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Distinction of Taaffeite and Musgravite

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The Journal of Gemmology Volume 26 No. 3 July 1998 The Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain 27 Greville Street, London EC1N 8SU Tel: 0171 404 3334 Fax: 0171 404 8843 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.gagtl.ac.uk/gagtl President: Professor R.A. Howie Vice-Presidents: E.M. Bruton, A.E. Farn, D.G. Kent, R.K. Mitchell Honorary Fellows: R.A. Howie, R.T. Liddicoat Jnr, K. Nassau Honorary Life Members: D.J. Callaghan, E.A. Jobbins, H. Tillander Council of Management: C.R. Cavey, T.J. Davidson, N.W. Deeks, R.R. Harding, I. Thomson, V.P. Watson Members' Council: A.J. Allnutt, P. Dwyer-Hickey, S.A. Everitt, R. Fuller, A.G. Good, J. Greatwood, B. Jackson, J. Kessler, J. Monnickendam, L. Music, J.B. Nelson, P.G. Read, R. Shepherd, P.J. Wates, C.H. Winter Branch Chairmen: Midlands - G.M. Green, North West - I. Knight, Scottish - B. Jackson Examiners: A.J. Allnutt, M.Sc., Ph.D., FGA, S.M. Anderson, B.Sc. (Hons), FGA, L. Bartlett, B.Sc., MPhil., FGA, DGA, E.M. Bruton, FGA, DGA, C.R. Cavey, FGA, S. Coelho, B.Sc., FGA, DGA, Prof. A.T. Collins, B.Sc., Ph.D, A.G. Good, FGA, DGA, G.M. Howe, FGA, DGA, G.H. Jones, B.Sc., Ph.D., FGA, M. Newton, B.Sc., D.Phil., CJ.E. Oldershaw, B.Sc. (Hons), FGA, H.L. Plumb, B.Sc., FGA, DGA, R.D. Ross, B.Sc., FGA, DGA, P.A. Sadler, B.Sc., FGA, DGA, E. Stern, FGA, DGA, Prof. I. Sunagawa, D.Sc., M. Tilley, GG, FGA, C.M. Woodward, B.Sc., FGA, DGA The Journal of Gemmology Editor: Dr R.R. Harding Assistant Editors: M.J. O'Donoghue, P.G. Read Associate Editors: S.M. Anderson (Perth), Dr C.E.S. Arps (Leiden), G. Bosshart (Zurich), Prof. A.T. Collins (London), Dr J.W. Harris (Glasgow), Prof. R.A. Howie (Derbyshire), Dr J.M. Ogden (Cambridge), Prof. A.H. Rankin (Kingston upon Thames), Dr J.E. Shigley (Carlsbad), Prof. D.C. Smith (Paris), E. Stern (London), Prof. 1. Sunagawa (Tokyo), Dr M. Superchi (Milan), C.M. Woodward (London) Production Editor: M.A. Burland Vol 26, No. 3, July 1998 ISSN: 1355-4565 The colour of Igmerald: I.G. Farbenindustrie flux-grown synthetic emerald Dr Karl Schmetzer1 and Dr Lore Kiefert2 1. Marbacher Strasse 22b, D-85238 Petershausen, Germany 2. SSEF Swiss Gemmological Institute, CH-4001 Basel Switzerland ABSTRACT: Seven samples of I.G. Farbenindustrie flux-grown synthetic emerald were examined. The synthetic emeralds were grown between 1929 and 1942 at Bitterfeld, Germany in a lithium molybdate solvent. Gemmological, chemical and spectroscopic properties are given. The colour of the samples is caused by minor amounts of chromium and nickel and, thus, the secret ingredient mentioned by Espig (1960) is identified as a nickel-bearing compound. Introduction Webster, 1952, 1955, 1958; Wiegand, 1952; 145 Gübelin 1953; Eppler, 1958a,b). Regarding the Historical background growth technology used, there was only he first emerald synthesis which speculation until three more or less detailed produced facetable crystals above one papers of one of the inventors of the Tcentimetre in size was performed by I.G. Farbenindustrie process were published I.G. Farbenindustrie (literally I.G. Dye Trust) (Espig, 1960, 1961, 1962). Before this at Bitterfeld, Germany Facetable material information was available, the synthetic had been grown since 1929 (Schiebold, 1935; emeralds were considered as hydrothermally Espig, I960), but samples were released to grown (Webster, 1955,1958; Wilke 1956). the public only after the first announcement to the press in February 1935 (Anonymous, Growth technology 1935). Gemmological descriptions of this synthetic emerald were published in the Espig reported that the first attempts to same year (Eppler, 1935; Jaeger and Espig, grow synthetic emeralds at Bitterfeld started 1935; Anderson, 1935) and mineralogical in 1911 and that he was involved in these investigations of the synthetic emerald experiments from 1924. Crystal growth in the crystals, e.g. by X-ray powder diffraction, final stage of the technical development was were also performed (Schiebold, 1935; Espig, performed in platinum crucibles with 1935; Anderson, 1935). Gemmological lithium molybdate as the solvent. A properties of these synthetic emeralds were schematic drawing of the growth conditions examined later by various authors and their (Figure 1) which followed closely the results were summarized and compared descriptions of Espig was published by with the features of the first synthetic Recker (1973). A