochemistry. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet Sci., 17,17, dansdans lesles diamants,diamants, saphirssaphirs etet emeraudes.émeraudes. Revue de 255-83255-83 Gemmologie, a.f.g., 63,11-1463, 11-14 andand 64,64 , 13-1413-14 McMillan,McMillan, P.E,P.F., andand Hofmeister,Hofmeister, A.M.AM.,, 1988.1988. InfraredInfrared andand Dhamelincourt,Dhamelincourt, P.,P., andand Schubnel,Schubnel, H.J.,H.J., 1977.1977. LaLa RamanRaman spectroscopy.spectroscopy. ChapterChapter 4 in:in: Hawthorne,Hawthorne, F.C.EC. MicrosondeMicrosonde moleculairemoléculaire aà laserlaser etet sonson applicationapplication dansdans (Ed.),(Ed.), Spectroscopic methods in mineralogy and geology, lala mineralogieminéralogie etet alal gemmologie.gemmologie. Revue de Gemmologie, MineralogicalMineralogical SocietySociety AmericAmericaa Reviews,Reviews, 18,18, 99-15999-159 52,11-1452, 11-14 Nassau,Nassau, K,K., 1981.1981. RamanRaman spectroscopyspectroscopy asas a gemstonegemstone tes!.test. Flinter,Flinter, B.H.,B.H., 1959.1959. Re-examinationRe-examination ofof 'striiverite''strüverite' fromfrom Journal of Gemmology, 1717 (5)(5) 306-20306-20 SalakSalak North,North, Malaya.Malaya. American Mineralogist, 44,44, Noll,Noll, W,W., 1949.1949. ZurZur KristallchemieKristallchemie desdes ZinnsteinsZinnsteins 620-32620-32 (Kassiterit).(Kassiterit). Heidelbg. Betr. Miner. Petr., 1,1, 593-625593-625 Griffith,Griffith, WP.,W.P., 1987.1987. AdvancesAdvances inin thethe RamanRaman andand InfraredInfrared Pinet,Pinet, M.,M., Smith,Smith, D.,D., andand Lasnier,Lasnier, B.,B., 1992.1992. UtiliteUtilité dede lala SpectroscopySpectroscopy ofof Minerals.Minerals. ChapterChapter 2 in:in: Clark,Clark, R.J.H.,R.J.H., microsonde Raman Raman pour pour l'identification I'identification non destructive non destruc­ andand Hester,Hester, R.E.R.E. (Eds.):(Eds.): SpectroscopySpectroscopy ofof Inorganic­Inorganic- tive desdes gemmes.gemmes. InIn LaLa MicrosondeMicrosonde RamanRaman enen basedbased Materials,Materials, WileyWiley & Sons,Sons, 119-86119-86 Gemmologie.Gemmologie. Revue de Gemmologie afg.,a.f.g., No.horsNo.hors seriesérie GiibelinGübelin E.J.,E.J., 1958.1958. EmeraldEmeraldss fromfrom Sandawana.Sandawana. Journal ofof 1992,11-611992, 11-61 Gemmology, 6 (8),(8), 340-54340-54 Rosasco,Rosasco, G.J.,G.J., andand Roedder,Roedder, E.,E., 1979.1979. ApplicationApplication ofof a newnew Giibelin,Gübelin, E.J.,E.J., andand Koivula,Koivula, J.I.,J.I., 1992.1992. Photoatlas ofof InclusionsInclusions RamanRaman microprobemicroprobe spectrometerspectrometer toto nondestructivenondestructive in Gemstones, 2nd2nd rev.rev. ed.ed. ABCABC Editions,Editions, Ziirich,Zürich, analysisanalysis ofof sulfatesulfate andand otherother ionsions inin individualindividual phasesphases SwitzerlandSwitzerland inin fluidfluid inclusionsinclusions inin minerals.minerals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Hiinni,Hänni, HA,H.A., Kiefert,Kiefert, L.,L., andand Chalain,Chalain, J.P.,J.P., 1997.1997. A RamanRaman Acta, 43,1907-1543, 1907-15 microscopemicroscope inin thethe gemmologicalgemmological laboratory:laboratory: firstfirst Schubnel, H.J., H.J., 1992. 1992. Une Une méthode methode moderne moderne d'identification d'identifica­ experiencesexperiences ofof application.application. Journal of Gemmology, 2525 (6)(6) tion etet d'd'authentificatio authentificationn desdes gemmes.gemmes. InIn LaLa 394--406394-406 MicrosondeMicrosonde RamanRaman enen Gemmologie.Gemmologie. Revue de Kawai,Kawai, T,T., 1960.1960. ChemicalChemical studiesstudies onon mineralsminerals containingcontaining Gemmologie afg.,a.f.g., No.hors série serie 1992, 1992, 5-10 5-10 rarerare elementselements fromfrom thethe FarFar EastEast (Rep!.(Rept. 49):49): Siivola,Siivola, J.,J., 1970.1970. IlmenorutileIlmenorutile andand striiveritestrüverite fromfrom Penikoja,Penikoja, IlmenorutileIlmenorutile frofromm Uzumine,Uzumine, Sukagawa-shi,Sukagawa-shi, Somero,Somero, SWSW Finland.Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society FukushimaFukushima Prefecture.Prefecture. Journal of the Chemical Society Pinland,Finland, 42,42, 33-633-6 Japan (Pure Chemistry Section) 81,81, 10591059 Sosedko,Sosedko, AE,A.F., 1939.1939. NeNeww datadata onon thethe mineralogymineralogy ofof thethe Klein,Klein, c.,C., andand HurlbutHurlbut Jr.,Jr., C.S.,C.S., 1993.1993. ManualManual ofof Ilmen Mountains.Mountains. Oak/.Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 22,22, 596-8596-8

Mineralogy,Mineralogy, 21st21st Edn,Edn, JohnJohn WileyWiley & Sons,Sons, USAUSA VanVan denden Kerkhof,Kerkhof, AM.,A.M., 1988.1988. TheThe systemsystem CO2-CH-CH4-N-N22 inin Lasnier,Lasnier, B.,B., 1995.1995. UtilisationUtilisation dede lala spectrometriespectrométrie RamaRamann enen fluidfluid inclusionsinclusions:: theoreticaltheoretical modellingmodelling andand geologicalgeological 187187 Gemmologie.Gemmologie. La Gemmologie dans 'Analysis Magazine',Magazine', applications.applications. Ph.D. Thesis, FreeFree UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 230),16--1823 (1), 16-18 AmsterdamAmsterdam Leake,Leake, BE,B.E., Woolley,Woolley, AR.,A.R., Arps,Arps, C.E.5.,C.E.S., Birch,Birch, W.o.,W.D., Gilbert,Gilbert, Wang,Wang, A,A., Dhamelincourt,Dhamelincourt, P.,P., andand Turrell,Turrell, G.,G., 1988.1988. RamanRaman M.C.,M.C., Grice,Grice, J.D., Hawthorne,Hawthorne, F.C.,EC., Kato,Kato, A.A.,, Kisch,Kisch, H,J.,H.J., microspectroscopicmicrospectroscopic studystudy ofof thethe cationcation distributiondistribution inin Krivovichev,Krivovichev, Y.G.,V.G., Linthout,Linthout, K,K., Laird,Laird, J.,J., Mandarino,Mandarino, J.,J., amphiboles.amphiboles. Applied Spectroscopy, 4242 (8)(8) 1441-14501441-1450 Maresch,Maresch, W.v.,W.V., NickelNickel,, E.H.,E.H., Rock,Rock, N.M.5.,N.M.S., Schumacher,Schumacher, Williams,Williams, KPJ.,K.P.J., PittPitt,, G.o.,G.D., Batchelder,Batchelder, ON.,D.N., andand Kip,Kip, B.J.,B.J., J.c.,J.C., Smith,Smith, D.C.,D.C., Stephenson,Stephenson, N.C.N.,N.C.N., Ungaretti,Ungaretti, L.,L., 1994.1994. ConfocalConfocal RamanRaman MicrospectroscopyMicrospectroscopy UsingUsing a Whittaker,Whittaker, E,J.W,E.J.W, andand Youzhi,Youzhi, G.,G., 1997.1997. NomenclatureNomenclature StigmaticStigmatic SpectrographSpectrograph andand CCDCCD Detector.Detector. Applied ofof Amphiboles:Amphiboles: ReportReport ofof thethe SubcommitteeSubcommittee onon Spectroscopy, 4848 (2)(2) 232-5232-5 AmphibolesAmphiboles ofof thethe InternationalInternational MineralogicalMineralogical Zwaan,Zwaan, J.c.,J.C., Kanis,Kanis, J.,J., andand Petsch,Petsch, E.J.,E.J., 1997.1997. UpdateUpdate onon AssociationAssociation CommissionCommission onon NewNew MineralsMinerals andand MineralMineral emeraldsemeralds fromfrom thethe SandawanaSandawana Mines,Mines, Zimbabwe.Zimbabwe. NamesNames.. Mineralogical Magazine, Magazine, 61, 61 ,295--321 295-321 Gems & Gemology, 3333 (2)(2) 80-10080-100

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Emeralds from Sandawana, Zimbabwe: thethe use of Raman microspectroscopy inin identificationidentification ofof their their solidsolid inclusionsinclusions Abstracts

Diamonds Instruments and Techniques Gems and Minerals Synthetics and Simulants

per ton of ore. This is not enough to support commercial Diamonds mining so the pipe will remain as a tourist attraction. J.J.

Pacific Coast diamonds - an unconventional First occurrence of strontian K-Cr loparite and source terrane. Cr-chevkinite in diamonds. W.D. HAUSEL. Geology and ore deposits of the American M.G. KOPYLOVA, R.S. RICKARD, A. KLEYENSTUEBER, W.R. Cordillera: Geological Society of Nevada symposium TAYLOR, J.J. GURNEY AND L.R.M. DANIELS. Russian Proceedings, Reno/Sparks, NV, 2,1996 925-34. Geology and Geophysics, 38,1997, 405-20. [Proceedings Several hundred diamonds have been found along the of the sixth International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. Pacific Coast of the United States in California, Oregon, 2, Diamonds.] Washington and Alaska, for which no known source rock Strontium-bearing K-Cr loparite and Cr-chevkinite, has been identified. The Pacific Coast is an atypical terrain both Ti-bearing minerals, are identified as radioactive for diamonds and is not considered favourable for the inclusions in diamonds from the River Ranch kimberlite emplacement of diamondiferous kimberlite or lamproite. pipe in the Limpopo Mobile Belt, SE Africa. Both minerals The postulated source is an obducted ophiolite or alpine are partially replaced by secondary phases. The exotic peridotite interpreted to have been tectonically emplaced titanates may indicate metasomatism genetically during plate collision. Similar diamond occurrences have associated with kimberlite formation processes. M.O'D been identified at several other collision zones along plate 188 margins in the world. Being derived from an organically- Gem Trade Lab notes. rich oceanic slab, such deposits could be extremely high T.H. MOSES, I.M. REINITZ, AND S.F. MCCLURE. Gems & grade, although relatively small. W.D.H. Gemology, 33(3), 1997,212-18,15 illus. in colour. A pair of black opaque cabochons (3.55 and 3.56 ct) The diamond deposits of Myanmar. were proved to be diamonds by a hardness test. It was the first time diamonds have been seen cut as cabochons. A U.T. HLAINC AND T.T. WIN. Australian Gemmologist, 19(11), rare fancy vivid faceted diamond was reported to be from 1997,445-7,1 map, 4 tables. South Africa. In the rough it appeared brown with only a The three diamond occurrences previously reported hint of orange. It was a type IIa diamond. Recently in the Australian Gemmologist (volume 17, p. 278) are now fracture-filled diamonds have been seen when the flash known as the Theindaw, Toungoo and Momiek deposits. colour effect was less pronounced due to reheating. A The authors describe the occurrences of the three diamond had transparent droplets on the surface possibly diamond deposits, their mineral associations and the caused by the subsequent reheating of the diamond after general features of diamonds. P.G.R. filling causing the filling to boil over. J.J.

Gem news. Geothermometry and oxygen barometry of M.L. JOHNSON AND J.I. KOIVULA. Gems & Gemology, coexisting iron-titanium oxides of Majhgawan 33(3), 1997, 220-30,13 illus. in colour. diamondiferous pipe, Madhya Pradesh.

Assessments carried out on the lamproite pipe near A. MUKHERJEE, K.S. RAO, D. BANDYOPADHYAY, G. ROY AND Murfreesboro for its economic potential as a diamond A.K. CHATTERJEE. Journal of the Geological Society of mine proved the average diamond content to be 0.005 ct India, 49(1), 1997, 55-60.

Abstractors

R.K. Harrison R.K.H. J. Johnson J J. P.G. Read P.G.R. W.D. Hausel W.D.H. B.E. Leake B.E.L. R.E. Samson R.E.S. R.A. Howie R.A.H. M. O'Donoghue M.O'D. E. Stern E.S. M.E. Hutchinson M.E.H. G. Raade G.R.

For further information on many of the topics referred to, consult Mineralogical Abstracts

© Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain ISSN: 1355-4565 GeothermometryGeothermometry ofof thethe coexistingcoexisting magnetite-ilmenitemagnetite-ilmenite TracTracee elementelement analysesanalyses usingusing INAAINAA areare reportedreported foforr pairpair fromfrom thisthis diamondiferoudiamondiferouss pipepipe indicatesindicates a T ooff 1313 fibrousfibrous diamondsdiamonds previouslpreviouslyy examinedexamined byby EPMEPMAA andand

1150°C.1150°C. TheThe valuevaluess ooff /of02'2, T andand P fallfall inin ththee equilibriaequilibria Fourier-transformFourier-transform IRIR spectroscopy.spectroscopy. ConcentrationsConcentrations ooff fieldfield defineddefined byby iron-wiistitiron-wiistitee andand wiistite-magnetite,wiistite-magnetite, incompatibleincompatible elementselements (K,(K, Na,Na, Br,Br, RbRb,, Sr,Sr, Zr,Zr, Cs,Cs, Ba,Ba, Hf,Hf, Ta,Ta, indicatingindicating depthdepth ofof samplingsampling ofof -155~ 155 kmkm andand P 4646 kbar.kbar. Th,Th, U andand thethe LREE) areare higherhigher iinn thethe water-water- anandd TheThe MajhgwanMajhgwan pippipee isis thethe onlyonly diamond-producingdiamond-producing carbonate-richcarbonate-rich fluidsfluids inin micromicroinclusion inclusionss thanthan areare thosethose ofof primaryprimary sourcesource inin IndiaIndia andand hashas anan annualannual capacitycapacity ooff primitiveprimitive mantle,mantle, mantle-derivemantle-derivedd meltsmelts oror melmeltt inclusionsinclusions 2929 000000 ct.ct. R.A.H.R.A.H. inin low-Plow-P peridotitesperidotites.. Cr,Cr , CoCo andand NiNi areare similarsimilar iinn abundanceabundance toto thosethose ofof primitiveprimitive mantle.mantle. MineralsMinerals iinn equilibriumequilibrium witwithh thethe fluidsfluids mustmust havehave alreadyalready beenbeen PetrologyPetrology andand geochemistrygeochemistry ofof kimberlitkimberlitee pipepipe enrichedenriched inin K,K, TiTi andand manymany incompatibleincompatible elements,elements, andand 1111 ofof ChigicherlaChigicherla area,area, AnantapurAnantapur district,district, thethe fluidsfluids werewere notnot derivedderived byby partialpartial meltingmelting ofof commoncommon AndhraAndhra Pradesh,Pradesh, southsouth India.India. peridotitesperidotites oror eclogites.eclogites. TheThe majormajor andand tracetrace elementelement DS.N.D.S.N. MURTHY,MURTHY, AM.A.M. DAYAL,DAYAL, R.R. NATARAJANNATARAjAN,, V.V. BALRAMBALRAM compositionscompositions ofof thethe trappetrappedd fluidsfluids inin fibrousfibrous diamondsdiamonds ANANDD RKP.K.. GOVIL.GOVIL. Journal of the Geological SocietySociety of of India, India, confirmconfirm thatthat atat P compatiblecompatible withwith thosethose ofof ththee diamonddiamond 49(2),1997,123-32.49(2), 1997,123-32. stabilitystability field,field, carbonatiticcarbonatitic andand hydroushydrous fluidsfluids cancan bebe efficientefficient carrierscarriers ofof incompatibleincompatible elements,elements, andand suchsuch fluidsfluids ThisThis kimberlitekimberlite pipepipe containscontains twotwo generationsgenerations ooff areare commoncommon inin thethe mantlemantle.. R.K.H.R.K.H. olivineolivine withwith phlogopitephlogopite,, spinel,spinel, perovskitperovskitee andand melilitemelilite.. A comparativecomparative studystudy witwithh otherother kimberlitekimberlite pipepipess inin ththee areaarea indicatesindicates thathatt Zr-HfZr-Hf,, Nb-Nb-TTaa andand Th-UTh-U havhavee a highighh degreedegree GeologyGeology ofof thethe SturgeonSturgeon LakeLake 0101 kimberlitekimberlite ofof correlation;correlation; thethe ratioratioss ofof Ba/NbBa/Nb «(< 10),10), Zr/HfZr/Hf (-(~ 50)50) andand block,block, Saskatchewan.Saskatchewan. Nb/ZrNb/Zr (>(> 0.5)0.5) areare similarsimilar toto thosethose ofof group-Igroup-I kimberlites).kimberlites). B.H.B.H. SCOTTSCOTT SMITH,SMITH, J.P.J.R LETENDRELETENDRE ANDAND H.R.H.R. ROBISON.ROBISON. TheThe chondrite-normalizedchondrite-normalized REE patternpattern ofof pipepipe 1111 iiss Exploration & Mining Geology, 5(3),5(3), 1996,1996, 251-{51.251-61. similarsimilar toto thatthat ofof otherother kimberliteskimberlites andand showsshows enrichmentenrichment ofof LREE. TheThe incompatibleincompatible tractracee elementselements indicateindicate simi­simi­ ThisThis kimberlite,kimberlite, foundfound byby heavyheavy mineralmineral samplingsampling laritylarity withwith OlBOIB oror otheotherr typestypes ofof alkalinealkaline intraplateintraplate andand shownshown toto bebe diamondiferousdiamondiferous butbut notnot economic,economic, waswas volcanicvolcanic rocksrocks.. TheThe majormajor elementelement chemistrychemistry andand Ce/YbCe/Yb thethe firstfirst toto bbee discoverediscoveredd inin Saskatchewan.Saskatchewan. TheThe body,body, aa andand La/YbLa/Yb ratiosratios suggessuggestt thatthat thethe formationformation ofof kimberlitekimberlite 9898 m.y.-oldm.y.-old glacially-transportedglacially-transported megablock,megablock, occursoccurs waswas duedue ttoo a lowlow degreedegree ofof partialpartial meltingmelting ofof anan ultrabasicultrabasic withinwithin glacialglacial sedimentssediments overlyingoverlying CretaceousCretaceous bedrockbedrock sourcesource alongalong witwithh anan earlierearlier subductedsubducted oceanicoceanic shale.shale. MarineMarine shaleshale ofof a similarsimilar ageage occursoccurs adjacentadjacent ttoo lithosphere.lithosphère. R.A.H.R.A.H. thethe kimberlitekimberlite andand appearsappears toto representrepresent a separateseparate 189189 glacialglacial block.block. TheThe kimberlitekimberlite iiss typicaltypical ofof GroupGroup 11,, FiftyFifty yearyearss ooff thethe DiamonDiamondd ResearcResearchh LaboratoryLaboratory.. containingcontaining twotwo generationsgenerations ofof olivine,olivine, macrocrystsmacrocrysts ooff ilmenite,ilmenite, garnet,garnet, spinelspinel andand micamica togethertogether withwith ground­ground- C.C. OWERS.OWERS. Industrial Diamond Review, 57(575),57(575), 1997,109-111997, 109-11,, massmass mica,mica, spinel,spinel, perovskiteperovskite,, apatite,apatite, carbonatecarbonate anandd 9 illus.illus. serpentine.serpentine. R.E.SR.E.S.. TheThe authorauthor tracetracess thethe historhistoryy ofof DeDe BeersBeers DiamondDiamond ResearchResearch LaboratoryLaboratory fromfrom thethe layinglaying ofof itsits foundationfoundation TheThe originsorigins ofof YakutianYakutian eclogiteeclogite xenoliths.xenoliths. stonestone bbyy SirSir EarnestEarnest OppenheimerOppenheimer inin MarchMarch 19471947 ttoo itsits 50th50th anniversaryanniversary celebrationscelebrations attendedattended bbyy thethe outgoingoutgoing G.A. SNYDER,SNYDER, L.A. TAYLOR,TAYLOR, G.G. CROZAZ,CROZAZ, AN.A.N. HALLIDAY,HALLIDAY, B.L.B.L. ChairmanChairman ofof DeDe Beers,Beers, JulianJulian OgilvieOgilvie ThompsonThompson andand hishis BEARDBEARD,, V.N.V.N. SOBOLEVSOBOLEV ANDAND N.v.N.V. SOBOLEV.SOBOLEV. Journal ofof successorsuccessor NickyNicky Oppenheimer.Oppenheimer. Petrology, 38(1),38(1), 1997,1997, 85-11385-113.. DuringDuring itsits firstfirst halfhalf centurycentury ofof operation,operation, ththee Major,Major, tracetrace andand REE mineralmineral chemistrychemistry ooff laboratory,laboratory, throughthrough ititss mineralmineral processingprocessing division,division, clinopyroxenesclinopyroxenes andand garnetsgarnets (pyrope,(pyrope, grossular,grossular, developeddeveloped technologtechnologyy forfor thethe mining,mining, extractionextraction anandd almandine),almandine), C isotopesisotopes inin diamonds,diamonds, Rb-Sr,Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd,Sm-Nd, sortingsorting ofof diamonddiamond usinusingg surfacesurface characteristics,characteristics, X-raysX-rays,, Re-OsRe-Os andand 0O isotopesisotopes havehave beebeenn determineddetermined onon ultra­ultra- colourcolour andand thermathermall properties.properties. AlthoughAlthough diamonddiamond foforr purepure mineralsminerals andand rocksrocks fromfrom eclogiteseclogites inin ththee industrialindustrial useuse waswas initiallyinitially limitedlimited toto gritgrit produceproducedd fromfrom Udachnaya,Udachnaya, MirMir andand ObnazhennayaObnazhennaya kimberlitekimberlite pipespipes iinn thethe crushingcrushing andand processingprocessing ofof boart,boart, whewhenn thethe synthesissynthesis Yakutia,Yakutia, Russia.Russia. TheThe resultresultss showshow thatthat thethe eclogiteseclogites werewere ofof diamonddiamond wawass achievedachieved inin thethe '50s,'50s, ththee laboratory,laboratory, formedformed inin a varietyvariety ofof ways,ways, bothboth withinwithin thethe mantlemantle andand throughthrough itsits synthesissynthesis division,division, waswas alsoalso inin ththee forefrontforefront ofof fromfrom oceanicoceanic crustalcrustal residuesresidues.. TheThe UdachnayaUdachnaya eclogiteseclogites thatthat researchresearch.. AlthougAlthoughh itsits actualactual formalformal successsuccess iinn lacklack chemicalchemical zoningzoning inin thethe mineralsminerals havehave unradiogenicunradiogenic diamonddiamond synthesissynthesis followedfollowed thethe scientificscientific breakthrouf(hsbreakthroughs SrSr andand lacklack 0,O, SandS and C isotopeisotope variationvariation relativerelative toto thethe byby ASEAASEA inin SwedenSweden anandd GEGE inin thethe USA,USA, itit becambecamee oneone ooff mantle.mantle. They,They, andand mostmost ofof thethe ObnazhennayaObnazhennaya samples,samples, thethe leadersleaders inin ththee developmentdevelopment ofof a rangerange ofof naturalnatural andand correspondcorrespond withwith thethe GroupGroup A eclogiteseclogites fromfrom elsewhereelsewhere syntheticsynthetic abrasiveabrasive products.products. RG.RP.G.R.. (probably(probably truetrue mantlemantle cumulates),cumulates), havehave notnot beenbeen re-cycled,re-cycled, andand werewere derivedderived fromfrom typicaltypical depleteddepleted mantlemantle exceptexcept forfor a fewfew samplessamples derivedderived fromfrom eithereither TraceTrace elementelement analysesanalyses ofof fluid-bearingfluid-bearing enriched,enriched, oror veryvery depleted,depleted, mantle.mantle. TheThe MirMir eclogiteseclogites diamondsdiamonds fromfrom JwanengJwaneng,, Botswana.Botswana. areare moremore typicaltypical ofof otherother eclogiteseclogites worldwideworldwide andand havehave M.M. ScHRAUDER,SCHRAUDER, C.C. KOEBERKOEBERLL ANDAND O.O. NAVONNAVON.. Geochimica et convincingconvincing evidenceevidence ofof a recycledrecycled oceanicoceanic crustalcrustal Cosmochimica Acta, 60(23),60(23), 1996,4711-24.1996,4711-24. affinity.affinity. B.E.L.B.E.L.

