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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12062-4 - European Elites and Ideas of Empire, 1917–1957 Dina Gusejnova Index More information

Index

1789–93 1914, 28 June French Revolution, xxxii assassination of Franz Ferdinand, 4 1791 1914, August Saint-Domingue uprising, 14 outbreak of the First World War, 37 1815 1916 Congress of Vienna, 80 death of Franz Josef I, Emperor of Austria, 5 1833 1917, xlvii slavery abolished in the British Empire, xxiii Balfour Declaration, 95 1848 divided archive of Baron Taube, 171 European revolutions, 12 February Revolution in Russia, xx generation of, 19 Freud lectures on Mourning and Melancholia Johann Strauß Jr.’s ambivalent attitude to, 35 in Vienna, 23 1857 internment of Baltic Barons for treason in Indian Rebellion, 9, 27 Russian Empire, 146 1867 Max Weber’s talk about Personality and the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, Orders of Life, xxxviii xlvii, 5 representation of revolutions in film, 34 execution of Emperor Maximilian in Mexico, Revolutions in Russian Empire, xxii xlvii, 16 Start of Peace talks at Brest-Litovsk, xx Great Exhibition in Paris, 18 1917 Club, The interpretation of Maximilian’s execution in and Leonard Woolf’s foundation of, 214 Dieterle’s Juarez (1938), 33 1918 opening of the Suez Canal, 35 acquisition of Manet’s Execution of 1871 Maximilian by the National Gallery in foundation of the German Empire, 51 London, 21 Franco-Prussian War, 51 cities, xxii proclamation of German Empire at disintegration of the Habsburg Empire, 69 Versailles, xxxii Dissolution of the Pale of Settlement, 147 1905 Habsburgergesetz passed in Austria, 71 assassination of Grand Duke Sergius in Jozef Piłsudski released from Magdeburg Moscow, 23 fortress, 53 Baltic national movements in, 143 Keyserling’s experience of, 134 first emigration of German aristocrats from the November revolutions in Germany, xxx, 53, Baltic region, 185 100, 108, 188 in Lithuanian historiography, 152 November, foundation of Kurt Hiller’s club Keyserling’s experience of, 52 Politischer Rat geistiger Arbeiter, 94 revolution in Russia, 30, 146 Representation of the People Act in Britain, 1914 xxiii assassination of Franz Ferdinand, 34 revolution in Germany, 100 Deutsche Gesellschaft founded, 48 shooting of Romanoff family and immediate in historiography, 38 household in Ekaterinburg, xxvi

317

318 Index

1919 of aristocratic estates in the Baltic, 164 abolition of aristocratic privilege in of monarchy, xxi Austria, 109 of noble titles and privileges award of Nietzsche prize to Oswald Spengler in Austria, 198 and Hermann Keyserling, 133 of the nobility, 8, 109 failure of Munich Republic, 187 of private property, xl Max Weber’s Munich lecture on Politics as of religion, xl a Vocation, xxxiii of samurai privileges, 77 Spartacus Uprising in Berlin, 102 of slavery, xxiii, 220 Versailles, Peace of, xxxii of status, xxix 1922 of titles in Weimar Germany, 107 assassination of Walther Rathenau, 215 redistribution, 107 T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land published, 219 socialism, 78 1932 Adyar Volta Congress on Europe, 192 Theosophical Society, 125 1933 aesthetic reform, 123 Anrep’s first design of National Gallery affective community, 221 mosaics, 208 Africa, xli Entretiens sur l’Avenir de l’Esprit Européen in diaspora, 165, 309 Paris, 138 exoticism of, 113 Hitler appointed Chancellor, 194 joking relationships, 147 National Socialism and revolution, 194 pan-European idea, 71 Nobel Peace Prize, 62 Volta Congress on, 203 1935 Agrarian Union, and Germany, 105 Nuremberg laws and implications for Ahnenpass, 164 aristocratic families, 197 Akhmatova, Anna, 208 1937 palace in Leningrad, 211 Great Exposition in Paris, 233 Alastair, 116 1938 Alexander I of Russia, 185 annexation of Austria by the German Alexander II of Russia Empire, 78 assassination of, 9 Kristallnacht in Germany, 122 Alexanderplatz, 60 1939 Ali, Abdullah Yusuf, 83 Hitler–Stalin pact, xxi, 200 alienation, 171, 241, 248, 250 Norbert Elias’s The Civilizing Process alien rule, xxviii published in Switzerland, 25 aristocratic, xxxvii Volta Congress on Africa in Rome, 203 culture, 249 1941 Alix von Hessen-Darmstadt, Empress of Russia Alfred Rosenberg appointed Commissioner pearls, 31 for the Eastern Territories, 197 Alps, 98 German invasion of the Soviet Union in Altdorfer, Albrecht, 26 Operation Barbarossa, 141 Altes Schloss Königsberg, 37 London Blitz, 233 Alvensleben, Maximilian Baron von, 16 1945 Alvensleben, Udo von Germany’s capitulation and the end of Second Veltheim’s circle, 116 World War, 236 Ambras, Castle of, 14 occupation and division of Germany, 118 Amery, Leo, 92, 95 Yalta Conference, xxi anarchists, xxix 1957, xlv ancien régime, xxiv, xxix, xxxviii, 23, 57, Treaty of Rome, xxii, xlvii, 237 70–71, 110 Angell, Norman, 62 abdication, xx, 8, 193 Anif Castle, 188 abolition animals benefits from, 220 bison, fear of extinction of, xxvi

Index 319

deer, 3 auxiliary, 57 horses, 31, 56, 69, 119 Bolshevik decrees on the abolition of ranks, hunting of, 25 xxix Leopards, 25, 35 British Army, 118 Leopard, Lampedusa’s metaphor, 248, 251 cadets, 56, 59 lions, 35 cavalry, 102, 178 sheep, 41 cultural code in, 39 snakes, 14 foreign regiments in the European imperial tigers, 25 armies, 57 Anrep, Boris von, 208, 243 Habsburg army, multinational Anschluss, 69 character of, 53 Anthropology, 45, 62, 142, 146 Hessian regiments, 118 classiﬁcation of folk groups, 102 imperial, xxx, xxxi, 51 idea of folklore, 8 dismantling of, 58 Anthroposophical Society, 117 Max Weber’s lectures for oﬃcers anti-Bolshevism, 55, 94, 130, 135 of the Austro-Hungarian Coudenhove-Kalergi, 94 army, xxxv anticolonial movements, 9, 25 Norfolk Yeomanry, 57 anti-fascism, xliv, 62, 135, 141 occupation by, 177, 178, 247 Antigone, 154 paramilitary corps, 60 Antigone, appropriation of plot in the twentieth prisoners of war, 45 century, 140 Red Army, 137, 182 anti-Napoleonic wars, xxiv transnationalism of, 56 anti-Semitism, 196, 231 war crimes, 157 Aurel Popovici, 74 White Army, 38, 137, 178, 193 critique of, 86 Arnold, Matthew, 213 National Socialism, 138 art collections Anzilotti, Dionisio, 158 national, 208 Aoyama, Mitsuko, xli, 77, 84 National Gallery, London, 151 apocalypse royal, 27 representations of the First World War, 46 art nouveau Apponyi, Count, 195 Ernst Ludwig’s patronage of, 123 Arabian Sea, 35 artists, 26, 113, 187 Archduchy Arts and Crafts movement, 49 invention of, 11 Ernst Ludwig’s interest in, 123 Archduke, 3, 4, 7, 75 Ascona, 190 architecture, 26 Asia, xli, 13 Archiv für Sozialwissenschaften und assassination Sozialpolitik, 59 dynasties, 8 archives, xlv, 10, 91, 141, 171, 180, 215, 247 fear of, 1 empires, xlv Franz Ferdinand, 4 governments, xlv of revolutionary leaders, xxii private collections, xlv photographic representation of, 1 Arcimboldo, 26 political, xlvii Arendt, Hannah, 181, 200 Atlantic, xxviii Argentina Aubert, François, 30 Tagore’s and Keyserling’s visits of, 132 photography, 29 aristocracy, xli, xxiii, xxxviii, 53, 67, 104, 110, Auf gut Deutsch, 191 119, 121 Aurora, 154 aristocratic writers, xliii Australia, 4, 13 aristocrats, xxxviii Austria, 72 Armenians, xxix as capital of Paneuropa, 71 armies constitutional assembly of, 198 American Civil War, 125 crown land of the Habsburgs, 11 Austro-Hungarian, 76 Republic of, xxviii