nutrient of BeO and A1203 emeralds produced in the United States by with lithium Chromate as colour-causing Chatham in different articles in the '50s (e.g. dopant was placed at the bottom of a © Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain ISSN: 1355-4565 2 ~~-H~~~~---8 ur~~~ l~~~~~1-ffif/~~-6 ~~~~~~~~~~---9 1~+-+-.,4--- 4 146 146 Figure 1: Schematic diagram diagram of ofthe the process process applied applied to fluX to fluxgrowth growth of synthetic of synthetic emerald emerald by I.G. by I.G. Farbenindustrie at at Bitterfeld, Bitterfeld, Germany, Germany, from from 1929 1929to 1942; to 1942;Key: 1 Key: = platinum 1 = platinum crucible, crucible,2 = platinum 2 = platinum lid, 3 = insulation,insulation, 4 4= = heating heating system, system, 5 = 5 central = central platinum platinum tube tubefor the for addition the addition of material of material to the to the nutrient, 6 = baffle,baffle, 7 7= = nutrient, nutrient, 8 =8 quartz= quartz plates, plates, 9 = 9 growing = growing crystals, crystals, 10 = 10lithium = lithium molybdate molybdate solvent (adapted(adapted from from Recker, Kecker, 1973). 1973). platinuplatinumm crucible.crucible. Subsequently,Subsequently, ththee cruciblecrucible 2 oror 3 emcm inin lengthlength (Espig,(Espig, 1960,1960, 1961,1961 , 1962).1962) . wawass fillefilledd witwithh lithiulithiumm molybdatemolybdate andand FaceteFacetedd stonesstones upup toto 1 ctct inin weightweight measuringmeasuring emeraldemerald seedsseeds werweree positionedpositioned belobeloww a 5 toto 6 mmmm werewere cutcut fromfrom thethe rough.rough. platinumplatinum baffle.baffle. AbovAbovee thithiss bafflebaffle,, quartzquartz EmeraldEmeraldss werweree produceproducedd atat BitterfelBitterfeldd fromfrom platesplates ofof 8 toto 1010 mmmm inin thicknessthickness werewere 19291929 untiluntil 19421942 in in 12 12 furnaces furnaces (Espig, (Espig ,1960), 1960) but, bu t arranged.arranged. TheseThese quartzquartz platesplates floatedfloated oonn toptop ofof duedue toto thethe marketmarket situationsituation forfor naturalnatural ththee meltmelt afterafter heatinheatingg thethe furnacefurnace toto a constantconstant emeraldsemeralds andand ththee relativelrelativelyy highighh coscostt ofof crystalcrystal temperaturetemperature ofof aboutabout 800°e.800°C ThisThis temperaturetemperature growth,growth, thertheree waswas nono large-scalelarge-scale industrialindustrial wawass kepkeptt atat a constantconstant levellevel overover a growthgrowth productioproductionn ooff syntheticsynthetic emeraldsemeralds atat thethe I.GLG.. periodperiod ooff 2020 days,days, butbut newnew nutrientnutrient waswas addedadded FarbenindustriFarbenindustrie(Anonymous,e (Anonymous, 1952;VV1egand,1952; Wiegand, everyevery secondsecond dayday bbyy meansmeans ofof a centralcentral 1952).1952). AsAs aa result,result, thethe syntheticsynthetic emeraldsemeralds werewere platinuplatinumm tubetube ttoo ththee materialmaterial atat thethe bottombottom ooff nevernever soldsold commerciallycommercially onon ththee freefree market.market. ththee crucible.crucible. AfteAfterr eacheach growthgrowth periodperiod,, thethe TheThe materialmaterial waswas namednamed Igmerald,Igmerald, standingstanding syntheticsynthetic emeraldemerald crystalscrystals werewere examinedexamined andand forfor I.GI.G.. emerald,emerald, andand waswas used forfor publicpublic extremelyextremely impureimpure layerslayers ofof syntheticsynthetic emeraldemerald relationsrelations purposepurposess ofof thethe I.G.LG. Farbenindustrie.Farbenindustrie. materiamateriall werewere removed.removed. TheThe largestlargest crystalscrystals ooff InIn 1945,1945, thethe completecomplete platinuplatinumm growthgrowth prismaticprismatic habithabit whichwhich werewere obtainedobtained iinn aboutabout facilitiesfacilities werweree lostlost andand productioproductionn waswas notnot 1818 growthgrowth periodsperiods duringduring oneone yearyear measuredmeasured resumedresumed afterafter thethe war.war. J.J. Gemm.,Gemm .• 1998,26,3,145-1551998, 26, 3, 145-155 Colour of of Igmerald Igmeral d 1980;1980; NassauNassau andand Nassau,Nassau, 1980).1980). ThisThis AlthoughAlthough thethe basibasicc technologytechnology ofof emeraldemerald assumptionassumption wawass acceptedaccepted byby otherother scientistsscientists productioproductionn hahass beenbeen availableavailable toto ththee publicpublic (see(see e.g.e.g. Elwell,Elwell, 1979)1979) andand seemsseems reasonable,reasonable, sincesince 1960,I960, a fewfew sentencessentences inin thethe firstfirst ofof thethe becausebecause syntheticsynthetic greengreen 'emeralds''emeralds' whichwhich threethree paperspapers byby EspiEspigg ledled toto somesome speculation:speculation: werewere colouredcoloured bbyy vanadiumvanadium hadhad alreadyalready 'Zwar'Zwar stehtsteht iinn allenallen Lehrbiichern,Lehrbüchern, daISdaß beenbeen mentionedmentioned inin 19261926 bbyy BernauerBernauer (in(in a SmaragdSmaragd durehdurch ChromoyxdChromoyxd gefarbtgefärbt istist unundd inin paperpaper dealingdealing withwith trapichtrapichee emeraldsemeralds fromfrom derder