Sapphires fromfrom thethe AndranondamboAndranondambo minemine inin SESE Madagascar:Madagascar: evidence evidence for for metasomatic metasomatic skarn shim formationformation KineticsKinetics ofof Iblb ttoo IaAIaA nitrogennitrogen aggregationaggregation inin AlexandritAlexandritee chrysoberylchrysoberyl frofromm Dowerin,Dowerin, WesternWestern diamond.diamond. AustraliaAustralia:: revisitedrevisited.. W.R.W.R. TAYLOR,TAYLOR, D.D. CANILCANIL ANDAND H.JH.J.. MILLEDGEMILLEDGE.. Geochimica etet AA.. BEVABEVANN ANANDD P.P. DoWNES.DOWNES. Australian Gemmologist, 19(11)19(11),, Cosmochimica Acta, 60(23),60(23), 1996,4725-33.1996, 4725-33. 1997,1997, 460-3460-3,, 1 illus.illus. inin black-and-whiteblack-and-white,, 5 illus.illus. inin High-High-PP andand high-Thigh-T experimentexperimentss witwithh aggregationaggregation colour.colour. statestate determinatiodeterminationn byby IRIR microspectrometrmicrospectrometryy areare useusedd toto InIn ththee forformm ooff a preliminarypreliminary reportreport,, thethe authorsauthors re-evaluatere-evaluate Iblb -» 1aAIaA aggregationaggregation kineticskinetics andand ththee sectorsector describedescribe ththee geologgeologyy andand mineralogmineralogyy ofof thethe DowerinDowerin dependencydependency ofof thethe aggregationaggregation state.state. DiamondsDiamonds witwithh N2N2 deposit,deposit, aann areaarea iinn WesternWestern AustraliaAustralia wherwheree smallsmall crystalscrystals impuritiesimpurities asas singly-substitutedsingly-substituted C centrescentres (Ib)(lb) araree rarerare ofof gem-qualitygem-quality chrysoberychrysoberyll (including(including a fefeww showingshowing thethe becausebecause llbb N2N2 atomsatoms aggregateaggregate toto formform A centrescentres (type(type characteristic alexandrite colour change) were first IaA)IaA) durinduringg 500-3000500-3000 m.y.m.y. uppeupperr mantlemantle residenceresidence times.times. characteristic alexandrite colour change) were first discovereddiscovered iinn 1930.1930. TheseThese workingsworkings havhavee recentlyrecently beenbeen TheThe resultresultss showshow thatthat cubecube sectorssectors havhavee anan activationactivation reopenedreopened andand smallsmall cutcut stonesstones havhavee beebeenn produceproducedd fromfrom energyenergy lIbb -> IaAIaA conversionconversion (E,)(Ea) = 6.06.0 ± 0.20.2 eVeV comparedcompared thethe alexandritealexandrite roughrough.. PC.R.P.G.R. toto EE,a = 4.4.44 ± 0.30.3 eVeV forfor ththee octahedraloctahedral sectors.sectors. SectorSector

dependencydependency isis ascribedascribed ttoo differentdifferent mechanismmechanismss ofof N2N2 migration.migration. ApplicatioApplicationn ttoo KokchetavKokchetav microdiamondsmicrodiamonds A miscellanymiscellany ofof organicsorganics indicatesindicates thatthat theitheirr aggregationaggregation statestate isis consistentconsistent withwith peakpeak T ofof 950°C950°C andand a burialburial ttoo exhumationexhumation ofof -17-17 m.m.y y.. C.G. BROWNBROWN.. Australian Gemmologist, 19(12),1997,503-6,1619(12), 1997, 503-6, 16 YellowYellow diamondiamondd cubescubes andand diamondiamondd 'coat''coat' fromfrom YakutiaYakutia illus.illus. iinn colour.colour. withwith -20%-20% Iblb grew"grew =s 7 m.ym.y.. beforbeforee kimberlitkimberlitee eruptioneruption forfor IdentifyingIdentifying featuresfeatures areare givegivenn ofof somsomee ofof thethe rarerrarer mantlemantle T"T;>950°C 950°C,, butbut diddid nonott growgrow directlydirectly fromfrom thethe organicsorganics thathatt havhavee appearedappeared inin ththee author'author'ss laboratorylaboratory transportingtransporting kimberlitekimberlite magma.magma. RK.H.R.K.H. reportreportss oveoverr ththee lastlast decade.decade. AmonAmongg thesthesee areare kukuikukui nuts,nuts, imitationimitation ox-bloodox-blood coralcoral,, appleapple coralcoral anandd imitationimitation blackblack pearlspearls.. P.C.RP.G.R. BBllPemGemsHETs anandKASTEELd MineralsMinera^ U TwoTwo zincianzincian rarities.rarities. A donationdonation ofof ArchbishopArchbishop NilNil toto StSt PetersburgPetersburg MM.. BURFORDBURFORD.. Canadian Gemmologist, 18,18,1997,108-10 1997, 108-10.. University.University. 190190 C.P.G.F. ANASTASENKOANASTASENKO.. World of Stones, 12,12,1997 1997,24-7,, 24-7, illusillus.. inin TaaffeiteTaaffeite andand gahnospinelgahnospinel [the[the lattelatterr notnot a distinctdistinct colourcolour.. speciesspecies bubutt a specimespecimenn withwith compositiocompositionn onon thethe seriesseries betweebetweenn spinespinell andand gahnitelgahnite] araree describeddescribed witwithh a tabletable ooff SomSomee gemgem mineralmineral crystalscrystals areare includedincluded iinn ththee giftgift propertiepropertiess andand notenotess oonn occurrenceoccurrence anandd inclusions.inclusions. SomeSome mademade inin 18741874 byby ArchbishoArchbishopp NiNill ofof YaroslavlYaroslavl'' andand RostovRostov constantsconstants (for(for botbothh materials)materials) araree slightlyslightly outsidoutsidee figuresfigures [secular[secular namnamee NikolaiNikolai FedorovicFedorovichh IsakovichlIsakovich] toto thethe usuallyusually citedcited.. M.O'D.M.O'D. UniversityUniversity ofof StSt Petersburg.Petersburg. ManManyy specimensspecimens areare fromfrom RussianRussian depositsdeposits.. M.O'D.M.O'D. Kingsbridge:Kingsbridge: anan earlearlyy quarryingquarrying districdistrictt onon 500500 JahrJahree EdelsteinregionEdelsteinregion Idar-ObersteinIdar-Oberstein ManhattaManhattann Island.Island. (1497-1997).(1497-1997). L.H.L.H. CONKLIN.CONKLIN. Mineralogical Record, 28,28,1997,457-73 1997,457-73,, illus.illus. H.H. BANKBANK.. Gemmologie (Zeitschrift der DeutschenDeutschen inin colour,colour, 1 map.map. Gemmologischen Gesellschaf!),Gesellschaft), 4646,, 1997,1997, 129-52,129-52, AttractiveAttractive anandd apparentlyapparently gem-qualitygem-quality crystalscrystals ooff darkdark 1010 photographsphotographs,, 2 maps,maps, 1 table,table, bib!.bibl. redred rutilrutilee andand yellow-brownyellow-brown uviteuvite,, witwithh well-crystallizedwell-crystallized AlthougAlthoughh apparentlyapparently ththee RomanRomanss hahadd mineminedd agateagatess inin diopside,diopside, pyritpyritee andand otheotherr mineralsminerals araree describedescribedd fromfrom thethe Idar-Oberstein,Idar-Oberstein, therethere iiss nnoo writtewrittenn evidenceevidence beforbeforee thethe longlong built-ovebuilt-overr KingsbridgKingsbridgee marblemarble quarrquarryy inin thethe northnorth ooff yearyear 1497.1497. FromFrom thenthen onon thertheree areare numerousnumerous mentionsmentions inin ManhattanManhattan IslandIsland,, NeNeww YorkYork City.City. M.O'D.M.O'D. variousvarious documentdocumentss (the(the articlearticle reproducereproducess oneone mentionmention ooff chalcedonychalcedony andand rockrock crystalcrystal iinn 1606).1606). TheThe industryindustry waswas fairlyfairly smallsmall (in(in 18251825 200200 cuttercutterss andand 7070 minersminers werewere CharacteristicsCharacteristics ofof violetviolet jadjadee frofromm TurkeyTurkey.. working)working) tiltilll somesome emigrantsemigrants wentwent toto BrazilBrazil andand foundfound M.AM.A.. DIGENNARODIGENNARO,, C.C. TROSSARELLTROSSARELLII ANANDD C.C. RINAUDO.RINAUDO. similarsimilar materiamateriall therethere andand startedstarted toto exportexport thesethese agatesagates Gemmologie (Zeitschrif/(Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen backback ttoo Idar.Idar. TheThe industryindustry grewgrew,, soso thatthat duringduring ththee periodperiod Gesellschaf!),Gesellschaft), 46,46,1997,169-74, 1997, 169-74, 6 photographs,photographs, 11 table,table, 11 betweenbetween 18901890 andand 19301930 therethere werweree uupp ttoo 23282328 lapidarieslapidaries graph,graph, bib!.bibl. workingworking includinincludingg 325325 engraversengravers.. BeforBeforee thethe SecondSecond WorldWorld WaWarr uupp toto twotwo thousanthousandd goldsmithsgoldsmiths werewere VioletViolet jadjadee frofromm TurkeTurkeyy hahass aann RIRI ofof 1.65-1.66,1.65-1.66, employed.employed. AparApartt fromfrom Germany,Germany, thethe industryindustry delivereddelivered SGSG3.10 3.10,, anandd anan inerinertt reactionreaction ttoo UVUV.. TheThe samplessamples areare goodsgoods ttoo France,France, England,England, RussiaRussia,, USAUSA andand thethe orient.orient. composedcomposed ooff jadeitejadeite,, quartz,quartz, feldsparfeldspar,, muscovitemuscovite,, pyrite,pyrite, ManyMany cheapecheaperr articlesarticles werewere solsoldd ttoo thethe AfricaAfricann anandd ArabArab MMnn andand FFee oxidesoxides.. VariouVariouss concentrationconcentrationss ofof somesome ooff countriescountries andand FreemasonsFreemasons werweree suppliedsupplied.. CameosCameos werewere thesethese mineralsminerals araree responsiblresponsiblee foforr varyinvaryingg colourscolours ooff fashionablefashionable inin thethe latelate nineteentnineteenthh centurycentury andand thisthis artart waswas violetviolet.. JadeiteJadeite isis thethe preponderanpreponderantt mineraminerall andand thethe rockrock broughtbrought ttoo perfectionperfection.. E.SE.5.. shouldshould bbee definedefinedd aass impurimpuree jadejade.. E.SE.5..

J./. Gemm., 1998, 26, 3,145-2083,145-208 A mineralogicalmineralogical andand structuralstructural studystudy ofof redred representrepresent thethe ettringiteettringite groupgroup ofof mineralsminerals andand werewere corundum,corundum, AI1.9SCrOZ03'Al 198Cr02O3, frofromm FrolandFroland,, Norway.Norway. probablyprobably sturmanite.sturmanite. Brownish-yellowBrownish-yellow andand greenish­greenish- yellowyellow bicolouredbicoloured grossulargrossular garnetgarnet hashas beenbeen foundfound iinn BB.. ESTIFANOSESTlFANOS,, K.K. STAHL,STÂHL, P.-G.P.-G. ANDREASSON,ANDRÉASSON, G.G. BYLUNBYLUNDD ANDAND Mali;Mali; thethe RIRI variesvaries accordingaccording toto whichwhich colourcolour zonezone isis beingbeing LL.. JOHANSSON.JOHANSSON. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 77(2),77(2), 1997,1997, testedtested.. A piecepiece ofof opalopal roughrough hadhad inclusionsinclusions inin thethe formform ooff 119-22.119-22. thithinn tubestubes whichwhich diddid notnot affectaffect thethe playplay ofof colourcolour andand werewere , TheThe crystalcrystal structurestructure ofof redred corundum,corundum, AlAI 1.: 98"CrCr0UUZ 02O0 3, thereforetherefore thoughtthought toto bebe olderolder thanthan thethe aggregationaggregation ofof opalopal fromfrom FrolandFroland hashas beebeenn refinedrefined fromfrom X-rayX-ray powderpowder spheres.spheres. 'PinkTink geuda'geuda' sapphiressapphires areare beingbeing soldsold inin Vietnam.Vietnam. diffractiondiffraction datadata byby RietveldRietveld analysis.analysis. SpaceSpace groupgroup a 4.75974.7597 MostMost areare opaqueopaque andand cloudycloudy withwith a pronouncedpronounced (4),(4), c 13.0013(9)13.0013(9) A.Â. TheThe substitutingsubstituting Cr-atomsCr-atoms dodo notnot taketake thethe milkiness,milkiness, butbut itit wawass foundfound thatthat witwithh heatheat treatmenttreatment somesome sitesite ofof AI-atoms,Al-atoms, theythey departdepart 1.041.04 AÂ inin ththee directiondirection ofof thethe ofof thethe stonesstones werewere improvedimproved enoughenough toto bebe cutcut intointo low­low- vacanvacantt octahedraloctahedral interstices.interstices. A SEMSEM (EDS)(EDS) studystudy revealedrevealed qualityquality cabochons.cabochons. J.JJ.J.. microphasesmicrophases ofof diaspore;diaspore; oneone ofof thethe reasonsreasons forfor gemgem qualityquality beingbeing lost.lost. TheThe reactionreaction Al,o,A1203 + HH,o20 ;="^ 2AIO(OH)2A10(OH) occurredoccurred inin thethe latelate stagestage ofof thethe metamorphicmetamorphic historyhistory ooff MulticolouredMulticoloured bismuth-bearingbismuth-bearing tourmalinestourmalines thethe FrolandFroland regionregion.. G.RG.R.. fromfrom Lundazi,Lundazi, ZambiaZambia.. M.L.M.L. JOHNSON,JOHNSON, c.Y.C.Y. WENTZELLWENTZELL ANDAND S.S. ELEN.ELEN. Gems & RamanRaman spectraspectra ofof variousvarious typestypes ofof tourmaline.tourmaline. Gemology, 33(3), 33(3) ,1997, 1997,204-11 204-11, ,7 7 illus. illus .in in colour, colour ,2 2 tables. tables . B.B. GASHAROVA,GASHAROVA, B.B. MIHAILOVAMIHAILOVA ANDAND L. KONSTANTINOV.KONSTANTINOV. TheseThese multicolouredmulticoloured tourmalinestourmalines havehave anan unusuallyunusually European Journal of Mineralogy, 9(5),9(5), 1997,1997, 935-40.935^0. highhigh contentcontent ofof bismuthbismuth andand recentlyrecently havehave beenbeen minedmined iinn thethe KalungabedKalungabedaa areaarea ofof thethe LundaziLundazi district.district. ColoursColours FroFromm anan investigationinvestigation ofof 2525 tourmalinestourmalines inin thethe spectralspectral includeinclude pink,pink, orange,orange, greegreenn andand yellowish-greenyellowish-green witwithh cutcut rangerange 150-1550150-1550 em-I,cm-1, classifiedclassified chemicallychemically intointo threthreee mainmain stonesstones containingcontaining twtwoo oror moremore colours.colours. TheyThey occuroccur iinn groupsgroups buergerite-schorl,buergerite-schorl, elbaite-typeelbaite-type andand dravite­dravite- alluvialalluvial gravelsgravels associatedassociated withwith graniticgranitic pegmatites,pegmatites, buergerite-uvite,buergerite-uvite, itit waswas foundfound thatthat theythey cancan bebe similarlysimilarly whichwhich werewere intrudedintruded intointo gneissgneiss andand schistschist basementbasement ooff classifiedclassified oonn thethe basisbasis ofof theirtheir RamanRaman spectra.spectra. R.A.H.R.A.H. thethe MozambiqueMozambique Belt.Belt. MuchMuch ofof thethe roughrough isis susceptiblesusceptible toto crackingcracking duringduring sawing,sawing, soso toto keepkeep thethe multicolouredmulticoloured LesLes saphirssaphirs dudu nordnord dede MadagascarMadagascar.. appearanceappearance itit waswas notednoted thatthat thethe greengreen rindrind mustmust bbee E.E. GONTHIER.GONTHIER. Revue de gemmologie, 132,132,1997,14-17 1997, 14-17.. illus.illus. inin retainedretained asas itit impartsimparts a physicalphysical stabilitystability toto thethe stone.stone. TheThe most distinctive features of these tourmalines are growth colour.colour. most distinctive features of these tourmalines are growth bands,bands, straight,straight, wavywavy oror angular.angular. UnexpectedlyUnexpectedly ththee DescriptionDescription ofof blueblue sapphiressapphires foundfound inin thethe northernnorthern inclusionsinclusions showshow nono signssigns ofof bismuthbismuth minerals.minerals. EDXRFEDXRF 191191 part of the Malagasy Republic with notes on local geology part of the Malagasy Republic with notes on local geology showedshowed thethe highesthighest concentrationconcentration ofof bismuthbismuth toto bebe inin thethe and usages of the people in whose territory the sapphires and usages of the people in whose territory the sapphires pinkpink centrescentres andand thethe lowestlowest inin thethe greengreen rims,rims, withwith oneone occur. M.O'D occur. M.O'D pinkpink stonestone containingcontaining 0.490.49 wt%wt% Bi,03'Bi203. J.JJ.J..