320 Index

Austria (cont.) Banz, Castle, 180 sexual tourism in the interwar period, 217 Barthes, Roland, 31 shaming of aristocratic families in, 109 Bata, Tomas Austria, Emperor of, 12 funding of Paneuropa movement, 90 Austria, Republic of, xxx battle painters, 28 Austria-Hungary, xx, xxiv, xxv, xxviii, xxxii, xli, Bauer, Theodor, 214, 276 xliii, 3, 53, 58, 64, 73, 74, 77, 96, 187, 202, Bavaria, xx, 185, 188, 189, 191 203, 221, 222, 223 Bavarian King, abdication of, 188 authority, xliii, 7, 25, 27, 59, 89 Bayer corporation autobiography, xxiii, xliv, 48, 61, 228 funding of Paneuropa movement, 90 Veltheim, 118 Beales, Carleton aviators, 63 journalism, 33 Ažbe, Anton, 187 Beatles, The, 250 Becher, Johannes R., 49 Baden-Powell, Robert, 181 Bedford, Duke of Baeck, Leo private zoo in London, xxvi School of Wisdom, 123 Beer Hall putsch, 189 Baghdad, 32 Behr, Baron Kurt von Bahia heritage, 180 early photography, 30 being known in virtue of being Baker, Josephine, 217 known, 6 Balfour Declaration, 95 Belgium, xxxi, 17 balloon ﬂights German atrocities in, 49 Battle of Solferino, 28 Bell, Vanessa, 243 Baltic Belle Epoque, 1, 48 Germans, 105 legal internationalism, 142 land reforms, 118 Belyi, Andrei, 126 lands, 142 beneﬁts, xxvi, 235 nobility, 124 Beneš, Edvard, 86, 89, 90, 92, ostzeiskie nemtsy, 152 93, 289 plurality of juristidictions in, 142 Bengal, xxxvi, 121 Provinces, 44 Benjamin, Walter, 29 region, xxix, 122 Berdyaev, Nikolai, 126 Baltic Barons, xxv, xxx, 30, 67, 68, 140, 142, 143, Bergson, Henri, xliv, 116, 124 146, 147, 151, 152, 156, 160, 164, 166, 168, Berkshire Hills, 63, 242 169, 170, 172, 178 Berlin, xxii, 30, 37, 38, 60, 153, 157, 187 caricatures of, 143 Russian emigration to, 141 transnationalism, xliv Bernhard, Georg, 213, 216, 291, 293, 305 white émigrés, 142 Besant, Annie, 126 Baltic lands, 30, 69, 142 Theosophical Society, 110 Baltic Lloyd, 38 Bibliothèque Nationale, 48 Baltic Seas, xxviii Bielaiev, General Ivan, 44 Baltic states, xxx, xxxiii Bildung, 82 Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, xxix biography, xxxv, 214 Baltische Ritterschaften, 105 Bismarck, Goedela, 67 banking, xxv, 91 Bismarck, Gottfried von Belle Epoque, 48 membership in the Nazi party, 200 First World War, xxxvii Bismarck, Otto von, 67, 185 in imperial economies, 220 Bissung, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 116 Weimar Republic, 51 Blavatsky, Helena, 124 banks Blavatsky, Madame Helena, 124 Bank of India, 117 Blok, Aleksandr, 126 funding for Paneuropa, 90 Bloomsbury, 52 restructuring of, 238 Bloomsbury group, 32, 175, 210, 217 Swiss, 98 transnational relationships in, 211

Index 321

Blüher, Hans, 289 British Empire, 19, 48, 80 Bluntschli, Johann Caspar, 74, 159, 160 Coudenhove-Kalergi’s changing views of, 72 Bohemia, 72, 84 Brod, Max, 86 Bologna, xxxvii Broglie, family of, xxxvii Bolsheviks, xx, xxix, xxxi, xl, 52 Bruckmann, Elsa, 189 idea of class struggle, 133 salon of, 194 new diplomacy, 216 Bruckmann, Hugo, 193 party, xxix Brussels, 51 perceptions by tourists, 122 Bucharest, 51 Poland, 55 Budapest, xxii revolution, xxii Buenos Aires, 30 Russian Civil War, 38 buﬀer zone, interimperial, 142 socialism, 159 Bug, xxxiii VChk, 182 Bukowinaer Post, 74 Bolshevism, 127, 138, 205 Bulgaria, xx fear of in Weimar Germany, 108 burghers, 207 Keyserling’s descripton of, 134 Burke, Edmund, xxiv, 70 Bonaparte family, 16 Reﬂections on the Revolution in France (1790), employment of court photographers, 26 xxiv borderlands, 43 Burma ethnographic sketches of, 148 Veltheim’s travels to, 116 borders, xxii, xlv, 37, 71, 83, 97, 186, 205, business, personal, 37 234, 237 Byzantine Empire, xliii, 156 national, xxxviii Taube’s admiration for, 167 Russian, xxi Taube’s study of, 156 transcendence of, xxxviii transgression of through air, 46 C.L.R. James, The Case for West Indian Self- Bormann, Martin, 179 Government (1937), 232 Bosch, Robert, 51, 91, cabaret, 51 Boston, 20 cabinet of Junkers and Barons Bourbon, House of, 32 Weimar Germany, 107 Bourbons, Catholicism of, 70 Calcutta, 9, 121, 131 Bourdieu, Pierre, 149 Cambridge Apostles, 215 Brabourne, Lord, Viceroy of India and Governor Cambridge University, 210 of Bengal, 121–122 Campanella, Tommaso de, 82 Brahmin, xxxvi, 68, 132 Canada Brandenburg, 70 railway business, 48 Protestantism, 70 Cancrin, family of, 162 representation of, 51 Capa, Robert, 33 Brandenburger Tor, 60 capital brands cultural, xxiv, 49, 110, 220 coats of arms, 6 private, 27 Brazil, 4, 13, 70 slave trade, 52 Bremen, 38 capitalism, xxi, 7 Bremer Lloyd, 38 Baltic, 183 Brest-Litovsk, xx, xxiv, xxvi, xxxi, xxxii, xl, communication, 230 52, 313 Nazi critique of, 201 treaty of, xxv, 170, 237 Capuchin Vault, 70, 84 Briand, Aristide, xliii, 92, 93, 94, 95, Caribbean, 230, 242 276, 311 caricatures, 104, 137, 143, 145, 146, 185 and relationship with Stresemann, 93 carnival, 143 Paneuropa, 89 Carnegie Foundation, 84, 158 Britain, xxx, xxxi, 1, 118 funding of Paneuropa movement, 90 post-imperial, 240 genealogy of international law, 157 British Commonwealth, xli Carpathian mountains, 44, 63