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    MINERALOGY for PETROLOGISTS for MINERALOGY Comprising a guidebook and a full color CD-ROM, this reference set offers illustrated essentials to study mineralogy, applied to petrology. While there are some excellent reference works available on this subject, this work is unique for its data richness and its visual character. MINERALOGY for PETROLOGISTS With a collection of images that excels both in detail and aesthetics, 151 minerals are presented in more than 400 plates. Different facies and paragenesis, both in natural polarized light, are shown for every mineral and optical data, sketches of the crystal habitus, chemical composition, occurrence and a brief description are Optics, Chemistry and Occurrences included. The accompanying user guide gives a general introduction to microscope mineral observation, systematic mineralogy, mineral chemistry, occurrence, of Rock-Forming Minerals stability, paragenesis, structural formula calculation and its use in petrology. This compact set will serve as a field manual to students, researchers and Michel Demange professionals in geology, geological, mining, and mineral resources engineering to observe and determine minerals in their studies or field work. Dr. Michel Demange has devoted his career to regional geology and tectonics of metamorphic and magmatic terranes and to ore deposits. Graduated from the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris and holding a Docteur-es-Sciences from the University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, he has been active in a rich variety of geological projects and investigations around the world. In combination with his teaching and research activities at the École des Mines in Paris, France, he headed various research studies. This book benefits from the great experience in field M.
  • A Comparative Study of Jadeite, Omphacite and Kosmochlor Jades from Myanmar, and Suggestions for a Practical Nomenclature

    A Comparative Study of Jadeite, Omphacite and Kosmochlor Jades from Myanmar, and Suggestions for a Practical Nomenclature

    Feature Article A Comparative Study of Jadeite, Omphacite and Kosmochlor Jades from Myanmar, and Suggestions for a Practical Nomenclature Leander Franz, Tay Thye Sun, Henry A. Hänni, Christian de Capitani, Theerapongs Thanasuthipitak and Wilawan Atichat Jadeitite boulders from north-central Myanmar show a wide variability in texture and mineral content. This study gives an overview of the petrography of these rocks, and classiies them into ive different types: (1) jadeitites with kosmochlor and clinoamphibole, (2) jadeitites with clinoamphibole, (3) albite-bearing jadeitites, (4) almost pure jadeitites and (5) omphacitites. Their textures indicate that some of the assemblages formed syn-tectonically while those samples with decussate textures show no indication of a tectonic overprint. Backscattered electron images and electron microprobe analyses highlight the variable mineral chemistry of the samples. Their extensive chemical and textural inhomogeneity renders a classiication by common gemmological methods rather dificult. Although a deinitive classiication of such rocks is only possible using thin-section analysis, we demonstrate that a fast and non-destructive identiication as jadeite jade, kosmochlor jade or omphacite jade is possible using Raman and infrared spectroscopy, which gave results that were in accord with the microprobe analyses. Furthermore, current classiication schemes for jadeitites are reviewed. The Journal of Gemmology, 34(3), 2014, pp. 210–229, http://dx.doi.org/10.15506/JoG.2014.34.3.210 © 2014 The Gemmological Association of Great Britain Introduction simple. Jadeite jade is usually a green massive The word jade is derived from the Spanish phrase rock consisting of jadeite (NaAlSi2O6; see Ou Yang, for piedra de ijada (Foshag, 1957) or ‘loin stone’ 1999; Ou Yang and Li, 1999; Ou Yang and Qi, from its reputed use in curing ailments of the loins 2001).