OriginOrigin andand formationformation ofof agate-bearingagate-bearing NeuerNeuer RauchquarzfundRauchquarzfund ausaus demdem PendPendel elii beibei spherulites:spherulites: thethe ThuringianThuringian Forest,Forest, GermanyGermany.. Athan,Äthan, Griechenland.Griechenland. G.G. HOLZHEY.HOLZHEY. Australian Gemmologist, 19(11),19(11), 1997,452-9,241997,452-9,24 H.H. KIRCHNEKIRCHNERR ANANDD E.E. KOFLER.KOFLER. Mineralien Welt, 8(6),8(6), 1997,1997, illus.illus. inin colour,colour, 1 map.map. 59-60,59-60, illus.illus. inin colour,colour, 2 maps.maps. InIn thethe ThuringianThuringian ForestForest ofof CentralCentral GermanyGermany agateagate FineFine crystalscrystals ofof gem-qualitygem-quality smokysmoky quartzquartz araree occursoccurs inin manymany locations,locations, mostlmostlyy asas spherulesspherules withinwithin reported from Pendeli, near Athens, Greece, where they rhyolitesrhyolites thatthat formform a lowlow volcanicvolcanic mountainmountain chainchain coveredcovered reported from Pendeli, near Athens, Greece, where they occur in the Penteli marble. M.O'D. byby thethe forest.forest. TheseThese agate-bearingagate-bearing spherulitesspherulites werewere occur in the Penteli marble. M.O'D. formedformed epigeneticallyepigenetically byby silica-mineralizationssilica-mineralizations whichwhich occurredoccurred inin twotwo distinctdistinct phasesphases toto producproducee hollowhollow EmeraldEmerald mineralizationmineralization andand metasomatismmetasomatism ooff spherulitesspherulites andand wall-bandewall-bandedd andand horizontallyhorizontally layeredlayered amphibolite,amphibolite, KhaltaroKhaltaro graniticgranitic pegmatite­pegmatite- agateagate plusplus macrocrystallinemacrocrystalline quartz.quartz. RG.RP.G.R.. hydrothermalhydrothermal veinvein system,system, HaramoshHaramosh Mountains,Mountains, northernnorthern Pakistan.Pakistan.

GemGem newsnews.. B.M.B.M. LAURS,LAURS, J.H.J.H. DILLESDILLES ANDAND L.w.L.W. SNEE.SNEE. Canadian M.L.M.L. JOHNSONJOHNSON ANDAND J.1.J.I. KOIVULA.KOIVULA. Gems & Gemology, 33(3)33(3),, Mineralogist, 34(6),1996,1253-1286.34(6), 1996,1253-1286. 1997,220-30,131997, 220-30,13 illusillus.. inin colour.colour. EmeraldEmerald mineralizationmineralization occursoccurs inin 0.1-10.1-1 m thickthick ProspectingProspecting forfor beryberyll inin SaudiSaudi ArabiaArabia foundfound epidoteepidote hydrothermalhydrothermal veinsveins andand TertiaryTertiary pegmatitespegmatites cuttingcutting amphi­amphi­ andand notnot emeraldemerald inin thethe HadiyahHadiyah area.area. BetweeBetweenn RiyadhRiyadh bolitebolite inin thethe NangNangaa Parbat-HaramoshParbat-Haramosh massif,massif, N Pakistan.Pakistan. andand thethe RedRed SeaSea somesome gem-qualitygem-quality aquamarineaquamarine wawass TheThe emeraldemerald inin quartzquartz andand tourmaline-albitetourmaline-albite veins,veins, anandd

found.found. RadioactiveRadioactive cat's-eyecat's-eye chrysoberylschrysoberyls havehave beenbeen soldsold moremore rarelyrarely inin pegmatite;pegmatite; thethe Cr,03Cr203 andand Fe,03Fe203 contents,contents, inin Bangkok.Bangkok. MoreMore finefine RussianRussian demantoiddemantoid garnetgarnet isis onon thethe respectively,respectively, ofof thethe emeraldsemeralds decreasedecrease systematicallysystematically fromfrom market,market, reportedlyreportedly fromfrom thethe NizhniNizhniyy TagilTagil area.area. NamibiaNamibia emeraldemerald (>0.20,(>0.20, 0.54--0.890.54-0.89 wt.wt.%) %),, toto palepale blueblue berylberyl (s(^ 0.07,0.07, isis alsoalso producingproducing commercialcommercial quantitiesquantities ofof demantoiddemantoid 0.10-0.630.10-0.63 wt.%).wt.%). EPMAEPMA resultsresults areare reportedreported foforr tourmaline,tourmaline, garnets.garnets. A largelarge yellowyellow cabochoncabochon andand twotwo otherother piecespieces biotite,biotite, muscovitemuscovite andand beryl,beryl, togethertogether withwith majormajor andand tracetrace frofromm thethe KurumanKuruman DistrictDistrict inin SouthSouth AfricaAfrica werewere foundfound ttoo elementelement analysesanalyses ofof ththee amphiboliteamphibolite andand leugranites.leugranites.

Sapphires fromfrom thethe AndranondamboAndranondambo minemine inin SESE Madagascar:Madagascar: evidence evidence for for metasomat metasomaticic skarn skarn fonnation formation OxygenOxygen isotopeisotope analysesanalyses ofof igneousigneous anandd hydrothermalhydrothermal A facetedfaceted semi-transparentsemi-transparent greengreen stonestone witwithh a sharpsharp mineralmineralss indicatindicatee thathatt a singlesingle fluidfluid ofof magmaticmagmatic origioriginn withwith 'cat's-eye'cat's-eye'' wawass identifiedidentified asas aann emerald.emerald. A polymerpolymer 18 Ol80Hpô OH2o 8%08%o producedproduced thethe pegmatite-veinpegmatite-vein systemsystem anandd impregnatedimpregnated jadeitjadeitee carvingcarving showedshowed somesome interestinginteresting hydrothermahydrothermall alterationalteration atat 550-400°C.550-400°C TheThe introductionintroduction ooff features,features, withwith near-colourlesnear-colourlesss areasareas ooff exceptionalexceptional HF-ricHF-richh magmatic-hydrothermalmagmatic-hydrothermal fluidsfluids intintoo thethe amphibo­amphibo- transparencytransparency surroundingsurrounding isolatedisolated greegreenn graingrainss ofof jadeite.jadeite. litelite causedcaused hydrogenhydrogen ionion metasomatism,metasomatism, releasingreleasing CrCr andand ThThee infraredinfrared spectrumspectrum showedshowed polymepolymerr peakpeakss soso stronglystrongly FeFe intointo ththee pegmatite-veinpegmatite-vein system.system. RA.H.R.A.H. thathatt thethe typicaltypical jadeitjadeitee spectrumspectrum wawass dwarfed.dwarfed. A jadeitejadeite carvecarvedd urnurn hadhad ththee appearanceappearance ofof nephritenephrite asas thethe colourcolour BenitoitBenitoitee fromfrom thethe NeNeww IdriaIdria District,District, SanSan distributiodistributionn showedshowed a typicatypicall cloudcloudyy effect.effect. BenitoBenito County,County, CaliforniaCalifornia.. TwoTwo facetefacetedd purplepurple beadsbeads showedshowed typicatypicall quartzquartz B.MB.M.. LAURSLAURS,, W.R. ROHTERTROHTERT AND AND M.M . GRAY.GRAY .Gems Gems & &Gemology, Gemology, propertiepropertiess asas welwelll asas a peakpeak iinn ththee infrareinfraredd absorptioabsorptionn aatt -1l 33(3)33(3),1997,166-87,29, 1997,166-87,29 illus.illus. iinn colourcolour,, 2 tables.tables. 29029000 cm-cm similarsimilar toto thathatt seenseen iinn polymepolymerr impregnatedimpregnated materials.materials. ItIt waswas assumedassumed thathatt ththee beadbeadss hahadd beenbeen BenitoiteBenitoite (BaTiSip9)(BaTiSi309) isis onlyonly produceproducedd inin commercialcommercial quench-crackequench-crackedd andand dyeddyed,, bubutt ththee crackcrackss madmadee iitt quantitiequantitiess fromfrom thethe BenitoitBenitoitee GemGem MinMinee iinn thethe SanSan BenitoBenito impossibleimpossible toto determinedetermine whethewhetherr theythey werweree syntheticsynthetic oorr CountyCounty;; iitt wawass firstfirst discovereddiscovered inin 1907.1907. TheseThese stronglystrongly naturalnatural.. TopaTopazz fashionedfashioned ttoo looklook likelike diamonddiamond rougroughh werewere dichroicdichroic stonesstones areare typicalltypicallyy violet-blueviolet-blue;; rarerare stonesstones araree identifieidentifiedd asas topatopazz especiallyespecially withwith occurrenceoccurrence ooff pinkpink oror colourlesscolourless.. OrangeOrange stonesstones havehave beebeenn producedproduced bbyy tourmalintourmalinee andand chloritechlorite inclusions.inclusions. TrigonsTrigons hadhad beenbeen heatheat treatment.treatment. BenitoitBenitoitee iiss foundfound exclusivelyexclusively iinn blueschistblueschist carvecarvedd andand werewere raiseraisedd aboveabove ththee surfacsurfacee anandd nonott bodiesbodies withinwithin serpentineserpentine andand thoughtthought toto havehave originatedoriginated depressed.depressed. J.JJ.J.. whenwhen BBaa andand TiTi werewere releasedreleased byby thethe alterationalteration ooff blueschisblueschistt inin thethe presencpresencee ofof Mg-Mg- anandd Ca-richCa-rich fluidsfluids generategeneratedd bbyy regionaregionall metamorphismmetamorphism.. Gem-qualitGem-qualityy beni­beni­ DiDiee 'opal'opal pineapples'pineapples' vovonn WhiteWhite CliffsCliffs inin NewNew toittoitee isis foundfound inin veinsveins andand usuallyusually coatedcoated inin natrolite.natrolite. TheThe SouthSouth WalesWales.. crystalscrystals araree normallynormally triangulartriangular witwithh dominandominantt Jtjt (0111)(Olli) GG.. NIEDERMAYRNIEDERMAYR ANANDD G.M.G.M. PEARSON.PEARSON. Mineralien Welt, 8(4)8(4),, facesfaces beinbeingg frostedfrosted andand thethe m facesfaces beingbeing smooth.smooth. ColourColour 1997,51-5,1997, 51-5, anandd 8(5),8(5), 1997,1997,1997,48-53 1997, 48-53.. zoninzoningg isis commoncommon witwithh colourlescolourlesss corescores andand blueblue rims.rims. Non-gem-qualityNon-gem-quality benitoitbenitoitee hahass abundantabundant fibrousfibrous AssemblageAssemblagess ofof precioupreciouss opaopall takintakingg a pineapplepineapple inclusions.inclusions. SizesSizes rangrangee upup ttoo 2-32-3 ctct.. DetailsDetails ofof ththee history,history, shapeshape areare describedescribedd fromfrom ththee WhitWhitee CliffsCliffs opalopal field,field, NewNew 192 miningmining andand productioproductionn araree givengiven togethertogether witwithh detailsdetails ooff SouthSouth WalesWales,, AustraliaAustralia.. ThThee relationshiprelationship betweebetweenn opal,opal, the various local claims. J.). glauberite,glauberite, gaylussitegaylussite andand ikaiteikaite iiss discussed.discussed. M.O'D.M.O'D. 192 the various local claims. J.J. NeueNeuess VorkommenVorkommen vovonn DemantoiDemantoidd inin Namibia.Namibia. LeLe saphirsaphir 'padparadscha'.'padparadscha'. THTH.. LIND,LIND, U.U. HENN,HENN, AA.. HENHENNN ANDAND H.H. BANKBANK.. Gemmologie FF.. NOTARINOTAR!.. Revue de Gemmologie, 132,132, 1997,1997, 24-724-7,, illus.illus. iinn (Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft).Gesellschaft), colour.colour. 46,46, 1997,1997, 153-60,153-60, 6 photographsphotographs,, 3 tablestables,, 2 graphs,graphs, ChemicalChemical compositioncomposition andand spectraspectra ooff a largelarge numbernumber biblbib!.. ofof orange-pinkorange-pink sapphiressapphires isis presentepresentedd ttoo showshow whatwhat maymay TheThe dernantoiddemantoid occurrencesoccurrences inin NamibiNamibiaa araree inin ththee oorr maymay notnot bbee ththee padparadschpadparadschaa variety.variety. A CrCr contencontentt ooff centralcentral partpart ofof ththee Damara-Orogen,Damara-Orogen, a flatflat lanlandd surroundedsurrounded betweenbetween 0.040.04 toto 0.80.8%% isis neededneeded ttoo producproducee ththee coloucolourr aass bbyy mountainsmountains consistingconsisting ofof intrusiveintrusive rocks.rocks. SomeSome deman­deman- welwelll asas thethe presencepresence ooff undefinedundefined coloucolourr centrescentres.. SrSrii toidstoids havhavee beebeenn pickepickedd uupp fromfrom thethe groundground anandd sieved,sieved, LankLankaa isis ththee onlyonly knowknownn producerproducer.. M.O'D.M.O'D. otherotherss cutcut outout ofof ththee rockfacerockface.. ThThee RIRI cannotcannot bebe readread onon a a standardstandard refractometer,refractometer, SGSG 3.81-3.85.3.81-3.85. ChemicalChemical analysesanalyses JadeiteJadeite - K-feldsparK-feldspar rocksrocks andand jadeitejadeitess fromfrom showshow ththee andraditandraditee toto bbee purepure withwith a lowlow contentcontent ofof Crp3Cr203 (0.02-D.13%).(0.02-0.13%). AbsorptionAbsorption spectrspectraa shoshoww bandbandss ooff FeFe3+34 anandd northwestnorthwest TurkeyTurkey.. Ci'+.Cr3+. DistincDistinctt growthgrowth zoningzoning isis visiblvisiblee undeunderr magnificationmagnification A.I.A.I. OKAY.OKAY. Mineralogical Magazine, 61(6),1997,835-43.61(6), 1997, 835^3. inin additionaddition toto asas yetyet unidentifiedunidentified ore-likeore-like inclusionsinclusions.. NNoo Blueschist-faciesBlueschist-facies rocksrocks witwithh jadeite-K-feldspar­jadeite-K-feldspar- chrysotilechrysotile inclusioninclusionss havehave beebeenn found.found. E.SE.5.. lawsonitlawsonitee paragenesisparagenesis occuroccur asas exoticexotic blockblockss inin MioceneMiocene debrisdebris flowsflows inin ththee BektablaBektablarr regionregion ofof NNWW TurkeyTurkey.. ThThee MineraliMinerali e pietrepiètre figuratefigurate delladella discaricadiscarica didi jadeite-feldspajadeite-feldsparr rocksrocks areare veryvery fine-grainedfine-grained andand retainretain a CandeliCandeli (Firenze).(Firenze). relictrelict porphyritiporphyriticc volcanicvolcanic texturetexture;; nephelinenepheline micro­micro- R. MELIMEL!.. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 22, 1997,369-761997, 369-76,, illus.illus. phenocrystsphenocrysts areare pseudomorphedpseudomorphed byby jadeitjadeitee anandd inin colour,colour, 1 map.map. K-feldsparK-feldspar,, andand relicrelictt magmaticmagmatic aegirineaegirine hahass rimrimss ooff jadeitejadeite.. IInn somesome rockrockss jadeitjadeitee amountamountss ttoo > 60%60% ofof ththee FineFine landscape-likelandscape-like patterningpatterning occuroccurss oonn somesome rockrock;; EPMAEPMA resultsresults showshow thethe jadeitejadeite,, K-feldsparK-feldspar anandd limestoneslimestones founfoundd onon railwayrailway tunnellingtunnelling spoilspoil dumpdumpss iinn lawsonitlawsonitee ttoo havehave essentiallyessentially purpuree end-memberend-member ththee CandeliCandeli district,district, Firenze,Firenze, Italy.Italy. PatterningPatterning arisearisess fromfrom compositionscompositions.. P-TP-T estimatesestimates forfor thesethese rocksrocks areare 8 ± 2 kbar,kbar, ththee presencpresencee ofof FeFe andand MnMn hydroxideshydroxides.. M.O'D.M.O'D. 300300 ± 50°C.50°C. TheThe preservedpreserved volcanicvolcanic texturetexture,, relicrelictt aegirineaegirine andand bulbulkk rocrockk compositioncomposition indicateindicate thatthat thesthesee rocksrocks repre­repre­ GemGem TradeTrade LabLab notes.notes. sentsent metamorphosedmetamorphosed phonolites;phonolites; itit isis considereconsideredd thatthat T.HT.H.. MOSESMOSES,, I.M.I.M. REINITZ,REINITZ, ANDAND S.F.S.F . MCCLURE.MCCLURE . GemsGems && jadeitjadeitee - K-feldspaK-feldsparr isis a stablestable mineraminerall pairpair inin blueschist­blueschist- Gemology, 33(3),1997,212-18,1533(3), 1997,212-18,15 illus.illus. inin colour.colour. faciesfacies P-P-TT conditions.conditions. R.A.H.R.A.H.