322 Index

Cars, Dukes de, xxxvii circulation cartes de visite, 29 elites, xxxix Cassirer, Ernst, 244 images, 10 category crisis, 242 cities, xxii, xxxvii, 9, 12, 17, 18, 19, 24, 54, 75, 121, Catherine II, Empress of Russia, xxix, 131, 177, 207 140, 171 as centers of interwar internationalism, xxiii Catholic Church, 163 as centres of international law, 177 Catholicism, 70, 84, 205, 206 former seats of royal or princely power, xxiv, émigré communities, 153 108, 123 internationalism, 201 Hanseatic, 184 cavalry, 43, 44, 56, 57, 118 revolutionary violence in Germany, 60 British Empire, 57 citizenship, xxi, 84, 105, 109, 162, 164, 177, 222 celebrity, xxiv, xxv, xli, 5, 6, 241 city states, xxxv attribution to collectives, 67 civil servants, 32, 37, 226 mechanism of, 7 civil war, xxx, 15 mediation of, 7 Russian, 38, 137 celebrity of decline, 19, 25 US, 15, 125 central Asia, 28 civilizing process, 25 Cesanek, Fritz, 79 civilization, 202 Ceylon, 215, 226 Europe, 32 Chagall, Marc Clary-Aldringen, Alfons, 120 ethnographyof eastern Europe, 45 class chain, aristocratic and Weber, xxxvi and French Revolution, xxxviii clubs and associations, 31, 46, 51, 52, 78, 83, 105, Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 124, 193 130, 191, 214, 215 Chapultepec, Castle of, 24 coats of arms, xxx, 6, 111, 149, 246, 249 charisma, xxiv, xliv, 6, 207 Cold War, 96 character, xxxvi Colonial Society, and Germany, 105 cultural production of, 26 colonialism, xxxii, 71, 82, 95, 121, 197, 200, education, xxxvii 232, 234 groups, 67 and Volta Congress, 202 Max Weber’s concept of, xxxvii sexual freedom, 217 monuments of assassination, 9 colonies Munich, 190 Paneuropa, 80 National Socialism, 179 colonization Paneuropa, 82 Jews, 43 personality, xxxvii Colpach Castle revolutionary, xxii Mayrisch family, 90 royal, and persistence of, 8 Columbia University, 84 theological origins of, 6 Columbus, Christopher, 19 charisma of decline Comenius, Jan German intellectuals, xlvii Coudenhove-Kalergi’s genealogy of Charlotte of Belgium, 17 Europe, 81 Chatham House, 78, 83, 89, 239 Comintern, 213 Chicago, 28 Committee for a Free Germany, 62 chivalry, 178, 184, 185 commodiﬁcation, 5 chivalric orders, 105 impossibility of control, 15 National Socialism, 179 memory, xxiii the Boy Scouts, 181 commodities cannot go to market Chlumetzky, Baron Johann Heinrich Karl Marx’s phrase, 7 von, 73 communities Christian Empire, idea of, 82 intellectual, xxii, xxv Christianity political, xxxix Coudenhove-Kalergi’s idea of Europe, 80 transnational, xxii Churchill, Winston, 43, 92, 94, 95, 236 companies, 35, 38, 90, 113

Index 323

compensation, xxxi, 220 Creon, 154 expropriation of German princes, 108 Crimea, 177, 178, 179 slave-owners of Bloomsbury, 220 crimes against humanity, 177 Comsomol critique ideas of chivalry in, 181 as political intervention, xxvi confiscation, xlv critique of anti-Semitism Congress of Vienna, 80 Heinrich Coudenhove-Kalergi, 77 Constantinople, 24, 26, 125 Croatia, xxxvii constitutional democrats Crusaders, 3 Ukraine, xxx Crusades, 82 contact zone, 245 Crystal Palace, 24 contemporaneity, xxv Cuba, 17 control culture and territory, 16 class, 249 conversion, xxxii, xxxiii, 62, 119 industry, 20 cavalry, 102 post-imperial, 239 elite identities, 68 vernacular, xxxvii, 143 narrative, 126 currency post-imperial, 218 devaluation of, 166 regiments, 46 European, 83 universities, 119 foreign exchange in Nazi Germany, 165 Cordiglia, Adrien, 19 Curzon line, xxii Corinth, Lovis, 51 Curzon, Lord George Nathaniel, 48 Corriere Israelito, 75 Degas sale, 21 Corti, Count Egon Caesar, 19 historicist style, 9 cosmopolitanism, 39, 55, 64 Czechoslovakia, xxviii, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii, 84, autobiography, 48 105, 120 reconciliation with nationalism, 81 Cossacks, 37 Dalcroze Institute, 186 Coudenhove-Kalergi, Count Dante Alighieri Heinrich, 74 Coudenhove-Kalergi’s genealogy of Franz Ferdinand’s Grand Tour, 76 Europe, 78 Sigmund Freud, 231 De Monarchia (1318–1321), 80 Coudenhove-Kalergi, Count Richard, xxv, xli, universal monarchy, 80 48, 71, 72, 81, 200 Darmstadt, xxiii, 108, 187 ‘Paneuropa. Ein Vorschlag’ (1922), Darré, Walther, 198 71, 261 David, Jacques-Louis, 26, 33 appeal to the Commonwealth, 78 Davies, David, 94 Paneuropa ABC (1931), 71 Dawson, Christopher, 203 relationship with fascism, 83–84 Dawson, Daniel, 19 vision of Paneuropa, 83 death Council of State, Prussian, 38 commodification of, 5 councils, government by, xxi dramatization of, 18 counter-culture, 217 dynasty, 7 Courland, 38, 143 symbolic significance of, 7 court publishers, 36 Debord, Guy, 26, 28 Cramer von Laue, Constantin decline and Veltheim’s circle, 116 empire, 1 Cranach Press, 49 decolonization, xxviii, xxix, 1, 83, 230, 234 creditors, 15 Suez Canal, 35 cremation, 114, 184 Degas sale (1917), 21 caricature, 103 Degas, Edgar, 20 Rosenberg’s design of a crematorium, 184 Degenerate Art and music, 180 Theosophy in the United States and Dehmel, Richard, 51 Britain, 114 Delaisi, Francis, 89

