A Search for Habitable Planets

Astrophysics with Kepler

Karen Kinemuchi Kepler Guest Observer Office NASA-Ames Research Center

SAO STScI Kepler Mission - FAQs A Search for Earth-size Planets

• Kepler is NASA’s 10th Discovery Mission through the Science Mission Directorate.

• Primary objective: Find Earth-sized planets in the habitable zone of solar-like stars.

• ~170,000 targets are monitored to obtain high precision time-series photometry.

• Fixed field of view (FOV) is 116 square degrees; confusion limit is ~21st in Kepler magnitudes (Kp).

• Bandpass is 4300-9000 Å

• Spacecraft is in Earth trailing orbit Kepler Field of View A Search for Earth-size Planets

• Centered at RA=19:22:40 and DEC=+44:30:00 • Cygnus-Lyra region • Pixel scale is 4 arcsec/pix • Pointing stability : a few milli- arcseconds • 4 Open clusters (NGC 6811, NGC 6866, NGC 6819, and NGC 6791) • One CCD module (#3) is out! • Field rotation 90 degrees every quarter (3 months) Kepler Data – the Long and the Short A Search for Earth-size Planets

• Long cadence time-series – ~170,000 targets – 270 coadds  30 minutes • Short cadence – 512 targets – 9 coadds  1 minute • Integration time is 6.02s • Photometer: 21 CCDs, 2 outputs each. 84 “channels” and “sky groups” • Full-frame images (once a month) And counting..... 21 confirmed planets! A Search for Earth-size Planets

http://kepler.arc.nasa.gov/

• Kepler 11 – 6 planet system in a habitable zone around solar-type star • Kepler-10b – first rocky planet • 1235 planet candidates so far – stay tuned! APOD 29 March 2011 courtesy of J. Rowe Tatooine?– Science Fiction meets

Real Science! A Search for Earth-size Planets

• 14 September press release: Discovery of a planet orbiting around a binary star system! • Orbital period of Kepler-16: 229 days (similar to Venus) • Composition is half rocky/ half gaseous • Outside of the habitable zone • Binary stars are cooler than our Sun • Read more at : http://kepler.arc.nasa.gov/ Kepler Astrophysics Topics A Search for Earth-size Planets

• Asteroseismology • Eclipsing stars • Rotating stars • Erupting (flare) stars • Star spots • Accretion physics (flickering) • AGN • Multi-wavelength studies (X-ray, UV, etc) • Open clusters (4 in Kepler FOV) Asteroseismology – Pulsations and Oscillations A Search for Earth-size Planets

• High precision time-series reveal incredible detail of pulsating/oscillating stars

• Near continuous observations of the pulsation cycles for many stars

• Unveiling phenomena undetected from the ground

• Revolutionize many stellar models and theories

• Understanding and more questions of stellar interiors and atmospheres RR Lyr – in short cadence A Search for Earth-size Planets Some Highlights in Asteroseismology A Search for Earth-size Planets

Red giant oscillations RR Lyrae period doubling

Bedding et al. 2011

Szabo et al. 2010

DB pulsating white dwarf

Ostensen et al. 2011 KOI-54 A Search for Earth-size Planets

• HD 187091 – originally a single A-type star • Kepler  binary A stars with e=0.83 • Brightening event every 41.8 days, coinciding with periastron • Tidally driven pulsations: 90th and 91st harmonics of the orbital frequency • Unknown which star is pulsating or both are. • Prior to KOI-54’s discovery, only 3 were known (HD 177863, HD 209295, and HD 174884)

Welsh et al. 2011 Eclipsing Binary Stars – More than Meets the Eye A Search for Earth-size Planets

• Eclipsing binary catalogs • 1879 systems from 1st data release • 2165 systems from 2nd data release • Accurate stellar parameters and high level of detail of other phenomena

semi-detached binaries Prsa et al. 2011

oscillating Algol binary with δ Scuti Beaming binary KPD 1946+4340 Southworth et al. 2011 Bloemen et al. 2011 “Trinity Star” A Search for Earth-size Planets

Derekas et al. 2011

HD 181068 (KIC 5952403) – hierarchical triple eclipsing system

• Previously known as a spectroscopic binary with no known eclipses • Using Long Cadence data from Q1,Q2,Q3 data – eclipsing behavior! • BC stars orbit around A star Porbit = 45.5 days • B,C stars orbit around each other with 0.9 day period. • Masses: MA ~3.0±0.4M⊙ , MB,C ~0.7±0.1 M⊙ Rotating Stars A Search for Earth-size Planets

roAp star, KIC 10195926, is a spotted magnetic variable (α2 CVn type) rotational period = 5.6846 days Kurtz et al. 2011 Rotators: Star Spots A Search for Earth-size Planets

Q1 long cadence data

What we can learn:

1. Starspot lifetime and evolution

2. Differential rotation of the star

3. Continuous observation of the magnetic cycles Eruptive Stars A Search for Earth-size Planets

Examples of cataclysmic variable stars and dwarf novae

V344 Lyr, a SU UMa type dwarf nova, undergoes periods of “super outbursts”. Still et al. 2010 Eruptive stars: Flares A Search for Earth-size Planets

Flaring M dwarfs Flaring K dwarfs

Walkowicz et al. 2011

White-light flares observed on cool stars from Q1 long cadence data Large number of stars are showing flares Open Clusters A Search for Earth-size Planets

• One of 4 open clusters in NGC 6811 the Kepler field of view.