J.J. Gemm., 1998,1998,26,3,145-208 26, 3, 145-208 NewNew chrysoberylchrysoberyl depositsdeposits fromfrom IndiaIndia.. metamorphicmetamorphic rocks,rocks, felsicfelsic plutonicplutonic rocksrocks withwith associatedassociated J.J. PANJIKARPANJIKAR ANDAND K.T.K.T. RAMCHANDRAN.RAMCHANDRAN. Indian Gemmologist,Gemmologist, granitegranite pegmatites,pegmatites, andand skarns,skarns, allall ofof whichwhich provideprovide hostshosts 7(1/2),1997,3--7,7(1/2), 1997, 3-7, illus.illus. iinn colour.colour. toto gemstonegemstone mineralization.mineralization. M.O'D.M.O'D. ChrysoberylChrysoberyl ofof gemgem qualityquality fromfrom thethe statesstates ofof MadhyaMadhya Pradesh,Pradesh, OrissaOrissa andand AndhraAndhra PradeshPradesh originatesoriginates fromfrom veryvery CanadianCanadian tourmaline:tourmaline: a newnew discovery.discovery. similarsimilar geologicalgeological environments.environments, inin MadhyaMadhya PradeshPradesh B.s.B.S. WILSONWILSON.. Canadian Gemmologist, 18,18,1997,107 1997, 107.. alexandritealexandrite isis reportedreported fromfrom LataparaLatapara andand MatraparaMatrapara iinn Gem-qualityGem-quality tourmaline,tourmaline, mostlymostly pinkpink andand brownish­brownish- RaipurRaipur districtdistrict wherewhere itit occursoccurs inin pegmatitespegmatites intrudingintruding pinkpink andand identifiedidentified asas elbaite,elbaite, isis reportedreported fromfrom miaroliticmiarolitic granite.granite. InIn OrissaOrissa palepale yellowyellow toto greengreen chrysoberyl,chrysoberyl, cavitiescavities atat thethe StargazerStargazer claimsclaims nearnear O'GradyO'Grady LakeLake inin thethe sometimessometimes chatoyant,chatoyant, occursoccurs inin pegmatitespegmatites atat Jerapani,Jerapani, MackenzieMackenzie Mountains,Mountains, NorthwesNorthwestt TerritoriesTerritories ofof Canada.Canada. SurjapalliSurjapalli andand Dakalguda:Dakalguda: alexandritealexandrite isis foundfound aatt M.O'D.M.O'D. RanchipuraRanchipura wherewhere itit occursoccurs inin thethe contactcontact zonezone betweenbetween pegmatitepegmatite andand peridotite.peridotite. GreenGreen tourmaline,tourmaline, yellowyellow chrysoberyl,chrysoberyl, greengreen beryberyll andand garnetgarnet areare foundfound iinn association.association. IInn AndhraAndhra PradesPradeshh largelarge chrysoberylchrysoberyl depositsdeposits HET KASTEEL occuroccur inin thethe NarsipatnamNarsipatnam areaarea ofof VishakhapatnamVishakhapatnam regionregion whichwhich formsforms partpart ofof thethe EasternEastern GhatGhat Supergroup.Supergroup. FourierFourier transform-Ramantransform-Raman spectroscopyspectroscopy ofof ivory:ivory: TheThe OrissaOrissa alexandritealexandrite occurredoccurred asas smallsmall brownish­brownish- a non-destructivenon-destructive technique.technique. greengreen crystalscrystals withwith a moderatemoderate colourcolour changechange whilewhile H.G.M.H.G.M. EDWARDS,EDWARDS, D.W.D.W. FARWELL,FARWELL, J.M.J.M. HOLDERHOLDER ANANDD E.E.E.E. chatoyantchatoyant materialmaterial waswas a brightbright yellowyellow withwith attractiveattractive LAWSON.LAWSON. Studies in Conservation, 43,43, 1998,1998, 9-16,9-16, 1100 sheen.sheen. AndhraAndhra PradeshPradesh alexandritealexandrite occurredoccurred asas palepale ttoo figures.figures. darkdark greengreen crystals,crystals, somesome withwith a pronouncedpronounced colourcolour ThisThis paperpaper presentspresents ththee resultsresults ofof a comprehensive,comprehensive, changechange whilewhile chatoyantchatoyant materialmaterial waswas a palepale yellowyellow withwith a non-destructive,non-destructive, FourierFourier transform-Ramantransform-Raman spectroscopicspectroscopic whitishwhitish sheen.sheen. AlexandriteAlexandrite frofromm MadhyaMadhya PradesPradeshh waswas a studystudy ooff elephantelephant ivory,ivory, bonebone andand tooth.tooth. SamplesSamples testedtested darkdark greengreen withwith a strongstrong colourcolour changechange whilewhile thethe yellowyellow rangedranged fromfrom museummuseum specimensspecimens toto modemmodern tusks.tusks. TheThe chrysoberylchrysoberyl hadhad a slightslight greenishgreenish tinge.tinge. Sillimanite,Sillimanite, principlesprinciples ofof FT-RamanFT-Raman spectroscopyspectroscopy areare describeddescribed andand quartz,quartz, micamica andand rutilerutile havehave beebeenn generallygenerally observedobserved aass thethe characteristiccharacteristic vibrationalvibrational featuresfeatures identifiedidentified whichwhich inclusionsinclusions whilewhile flatteneflattenedd apatiteapatite crystalscrystals areare foundfound onlyonly distinguishdistinguish elephantelephant ivoryivory fromfrom toottoothh andand bone.bone. AnotherAnother inin thethe materialmaterial fromfrom AndhraAndhra Pradesh.Pradesh. M.O'D.M.O'D. importantimportant resultresult isis thethe abilityability ofof thisthis techniquetechnique ttoo characterizecharacterize ivoryivory fromfrom thethe woollywoolly mammoth,mammoth, AfricanAfrican Tugtupit-kamienTugtupit-kamien ozdobnyozdobny koncakorica XXXX wieku.wieku. andand AsianAsian elephants,elephants, whichwhich maymay helphelp inin attributingattributing 193193 T.T. SoBCZAKSOBCZAK ANDAND N.N. SoBCZAK.SOBCZAK. Mineralogia Polonica, 27,27,1996 1996,, ivoriesivories toto differentdifferent species.species. TheThe ususee ofof a remote-sensingremote-sensing 99-103.99-103. RamanRaman probeprobe onon inlayinlay isis alsoalso described.described. M.E.H.M.E.H. ReviewReview ofof thethe occurrence,occurrence, mineralogymineralogy andand recoveryrecovery ofof tugtupitetugtupite whichwhich waswas firstfirst reportedreported inin 1960.1960. A tabletable givesgives TheThe GemGem Kit.Kit. thethe chiefchief propertiepropertiess ofof tugtupitetugtupite togethertogether withwith thosethose ofof thethe T.T. LINToN,LINTON, S.S. SULTMANSULTMAN ANDAND J.J. PETERs.PETERS. Australian Gemmologist, similar-appearinsimilar-appearingg speciesspecies stichtite,stichtite, sogdianite,sogdianite, sugilite,sugilite, 19(11),1997,448-51,319(11), 1997,448-51,3 illus.illus. inin black-and-white.black-and-white. jadeitjadeitee andand eudialyte.eudialyte. M.O'D.M.O'D. TheThe portableportable gemgem testingtesting kitkit describeddescribed isis a productproduct ofof NNMM AustraliaAustralia PtyPty Ltd,Ltd , andand isis containedcontained inin a blackblack GemmologicalGemmological featuresfeatures ofof rubiesrubies andand sapphiressapphires leatheretteleatherette carryingcarrying casecase thethe sizesize ofof a smallsmall laptoplaptop fromfrom thethe BarringtonBarrington volcano,volcano, EasternEastern Australia.Australia. computer.computer. TheThe kikitt containscontains thethe basicbasic gemgem testingtesting G.G. WEBB.WEBB. Australian Gemmologist, 19(11),19(11), 1997,1997, 471-5,471-5, 1133 instrumentsinstruments (refractometer,(refractometer, spectroscope,spectroscope, polariscope,polariscope, illus.illus. inin colour,colour, 1 map,map, 1 table.table. dichroscope,dichroscope, ChelseaChelsea filter,filter, tripletriplett loupe,loupe, tweezerstweezers anandd AlthoughAlthough AustraliaAustralia isis anan importanimportantt sourcesource ooff lightlight sources,sources, togethertogether withwith a LeveridgeLeveridge gaugegauge anandd sapphires,sapphires, rubyruby remainsremains a rarerare gemstonegemstone amongamong ththee accessories)accessories) andand isis availableavailable inin threethree versionsversions dependingdepending country'scountry's corundumcorundum deposits.deposits. However,However, amongamong thethe fewfew onon thethe mixmix ofof instrumentsinstruments purchasedpurchased.. P.G.R.P.G.R. rubyruby occurrences,occurrences, thethe bestbest gem-qualitygem-quality stonesstones originateoriginate fromfrom alluvialalluvial depositsdeposits derivedderived fromfrom thethe BarringtonBarrington A newnew techniquetechnique forfor detectingdetecting syntheticsynthetic yellowyellow volcanovolcano inin NewNew SouthSouth Wales.Wales. RubyRuby andand pinkpink sapphiresapphire cancan sapphire.sapphire. formform 5050 perper centcent ofof thethe weightweight ofof sampledsampled gemgem corundumcorundum T.T. LINTON.LINTON. Australian Gemmologist, 19(12),19(12), 1997,509-11,31997, 509-11, 3 concentrateconcentrate inin thisthis area.area. TwoTwo distinctdistinct suitessuites ofof sapphiresapphire illus.illus. inin colour.colour. accompanyaccompany thethe rubies,rubies, oneone ofof whichwhich relatesrelates toto thethe ruby,ruby, whilewhile thethe otherother isis typicaltypical ofof easterneastern AustralianAustralian sapphires.sapphires. TheThe problemproblemss experiencedexperienced byby gemmologistsgemmologists anandd GemmologicalGemmological featuresfeatures ofof thesethese rubiesrubies andand sapphiressapphires areare valuersvaluers whenwhen confrontedconfronted withwith a largelarge yelloyelloww sapphiresapphire describeddescribed bbyy thethe author.author. P.G.R.P.G.R. thatthat doesdoes notnot containcontain obviousobvious inclusionsinclusions cancan bebe overcomeovercome bbyy usingusing a testtest procedureprocedure developeddeveloped forfor ideniifyingidentifying flame­flame- GemstoneGemstone occurrencesoccurrences iinn BritishBritish Columbia.Columbia. fusionfusion syntheticsynthetic yellowyellow sapphire.sapphire. TheThe techniquetechnique describeddescribed usedused a NelsoNelsonn M17Ml 7 GemstoneGemstone CoolingCooling UnitUnit whichwhich isis filledfilled B.S.B.S. WILSON.WILSON. Canadian Gemmologist, 18,18,1997 1997,, 7~3.74-83. withwith liquidliquid nitrogennitrogen toto rapidlyrapidly coolcool thethe sapphiresapphire underunder DescriptiveDescriptive listlist ofof thethe gemgem speciesspecies foundfound inin BritishBritish test.test. TheThe gemgem iiss thenthen irradiatedirradiated withwith UV.UV. IfIf thethe sapphiresapphire isis ColumbiaColumbia withwith notesnotes onon thethe volcanivolcanicc rocks,rocks, high-gradehigh-grade a flame-fusionflame-fusion yellowyellow corundumcorundum colouredcoloured byby nickelnickel andand

Sapphires fromfrom thethe AndranondamboAndranondambo mine inin SfSE Madagascar:Madagascar: evidence evidence for for metasomatic metasomatic skarn skarn formation formation chromiumchromium thisthis produceproducess a fluorescentfluorescent lineline atat 693.5693.5 nmnm ThreeThree native-cunative-cutt purplepurple sapphiressapphires supposedlysupposedly frofromm aa (not(not visiblvisiblee atat roomroom temperaturetemperature)) inin thethe gem'sgem's visiblevisible neneww localitylocality iinn AfghanistanAfghanistan werweree foundfound ttoo bbee synthetic.synthetic. absorptionabsorption spectrum.spectrum. InIn additioadditionn ttoo thisthis spectroscopicspectroscopic SinceSince 19951995 newnew colourcolourss ofof GGGGGG havhavee becombecomee availableavailable iinn analysis,analysis, detaildetailss areare givengiven ofof other other UVUV fluorescentfluorescent teststests variousvarious shadesshades ofof pink,pink, blueblue,, redred,, lilac,lilac, etcetc.. AlAlll areare easilyeasily whichwhich cacann alsoalso bbee applied.applied. P.G.R.P.G.R. identifiable,identifiable, bubutt thethe blubluee GGGGGG hahadd a mucmuchh lowerlower SGSG thanthan normanormall aass iitt containedcontained calciumcalcium anandd zirconium.zirconium. J.JJ.J.. MeijiMeiji TechnicoTechnico modelmodel GF-252GF-252 refractometer­refractometer- polariscope.polariscope. TairusTairas hydrothermahydrothermall syntheticsynthetic sapphiressapphires dopeddoped T.T. LINTONLINTON,, S.S. SULTMANSULTMAN ANANDD G.G. PETERSPETERS.. AustralianAustralian witwithh nickelnickel anandd chromium.chromium. Gemmologist, 19(12),19(12), 1997,513-14,21997, 513-14,2 illus.illus. inin colour.colour. V.GV.G.. THOMAS,THOMAS, R.IR.l.. MASHKOVTSEV,MASHKOVTSEV, S.ZS.Z.. SMIRNOVSMIRNOV ANDAND V.SV.S.. TwTwoo ooff ththee mostmost oftenoften useusedd gemmologicalgemmological instruments,instruments, MALTSEVMALTSEV.. Gems & Gemology, 33(3),33(3), 1997,1997, 188-202,188-202, 1177 thethe refractometerrefractometer andand thethe polariscopepolariscope,, havehave beenbeen combinedcombined illus.illus. inin colour,colour, 4 tables.tables. together in the same case in the Meiji Technico unit checked together in the same case in the Meiji Technico unit checked Hydrothermally grown synthetic sapphires have been by the GAA Instrument Evaluation Committee. The Hydrothermally grown synthetic sapphires have been by the GAA Instrument Evaluation Committee. The produced for the last forty years, but until recently the internal light source for both the refractometer and the produced for the last forty years, but until recently the internal light source for both the refractometer and the manufacture of blue hydrothermal synthetic sapphires polariscope is a low wattage filament lamp which provides manufacture of blue hydrothermal synthetic sapphires polariscope is a low wattage filament lamp which provides has been unsuccessful due to the uneven colour yellow-rich illumination suitable for the refractometer's has been unsuccessful due to the uneven colour yellow-rich illumination suitable for the refractometer's distributiondistribution withinwithin ththee stones.stones. ThThee researcherresearcherss ooff ththee yellow interference filter. A control at the side of the instru­ yellow interference filter. A control at the side of the instru­ TairusTairus joinjointt venturventuree havehave developeddeveloped ththee technologtechnologyy ttoo ment's case enables the interference filter to be moved out 2+ ment's case enables the interference filter to be moved out overcomeovercome thisthis problemproblem,, byby usingusing nickenickell (Ni2+)) asas a dopantdopant of the refractometer's light path so that an external white of the refractometer's light path so that an external white andand thithiss hahass resulteresultedd inin 'sky''sky' blubluee syntheticsynthetic sapphires.sapphires. light or sodium light can be used as alternative sources of light or sodium light can be used as alternative sources of ThisThis techniqutechniquee hahass alsoalso produceproducedd differendifferentt colouredcoloured illumination. P.G.R. illumination. PG.R. syntheticsynthetic sapphiressapphires bbyy varyingvarying ththee concentrationsconcentrations ooff 2+ 3+ 3 (Nj2+)(Ni ) (Ni3+)) andand chromiumchromium (Cr'+),(Cr *), togethetogetherr witwithh varyingvarying the controls on the oxidation-reduction environment. The Synthetics and Simulants the controls on the oxidation-reduction environment. The HBft^ and i^m authorauthorss givegive detailedetailedd descriptiondescriptionss ooff ththee growinggrowing tech­tech­ niquesniques togethetogetherr withwith ththee materialsmaterials andand methodsmethods used.used. GemGem news.news. SyntheticSynthetic sapphiresapphire growgrownn fromfrom a hydrothermahydrothermall solutionsolution resembles more closely the natural counterparts than M.L.M.L. JOHNSOJOHNSONN ANANDD J.l.J.I. KOIVULA.KOIVULA. Gems & Gemology, 33(2)33(2),, resembles more closely the natural counterparts than 1997,142-52,231997,142-52, 23 illus.illus. iinn colour.colour. woulwouldd corundumcorundum growgrownn bbyy flufluxx oror meltmelt growtgrowthh tech­tech­ niques. There are diagnostic features such as swirl-like AAtt ththee 19961996 DiamonDiamondd ConferencConferencee inin Tours,Tours, France,France, niques. There are diagnostic features such as swirl-like 194194 patterns (common); a red reaction to UV radiation of the oneone ooff ththee topicstopics discusseddiscussed wawass ththee useuse ofof diamonddiamond thinthin patterns (common); a red reaction to UV radiation of the greenish-blue synthetic sapphires due to Cr; crystalline filmsfilms andand theitheirr industrialindustrial usesuses.. AlsAlsoo discusseddiscussed wawass ththee greenish-blue synthetic sapphires due to Cr; crystalline copper inclusions; and five small peaks between 2500 and high pressure/high temperature synthetic mono crystals copper inclusions; and five small peaks between 2500 and high pressure/high temperature synthetic mono crystals 2000 cm-1 in the infrared spectrum. The Ni-doped manufacturedmanufactured inin Japan.Japan. SomSomee havhavee colouredcoloured centrescentres 2000 cm-1 in the infrared spectrum. The Ni-doped synthetic greenish-blue sapphire absorption spectrum causecausedd bbyy cobaltcobalt usedused asas a solvensolventt duringduring growth;growth; thesethese synthetic greenish-blue sapphire absorption spectrum includes three intense bands at 377, 599 and 970 nm and areare yelloyelloww stonesstones typestypes Iblb anandd IaA,IaA, andand showedshowed cobalt­cobalt- includes three intense bands at 377, 599 and 970 nm and two weak bands at 435 and 556 nm. J.J. relatedrelated fluorescence.fluorescence. TheyThey araree alsoalso growngrown withwith phos­phos­ two weak bands at 435 and 556 nm. J.J. phorusphorus forfor electronicelectronic appliances.appliances. ThinThin filmsfilms ofof syntheticsynthetic diamonddiamond havehave beebeenn usedused iinn jewelleryjewellery;; theythey araree trans­trans­ SynthetischSynthetisch 'Phantomquarze','Phantomquarze', 'Herkimer''Herkimer' undund parentparent andand cancan appearappear greygrey duduee toto the th elight light scatteringscattering bestrahltbestrahlte'Rauchquarz'.e 'Rauchquarz'. fromfrom ththee tintinyy diamonddiamond crystals.crystals. S.S. WEISS.WEISS. Lapis, 22(11),1997,38-49,22(11), 1997, 38-49, illusillus.. iinn colour.colour. OnOn examinatioexaminationn inin methylenemethylene iodideiodide ofof a piecpiecee ooff roughrough andand twotwo facetedfaceted stonestoness ofof vanadium-bearingvanadium-bearing AmongAmong specimenspecimenss seenseen atat a recenrecentt GermanyGermany mineralmineral RussianRussian synthetisyntheticc greengreen chrysoberyl,chrysoberyl, showedshowed strongstrong bandsbands fairfair werewere synthetisyntheticc phantomphantom quartquartzz anandd Herkimer-typeHerkimer-type ofof curvedcurved zoning.zoning. A cat's-eyecat's-eye effecteffect waswas obtainedobtained frofromm aa crystals,crystals, aass welwelll asas syntheticsynthetic 'rough''rough' quartz.quartz. M.O'D.M.O'D. RussianRussian hydrothermahydrothermall syntheticsynthetic emeraldemerald whewhenn ththee stonestone was cut as a cabochon and the original rough base was was cut as a cabochon and the original rough base was HydrothermaHydrothermall growthgrowth ofof diamonddiamond inin metal-Cmetal-C­- retained.retained. ImitatioImitationn ZambianZambian emeraldemerald crystalscrystals havehave beenbeen H 200 systems.systems. soldsold ttoo ththee unwaryunwary.. TheyThey araree composedcomposed ofof fragmentsfragments ooff 2 quartzquartz crystacrystall gluedglued togethertogether withwith greengreen epoxyepoxy resiresinn andand X.ZX.Z.. ZHAO,ZHAO, R.R. ROYRoy,, K.A.K.A. CHERIANCHERIAN ANANDD AA.. BADZIAN.BADZIAN. Nature,Nature, anotheranother typtypee wawass a quartzquartz crystacrystall coatedcoated inin a bluish-greenbluish-green 385(6616),1997,513-15.385(6616), 1997, 513-15. plastic. All have matrix that covers up the glue and the plastic. All have matrix that covers up the glue and the FroFromm spectroscopicspectroscopic XRDXRD anandd microscopymicroscopy,, evidenceevidence plastic coating. A quench-cracked synthetic ruby had an plastic coating. A quench-cracked synthetic ruby had an suggests that aggregates (tens of mm in size) of diamond extensive fracture system that made it difficult to observe suggests that aggregates (tens of mm in size) of diamond extensive fracture system that made it difficult to observe crystalscrystals cancan bbee growngrown iinn a hydrothermahydrothermall environmentenvironment thethe finfinee VerneuiVerneuill banding.banding. FluFluxx growngrown reredd spinelsspinels fromfrom fromfrom a mixturmixturee ooff C,C, H 200 andand metametall (usuall(usuallyy purepure Ni)Ni).. Russia have been found to contain dendritic inclusions 2 Russia have been found to contain dendritic inclusions NewNew diamondsdiamonds areare distinguisheddistinguished fromfrom ththee diamonddiamond seedsseeds only seen before in the synthetic blue spinels. J.J. only seen before in the synthetic blue spinels. n. addedadded toto nucleatnucleatee ththee neneww growths.growths. ThThee diamondsdiamonds werewere growngrown usinusingg 3 wt.%wt.% powderedpowdered NNii (99.7% pure)pure) withwith GemGem newsnews.. 9595 wt.wt.%% glassglassyy CC,, 2 wt.wt.%% diamonddiamond seedsseeds (0.2(0.255 mm)mm) andand M.L.M.L. JOHNSOJOHNSONN ANANDD J.LJ.I. KOIVULA.KOIVULA. Gems & Gemology, 33(3)33(3),, HHp20 50-10050-100 wt.% ofof thethe glassyglassy C,C, allall sealedsealed inin goldgold tubestubes 1997,220-30,131997, 220-30,13 illus.illus. iinn colour.colour. inin conventionalconventional Roy-TuttleRoy-Tuttle bombs.bombs. R.K.H.R.K.H.