324 Index

democracy, xxiii, xxv, 9, 94, 109, 127, 214, Dreiländerverlag, 113 226, 240 Duchies, 11 estrangement, 250 duel, 52 European Union, xlv Duino, Castle of, 220 Keyserling’s idea of, 135 proximity to Miramare, 221 Robert Michels on, xxxix Duisberg, Carl, 113 totalitarianism, 200 Duleep-Singh, Prince, 57 unrepresentability, 241 Duncker&Humblot, 18 voters’ abstinence, 240 Durand-Ruel, Paul, 20 war, 76 Dürer, Albrecht, 26 Der Leuchter, 130 dynasties, xxvi, xxx Der Weg zur Vollendung, 126, 130, 138 German, xlvii derecognition, xl, 109, princely, 6 nobility, 110, 139 Dzerzhinsky, Feliks detachment, xliii nickname ‘Knight of the Revolution’, 182 as constituted by ethnic and class distance, 7 technologies of, 45 East Anglia, 57 Detinets, 153 east Prussia, 61, 95, 119 Deutsche Adelsgenossenschaft, 197 Ebert, Friedrich, xxii, 188, 216 Germany, 105 Eckart, Dietrich, 191, 192 Deutsche Gesellschaft 1914, 51 economic integration, 82 Deutsche Nation, Die, 91, 215 economy, cultural, xli Deutscher Herrenklub Edda, and Nazi book of nobility, 162 Germany, 105 Edib, Halidé, 133 Deutscher Künstlerbund Edison, Thomas, 126 founded by Count Kessler education in 1903, 212 academies, xxiii devises, 6, 251 ashram, 131 Teutonic Knights, 184 boarding schools, 71, 73 devolution, 1 charisma, xxxvii imperial, xxxii ﬁne art academies, 187 diaspora, 160 free schools, xxiii elites, 165 military, 56 dictatorships, 9 modern dance, 186 Dieterle, William, 33 universities, 84, 151, 153, 156, 157, 178, Dietrichstein family, 69 210, 236 dilettantism, xliv Eerde, Castle of, 126 and nobility, xliv Egypt, 4, 116 theory of, xliv Einstein, Albert, 208 directors, 33 Eisenstein, Mikhail discourse father of Sergei Eisenstein, 184 political, xliii, xliv, xlvi, 67, 72, 75, 81, 82, 128, Eisenstein, Sergei, 31, 34, 181 137, 195 October (1928), 34 Dollfuß, Engelbert, 83 Eisner, Kurt, xxii, 188 murder of, 83 elections, 73 Domela, Harry, false Prince of Prussia, 277, Elias, Norbert, 25, 244 304, 305 Eliot, T.S., 208, 219, 224 Dominicans The Waste Land (1922), xlvii, 219 the Baltic littoral, 185 elite mentality, 220 Dönhoﬀ, Marion Countess of, 119 elites, xxx, 1, 52 Doorn aesthetic tastes of, 210 exile of Wilhelm II, 32 Anglo-American, 89, 95 Dorpat aristocratic, xxxvi university of, 151, 156 complicity of, xliv double consciousness conversion of, xxii, xxxix and W.E.B. DuBois, 160 cultural, 113

Index 325

diplomats, 113 ideas of, 205, 206 dismantling of, xxix, xxxii international relations, 154 dynastic, xxx legal heterogeneity, 143 education of, 56 modern, xxvi entourage, 3, 16 Nazi and Soviet, 141 former, xxiii, xxxvii religion, 70 future of, xxxviii tempo of decline, 1 Germanic, xxiii, 248 Empress Elizabeth German-speaking, xxiv steamer, 3 habitus, xxxvi Endres, Franz Carl, 59 Habsburg dynasty, 71 engineering, 183 Indian, 122 England, xxxvii, 70 industrial, 90 enlightenment, 75, 82, 161, 245 intelligentsia, xxvi eastern Europe, 43 lingua franca, 44 Nazi opposition to, 180 military, xxxi, xliii, 1, 3, 16, 39, 57, 63 ennoblement, xliii military officers, 113 enterprises, global, xxvi mixed, 202 entourage, 3, 19, 72, 73, 74, 191, 198, 201, 225 moral bankruptcy of, xx equality new, xl, 202 liberalism, 107 non-European, 57 Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesen-Darmstadt old, xxi, xxx, xxxix and brother of Alix von Hessen-Darmstadt, patrimonialization of, xxxvii last Empress of Russia, 108 patronage, 212 Keyserling’s connection with, 122 permeability of, 58 Toller, Ernst, 102, 187 post-imperial, 249 Troeltsch Protestantism of, xxxvi Ernst, 123 Prussian officers, 61 Esperanza, 75 recognition, xxxix estates and castles, xxxviii, 14, 20, 24, 32, 37, 46, traditional, xxii 48, 90, 111, 119, 126, 179, 180, 186, 188, 220 transnational character of, 57, 203 Esterhazy family, 69 Elizabeth, Empress of Austria Estland, 143 and assassination of, 32 Estonia, 134, 143, 151 emblems, 149, 168 ethics Emden, 38 problem of plural allegiance, 37 emotional communities ethnographic collections, 7, 25 Barbara Rosenwein, 224 and Southern Slavs, 36 empire, 82, 94, 155 Austrian Museum für Völkerkunde, 36 decline of, xxviii Aztec, 13, 31, 36 embodiment, 1 dilettantism, 7 ideas of, 156, 173, 175, 179 folk art, 7, 11 Keyserling’s idea of, 127 Franz Ferdinand of Habsburg, 75 memory of, 171, 173 Habsburg court publishers, 36 patrimonies, 235 Maximilian of Habsburg, 17 peripheries of, xxxvi Maximilian’s Mexikanische Kostbarkeiten, 24 persistence of, xxvi Montezuma, so-called feather crown of, 36 Quentin Skinner’s discussion of, xxxv Nazi cultivation of folk culture, 180 representation of, 1 ethnographic research theory of, xxvi Nazi institute for the study of German folk empires, xxx, xxxviii, xliii, 72, 74, 80, 156, 177, art, 193 198, 224 ethnography, 1 and transimperial influence on reform, 76 First World War, 45 Austro-Hungarian, 187 folk psychology, 31 decline of, 167 war, 44 enlightenment, 161 Eugen Diederichs, 138