• NGC 6811, NGC 6866, NGC 6819, and NGC 6791

• NGC 6819 falls on module 3 – broken CCD

• Derive mass, radius, log g of red giants; obtain distances and ages of the clusters. (Basu et al. 2011)

• Stellar rotation in NGC 6811 dwarfs; color-age- rotation relation (Meibom et al. 2011) Resources for Research A Search for Earth-size Planets

ο γ • Multi-Mission Archive at STSci • ι (MAST) +45°00' • Access the Kepler Input Catalog

(KIC) κ

ι1 +41°15' • Target & Data Search ι2

ψ http://archive.stsci.edu/kepler/ θ µ 13 Vega • Multi-wavelength cross match +37°30' N6811 ε1 α • e.g. GALEX, ROSAT, ε2 δ ζ1 ζ2 CHANDRA δ1 δ2 η +33°45' N6866 • USNO catalog – proper motions and Deneb θ N6819 ι β N6791 M57 ν2 photographic mags ν1 γ G a λ lac tic P Cygnus Lyra • Full Frame Images Variable star la γ +30°00' ne catalog (work in progress) M29 η M56

• Contributed software χ

λ φ • Come to the workshop for more β1 β2 details! 20h 40m 20h 20m 20h 00m 19h 40m 19h 20m Star Magnitudes Open Cluster Globular Cluster 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nebula Planetary Nebula Kepler FOV FOV Center RA: 19h 22m 40s Dec: +44° 30' 00" 9/10/04 Find new targets from catalogs A Search for Earth-size Planets USNO matches A Search for Earth-size Planets

Matched against USNO B1.0 catalog

Over 1.8 x107 objects on silicon

USNO confusion limit 21st mag

Kepler confusion limit ~21st mag

Fainter targets to be mined! New product: FFI Variable Star Catalog A Search for Earth-size Planets

• Full-field images obtained each month

• Quarter 0 (commissioning) 8 FFI frames • Optimal pointing and thermal stability • Time interval of 34 hours, 29.4 min exposure

• Aperture photometry on every object identified with a large residual after performing difference imaging (5σ detection threshold).

• ~20% are not listed in the Kepler Input Catalog • ~50% of the variables are not currently observed

Q0 FFI data

Q1 data Contributed Software A Search for Earth-size Planets

http://keplergo.arc.nasa.gov/ContributedSoftware.shtml PyKe: Pyraf tasks to do extraction, detrending, cotrending, and analysis. A Search for Earth-size Planets

How can you take advantage of this resource? Kepler Opportunities A Search for Earth-size Planets

Guest Observer Program Mission Statement: • We are dedicated to maximizing the potential of Kepler astrophysics science. • The range of science applications is large, impacting areas in galactic and extragalactic astronomy • To exploit the Kepler data, many researchers are needed – an eventual public resource

Scope: 1. Identify areas of science for Kepler to exploit. 2. Develop research programs 3. Fund researchers through NASA-provided research grants 4. Provide mission, instrument, and data expertise to GO programs. 5. Develop instrument calibration and data reduction software for the success of Kepler GO programs. Director’s Discretionary Targets A Search for Earth-size Planets

Unfunded programs are awarded targets every quarter under the Director’s Discretionary Time (DDT).

Informal process: submit abstract and target information to the GO Office

No peer review for these proposals

Fast track to obtaining data for your targets

1 year proprietary period

Deadlines: January 24, April 24, July 24, and October 24

More info: http://keplergo.arc.nasa.gov/GOprogramDDT.shtml Kepler Asteroseismic Science Consortium (KASC) A Search for Earth-size Planets http://astro.phys.au.dk/KASC Over 500 members and 14 Working groups: • solar-like oscillations • oscillations in clusters Areas of work: • β Cepheids • δ Scuti 1. Time-series analysis • roAp stars 2. Stellar modelling • slowly pulsating B-stars 3. Ground-based follow up • Cepheids • red giants • pulsations in binary and multiple stars • γ Doradus stars • compact pulsators • miras and semi-regular stars • RR Lyrae stars • RV Tauri stars Kepler Astrophysics Publications A Search for Earth-size Planets

Data Release Policy

Q0, Q1, Q2 are public (~130 days of data)

Q3 is coming in Sept!

Public data release schedule will change!

GO/KASC Data Release Timescale

• 1 year proprietary period. • GO Q3,Q4,Q5 are scheduled to be released this year Kepler and You A Search for Earth-size Planets

• Only a few years left to apply for targets. • New and unprecedented level of high precision photometry are available • New discoveries lead to new astrophysics Public data & Archive: http://archive.stsci.edu/kepler/ Funding for your research and proposals for new targets: http://keplergo.arc.nasa.gov Abstract deadline: 28 September 2011 Registration: 21 October 2011 A Search for Earth-size Planets