J.J. Gemm., 1998, 26, 3,3,145-208 145-208 Book Reviews

TheThe naturnaturee ofof diamonds.diamonds. throughthrough thethe centuries,centuries, theirtheir valuvaluee iinn EnglisEnglishh literature,literature, diamonddiamond jewellerjewelleryy iinn RussiaRussia,, HollywoodHollywood anandd ththee restrest ooff thethe G.E.G.E. HARLOHARLOWW (ED.),(ED.), 1997.1997. CambridgCambridgee UniversitUniversityy PRESSPRESS,, worldworld,, andand intintoo ththee twentiettwentiethh century.century. Cambridge.Cambridge, pppp x,x, 278.278. HardbacHardbackk £55.00,£55.00, ISBNISBN 0 521521 62083X62083X;; paperbacpaperbackk £19.95,£19.95, 0 521521 629357.62935 7. TheThe finafinall threethree chapterschapters dealdeal witwithh ththee processinprocessingg ooff IInn thithiss comprehensive,comprehensive, large-formatlarge-format bookbook,, publishedpublished diamondsdiamonds frofromm thethe EartEarthh toto fashionedfashioned objectobjectss (Harlow),(Harlow), inin associationassociation witwithh thethe AmericanAmerican MuseumMuseum ofof NaturalNatural diamondsdiamonds aass gemstonegemstoness (Shigley(Shigley andand Moses)Moses) andand thethe History,History, a dozendozen oror moremore expertsexperts onon ththee geology,geology, synthesissynthesis ooff diamonddiamondss andand theirtheir applicationapplicationss iinn modernmodern mineralogy,mineralogy, gemmologygemmology andand social-economisocial-economicc aspectsaspects ooff technologtechnologyy (Collins).(Collins). TheThe productioproductionn figuresfigures areare diamondsdiamonds covercover everyevery facetfacet ooff thithiss mineral.mineral. interesting,interesting, beingbeing 100100 tonstons perper yeayearr (500(500 milliomillionn carats)carats) ooff whichwhich 80%80% isis representerepresentedd byby ththee productioproductionn ofof syntheticsynthetic AfteAfterr anan introductoryintroductory chapter,chapter, ththee naturenature ofof coloucolourr inin diamonddiamond gritgrit foforr industriaindustriall use;use; mineminedd naturanaturall diamondsdiamonds diamondsdiamonds isis discusseddiscussed (E.(E. Fritsch),Fritsch), andand thisthis isis followedfollowed bbyy a amountamount ttoo 100100 milliomillionn caratscarats perper yeayearr ooff whicwhichh 2525 millionmillion chapterchapter onon thethe originorigin ofof diamondsdiamonds andand thethe involvementinvolvement ooff areare useusedd inin ththee gegemm trade.trade. relativelyrelatively coolcool harzburgiteharzburgite keelkeelss atat ththee basebase ofof thethe thickest,thickest, oldestoldest partpartss ofof ththee Earth'Earth'ss crustcrust (M.B.(M.B. Kirkley),Kirkley), laterlater subduc­subduc­ Altogether,Altogether, thisthis iiss a fascinatingfascinating bookbook,, coveringcovering almostalmost allall tion ooff basalticbasaltic oceanicoceanic crustcrust resultinresultingg iinn somesome portionsportions ofof iitt aspectsaspects ooff diamonddiamondss frofromm thethe aestheticaesthetic toto theirtheir possiblepossible useuse adheringadhering toto ththee basebasess ofof thethe continentacontinentall keelkeelss andand recrystal­recrystal- inin supercomputers,supercomputers, andand fromfrom theitheirr discoverdiscoveryy iinn thethe frozenfrozen lizinglizing thertheree asas eclogite.eclogite. TheThe basaltibasalticc crustcrust containedcontained carboncarbon wastewastess ooff SiberiaSiberia ttoo theirtheir synthesissynthesis bbyy chemical-vapourchemical-vapour (some(some ofof organicorganic origin)origin) anandd recrystallizerecrystallizedd asas diamond;diamond; deposition.deposition. TheThe presentatiopresentationn isis excellentexcellent,, witwithh manymany clearclear heatingheating oror fluidfluid infiltratioinfiltrationn ofof thithiss continentalcontinental keelkeel causedcaused diagramsdiagrams anandd sketch-maps.sketch-maps. AlmostAlmost mmyy onlonlyy regreregrett (apart(apart kimberlitekimberlite ttoo form,form, whichwhich undeunderr thethe righrightt conditionsconditions fromfrom thethe mis-labellingmis-labelling ooff platesplates mentionementionedd above)above) isis thatthat ascendedascended rapidlyrapidly toto thethe Earth'sEarth's surface.surface. surprisinglysurprisingly thertheree isis nono mention,mention, eitheeitherr inin thethe chapterchapter onon famoufamouss diamonddiamondss oorr inin thosthosee concerneconcernedd witwithh colourcolour inin AfteAfterr a briebrieff chapterchapter (Harlow(Harlow,, ShatskyShatsky andand Sobolev)Sobolev) diamonds,diamonds, ofof ththee wonderfuwonderfull WilliamsoWilliamsonn 54.5054.50 ctct pinkpink outliningoutlining ththee collisioncollision andand returreturnn ofof ultra-high-pressureultra-high-pressure 195 diamonddiamond (23.60(23.60 ctct afterafter cutting)cutting) presentepresentedd ttoo H.M.H.M. QueenQueen 195 terrains,terrains, permittingpermitting formationformation andand preservatiopreservationn ooff ElizabethElizabeth IIII toto celebratecelebrate herher Coronation.Coronation. RA.H.R.A.H. diamondsdiamonds inin thethe continentalcontinental crust,crust, thertheree isis a detaileddetailed chronologicalchronological andand geographicalgeographical accountaccount ofof thethe discoverydiscovery ofof diamonddiamond sourcessources (Levinson).(Levinson). ThisThis chapterchapter presentspresents GemstoneGemstone buyinbuyingg guide.guide. manymany fascinatingfascinating insightsinsights intointo diamonddiamond production,production, R.R. NEWMAN,NEWMAN, 1998.1998. InternationaInternationall JewelrJewelryy PublicationsPublications,, LosLos firstlyfirstly inin IndiIndiaa whicwhichh waswas ththee solesole sourcesource untiluntil aroundaround AngelesAngeles., pppp 148,148, illusillus.. iinn colourcolour.. SoftcoverSoftcover US$19.95.US$19.95. 1730,1730, whenwhen diamondsdiamonds werewere foundfound inin Brazil;Brazil; thenthen fromfrom ISBNISBN 0 929975929975 2255 1.1. aroundaround 18701870 toto ththee presentpresent day,day, withwith SouthSouth Africa,Africa, Namibia,Namibia, BotswanBotswanaa andand somesome tetenn otherother AfricaAfricann countries,countries, WithWith colourcolour oonn almostalmost everyevery openinopeningg fefeww coulcouldd resistresist followedfollowed bbyy ththee RussiaRussiann kimberlitkimberlitee sourcessources mainlymainly inin thisthis bookbook whetherwhether oror notnot theythey werweree inin ththee gemstongemstonee andand SiberiaSiberia (mining(mining startedstarted inin 1957),1957), ththee AustralianAustralian jewellerjewelleryy tradtradee oror werewere gemmologists.gemmologists. HereHere ththee readerreader isis developmentdevelopment inin ththee lamproitelamproite ooff thethe ArgylArgylee minemine (from(from givengiven allall thethe informatioinformationn neededneeded ttoo showshow ththee customercustomer 1979),1979), China,China, andand currentlycurrently ththee activeactive explorationexploration iinn thethe whatwhat a stonstonee isis,, interestininterestingg factsfacts abouaboutt particulaparticularr speciesspecies LacLac dede GrasGras regioregionn ofof ththee NortNorthh WestWest TerritoriesTerritories ooff andand adviceadvice oonn cleaningcleaning andand conservation.conservation. SomeSome propertiesproperties Canada.Canada. ThisThis accountaccount isis accompaniedaccompanied byby numerousnumerous havehave toto bbee givengiven butbut theythey areare introducedintroduced beforebefore thethe stonesstones productionproduction statistics,statistics, butbut itit isis nonott alwaysalways easyeasy toto comparecompare areare described.described. SincSincee thisthis isis notnot a gegemm testintestingg boobookk butbut anan productionproduction inin termsterms ofof weightweight ooff caratscarats producedproduced witwithh thethe introductionintroduction ttoo appraisinappraisingg gemstones,gemstones, wwee araree shownshown howhow valuevalue ofof diamondsdiamonds mined,mined, thertheree beinbeingg widewide variationsvariations inin toto evaluateevaluate cutscuts,, styles,styles, colour,colour, inclusioninclusionss - allall witwithh a viewview thethe proportionproportionss ofof gem-qualitygem-quality diamondsdiamonds inin thethe differentdifferent toto establishingestablishing a specimenspecimen withiwithinn aann acceptablacceptablee orderorder ooff deposits:deposits: thuthuss inin 19951995 thethe ArgylArgylee minminee produceproducedd aboutabout value,value, asas farfar aass thisthis iiss possible.possible. TreatmentsTreatments,, phenomenalphenomenal 38%38% ooff thethe world'sworld's diamondsdiamonds oonn a weightweight basisbasis,, bubutt onlyonly stonesstones andand synthetisyntheticc stonesstones areare alsalsoo described.described. about 6% on a value basis. about 6% on a value basis. TheThe boobookk shouldshould bbee onon thethe countecounterr oorr byby thethe bedsidbedsidee (or(or SandwicheSandwichedd inin thethe middlemiddle ofof thethe boobookk isis a chapterchapter onon both).both). BeautifullyBeautifully produceproducedd withwith fresfreshh photographsphotographs ooff a thethe world'world'ss greatgreat diamonds,diamonds, bubutt herehere unfortunatelunfortunatelyy twotwo highhigh standard,standard, itit couldcould bebe soldsold ttoo ththee customercustomer alonalongg withwith colourcolour plateplatess havehave beenbeen transposedtransposed relativerelative toto theirtheir legends,legends, theitheirr gemstonegemstone oorr jewellerjewelleryy purchase.purchase. StudentsStudents cacann learnlearn a makingmaking ththee Koh-i-NoorKoh-i-Noor appearappear iinn thethe ImperialImperial StateState Crown!Crown! lotlot fromfrom iitt andand itit woulwouldd makemake anan excellenexcellentt introductionintroduction ttoo a ThisThis iiss followedfollowed bbyy variousvarious chapterschapters outliningoutlining thethe historhistoryy ooff gemmologygemmology course,course, forfor whichwhich aann imaginativimaginativee stimulusstimulus ooff diamondsdiamonds asas gemstones,gemstones, theitheirr placplacee asas regaregall ornamentsornaments thisthis kindkind iiss a pre-requisitepre-requisite.. M.O'D.M.O'D.

© GemmologicalGemmological AssociationAssociation andand GemGem TestingTesting LaboratoryLaboratory ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain ISSNISSN:: 1355-45651355-4565 Proceedings of the Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain and Notices

PHOTOGRAPHIC COMPETITION

The 1998 Photographic Competition on the We are pleased to announce that the prizes theme 'Gems in Fashion' produced an interesting were sponsored by Quadrant Offset Ltd, and the selection of photographs illustrating gem-set GAGTL is most grateful to them for their jewellery typical of many periods. After careful generosity. The prizes were presented and the deliberation by the judges, the prizes have been winning entries exhibited at the Reunion of awarded as follows: Members held on Monday 29 June.

First Prize Third Prize Bob Maurer, FGA, DGA, London John S. Harris, FGA, Cumbria Coral Buddha brooch by Stephen Webster Cameo of peridot set in gold enamel with pearls, 196 (see front cover) 19th century.

Second Prize Petri Tuovinen, FGA, Finland Ear ornament of faceted opal from Lightning Ridge set in 14 carat yellow and white gold. Opal cut by Marita Lempinen, ornament designed and set by Petri Tuovinen

© Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain ISSN: 1355-4565 GIFTSGIFTS TOTO THETHE ASSOCIATIONASSOCIATION TheThe AssociationAssociation isis mostmost gratefulgrateful toto thethe ffollowinollowingg forfor theirtheir giftsgifts forfor researchresearch andand teachingteaching purppurposesoses:: MrsMrs SusanSusan M.M . AnderAnderson on,, Perth,Perth, WA,WA , Australia,Australia, forfor 3333 parcelsparcels ofof variousvarious mineralminera l specimel1sspecimens includingincluding smallsmall opalopal piecespieces andand anan opalopal inin matrix.matrix. MrMr DennisDennis M.CM.C .Chen, Chen ,Taipei, Taipei ,Taiwan, Taiwan ,for for 14 14 pieces piece sof o fcoral cora lof o fdifferent differen tcolours colour sand and three thre ebooks, books , AA ChilleseChinese treasure treasure - the - thecoral coral of Lllcoral ofLucoral MuseulIl, Museum, Wish gems Wish and gems The anrockhoullds.d The rockhounds. MrMr John John R.R .Fillu-bach, Führbach ,Amarillo, Amarillo ,Texas, Texas , USA,USA ,for for samples samples of of thethe current current production production from from Zambia Zambia ofof garnetgarnet (almand(almandineine)) andand amethyst;amethyst; fourfour specimenpecimenss of of oligoclase oligoclase feldspar feldspar (three (three rough rough and and one one cut); cut) ; aa collectioncollection ofof peridotperidot andand relatedrelated mineralmineralss of of variousvarious colours colours from from the the Kilbourne Kilbourne Hole, Hole , Neeww Mexico, Mexico , USA.USA . DrDr U.U .Henn Henn andand DrDr C C .Milisenda, Milisenda ,Deutsche Deutsche Gemmologische Gemmologische Ausbildugszentrum Ausbildugszentrum, ,!dar-Oberstein, Idar-Oberstein , Germany,Germany, forfor twotwo piecespieces ofof dianitedianite (potassium(potassium richterite,richterite, albitealbite andand augite).augite). MrMr JohnJohn KesKessler ler,, London,London, forfor emeraemeraldldss (10.42(10.42 ct)ct) fromfrom aa newnew andand aa s yetyet undisc10undisclose edd sourcesource inin Brazil.Brazil . MrMr KamelKame l Kothari,Kothari ,Jaipu Jaipur.r, ,India, India ,for for fourfour eme emeraldsralds, ,six six rough rough sapphires sapphires and and 17 17 rough rough rubies rubies. . MrMr JanJan SluisSluis,, Rotterdam,Rotterdam, TheThe Netherlandsetherlands,, forfor 132132 stonesstones includingincluding beryl,beryl , moonstonemoonstone, , quartz,quartz , topaz,topaz, turquoiseturquoise andand syntheticsynthetic sapphire.sapphire. ThomsonThomson (Gems)(Gems) Ltd.,Ltd., London,London, forfor 176176 onyxonyx cabochonscabochons thatthat hadhad faded.faded . Mrs J. M. Ward, FGAA, We t Perth, WA, Australia, for the book The Lure of the pearl by B. Aquilina Mrs J. M. Ward, FGAA, West Perth, WA, Australia, for the book The Lure of the pearl by B. Aquilina 197 and W. Reed, presented by the authors through Joyce Ward. and W. Reed, presented by the authors through Joyce Ward. 197

OBITUAROBITUARYY LondoLondonn MrMrss TuijTuijaa NurminenNurminen,, FGFGAA (D.1985),(D.1985), HelsinkiHelsinki,, OOnn 2222 ApriAprill 19981998 aatt ththee GeGemm TutoriaTutoriall CentreCentre,, FinlandFinland,, diediedd oonn 2244 JanuaryJanuary 1998.1998. 2277 GrevillGrevillee StreetStreet,, LondoLondonn EC1EClNN 8SU,8SU, ChristianneChristianne DouglaDouglass gavgavee a taltalkk entitleentitledd Pearls -- aa fashion fashion opportunity. MEMBERSMEMBERS'' MEETINGMEETINGSS OOnn 1313 MaMayy aatt ththee GeGemm TutoriaTutoriall CentreCentre TripTripss anandd TourTourss DDrr RogeRogerr HardinHardingg exhibiteexhibitedd anandd describedescribedd somsomee ThThee fourtfourthh GAGTGAGTLL tritripp ttoo Idar-OberIdar-Obersteinstein,, ooff ththee rarraree anandd interestininterestingg specimenspecimenss containecontainedd iinn GermanyGermany,, was helheldd frofromm 1199 ttoo 2255 AprilApril.. ThThee grougroupp ththee gegemm anandd mineraminerall collectioncollectionss donatedonatedd ttoo ththee enjoyeenjoyedd tourtourss ooff museums,, workshopsworkshops,, AssociatioAssociationn oveover ththee yearsyears.. showroomshowroomss anandd a minemine,, aass welwelll aass a visivisitt ttoo ththee ThThee AnnuaAnnuall GeneraGenerall MeetinMeetingg wawass helheldd oonn GermaGermann GemmologicaGemmologicall AssociationAssociation.. A fulfulll reporreportt MondaMondayy 2299 JuneJune,, followefollowedd bbyy ththee ReunioReunionn ooff wawass publishepublishedd iinn ththee JunJunee issuissuee ooff Gem andand MemberMemberss anandd a BrinBringg anandd BuBuyy SaleSale.. A fulfulll reporreportt Jewellery News. News. wilwilll appeaappearr iinn ththee OctobeOctoberr issuissuee ooff ththee Journal. A tritripp ttoo ScotlanScotlandd wawass helheldd durinduringg ththee weekenweekendd ooff 2299 ttoo 3311 MayMay.. ThThee eveneventt includeincludedd a MidlandMidlandss BrancBranchh toutourr ooff ththee mineraminerall anandd gegemm galleriegalleriess aatt ththee NationaNationall MuseumMuseumss ooff ScotlandScotland,, Edinburgh,Edinburgh, OOnn 1199 ApriAprill ththee subjecsubjectt foforr ththee GeGemm CluClubb wawass followefollowedd bbyy a lecturlecturee bbyy BriaBriann JacksoJacksonn oonn Bragging piecpieceses - -collectors' collectors' stones. stones. The Th daye da gavey gav e ththee gemstonegemstoness ooff Scotland,, anandd a fielfieldd tritripp membermemberss aann insighinsightt intintoo gemmologgemmologyy iinn practice;; ttoo ththee CampsiCampsiee FellFellss wherwheree attractivattractivee jaspejasperr keekeenn observations,, fefeww instrumentinstrumentss anandd a founfountt ooff anandd quartquartzz wawass foundfound.. A reporreportt wilwilll bbee knowledgeknowledge.. publishepublishedd iinn ththee SeptembeSeptemberr issuissuee ooff GemGem andand OOnn 2244 ApriAprill aatt ththee DiscoverDiscoveryy CentreCentre,, 77 VysVysee Jewellery News. News. StreetStreet,, BirminghamBirmingham,, ththee AnnuaAnnuall GeneraGenerall MeetinMeetingg

ProceedingsProceedings and Notices FORTHCOMINGFORTHCOMING EVENTSEVENTS 1616 September NortNorthh WestWest BBranchranch.. GemGem collection with anecdotesanecdotes.. JohnJohn PykePyke SnrSnr..