326 Index

Europäische Revue, 88, 120, 134, 301, 303 familiarity, illusion of, 6 Europe, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxv, xxxi, xxxiii, 12, 53, 67, family 89, 95, 102, 141, 242 associations, xxxviii and civil wars in, 35 dynastic, xxi, 8, 12, 21 and Mazzini’s Young Europe father–son relationships, 69 movement, 81 features, and dynastic charisma, 102 and supranational idea of, 53 histories of, xxv common imperial memory, xlvii history, xliv continental empires of, xxiii memory, 150 empires of, 4 networks of, xxv federations in, xxix pedigree, 173 genealogy of and Nazi ideology, 200 solidarity, 37 genealogy of idea of, xlv family legends, 48 hegemony of, xxviii famous deaths imperial devolution, xxvi Monty Python’s Flying Circus (1969–74), 3 imperial past of, xxiii Far East integration of, xxv, xlv, xlvii exoticism of, 113 intellectual communities of, xxv fascism, xliv, 138 Nazi idea of, 180, 195 Federal German Republic, 38, 51 Otto Neurath’s map of, xxxiii federalism, 74, 80–82, 189 pan-German idea of, 127 federation post-imperial, xxxi, xxxviii, xli, 232 Coudenhove-Kalergi’s idea of Europe, 80 railway business, 48 Popovici, 74 supranational idea of, 127 Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, 46 European Union, xlv, 237 federations Aristide Briand, 93 German Confederation, 12 as successor of the Holy Roman Empire of the Fénelon, François, Two Essays on the Balance of German Nation, 80 Europe (1720), 81 genealogy of, 82, 87 Ferdinand Maximilian of Habsburg, 12 Vienna as capital of, 82 fiction, xlvi, 150, 249 Europeanism, xlvi, 239 autobiography, 60 neo-Gothic, 24 First World War, 62 pan-Europeanism, 69 historical, 241 Europeanness, 7 philosophy, 133 Europeans, xxxv, xli, xliii, 8 theme of decline in, 13, 69 events, xlvii, 4 utopia, 82 and pseudo-events, 34 Fideikommiss, 111, 159 exchange, cultural, 7 film, xlv ex-hidalgo filmmakers, 34 Keyserlings description as, 128 financiers, 16 exile, xx, xxi, xxii, xxx, xliii, 61, 65, 69, 70, 84, 97, Finland, xxxiii 113, 118, 135, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 166, First World War, xxx, 1, 9, 39 171, 181, 211, 233 changes of account of Maximilian’s life, 15 internal, 138 eastern front, 43 existentialism, xliv middle-eastern front, 43 experience, xlvii First World War, consequences of, xliv expropriation, 104, 118 Fischer, Samuel, 51 German debate on (1926), 106 Fitzgerald family, xxxvii Soviet occupation zone of Florence, xxxvii Germany, 118 Föhr Veltheim’s exile, 118 Fabians, 126 Folk-lore, 8 Fabre-Luce, Alfred, 134, 216 Foreign Legion Fackel, Die, 49 France, 57 Faenza, xxxvii former people, xliii, 68 fame, 4 Forster, E.M., 215

Index 327

fraction, 210, 224, 234, 240 meeting with Veltheim, 117 fragmentation, 243 Gdansk, 179 France, xxxi, xxxvii, xliv, 16 genealogical research, 164 Franco, Francisco, xxii genealogy Franco-German cooperation, 64 affective, 1, 63, 250 Franco-Prussian War, 9, 51, 100 as alternative history, 160 Frankfurt University, 133 dynasty, 8 Franklin, Sindey, 34 idea of chivalry, 194 Franz Ferdinand of Habsburg, 1, 4, 5, 21 Nazi ideology, 161 2,047 ancestors of, 11 of Crusaders, 146 assassination of, xlvii of international law, 160 celebrity, 7 portraits at Paneuropa congresses, 78 curator of culture, 7 private, 167 Galician churches, 45 public sculptures, 100 heritage preservation, 75 state, xxxvi ideas of reform, 73 generation, xxiv, xxxviii, xliii, 1, 4, 13, 35, 39, 46, in film by Max Ophüls, 240 71, 72, 75, 77, 117, 121, 133, 139, 151, 156, Tagebuch meiner Reise um die Erde (1895), 3 178, 179, 181, 183, 192, 196, 201, 203, 205, Franz Ferdinand von Trotta 215, 220, 223, 233 protagonist in Joseph Roth’s Capuchin heritage, 72 Vault, 84 in fiction, 69 Franz Josef I, Emperor of Austria, 5, 9, 12, 15, 17, post-imperial, 201 19, 25, 35, 35, 57, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, Geneva, 38, 143 109, 199 genres, xxxv, 143, 249 Frazer, James, ‘The Killing of the Khazar Kings’ geography, affective, 63 (1917), 8 George, Stefan, 190 freecorps, 60 German Confederation, 12 Veltheim’s experience of, 60 German culture Freemasonry, 82, 85 divided conception of, 237 French Guyane, xli German Democratic Party, xxxvii, 33 French Revolution, xxiv, xxxiii, xxxvii, 4, 14, 26, Germany, 113 57, 70, 180 German Democratic Republic execution of Louis XVI, 107 Ludwig Renn’s career, 62 Freud, Sigmund, 23, 31, 64, 170, 231, German imperial army, 53 262, 267 German National People’s Party (DNVP), 196 Sigmund Freud, ‘Trauer und Melancholie’ German Romantics, 14 (1917), 262 German Society of 1914, 48 Friedrich II, King of Prussia, 140 German–Austrian Union, idea of friendship Coudenhove-Kalergi’s opposition to, 71 class in wartime, 63 Germany, xxiii, xxiv, xxviii, xxxii, 1, 21, 51 nations, 55 and special path, xxxii political implications of, 39 colonies of, xli war as a strain on, 52 division of, xxi Frigate Novara, 16, 17, 23 dynasties, xxxii Frobenius, Leo, 45 German Empire, xxviii, xxix Fry, Roger, 21, 209 German Republic, xxxvii Bloomsbury group, 32 intellectuals, xxiv funeral processions, 102 isolation of, xxiii future, discussion of, xxxviii nation, xxxi Orientalism, xxv Galicia, 75 principalities and kingdoms, xxi Habsburg province of, 45 Republic of, xxxii Kessler’s perception of, 41 revolutions, xxii Gallipoli, Battle of, 57 Romantics, 19 Gandhi, Mahatma Weimar Republic, 51, 60, 197