3 October TradeTrade Dinner.Dinner. ToTo be hheleldd atat tthhe CafeCafé RRoyaloyal,, RRegenegentt StreeStreett,, LoLondonndon.. GGuesuestt speaker:: GeoffreGeoffreyy C.C. MwMunnUl. 2211 October NortNorthh WesWestt BranchBranch.. SilveSilversmitrsmith ofof WillWilliamsburiamsburgg 1780.1780. MaMartirtinn ConnaConnardrd. .

1 NovemberNovember AnnuaAnnuall ConConferenceference. GemsGems inin JJewelleryewellery.. ToTo bbee heldheld atat tthhee BBarbicaarbicann CeCentrentre, , LondonLondon. A fullfull programmprogramme ofof lectures,lectures, ddemonstrationemonstrations andand dispdisplaylayss isis beingbeing planneplmUledd anandd fulfu lll detaildetailss wilwilll be publishepublishedd in thethe SeptemberSeptember ississuuee ofof GGemem and and JewelleryJewellen) N News.ews.

2 NovembeNovemberr Tours ooff jewellerjewelleryy andand gemgemstonstonee gallgallerieeriess atat twotwo LLondoondonn mumuseumsseums.. 18 November orth West Branch. Annual General Meeting. 18 November North West Branch. Annual General Meeting. For further information on the above events contact: For further information on the above events contact: London and Trips: Mary Burland on 01714043334 London and Trips: Mary Burland on 0171 404 3334 Midlands Branch: Gwyn Green on 0121 445 5359 Midlands Branch: Gwyn Green on 0121 445 5359 North West Branch: Deanna Brady on 0151 648 4266 North West Branch: Deanna Brady on 0151 648 4266 Scottish Branch: Joa nJ1 a Thomson on 01721 722936 Scottish Branch: Joanna Thomson on 01721 722936 GAGTL WEB SITE GAGTL WEB SITE 198 For up-to-the-minute information on GAGTL events and workshops 198 For up-to-the-minutvisit oure informatioweb site onn www.gagtl.ac.uklgagtlon GAGTL events and workshops visit our web site on www.gagtLac.uk/gagtl

ofof thethe BranchBranch waswas helheldd atat whichwhich DavidDavid Larcher,Larcher, TheThe AnnualAnnual GeneralGeneral MeetingMeeting andand ConferenceConference GwynGwyn Green,Green, ElizabethElizabeth GoslingGosling andand StephenStephen ofof thethe ScottishScottish BranchBranch was heldheld aatt PeeblePeebless fromfrom 8 AlabasterAlabaster werewere re-electere-electedd President,President, Chairman,Chairman, ttoo 1010 May.May. AtAt thethe AGMAGM AlanAlan HodgkinsonHodgkinson,, BriaBriann SecretarySecretary andand TreasurerTreasurer respectivelyrespectively.. A President'sPresident's JacksonJackson andand GillianGillian O'BrienO'Brien werweree re-electedre-elected jewejewell hadhad beebeenn commissionedcommissioned duringduring thethe yearyear andand President,President, ChairmanChairman andand TreasurerTreasurer respectively,respectively, wawass presentedpresented toto ththee President.President. TheThe AGMAGM was andand CatrionaCatriona McInnesMclnnes waswas electedelected SecretarySecretary.. A followedfollowed byby A mosaic of of gemmological gemmological tessera. tessera. reportreport ofof thethe ConferenceConference willwill appeaappearr iinn thethe SeptemberSeptember issueissue ofof Gem and and Jewellery Jewellery News. News. Pre-examinationPre-examination seminarsseminars forfor DiplomaDiploma andand PreliminarPreliminaryy studentsstudents werewere heldheld onon 2626 AprilApril andand OnOn 7 JuneJune a triptrip was arrangedarranged ttoo RubRubyy BaBayy ttoo 3 MayMay respectively.respectively. collectcollect thethe garnets ofof thethe areaarea knowknownn asas 'Elie'Elie BaBayy rubies'.rubies'.

NorthNorth WesWestt BrancBranchh ANNUALANNUAL REPORREPORTT OnOn 2020 MayMay atat ChurchChurch House,House, HanoverHanover Street,Street, TheThe followingfollowing isis thethe reporreportt ooff ththee CouncilCouncil ooff LiverpooLiverpooll 1,1, BrianBrian DunnDunn ofof Garrard's,Garrard's, London,London, ManagementManagement ofof thethe GemmologicalGemmological AssociationAssociation gavegave a talktalk entitledentitled Time-bomb oror fun? fun? whichwhic h andand GemGem TestingTesting LaboratoryLaboratory ooff GreaGreatt BritaiBritainn forfor includedincluded adviceadvice onon hohoww toto avoidavoid 'time'time bombs'bombs' 1997.1997. whenwhen valuingvaluing watcheswatches.. TheThe GemmologicalGemmological AssociationAssociation anandd GemGem TestingTesting LaboratoryLaboratory ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain (GAGTL)(GAGTL) iiss a Scottish Branch companycompany limitedlimited byby guaranteeguarantee andand iiss governedgoverned bbyy Scottish Branch ththee CouncilCouncil ofof Management.Management. ThThee President,President, OnOn 2929 MarchMarch aa visitvisit toto thethe CreetownCreetown GemGem RockRock ProfessorProfessor RA.R.A. Howie,Howie, andand thethe VicVicee PresidentsPresidents MuseumMuseum waswas arranged.arranged. E.E. Bruton,Bruton, A.E.A.E. Farn,Farn, D.G.D.G. KentKent andand R.KRK.. MitchellMitchell,,

J.J. Gemm., 1998, 26, 3, 196-203196-203 continuedcontinued inin officeoffice andand ththee companycompany alsoalso benefitsbenefits AAtt thethe PresentationPresentation ofof AwardAwardss heldheld inin greatlygreatly frofromm ththee contributionscontributions ofof ththee Members'Members7 Goldsmiths'Goldsmiths' HalHalll ththee guestguest ofof honouhonourr waswas Council,Council, ththee TradeTrade LiaisonLiaison CommitteeCommittee andand thethe ProfessoProfessorr ChenChen ZhonghuZhonghuii ofof WuhanWuhan University,University, BoardBoard ooff Examiners.Examiners. DrDr G.G. HarrisonHarrison JonesJones accompaniedaccompanied bbyy hishis wife,wife, ProfessorProfessor YaYann Weixuan.Weixuan. continuedcontinued asas chairmanchairman ooff thethe BoardBoard ofof Examiners,Examiners, ProfessoProfessorr ChenChen presentedpresented thethe diplomasdiplomas andand prizesprizes andand DrDr M.M. NewtoNewtonn waswas appointeappointedd toto strengthenstrengthen ttoo successfulsuccessful candidatescandidates fromfrom ninenine countriescountries andand thethe diamonddiamond examinationexamination team.team. C.C. WinterWinter thethenn handedhanded overover ttoo EriEricc BrutonBruton ttoo makmakee ththee firstfirst continuedcontinued toto chairchair ththee Members'Members' Council;Council; presentatiopresentationn ofof thethe BrutonBruton Medal,Medal, struckstruck inin hishis K.K. PentoPentonn andand I.I. RobertsRoberts retiredretired fromfrom ththee CouncilCouncil honourhonour.. TheThe medamedall wawass awardeawardedd ttoo MMss RR.. TsanTsangg ooff andand thankthankss areare duedue toto thethemm forfor theitheirr contributionscontributions HonHongg KonKon forfor excellenceexcellence inin diamonddiamond studies.studies. overover thethe paspastt fourfour andand sevenseven yearsyears respectively.respectively. FurtherFurther improvementsimprovements ttoo thethe PreliminaryPreliminary D.D. GannGann completedcompleted hihiss two-yeartwo-year tertermm asas coursecourse notesnotes werewere completecompletedd iinn MaMayy andand chairmanchairman ofof thethe TradeTrade LiaisoLiaisonn CommitteeCommittee andand translationstranslations havhavee beenbeen mademade intointo ChinesChinesee andand T.M.J.T.M.J. DavidsoDavidsonn waswas electedelected toto ththee positionposition withwith Swedish.Swedish. DevelopmentDevelopment continuedcontinued ooff DiplomaDiploma J.J. MonnickendaMonnickendamm electedelected Vice-Chairman.Vice-Chairman. supplementssupplements priorprior toto productioproductionn ofof a newnew Overall,Overall, thethe GAGTLGAGTL cacann reportreport a financiallyfinancially DiplomDiplomaa coursecourse andand practicapracticall manual.manual. NeNeww AlliedAllied betterbetter yeayearr inin 19971997 thathann 1996.1996. CarefulCareful monitoringmonitoring TeachingTeaching CentresCentres (ATCs)(ATCs) havehave startedstarted iinn SingaporeSingapore ofof expenditure,expenditure, introductionintroduction ofof neneww coursescourses andand andand TaipeiTaipei andand whilstwhilst gemmologgemmologyy taughtaughtt atat somesome somesome harhardd earnedearned ordersorders inin GemmologicalGemmological UKUK collegescolleges hahass declined,declined, otherother centrecentress areare active.active. InstrumentsInstruments Ltd,Ltd, havhavee contributedcontributed ttoo a gratifyinggratifying A fullfull programmeprogramme ofof tutorials,tutorials, practicalpractical increaseincrease iinn turnoverturnover anandd reserves.reserves. IInn thethe workshopsworkshops andand updateupdate coursescourses wawass conductedconducted atat thethe laboratory,laboratory, continuedcontinued investmeninvestmentt inin promotiopromotionn ooff GemGem TutorialTutorial CentreCentre andand therethere werewere moremore enquiriesenquiries ththee LondoLondonn DiamondDiamond ReportReport isis runninrunningg parallelparallel forfor personalpersonal tuitiontuition andand instructioninstruction thathann previously.previously. withwith a 2288 peperr centcent increaseincrease inin revenurevenuee forfor TravellingTravelling tutorialstutorials werweree heldheld inin Chicago,Chicago, USA,USA, diamonddiamond grading.grading. ThisThis contrastcontrastss withwith a lessless Sweden,Sweden, andand atat citiescities iinn ththee UKUK,, includingincluding thethe EarlsEarls financiallyfinancially rewardingrewarding positiopositionn forfor colouredcoloured CourtCourt InternationalInternational JewellerJewelleryy Show.Show. stonesstones andand pearlspearls andand effortsefforts toto improveimprove thisthis situ­situ­ TheThe springspring toutourr ttoo Idar-ObersteinIdar-Oberstein hashas nownow ationation areare iinn hand.hand. becomebecome anan annualannual featurfeaturee - againagain veryvery successful­successful - 199199 TheThe nine-monthnine-month diplomadiploma inin gemmologygemmology andand inin SeptemberSeptember 1212 participantparticipantss ventureventuredd eveneven coursecourse continuescontinues toto thrivthrivee witwithh a fulfulll complementcomplement furtherfurther afieldafield toto KenyKenyaa andand TanzaniaTanzania forfor a havinhavingg startedstarted inin September.September. A newnew four-monthfour-month fourteen-dayfourteen-day conductedconducted tourtour ofof gemgem sites.sites. GemGem DiamondDiamond DiplomDiplomaa coursecourse startedstarted inin OctoberOctober ThThee FederationFederation foforr EuropeanEuropean EducationEducation inin withwith 1818 studentsstudents andand ththee classesclasses inin ththee expandedexpanded GemmologyGemmology (FEEG)(FEEG) examinationsexaminations werweree heldheld forfor eveningevening programmprogrammee araree nearlnearlyy fullfull.. NewNew thethe firsfirstt timetime inin BritainBritain aatt thethe GemGem TutorialTutorial Centre;Centre; correspondencecorrespondence coursecourse tutorialstutorials havehave startedstarted thethe candidatescandidates thatthat passepassedd areare nonoww entitledentitled toto callcall successfullysuccessfully drawingdrawing studentsstudents fromfrom overseasoverseas asas themselvesthemselves EuropeaEuropeann GemmologisGemmologistt (EG).(EG). welwelll asas ththee UKUK ttoo practispractisee observationobservation andand TheThe newnew GAGTLGAGTL websitwebsitee waswas establisheestablishedd inin instrumentalinstrumental measurementmeasurementss onon gemsgems andand MayMay andand byby thethe endend ofof thethe yeayearr hadhad beebeenn visitedvisited improveimprove theirtheir examinationexamination technique.technique. BothBoth mormoree thanthan 3030 000000 timestimes (www.gagtl.ac.uk/gagtl).(www.gagtl.ac.uk/gagtl). educationeducation andand laboratorylaboratory staffstaff areare involvedinvolved inin LaboratorLaboratoryy staffstaff continuedcontinued toto provideprovide a veryvery practicapracticall tuitiotuitionn inin daytimedaytime andand eveningevening classes.classes. professionaprofessionall serviceservice iinn diamonddiamond gradinggrading andand inin TheThe examexam entriesentries iinn 19971997 werweree 1616 perper centcent gegemm anandd pearpearll identificationidentification.. ThThee numbenumberr ooff downdown oonn thethe 19961996 figurefigure,, atat firstfirst sightsight LondoLondonn DiamondDiamond ReportReportss increasedincreased inin 19971997 disappointingdisappointing butbut overover 2200 yearyearss suchsuch figuresfigures havehave comparedcompared withwith 1996,1996, andand CIBJOCIBJO DiamondsDiamonds fluctuatedfluctuated markedlymarkedly andand thertheree werweree signssigns ofof a ReportReportss continuedcontinued toto makemake upup aboutabout 2020 peperr centcent ooff recoverrecoveryy foforr thethe 19981998 examinations.examinations. TheThe TullyTully gradingradingg activity.activity. IInn colourecolouredd stones,stones, ththee patterpatternn ooff MedalMedal forfor 19971997 wawass awardedawarded toto MMss LiLi LipingLiping ooff workwork waswas broadlbroadlyy similarsimilar ttoo thatthat ofof 1996,1996, withwith Wuhan,Wuhan, PeoplesPeoples RepubliRepublicc ofof China,China, whowho alsoalso increaseincreasess iinn colouredcoloured diamonddiamondss andand treatetreatedd rubiesrubies receivereceivedd ththee Anderson-BankAnderson-Bank Prize.Prize. TheThe DiplomaDiploma andand a decreasedecrease iinn emeraldemeraldss reportedreported onon.. PearlPearl TradeTrade PrizPrizee wentwent toto MMss M.IM.1.. GarlandGarland ofof London,London, testintestingg waswas downdown comparecomparedd withwith 19961996 bubutt therethere Ontario,Ontario, CanadaCanada,, thethe AndersonAnderson MedalMedal foforr thethe areare aann increasingincreasing numbenumberr ofof pearlspearls whoswhosee naturalnatural bestbest candidatecandidate inin thethe PreliminarPreliminaryy ExaminationExamination oror culturedcultured originorigin iiss difficuldifficultt toto determine.determine. WorkWork wawass awardedawarded toto MissMiss M.Y.M.V. NNgg ofof London,London, andand thethe witwithh tradingtrading standardsstandards organizationsorganizations waswas PreliminaryPreliminary TradeTrade PrizPrizee wenwentt toto MrMr S.R.S.R. MillardMillard continuedcontinued botbothh inin thethe laboratorlaboratoryy andand iinn thethe highhigh ofof Corsham,Corsham, Wiltshire.Wiltshire. street.street. TwTwoo visitvisitss werweree madmadee toto differentdifferent regionregionss toto

Proceedings of the Gemmological AssociationAssociation andand GemGem TestingTesting LaboratoryLaboratory ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain andand NoticesNotices toutourr areasareas witwithh a concentrationconcentration ofof jewellerjewellerss andand DuringDuring ththee yearyear,, sixteensixteen paperspapers werewere publishedpublished surveysurvey thethe descriptionsdescriptions ofof theirtheir displayeddisplayed goods.goods. inin thethe Journal of Gemmology, withwith suchsuch topicstopics asas WhereWhere incorrectincorrect oror insufficientinsufficient labelslabels werewere colourcolour changechange effects,effects, RamanRaman microscopy,microscopy, NewNew encountered,encountered, discussionsdiscussions werewere heldheld withwith thethe jewellerjeweller ZealandZealand copalcopal resin,resin, marcasitemarcasite,, andand a historyhistory ofof toto improveimprove thethe informatioinformationn availableavailable toto ththee public.public. syntheticsynthetic gems.gems. TotalsTotals ofof 191191 abstractsabstracts andand 4848 bookbook TheThe TradeTrade LuncheonLuncheon waswas againagain a successsuccess atat thethe reviewsreviews werewere produceproducedd andand CouncilCouncil wouldwould LanghamLangham HiltonHilton Hotel,Hotel, wherewhere membersmembers andand guestsguests particularlparticularlyy likelike toto thanthankk thethe AssistantAssistant andand werewere addressedaddressed byby MrMr R.R. Buchanan-Dunlop,Buchanan-Dunlop, CBE,CBE, AssociateAssociate editorseditors forfor theirtheir generousgenerous helphelp inin ClerkClerk ofof thethe WorshipfulWorshipful CompanyCompany ofof Goldsmiths.Goldsmiths. maintaininmaintainingg thethe highighh standardsstandards ofof thethe Journal. TheThe Overall,Overall, membershipmembership increasedincreased toto 36736733 - smallsmall designdesign ofof thethe JournalJournal hashas beenbeen activelyactively developeddeveloped decreasesdecreases inin directdirect subscriberssubscribers andand laboratorylaboratory whilwhilee costscosts ofof productionproduction havhavee beenbeen keptkept steady.steady. membermembersHETHETs KASTEELwerewerKASTEELe counteredcountered bbyy encouragingencouraging FourFour issuesissues ofof Gem and Jewellery News werewere recruitmentrecruitment ofof ordinaryordinary membersmembers andand laboratorylaboratory publishepublishedd duringduring thethe yeayearr - ththee firstfirst highlightinghighlighting members.members. AtAt ouourr branchesbranches inin Birmingham,Birmingham, thethe newnew equipmentequipment developeddeveloped byby DeDe BeersBeers toto LiverpoolLiverpool andand Edinburgh,Edinburgh, andand inin ouourr LondonLondon countercounter anyany difficultiesdifficulties causedcaused byby syntheticsynthetic centre,centre, variedvaried programmeprogrammess ofof seminars,seminars, lectures,lectures, diamonds.diamonds. TheThe GAGTL'sGAGTL's newnew websitewebsite waswas updateupdate coursescourses andand fieldfield tripstrips coveredcovered a widewide outlinedoutlined inin thethe JuneJune issue.issue. MeanwhileMeanwhile discussionsdiscussions rangerange ofof topicstopics.. SadlySadly a stalwartstalwart ooff thethe NortNorthh WestWest aboutabout a newnew designdesign werewere underunder wawayy andand VolumeVolume 7 Branch,Branch, JoeJoe Azzopardi,Azzopardi, dieddied inin 19971997 andand wewe missmiss No.1No. 1 publishedpublished beforebefore ChristmasChristmas waswas thethe firstfirst hihiss enthusiasm.enthusiasm. TheThe membermemberss againagain provideprovidedd a issueissue withwith thethe freshfresh image.image. widwidee rangerange ofof entriesentries onon ththee themthemee Collectors' Gems GemmologicalGemmological InstrumentsInstruments LtLtdd isis a whollywholly forfor ththee 19971997 PhotographicPhotographic Competition.Competition. TheThe ownedowned subsidiarysubsidiary ofof thethe GAGTL.GAGTL. InIn 19971997 salessales ofof 7 winnerswinners' namesnames andand theitheirr entriesentries werewere publishedpublished instruments,instruments, booksbooks andand students'students' stonesstones allall inin ththee JournalJournal ofof GemmologyGemmology andand additionaladditional increasedincreased overover 19961996 levelslevels andand thethe turnoverturnover waswas imagesimages werewere selectedselected forfor thethe 19981998 calendarcalendar - againagain enhancedenhanced byby twotwo particularlyparticularly largelarge orders.orders. TheThe designeddesigned byby RodRod ColemanColeman ofof QuadrantQuadrant OffsetOffset Ltd.Ltd. newnew dichroscopedichroscope forfor studentsstudents launchedlaunched inin 19961996 isis TheThe AnnualAnnual ConferenceConference waswas heldheld forfor thethe firstfirst sellingselling well.well. ItsIts designdesign isis similarsimilar toto thatthat ofof thethe 200200 timetime atat thethe BarbicanBarbican CentreCentre inin London.London. TheThe themetheme ChelseaChelsea ColourColour FilterFilter (CCF)(CCF) andand marksmarks thethe waswas Collectors' Gems andand thethe speakersspeakers werewere LudekLudek continuingcontinuing commitmentcommitment toto developdevelop andand supplysupply HubrHubrtt (Prague),(Prague), MonicaMonica PricePrice (Oxford),(Oxford), DavidDavid practicalpractical affordableaffordable gemgem testingtesting instruments.instruments. TheThe ThomasThomas (London),(London), LisbetLisbet ThoresenThoresen (Los(Los Angeles),Angeles), goodgood resultresultss inin GIGI 'LtdLtd areare a resultresult ofof staffstaff GabiGabi TolkowskTolkowskyy (Antwerp)(Antwerp) andand EleniEleni VassilikaVassilika commitmentcommitment andand professionalismprofessionalism andand itit isis a (Cambridge).(Cambridge). EachEach presentedpresented theirtheir individuaindividuall viewsviews pleasurpleasuree ttoo reportreport thatthat nonoww thethe companycompany isis a ofof importantimportant aspectsaspects ofof collectionscollections oror collectors'collectors' significantsignificant contributorcontributor toto GAGTLGAGTL finances.finances. stones to an audience of over 120 from 18 different stones to an audience of over 120 from 18 different TheThe GAGTLGAGTL waswas representerepresentedd atat thethe CIBJOCIBJO countries. Some delegates combined their visit with countries. Some delegates combined their visit with conferenceconference inin LasLas VegaVegass andand onon thethe committeecommittee attendance at a symposium on Cartier organized attendance at a symposium on Cartier organized examiningexamining nomenclaturnomenclaturee forfor a revisedrevised Blue Book ooff jointly by the Society of Jewellery Historians and the jointly by the Society of Jewellery Historians and the standarstandardd termtermss andand policypolicy statements.statements. TheThe British Museum held the previous day British Museum held the previous day. AssociatioAssociationn waswas alsoalso representedrepresented atat thethe biennialbiennial MidwayMidway throughthrough thethe year,year, CouncilCouncil waswas veryvery InternationalInternational GemmologicalGemmological ConferenceConference heldheld inin pleasantlpleasantlyy surprisedsurprised byby newsnews ofof a bequestbequest fromfrom Idar-ObersteinIdar-Oberstein,, Germany.Germany. MrMrss JeanneJeanne MaudMaud HerbertHerbert Towers,Towers, daughterdaughter ooff TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof ManagementManagement wouldwould likelike toto G.F.G.E Herbert-SmithHerbert-Smith,, a pastpast PresidentPresident ofof thethe thankthank allall thethe staff,staff, thethe CommitteeCommittee andand CouncilCouncil AssociationAssociation.. ItIt wawass decidedecidedd ttoo useuse thithiss moneymoney toto members,members, andand thethe helpershelpers inin thethe educationeducation andand inaugurateinaugurate a propertyproperty fundfund witwithh ththee ultimatultimatee aimaim collectionscollections spheresspheres whowho havehave workedworked soso hardhard toto ofof buyingbuying a building.building. CouncilCouncil wouldwould alsoalso likelike toto makemake thethe gemmologygemmology scenescene interestinginteresting andand thanthankk allall thosethose benefactorbenefactorss ooff gems,gems, instruments,instruments, successful.successful. booksbooks andand documentsdocuments forfor theirtheir generosity,generosity, enthusiasmenthusiasm andand supportsupport forfor thethe aimsaims andand well­well- beinbeingg ofof ththee GAGTL.GAGTL. DonationDonationss havehave comecome inin fromfrom MEETINGSMEETINGS OFOF THETHE COUNCILCOUNCIL allall overover thethe worldworld andand checkingchecking andand curationcuration forfor OF MANAGEMENT entryentry onon a databasedatabase isis goinggoing ahead.ahead. DetailsDetails ofof thethe OF MANAGEMENT bookbookss inin ththee GAGTLGAGTL librarylibrary havhavee nonoww beenbeen AtAt a meetingmeeting ofof ththee CounciCouncill ofof ManagementManagement heldheld enteredentered onon a databasedatabase andand CouncilCouncil wouldwould likelike toto atat 2727 GrevilleGreville Street,Street, LondonLondon ECINEC1N 8SU,8SU, onon thankthank M.J.M.J. O'DonoghueO'Donoghue whowho hashas broughtbrought allall hishis 2525 MarchMarch 19981998 thethe businessbusiness transactedtransacted includedincluded skillskill andand experienceexperience toto carryingcarrying outout thisthis task.task. ththee electionelection ofof ththee following:following:

J.J. Gemm., 1998, 26,26,3,196-203 3,196-203 GEMGEM TUTORIALTUTORIAL CENTRECENTRE 2727 GrevilleGreville Street,Street, LondonLondon EC1NEC1N 8SU8SU

AA COLOURFULCOLOURFUL DAYDAY 1616 September September AA rainbowrainbow ofof opporhll1ityopportunity --Why Why andand howhow dodo wewe see see colour colour in in gemstones? gemstones? AA dayday spentspent lookinglooking atat thethe usesuses and and importanceimportance ofof colourcolour in in gems. gems . ThisThis isis thethe idealideal workshopworkshop forfor bothboth studentsstudents andand enthenthusiastsusiasts. . PricePrice £42.55 £42.55 + VAT+ VAT (£50.00) (£50.00) - includes - includes a sandwich a sandwich lunch lunch

DIAMONDSDIAMONDS TODAYTODAY 77 October October AA valuablevaluable andand concentratedconcentrated looklook at at all al laspects aspects of of diamonds:diamonds :rough rough and and cutcut st stonesones, , treatedtreated (laser(laser drilleddrilled andand filled),filled) ,synthetic synthetic andand imitationimitation materials. materials . PricePrice £104 £104 + +VAT VAT (£122.20) (£122.20) - includes - includes a sandw a sandwichich lunch lunch

EVERYDAYEVERYDAY LIFELIFE -- TREATMENTSTREATMENTS ANDAND SYNTHETICSSYNTHETICS 2828 October October ThisThis one-dayone-day courcourssee will will look look at at thethe synthetic, synthetic ,imitation imitation andand treatedtreated materialsmaterials encountered in the jewellery trade today. The course will concentrate on emerald, ruby, encountered in the jewellery trade today. The course will concentrate on emerald, ruby, 201 sapphire and diamond, emphasizing observation tedmiques. 201 sapphire and diamond, emphasizing observation techniques. Price £80 + VAT (£94.00) - includes a sandwich IlInch Price £80 + VAT (£94.00) - includes a sandwich lunch STUDENT WORKSHOPS STUDENT WORKSHOPS Preliminary Workshop 21 October Preliminary Workshop 21 October Preliminary Theory Review 9 ovember Preliminary Theory Review 9 November Three-day Preliminary Workshop 9 to 11 ovember Three-day Preliminary Workshop 9 to 11 November Diploma Theory Review 23 November Diploma Theory Review 23 November Four-day Diploma Workshop 23 to 26 November Four-day Diploma Workshop 23 to 26 November Weekend Diamond Grading Revision 12 and 13 December Weekend Diamond Grading Revision 12 and 13 December Two-day Diploma Practical Workshop 9 and 10 January 1999 Two-day Diploma Practical Workshop 9 and 10 January 1999 For further details contact the GAGTL Education Department FoTel:r furthe +44 (0)171r detail 4043334s contac t the GAGTFax:L Educatio +44 (0)171n Departmen404 8843 t Tel: +44 (0)171 404 3334 Fax: +44 (0)171 404 8843

DiamondDiamond MembershipMembership (DGA)(DGA) DiamondDiamond MembershipMembership andand Balzan,Balzan, CortneCortneyy G.,G., Fairfax,Fairfax, Calif.,Calif., USAUSA.. 19981998 FellowshipFellowship (FGNDGA)(FGA/DGA) TangTang YuYunn HingHing,, FrancesFrances,, NeNeww Territories,Territories, HongHong Allardyce,AUardyce, TonyTony,, Birchington,Birchington, KentKent.. 1970/19711970/1971 Kong.Kong. 19919988 Hepburn,Hepburn, JohnJohn AlexanderAlexander,, Orpington,Orpington, Kent.Kent. WongWong TiTi YinYin,, Heather,Heather, HongHong Kong.Kong. 19919988 1986/19871986/1987

Proceedings and Notices FellowshipFellowship (FGA(FGA)) TransfersTransfers fromfrom OrdinaryOrdinary Anderson,Anderson, ElizabethElizabeth A.A,, Peacehaven,Peacehaven, EastEast Sussex.Sussex. MembershipMembership toto DGADGA 19981998 Gandhi,Gandhi, AmarAmar AA,A.A., Stanmore,Stanmore, Middlesex.Middlesex. 19981998 LiaoLiao Yang,Yang, Guilin,Guilin, Guangxi,Guangxi, P.R.RR. China.China. 19919977 Kemp,Kemp, MargaretMargaret A,A., Backwell,Backwell, Somerset.Somerset. 19981998 LuoLuo XiXiaa Ying,Ying, Guilin,Guilin, Guangxi,Guangxi, P.R.RR. China.China. 19919977 Liile,Lüle, C;:igdem,Çigdem, Ankara,Ankara, Turkey.Turkey. 19981998 Millard,Millard, SimonSimon R.R.,, Corsham,Corsham, Wiltshire.Wiltshire. 19919988 Webster,Webster, PaulPaul T.,T., Greenford,Greenford, Middlesex.Middlesex. 19981998 QinQin HongHong Yu,Yu, Guangxi,Guangxi, P.R.RR. China.China. 19919977 RowntreeRowntree,, Josephine,Josephine, KnaresboroughKnaresborough,, NorthNorth Yorkshire.Yorkshire. 19919988 LaboratoryLaboratory MembershipMembership Tinnyunt,Tinnyunt, EmmaEmma J., KensalKensal Green,Green, London.London. 19919988 L TrafalgarTrafalgar Jewellers,Jewellers, NewcastlNewcastlee uponupon TyneTyne,, NENE11 SAN5AN Tupper,Tupper, MichaelMichael I.I.,, SouthSouth Holmwood,Holmwood, Surrey.Surrey. 19919988 VoorhuisVoorhuis & Brown,Brown, RijswijkRijswijk,, TheThe NetherlandsNetherlands WangWang YiYi Fei,Fei, Guilin,Guilin, Guangxi,Guangxi, P.R.P.R. China.China. 19971997 WangWang YiYi Long,Long, Guilin,Guilin, Guangxi,Guangxi, P.R.RR. China.China. 19971997 AAtt a meetingmeeting ofof thethe CouncilCouncil ofof ManagementManagement heldheld XieXie YuYu Jun,Jun, Guilin,Guilin, Guangxi,Guangxi, P.R.RR. China.China. 19971997 atat 2727 GrevilleGreville Street,Street, LondonLondon EClNEC1N 8SU8SU,, oonn 3030 YuYu Pink,Pink, Guilin,Guilin, Guangxi,Guangxi, RRP.R.. China.China. 19971997 AprilApril 19981998 thethe businessbusiness transactedtransacted includedincluded thethe ZhangZhang Wansong,Wansong, Guilin,Guilin, Guangxi,Guangxi, RRP.R.. China.China. 19971997 electionelection ofof ththee following:following: ZhouZhou WeWeii NingNing,, Guilin,Guilin, Guangxi,Guangxi, P.R.RR. China.China. 19919977 DiamondDiamond MembershipMembership anandd OrdinaryOrdinary MembershipMembership FellowshipFellowship (FGAIDGA)(FGA/DGA) EEll AttarAttar,, Waleed,Waleed, Cairo,Cairo, EgyptEgypt HuHu Chin-Ching,Chin-Ching, Taiwan,Taiwan, R.O.China.R.O.China. 1998/19981998/1998 Feroldi,Feroldi, Luca,Luca, Milan,Milan, ItalyItaly Kinnaird,Kinnaird, Judith,Judith, Anstruther,Anstruther, FifeFife Rohrbach,Rohrbach, Tanya,Tanya, Dorchester,Dorchester, DorsetDorset FellowshipFellowship (FGA(FGA)) Gini,Gini, Aspasia,Aspasia, AthensAthens,, Greece.Greece. 19901990 TransferTransfer fromfrom DiamondDiamond HsiehHsieh EvelynEvelyn PaoPao Lien,Lien, Shatin,Shatin, NT,NT, HonHongg Kong.Kong. 202202 MembershipMembership toto FGA,FGA, DGADGA 19981998 Jacquat,Jacquat, Stephane,Stéphane, Geneva,Geneva, Switzerland.Switzerland. 19981998 Lodge,Lodge, Tim,Tim, MuswellMuswell Hill,Hill, LondonLondon Kiefert,Kiefert, Lore,Lore, Basel,Basel, Switzerland.Switzerland. 19981998 Krzemnicki,Krzemnicki, MichaelMichael Stanislaus,Stanislaus, Basel,Basel, Switzerland.Switzerland. 19981998 TransfersTransfers fromfrom FellowshipFellowship ttoo Marsh,Marsh, LeonaLeona Claire,Claire, Harare,Harare, Zimbabwe.Zimbabwe. 19921992 FGA,FGA, DGADGA NazosNazos,, Konstantinos,Konstantinos, Athens,Athens, Greece.Greece. 19981998 LuLu YunYungg Ching,Ching, Taipei,Taipei, Taiwan,Taiwan, R.O.China.R.O.China. 19919988 TinTin Hlaing,Hlaing, Taunggyi,Taunggyi, Myanmar.Myanmar. 19981998 Marolla,Marolla, Marianna,Marianna, Athens,Athens, Greece.Greece. 19919988 TongTong Tao,Tao, Guilin,Guilin, Guangxi,Guangxi, P.R.PR. China.China. 19981998 Mitchell,Mitchell, Susannah,Susannah, NewtonNewton byby Tattenhall,Tattenhall, WangWang Chao,Chao, NinNingg Bo,Bo, ZheZhe Jiang,Jiang, P.R.PR. ChinaChina.. 19981998 Cheshire.Cheshire. 19919988 White,White, JoanneJoanne Clare,Clare, NortNorthh Sheffield,Sheffield, SouthSouth Renard-Richard,Renard-Richard, JoelleJoëlle M.,M., Ruislip,Ruislip, Middlesex.Middlesex. Yorkshire.Yorkshire. 19971997 19981998 WuWu ShiShi Zhou,Zhou, Guilin,Guilin, Guangxi,Guangxi, P.R.PR. China.China. 19981998 Seligman,Seligman, Dominic,Dominic, Southfields,Southfields, London.London. 19981998 ZhaoZhao YanYan Zeng,Zeng, Guilin,Guilin, Guangxi,Guangxi, P.R.PR. China.China. 19981998 Slater,Slater, RichardRichard M.M.,, Radstock,Radstock, Bath,Bath, Avon.Avon. 19981998 ZhengZheng ZiZi ZiZi,, Guilin,Guilin, Guangxi,Guangxi, P.R.PR. China.China. 19981998

TransfersTransfers fromfrom OrdinaryOrdinary OrdinaryOrdinary MembershipMembership MembershipMembership toto FGA,FGA, DGADGA Borg,Borg, David,David, Paola,Paola, MaltaMalta Iannicelli,Iannicelli, Marco,Marco, Salerno,Salerno, Italy.Italy. 19981998 Carver,Carver, ElizabethElizabeth Mitchell,Mitchell, Arundel,Arundel, WesWestt SussexSussex AndaluzAndaluz I.I. Sanchez,Sanchez, Maria,Maria, Peckham,Peckham, London.London. Henry-Stogdon,Henry-Stogdon, SarahSarah Anita,Anita, Sutton,Sutton, SurreySurrey 19981998 Ohhara,Ohhara, Reiko,Reiko, AshiyaAshiya City,City, Hyogo,Hyogo, JapanJapan Boccard,Boccard, Jean-Marie,Jean-Marie, Geneva,Geneva, Switzerland.Switzerland. 19919988 Sison-Jones,Sison-Jones, Maria,Maria, LondonLondon Britton,Britton, AndreaAndrea L.,L., Woking,Woking, Surrey.Surrey. 19919988 Stimler,Stimler, HarveyHarvey Jacob,Jacob, MillMill Hill,Hill, LondonLondon Draper,Draper, ZoeZoe S.,S., UpperUpper Abbeywood,Abbeywood, London.London. 19981998 Zylberrnan,Zylberman, Nicolas,Nicolas, SaintSaint MaurMaur desdes Fosses,Fossés, FranceFrance Holt,Holt, JuditJudithh A,A., Darwen, Lanes.Lanes. 19981998 John,John, VictoriaVictoria A.A,, AgarAgar Grove,Grove, London.London. 19981998 LaboratoryLaboratory MembershipMembership LinLin ChiefChief R.,R., Kaohsiung,Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Taiwan, R.O.R.O. China.China. 19919988 Pancratz,Pancratz, Mark,Mark, Weybridge,Weybridge, Surrey.Surrey. 19919988 Pearrnain'sPearmain's Jewellers,Jewellers, Worthing,Worthing, Sussex.Sussex.