328 Index

Germany’s new prophets Günther, Hans, 186 Henry de Man, 67 Gurdjieff, 125 ghetto, xxix, 161 Schroeter, Gustav Gide, André, 218 Veltheim’s ex libris, 113 Gilbert, Felix, 216 Gill, Eric, 224 Haam, 75 Giuseppe Mazzini, ‘Europe: Its Conditions and Habazaleth, 75 Prospects’ (1852), 81 Habsburg, xx, xxx, xli, xlvii, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, Gleichen, Heinrich von, 105 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, global travel, xxv 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 53, 57, 58, 69, 70, 71, 72, globetrotting, 35 73, 74, 76, 80, 98, 104, 105, 109, 119, 134, Goebbels, Joseph, 135, 179, 186, 194, 195, 200 152, 173, 182, 188, 199, 201, 204, 205, 207, Goertz, Max, 224 219, 221, 231, 245, 271, 276, 279, 282, 283, Goetheanum, 114 286, 287, 294, 297, 301, 309 Goncharova, Natalia, 45 House of, 16, 31 Gordon Craig, Edward, 49 Habsburg Empire Gotha Almanach, 162, 199 multi-ethnic character of, 71 government in exile, 61 Habsburg, Otto von, 84 governments hagiography, 29 imperial, xxviii film, 34 in exile, 153 Franz Ferdinand, 25 republican, xxi Hague Academy of International Law, xxiii, 156, Goya, Francisco, 33 157, 266, 268 and ‘Tres de Mayo (1814)’, 20 Hague agreements on maritime law, 156 Grafton Galleries, 209 Hahn, Kurt, 290, 314 Gramsci, Antonio, xxxix Halle, 118 Granada, 24 Halm, Friedrich von, 111 Grand Duchies, 11 hammer and sickle, 167 Grand Duke Sergius Hanseatic League, 142, 184 assassination of, 23, 30 Harden, Maximilian, 217, 302 daguerrotype of empty carriage of, 30 Harper’s. A Journal of Civilization, 20 Grand Expositions, 25 Hasaron, 75 Grand Tours, xxv, 1, 3, 31 Haskalah, 75 globalization of, 31 Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, 19 Veltheim, 116 Haushofer, Karl, 86 Grant, Duncan, 215 Haxthausen, Baron August von, 193 Graves, Robert, 64 Heartfield, John, 49 Great Exhibition, 18 Hedin, Sven, 45 Greece, xxxiii Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 155 Greek myths, 65 hegemony, xxviii, xxxix, 10, 182, 221, 250 Greek revival Heidegger, Martin, 169 architectural styles, 151 Heil Hitler, 166 Groener, Wilhelm Heine, Heinrich, 13 Veltheim’s circle, 113 ‘Vitzliputzli’ (1851), 14 Grosz, George, 49, 226 Heller, Hugo, 85 Grotius, Hugo Hellingrath, Norbert von, 193 Coudenhove-Kalergi’s genealogy of Europe, 81 Henckel von Donnersmarck, Guido, 51 group charisma Henry de Man, ‘Germany’s New Prophets’ Norbert Elias’s concept of, 67 (1924), 67 groups, 249 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 14 revolutions, xxi heritage, 45 thinking in, xlvi activities of the Habsburgs, 11 See also fractions cultural, 48 guilt and debt Habsburg management of, 72 defeat, xxxvii post-socialist culture, 248

Index 329

Hermann Keyserling with Rabindranath Tagore homosexuality, 217 and Goedela Keyserling (b. Bismarck)., 68 honour, xxxvi, 14, 39, 54, 77 hero, absence of, xlvi honours, xxvi Herrenhaus, Prussian, 152 Hoover Institution, xlv Herriot, Edouard, 89 horizons of experience, 245 Herzfelde, Helmut (aka John Heartﬁeld), 49, 263 Horthy, Miklós, 76 Herzfelde, Wieland, 49 Hotel Adlon, 222 Herzl, Theodor, 166 Hotel Vierjahreszeiten, 191 Hessel, Franz, 190 households, royal, 37 Hessen Darmstadt, Duchy of, 106 Hugo, Victor, 81, 82 Hessen-Darmstadt, House of, xxix ‘Discours d’ouverture aux Congrès de la Paix à Het Centrum, 55 Paris’ (1849), 81 Heuss, Theodor Hull, incident, 154 membership in German Society of 1914, 51 human rights Hibbert Journal, The, 52 Coudenhove-Kalergi’s idea of Europe, 80 Hibbert Trust, 52 Nuremberg Court of, 177 Hibbert, Robert, 52 Humanitas lodge, 85 Hiller, Kurt, 94, 315 humanity Himmler, Heinrich future of, 133 and Nazi ideas of new chivalry, 179 idea of, 63 Hindu mythology shaming of German aristocrats in Austria, 109 popularity of in Germany, 113 Humboldt, Alexander von, 13, 86 hinterland, 234 Hungary, xxviii, 5, 83 historicism hunting, 3, 25, 151 architectural style, 9 Huxley, Aldous, 126, 135 Hitchcock, Alfred, The Lady Vanishes (1938), 240 Hyderabad, 25 Hitler, Adolf, xxii, 135, 189, 191, 193, 195, 196, 199 British opinion of in 1936, 122 iconography, 29 Hitler–Stalin Pact (1939), xxi, 141, 158, 200 identity Hoare, Sir Samuel, 46 cultural, xxxvii, xxxix Hobbes, Thomas, 24, 140 erosion of, in post-imperial societies, 121 semiotics, 149 Jewish, 86 Hobsbawm, Eric, 86 migration, 280 Hobson, John, xxvi, xli identity politics, 11 Hoetzsch, Otto, 33 ideologies, xxii, xxiii, xxxvi, xliv, xlvi, 173 Hofburg, Vienna IG Farben, 113 seat of Paneuropean Movement, 78 Ikonnikov, Nikolai, 162, 169 Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 212 genealogical services, 163 Hofmuseum, 3 Ilf, Ilya and Petrov, Evgeny Hogarth Press, 119, 213, 224, 232 parody of aristocrats, 240 Hohenzollern, House of, xxx, 4, 10, 24, 25, 35, 59, Illustrated London News, xxvi 98, 152, 201, 219, 255, 298 image Protestantism of, 10 control of, 17 Holland, xxxvii national and global circulation of, 29 Coudenhove-Kalergi’s ancestors, 83 imperialism, xxi, xxvi, 15, 21, 28, 72, 142, 146 Hollywood, 33, 34, 239, 241 imperium, xxxv Holocaust, 181, 238, 242 incognito, 185 Holstein-Gottorf, House of, 146 India, 4, 9, 25, 32, 121, 125 Holy Alliance, 156 as travel destination, 122, 125 Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, xxx, colonial representation of Indian xxxviii, xliii, 11, 53 ﬁgures, 25 Holy Trinity E.M. Forster’s vision of, 242 Taube’s membership of, 153 Indian Congress, 80 home rule, xxviii Veltheim’s travels to, 116 homelessness, 110–111, 119 Indian Ocean, xxviii, 35