J.J. Gemm., 1998,26,1998, 26, 3,3,196-203 196-203 GIAGIA SYMPOSIUMSYMPOSIUM:: CALLCALL FORFOR POSTERSPOSTERS Gemmology ThThee GemologicalGemological InstitutInstitutee ofof AmericaAmerica wilwilll hosthost thethe 19991999 InternationalInternational GemologicalGemological Current issue £12.00 SymposiumSymposium inin SanSan DiegoDiego,, California,California, oonn (including postage UK and Europe. 21-2421-24 JuneJune.. AsAs wellwell asas technicatechnicall sessionssessions andand Overseas: £15.70 to include airmail postage) panelpanel discussiondiscussionss onon ththee themthemee 'Meeting'Meeting ththee Millennium'Millennium' therethere wilwilll bebe anan openopen PosterPoster Back issues SessionSession featuringfeaturing originaloriginal presentationspresentations Back issues of the Journal may be purchased as follows*: (details(details ofof whichwhich werweree publishedpublished inin ththee Journal of of Gemmology, Gemmology, 1998, 1998 26, (1),26 (1) 56)., 56) . Vol. 25 and 26- £10.00 per issue Up to and including Vol. 24 - £4.00 per ToTo bbee consideredconsidered foforr thisthis eventevent pleaseplease Issue. submitsubmit a preliminarypreliminary abstracabstractt (no(no moremore thanthan 250250 wordswords)) toto oneone ooff thethe PosterPoster SessionSession Members of the GAGTL are eligible for a 10% discount. organizersorganizers byby 1 October 1998. ForFor furtherfurther informationinformation onon thethe PostePosterr SessionSession contactcontact A proforma invoice including postage and DrDr JameJamess ShigleyShigley atat 760-603-4019760-603-4019 packing will be issued on receipt of orders. (Fax(Fax 760-603-4021,760-603-4021, [email protected] [email protected])) oorr *Subject to availability MsMs DonaDona DirlamDirlam atat 760-603-4154760-603-4154 (fax(fax 760-603-4256760-603-4256 oror e-maile-mail [email protected])[email protected]). For details of issues in print and an order form contact: ForFor informationinformation onon ththee Symposium,Symposium, contactcontact Mary Burland at the GAGTL CarolCarol MoffattMoffatt atat 760-603-4406,760-603-4406, e-maile-mail Tel: 0171 404 3334 Fax: 0171 4048843 [email protected])[email protected]). e-mail: [email protected]

203203 ISLANDISLAND OOFF GEMSGEMS ThThee exhibitioexhibitionn onon gemsgems andand thethe gemgem industryindustry ofof SriSri LankaLanka isis toto bebe heldheld forfor thethe thirdthird successivesuccessive IdarIdar ObersteinOberstein yearyear frofromm 2929 ttoo 3131 OctoberOctober 19981998 atat LeighLeigh PlacePlace,, Baldwin'sBaldwin's Garden,Garden, LondonLondon EClNEC1N 77ABAB. . ThisThis 19991999 exhibitionexhibition isis organizedorganized bbyy D.H.D.H. Ariyaratna,Ariyaratna, FGAFGA,, DGA,DGA, FGS.FGS. TheThe mainmain objectiveobjective ofof thethe exhibitionexhibition iiss toto givgivee a widerwider publicitypublicity ttoo SriSri Lanka'sLanka's gegemm TheThe 5th5th GAGTLGAGTL toutourr ttoo thethe industryindustry iinn Europe.Europe. AlAlll visitorvisitorss areare givengiven a chancechance gemgem centrecentre ooff GermanyGermany ttoo examineexamine somesome typicaltypical SriSri LankanLankan gemstonesgemstones usingusing manmanyy gemgem testingtesting instruments,instruments, andand therethere wilwilll bbee a sectionsection toto givegive particulaparticularr helhelpp ttoo SundaySunday II11 ApriAprill ttoo gemmologygemmology studentsstudents andand collectorscollectors.. VisitorsVisitors willwill SaturdaySaturday 1919 ApriAprill 19919999 receivereceive eitheeitherr a souvenirsouvenir brochurbrochuree oror aa SriSri LankanLankan gemstonegemstone onon arrival.arrival. FoForr furtherfurther detailsdetails contactcontact VisitsVisits ttoo museumsmuseums,, minesmines,, workshops,workshops, D.H.D.H. AriyaratnaAriyaratna,, c/oc/o SrSrii LankanLankan Gems,Gems, P.OP.O.. BoBoxx showroomsshowrooms andand muchmuch more!more! 1837,1837, Tottenham,Tottenham, LondonLondon N1N177 9BW.9BW. Telephone/Telephone/ Full details will be circulated with fax:fax: 01801811 8084746.808 4746. Full details will be circulated with ththee SeptemberSeptember issueissue ooff Gem and Jewel/eryJewellery News. News. CORRIGENDUMCORRIGENDUM OOnn p.9p.933 above,above, seconsecondd paragraphparagraph,, foforr ForFor furthefurtherr informationinformation anandd a bookinbookingg '1,2-dibromomethane''1,2-dibromomethane' reareadd '1,2-dibromoethane'1,2-dibromoethane formform contactcontact SarahSarah KimbeKimberr aatt ththee [C2H4Br2]1 GAGTLGAGTL onon 01710171 405405 33533511 e-maie-maill [email protected]@btinternet.com

Proceedings and andNotices Notices • GEMMOLOGY • INSTRUMENTSINSTRUMENTS • CRYSTALS • CUT SPECIMENSSPECIMENS • STUDY TOURS ~neSiJ Ltd. • WORLD LEADERS IN PRIVATE GEMMOLOGICAL EDUCATION WeWe specializespecialize inin smallsmall groupgroup intensiveintensive tuitiontuition,, frofromm scratchscratch toto F.G.A.F.G.A. DiplomaDiploma iinn 9 monthsmonths.. WeWe areare ableable toto claimclaim a ververyy highhigh levellevel ofof passes includingincluding DistinctionDistinctionss & prizprizee winnerswinners amongstamongst ourour students.students. • GEMMOLOGICAL STUDY TOURS WeWe organizorganizee a comprehensivecomprehensive programmprogrammee ooff studystudy tourtourss forfor ththee studentstudent & thethe practisinpractisingg gemmologistgemmologist ttoo areasareas ofof specificspecific interestinterest,, including:including: ANTWERP,ANTWERp, IDAR-OBERSTEIN, SRI LANKA, THAILAND & CHINA. • DEALERS ININ GEMSTONES/DIAMONDS & CRYSTALSCRYSTALS WeWe buybuy & sellsell cutcut andand roughrough gemstonesgemstones andand diamonds,diamonds, particularlyparticularly forfor thethe F.G.AF.G.A.. syllabus,syllabus, andand havehave manymany rarraree oorr unusuaunusuall specimens.specimens. GemstonesGemstones && DiamondDiamondss alsoalso availableavailable forfor commercialcommercial purposes.purposes. • SUPPLIERS OF GEMMOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTSINSTRUMENTS WeWe offeofferr a comprehensivecomprehensive rangrangee ofof gem-testinggem-testing instruments,instruments, includingincluding inexpensivinexpensivee PetrologicalPetrological & Stereo-zoomStereo-zoom MicroscopesMicroscopes,, RefractometersRefractometers,, HandHand Illustrated: Lenses,Lenses, PocketPocket U/UNV Lights,Lights, S.G.S.G. LiquidsLiquids,, ththee worldworld famousfamous OPOPLL Spectroscope,Spectroscope, Petrological Microscope. andand manmanyy otherother itemsitems includinincludingg BookBookss & StudyStudy AidsAids.. Mag. 20x-650x,20x--650x. with full range of oculars & objectives, wavelength For furtherfurther details of these and our other activities, pleaseplease contactcontact- - filters, quartz wedge, Bertrand lens, ColinColin WinterWinter,, F.G.A.F.G.A. oror HilaryHilary TaylorTaylor,, B.A.,B.A., F.G.ARG.A.. atat GENESISGENESIS,, 2121 WesWestt Street,Street, Epsom,Epsom, Surrey,Surrey, iris diaphragms, graticules,graticuies, etc. KT1KT188 7RL7RL,, England.England. . TelTel 0137201372 742974742974 oror FaxFax 0137201372 742426742426 From ONLY £650 + VAT && Delivery/Carriage 204204 PROMPTPROMPT PEARLS-BEADSPEARLS - BEADS GEMSTONES LAPIDARYLAPIDARY sERVICEISERVICE! LAPIDARY EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT GemstonesGemstones andand diamondsdiamonds cutcut toto your your specificationspecification andand repairedrepaired onon ourou r premises.premises. GENOTL LargLargee selectionselection ofof gemstonesgemstones includinincludingg rarerare itemsitems andand mineralmineral specimensspecimens iinn stock.stock. ValuationValuationss andand gemgem testingtesting carriedcarried out.out . SinceSince 19519533 MailMail orderorder serviceservice available.available. CHCR.. DDee Wavre,Wavre, 850 R.R. HOLTHOLT & CO.CO. LTLTDD B-104B-10400 BxBxl-l - BelgiumBelgium

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~ 11 The World of Gemstones ~ § ~ v==v (:l '"~ 1 ~. I~ s Ruppenthal (U.K.) Limited '" Gemstones of every kind, cultured pearls, coral, amber, [ i bead necklaces, hardstone carvings, objets d'art, ~ f 18ct gold gemstone jewellery and antique jewellery. s~ We offer a first-class lapidary service. '" I .E' ~ ~ Internationaut#J~ ~ [ Visit us in the s: Gemstone Plaza ~ '" f%o 6-9 September 1998 J Earls Cou rt Two By appointment only -i ~ 1a Wickham Court Road, West Wickham, Kent BR49LQ i Tel: 0181-7774443, Fax: 0181-7772321 '" Antique Jewellery Modern 18ctand 9ct Gem-set Jewellery ~'-.. 205

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I have what is probably the largest range of genuinely rare stones in the UK, from Analcime to Wulfenite. Also rare and modem synthetics, and inexpensive crystals and stones for students. New MAGGIE CAMPBELL PEDERSEN computerised lists available with even ABIPP, FGA more detail. Please send £2 in 1st class stamps refundable on first order (overseas free). JEWELLERY & GEMSTONE Two special offers for students: PHOTOGRAPHY New TeachJBuy service and free stones on an order. AJ. French, FGA 82 Brookley Road, Brockenhurst, Tel: 0181-994 8341 Hants S042 7RA Fax: 0181 -723 4266 Telephone: 01590623214 206m

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itACECOUitSE 207 Pres tb ury, G/oucestershire 207 3, 4 OCTOBER '98 Adults £2.25, Seniors £1.75, Children (8-16 yrs) £1.00 I(EMPTOtt PAitl( itfiCECOUitSE Sunbury on Thames, Middlesex 31 OCT & 1 NOY '98 Adults £2.50, Seniors £2.00, Children (8-16 yrs) £1.00 Saturday & Sunday 10am - 5pm Open to both Trade & Public. Refreshments, Free Parking, Wheelchair Access THE EXHIBITION TEAM LTO, 01628 621697 E. A. Thomson (Gems) Ltd. Precious stone merchants also representing: Morris Goldman Gems Ltd 0 Chapel House, Hatton Place, ....., Hatton Garden . " London EC1 N 8RX, England. O~ \.I • Tel: 0171-242 3181 ;... Telex: 27726 THOMCO-G .$ oI\t Fax: 0171-831 1776 ~ 12S OF '\~

208208 ~. ::W::: . ~, TW&5ll2{Mitc/1e[[1%'&JWRjMitchetl Maker s & Stringers Stringers of of PearlPearl & BeadBead NeckletsNecklets & & Bracelets Bracelet s

CulturedCultured & FreshwaterFreshwater PearllReaPearl/RealStonlStonee Neckleteckletss & BraceBraceletlet s supplieupp liedd NeckletNeckletss & BraceletsBracelets mademade to to your you rown own ddesigesignn & specificationspecification Re-desigRe-designn & Re-makRe-mak e facfacilitieilitiess AlAlll type s ooff CiaClasps/Fastener psi Fastenerss supplsupplieiedd FulFulll PearPea rll & BeadBead Restringing.Restringing servicervicee Both with the same high quality fully corrected lOX triplet lens LUMI-LOUPE 15mm lens $90. PricPricee LisLi t avaavailablilablee onon requestrequest MEGA-LOUPE 21mm lens $115. Telephone: 01 702 520544 ADD: $16. for shipping outside the conlinental USA Telephone: 01702 520544 $6. for shipping inside the conti nental USA 81I RayleigRayle ighh RoaRoadd Write for price list an.d catalog Eastwood LeEastwooigh-on-Sd a Leigh-on-Sea NEBULA Essex P.O. Box 3356, Redwood City, CA 94064, USA SSgEsse 5x 'Z SS9 5UZ (4 15) 369-5966 Patcmcd GuideGuide to to the the preparation preparation of of typescripts typescripts for for publication publication in in TheThe Journal Journal ofof Gemmology Gemmology

TheThe Editor Editor is isglad glad to to consider consider original original articles articles IllustrationsIllustrations EitherEither transparenciestransparencies oror sheddingshedding new new light light on on subjects subjects of of gemmological genunological photographsphotographs of of good good quality quality can can be be submitt submitteded interestinterest for for publication publication in in The The Journal. JOllrnal. Articles Articles forfor bothboth cocolouredloured andand black-and-whiteblack-and-white areare not not normally normally accepted accepted which which have have already already illustrations.illustrations. It It is is recommended recommended that that authors authors beenbeen published published elsewhere elsewhere in in English, English, and and an an retainretain copi copieses of of all all illustrations illustrations because because of of the the articlearticle is is accepted accepted only only on on the the understanding understanding riskrisk of of loss loss or or damag damagee either either during during the the printing printing thatthat (1) (1) fullfull informationinformation as as to to any any previous previous processprocess or or in in tr transit.ansit. publicationpublication (whether(whether inin EnglishEnglish oror anotheranother DiagramsDiagrams must must be be of of a aprofessional professional qu qualityality language)language) has has been been given, given, (2) (2) it it is is not not under under andand preparprepareded in in d edensense black black ink ink on on a a goodgood considerationconsideration for for publication publication elsewhere elsewhere and and (3) (3) qualityquality surface surface.. Original Original illustrations illustrations will will not not be be itit will will not not be be published published elsewhere elsewhere without without the the returnedreturned unl unlessess s pspecificallyecifically requested requested.. consentconsent of of the the Editor. Editor. AllAll illustrillustrationsations (maps,(maps, diagramsdiagrams andand TypescriptsTypescripts Two Two copies copies of of all all p papersapers should should be be pictures)pictures) areare numberednumbered consecutivelyconsecutively withwith submittedsubmitted on on A4 A4 paper paper (or (or USA USA eq equivalent)uivalent) to to ArabicArabic numer numeralsals and and labelled labelled Figure Figure 1, 1, Figure Figure ththee Editor. Editor. Typescripts Typescripts should should be be double double spaced spaced 2,2, etc.etc. AllAll illustrationsillustrations areare referredreferred toto asas withwith margins margins of of at at least least 25 25 mm. mm. They They should should be be 'Figures'.'Figures'. setset out out in in the the manner manner of of recent recent issues issues of of The The TablesTables MustMust be be typed typed double double spaced, spaced, using using Journal/ollmal and and in in conformity conformity with with th thee information information fewfew hori horizontalzontal rules rules and and no no vertical vertical rules. rules. They They sesett out out below. below. Papers Papers may may be be of of a anyny length, length, but but areare numberednumbered consecutivelyconsecutively withwith RomanRoman lonlongg papers papers of of more more than than 10 10000 000 words words (unless (unless numeralsnumerals (Tabl(Tablee IV,IV, etc.).etc.). TitlesTitles shouldshould bebe capablecapable of of division division into into parts parts or or of of ex exceptionalceptional concise,concise, but but as as indindependentlyependently informativeinformative as as importance)importance) areare unlikelyunlikely toto bebe acceptable,acceptable, possible.possible. The The approximate approximate position position of of the the Table Table whereaswhereas a ashort short paper paper of of 400-500 400-500 words words may may inin the the t extextt should should be be marked marked in in the the margin margin of of the the achieveachieve early early publication. publication. typescript.typescript. ThThee abstract, abstract, references, references, notes, notes, captions captions and and NotesNotes andand ReferencesReferences AuthorsAuthors may may choose choose tabltableses shouldshould bebe typedtyped doubldoublee spacedspaced onon oneone of of two two systems: systems: separasepara te te sheets. sheets. (1)(1) TheThe Ha Harvardrvard system system in in which which authors' authors' OnOn mattersmatters ofof style style and and rendering,rendering, pleaseplease namesnames (no(no initials)initials) andand datesdates (and(and specificspecific consultconsult TheThe OxfordOxford dictionarydictionary forfor writerswriters andand pages,pages, only only in in th thee case case of of quotations) quotations) are are given given editorseditors (Oxford (Oxford University University Press, Press, 1981). 1981). inin the the main main body body of of the the text, text, e.g. e.g. (Cubelin (Cubelin and and Koivula,Koivula, 19861986,, 29).29). 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IfIf absolutely absolutely necessary necessary subject matter of the article should be supplied. subject matter of the article should be supplied. bothboth systems systems may may be be used. used. HeadingsHeadings InIn all all headingsheadings only only thethe firstfirst letterletter ReferencesReferences in in both both systems systems should should be be set set out out aandnd proper proper names names are are capitalized capitalized.. asas follows, follows, with with double dOllble spacing spacing for for all all lines. lines. AA This This is is a a first first level level heading heading PapersPapers Hurwit Hurwit,, K., K., 1991. 1991. Cern Cem Trade Trade Lab Lab note notes.s. GemGemss & & Gemology, Gemology, 27 27,, 2, 2, 110-11 110-11 FirstFirst level level headings headings are are in in bold bold and and are are flush flush leftleft onon aa separateseparate line.line. TheThe firstfirst texttext lineline BooksBooks HughHughes,es, R.W.,R.W., 1990.1990. Corundu11I.Corundu1ll. followingfollowing is is flush flush left. left. Butterworth-HButterworth-Heinemann,einemann, London London.. p. p. 162 162 AbbreviationsAbbreviations forfor titlestitles ofof periodicalsperiodicals areare BB This This isis a a second second lcvl'i level h headingeading thosethose sanctionedsanctioned byby thethe WorldWorld ListList ofof scimtijic scientific SecondSecond level level headings headings are are in in italicsitalics and and are are periodicalsperiodicals 4th4th eedn.dn. TheThe placeplace ofof publicationpublication flushflush leftleft onon a a separateseparate line.line. TheThe firstfirst texttext lineline shouldshould alwaysalways bbee givengiven whenwhen booksbooks areare followingfollowing is is flush flush left. left. referredreferred to. to. Volume 26 No. 3 July 1998

Contents The Journal of Gemmology The colour of Igmerald: I.G. Farbenindustrie flux- 145 grown synthetic emerald K. Schmetzer and L. Kiefert

A study of Korean precious serpentine 156 Won-Sa Kim and Sun-Hee Cho

Distinction of taaffeite and musgravite 165 L Kiefert and K. Schmetzer

Identification of polystyrene in impregnated 168 jadeite P.L. Quek and T.L. Tan

Emeralds from Sandawana, Zimbabwe: the use of 174 Raman microspectroscopy in identification of their solid inclusions J.C. Zwaan and E.A.J. Burke

Abstracts 188

Book Reviews 195

Proceedings of the Gemmological Association and 196 Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain and Notices

Cover Picture Gents in Fashion Coral Buddha brooch by Stephen Webster. Copyright © 1998 Photograph by The Gemmological Association and Bob Maurer, Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain FC A, DC A, London Registered Office: Palladium House, 1-4 Argyll Street, London W1V 21.D (see Photographic Competitions p.196)

ISSN: 1355-4565 Printed by Quadrant Offset Limited, Hertford, England