330 Index

Indian princely states Japan, 76 perceptions of Germany by, 122 Iwakura mission, 77 Indian Rebellion, 27 Meiji reforms, 77 Vasili Vereshchagin’s depiction Jean Renoir, La Grande of, 28 Illusion (1937), 62 Indologists, 116 Jerusalem, 12, 166, 179 inequality, 235 British conquest of, 57 infantry, 62 Jerusalem, King of, 35 information, transmission of, xlvi Jesuits, 158 inheritance, 220 Jews Insel, 49, 51, 117, 222 denationalization of, 109 Institut international de cooperation deportation of, 197 intellectuelle, 134 diaspora, 165, 230 insurgents, xxxix, 16 expropriation of, 180 intellectuals, Anglo-American, xlvii identity, 227 intelligentsia, xxiii, xxvi, 138, 235, 239 intellectuals, 206 interests, xxviii Keyserling’s comparison of Baltic diaspora French and British, xxxii with, 137 French industrial, 92 nobility, 199 national, xxxv Nuremberg laws, 162 national and imperial, 38 Pale of Settlement, xxix, 43, 147, 161 internal colonization, xxix, 76 perceptions of, 43, 45 Catherine II, 161 representation of, 137, 173 international Yiddish language, 137 from above, xxiii Jockey Club International Aﬀairs, 80, 89, 261, 309 Mexico City, 31 International Court of Justice, 159 joking relationships, 142, 147 international organizations, xxv Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 75 International Red Cross, 44 Journal de Genève, 206 international relations, xxxix journalists, xxxvi, xliii empires, 235 Juárez, Benito, 16, 20, 33 study of, 89 in Franz Werfel’s play, 33 internationalism, xxiii, xxv, xli, 27, 38, 48, Jung, Carl Gustav, 129 55, 75, 89, 139, 140, 142, 159, 172, 187, 195, School of Wisdom, 123 201, 204, 206, 207, 213, 218, 221, 225, jungle, 13, 226, 234 226, 236 jurisdictional jockeying Ireland, xxv, xxxvi Lauren Benton, 143 Irish Sea, xxviii Iron Curtain, 200 Kakania, 71 iron law of oligarchy Kali, Hindu goddess of destruction, 113 Robert Michels, xxxix Kant, Immanuel, 81, 82 Isherwood, Christopher, 126, 217 Coudenhove-Kalergi’s genealogy of Iskra, 186 Europe, 78 Islam, 82 Kantorowicz, Ernst, 237 islands, 32, 65, 118 The King’s Two Bodies: A Study isolation, political and economic, xxxviii in Medieval Political Theology (1957), Italy, xxxvii, xxxviii, 83 294 Itúrbide family, 15 Kapp, Wolfgang, 189 Karl I of Habsburg, 5, 70 Jacobinism, xxxiii, xliii, 26 Karl Stefan of Habsburg, 5 Schmitt’s critique of, 197 Karl V, Holy Roman Emperor, 32 Jacobins, 26 Kasack, Hermann, 116 James, C.L.R., 226 Kazan, 9 Jannott, K. Kellogg-Briand pact, 93 Goather life insurance, 107 Kelmscott Press, 213

Index 331

Kelsen, Hans, xxxix charisma, 6 Kerenski, Alexander, xxix King’s two bodies, 237 Kessler, Count Harry, xxv, 31, 32, 33, 39, 41, 43, 45, Kinsky, Count Feri, 134 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 63, 64, 65, 122, Kippenberg, Anton, 117, 222, 224 123, 135, 138, 165, 211–217, 219–227, 233, Kjellén, Johan Rudolf, 86 245, 254, 263, 264, 273, 276, 279, 284, 289, Klee, Paul, 187 294, 301, 308, 311, 314 Kleist, Heinrich von, 14 ‘Nationality’ (1906, 1919, 1921), 213 Prince von Homburg, 61 and St. George’s school, 32 Klingelhöfer, Gustav and visit to Querétaro, 31 anarchism, 102 Anglo-Irish background of, xxv, 48 Knights of St. George Germany and Europe (1923), 213 medieval chivalric orders, 184 Guidelines for a True League of Nations Knights of the Round Table, 105 (1919–21), 213, 226 Koch-Weser, Erich Notes on Mexico (1898), 31 Veltheim’s circle, 113 photographic portrait with a periscope on the Kojève, Alexandre, xl, 155, Eastern front (1916), 40 Kolb, Annette, 116 Rilke translation for Hogarth Press, 222–225 Kolomea, 75 Robert Graves in Mallorca, 65 Königsberg, 37 trip to Mexico, 31–33 Königsberg Castle, 61 war trauma and cosmopolitan conversion Konopischt, 3, 200 of, 51 Korda, Alexander, Tragödie im Hause Habsburg Keynes, John Maynard, 48, 210 (1924), 34 Degas sale, 21 Korngold, Erich Wolfgang, 34 inﬂuence after the Second World War, 238 Kotzebue, August von, 14 Keyserling, Count Hermann, xxv, 122, 152 Koudelka, Alfred von, 73 ‘A philosopher’s view of the war’ (1915), 52 Kraus, Karl, xliii ‘La Révolte des forces telluriques et la Krenek, Ernst, 32 responsabilité de l´Esprit’ (1933), 138 Krishnamurthi, Jiddu, 78, 110, 125 Bolshevism or the Aristocracy of the Future Veltheim, 116 (1918), 52 Kronstadt, 146 celebrity of, 68 Kultur versus Zivilisation, xlvi correspondence with Prince Rohan, 133 Kulturbund, 124 Das Reisetagebch eines Philosophen, 2 Vols Karl Anton Rohan, 91 (1919–1920), 53 Kun, Béla, xxii Das Spektrum Europas (1928), 52 Kunitake, Kume, 77 letter of 20 September 1933 to the Kustodiev, Boris, 27 Reichsminister für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda, 135 L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 231 meeting with Annie Besant, 125 La Paloma, 17 participation in anti-fascist congress, 138 Laban, Rudolf von, 186 perceived anti-German sentiments of, 52 land reforms, 118 South American Meditations (1932), 129 Landau, Rom, 131 Veltheim’s circle, 116 landscapes, 44, 63, 242 Keyserling/Keyserlingk family, 39, 51 German artists, 51 Keyserling, Count Alfred, 37 national sentiments, 63 Keyserlingk, Count Robert, Prussian governor languages, xxiii, 18, 75, 87, 137, 148, 162 of Königsberg, 38 hierarchy of, 151 Keyserlingk-Cammerau, Count Robert, Larisa Reisner Prussian governor of Königsberg, 37 as theorist of revolution, xxii Khanate, 137 Larson, Frans, 138 Kharkov, university of, 156 Lasker-Schüler, Else, 213 Khristos voskrese, 166 Latin America Kiel, xxii exoticism of, 113 King’s touch, 8 Latvian, 151

332 Index

Lauenstein, Castle of, xxxviii Russian, and monarchism, 142 law, xxiii, xxv study of Roman law, 157 as instrument of equality, 198 Walther Rathenau, 51 Austrian constitution, xxxix Lichterfelde, 56 autocracy, 161 Liddell, Robert civil, 157 war reporting, 44 compensation, 106 Liebenfels, Josef Lanz von, 194 constitution of the United States, 74 Liebknecht, Karl, xxii, 102 constitutional change, 67, 106, 245 Life, 33 constitutional court in Weimar Lippman, Walter, Phantom Public (1927), 240 Germany, 107 Lithuania, 162, 181, 183 criminalization of homosexuality, 217 Lithuanian, 151 derecognition, 109 Livland, 143 emigration, 153, 157 Livonia, 177 equality, 107 Lloyd George, David international, 156, 158 reliquishment of German names and titles by lawyers, 153, 154, 158 the royal family, xxx municipal, 158 Lloyd Wright, Frank, 125 National Socialism, 162 Löbe, Paul, 33 Paneuropean constitution, 83 Veltheim’s circle, 113 plurality of, 142 Lobkowicz, Prince, 3 precedent, 107 Lodge, John Davis, 239 revolution, 71, 107, 118 Lodz, 55 Roman, 156, 158 London, xxi, 28 leadership, xxxviii, 126 Losev, Alexei, 168 League of Nations, xxiii, xxiv, xxix, xliii, 80, Lotman, Yuri, 149, 168 89, 93, 139, 153, 158, 159, 195, 201, 203, Loucheur, Louis, 90, 92, 93, 206, 212, 216, 218, 225, 226, 232, 236, 95, 283 253, 281, 296 Louis XVI, King of France Ledebur, Senator Eugen, 134 discussion in the Weimar Republic of, 106 Left and Right, xxiii Löwenstein, Prinz Hubertus zu, 305, 306 legal documents, xxxix, 118 Lucca, 19, 24 legitimacy, xxxv liberty on the wall, 19 Lehman, John, 217 Lucknow, 9, 27 Leicester, Dukes of, xxxvii Ludwig Salvator, Archduke of Austria Lemberg, 75 death at Castle Brandeis, 32 Lenin, xxi, xxvi, xxx, 54, 186 Lukács, György, xxii Leningrad, 122 Lutkowski, Lothar Stengel von, 186 letters, 49 Luttich Leuthner, Karl, 109 German atrocities in, 51 Leviathan, 24 Luxemburg, Rosa, xxii, 102 Libau, 38 luxury, 3 liberalism, xxii, xxiii, xxxiii, xxxvii, xxxviii, 86 Lynar, family of, xxxvii and internationalism, 82 Lyon-Caen, Charles, 158 Austrian, 94 Bolsheviks, xl Mad Baron, 137 British, and revolutions, xxiv Madeira, 32 Carl Schmitt’s defence of, 107 Magdeburg fortress, 53 German, xlvii, 45, 51, 54 Magyarization, 74 internationalism, 72, 94, 156 Maharajah, former, 57 Italian, xxxviii Maillol, Aristide, 48 Jewish, 74 majority, xxvi, xxviii, xxxviii, xliii, 240 Mexican, 16 Malik, 49, 213 nationalism, xxxv Malinowski, Bronislaw, 142, 203 reforms, xxi Habsburg imperial honours for, 109

Index 333

Mallorca Mazzini, Giuseppe, 81 exile in, 65 Coudenhove-Kalergi’s genealogy of Mama Carlota, 17 Europe, 78 Man, Hendrik (Henri) de, 133 mechanical reproducibility Manchester Guardian, xliii news of death, 29 Manet, Edouard medals of dishonour, 27 constancy of appreciation of, 245 media, xxiii, xlv, 17 Manet, Édouard mediators, xliii Bloomsbury circle, 221 Mediterranean, 4, 35 changing value of paintings Meier-Graefe, Julius, 20, 223 by, 20–23 Meiji Reforms/Restoration, 77 Execution of Maximilian, 20 melancholy representation of resistance, 33 post-imperial, 225 Mann, Thomas, 124, 135, 307 Melchior, Carl, 90, 93 mantenere lo stato, xxxv Memel, 148 maps, xxxiii, xlii, 80, 100, 173, 242 Memoir Club, 215, 227 as speech acts, 243 memoirs, xxiii, xl, xliv, 33, 215 colonial, 148 memories Marat, Jean-Paul, 27 institutional purchase of, xlv Marconi, Guglielmo, 201 memory, xlv Margerie, Roland de, 33 ancestral, 8 Maria Theresia of Habsburg, 12 commodiﬁcation of, xxiii Marie Antoinette, last Queen of France, xxii, 4, culture, 4, 14, 26 70, 71 empire, xlvi and Stefan Zweig’s novel on, 70 event, xxi, xlvii, 28 execution of, 27 genres, xxiii, 214, 220 Marienburg Castle, 179 institutional control of, xlv Marinetti, Tomasi, 203 monuments, 17 market, 7 multidirectional, and Michael Rothberg, xlv art, 28, 187 nostalgia, 204 memory, 34, 170 of war, xliii reproducibility, 29 post-imperial, xlv, 248 success, 28 public, 64, 78 value, 21 genealogy, 78 Marshall Plan, 237 reproducibility of, 34 Martens, Fedor, 154 selective, 251 Marx, Karl, 7, 15, 135, 155 trans-imperial, 208 Masaryk, Tomáš G., 82, 84, 86, 92, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Albrecht, 204 masculinity, 241 Mendez, Concepcion (Conchita), 17 Mass Observation group, 249 mentality, xlvii Massachusetts, 63 mercenaries, 57 Mathildenhöhe Messenia, 151 artists’ colony, 123 Mexican Intervention, 16 Matteotti, Giacomo, xxii Mexican republicans, xlvii Maximilian of Habsburg, xlvii, 4, 9 Mexico, 14, 15, 16, 20 as topic of discussion, 33 court of Maximilian, 30 poem on deposed indigenous prince, 24 emigration to, 62 Maximilian ruling the New World Mexico City, 17, 20, 33 allegorical fresco by Cesare dell’Aqua at early photography, 30 Miramare, 24 Michelet, Jules ‘Der entthronte Fürst’ (1863), 13 black rebellion, 14 ‘Eisenbahn im Urwald’ (1860), 70 Michelin’s Guides to Postwar Europe Mayo, County, 48, 96 (1919–1922), 64 Mayr, Michael, 109 Michels, Robert, xxxix Mayrisch, Emile, 90, 92, 93, 95 middle classes, 39

334 Index

Middle East, 12 Montherlant, Henri de, 134 Milandri, Giuseppe, 206 monument Milhaud, Darius, 32 Querétaro, 20 Maximilien: opéra historique en trois actes et monuments, 9, 70, 100, 150 neuf tableaux (1931), 33 Morris, William, 213 milieu, 195, 241 Moscow, xlv, 177 Milosz, Czeslaw, 142 early photography, 30 minority, 105, 110, 218, 241 Moses, 231 ethnicity, 105, 150 mourning, 23 intellectuals, 241 Sigmund Freud, 23 national and transnational, xxvi multiculturalism, 175 opinion, 77 empire, 227 representation in archives, 241 empires, xlvi rights, 83 ideas, xxvi sexuality, 218 multilingualism, 167, 171 minority culture Munich, xxii, xxxiii, 28, 186 F.R. Leavis, 241 council Republic of, 102, Miramare, Castle of, 19, 20, 24, 32 188 images of, 32 revolution, 192 mirrors for princes, xxxv Munich, Republic of, xxxiii Mirzapur, 25 Münster, 141 modernism, 49, 225, 229 Muraviev family, 163 art, 32 musée imaginaire artists, 243 André Malraux, xlvi composers, 32, 116, 126 museum, 7, 10 cremation, 114 Museum für Völkerkunde, dance, 117, 125, 186, 217 Vienna, 14 designers, 49 music, 17, 32 National Socialism, 184 folk songs, 150 Orientalism, 138 Musil, Robert, 25 poetry, xxviii Mussolini, 83 poets, 116 Mussolini, Benito, xxii, 83, 201, 202, 203, 206, the myth of the Teutonic 232, 289 Knights, 184 Coudenhove-Kalergi’s connections modernity, 6, 183 to, 83 commodiﬁcation of celebrity, 7 mystery plays, xxxviii National Socialism, 192 post-impressionism, 20, 48, 209 Nadar, Félix, 28 visual arts, 20 Nansen passport modernization, 29 Count Hermann Keyserling, 162 Modotti, Tina, 33 statelessness, 141 moment Napoleon Bonaparte post-imperial, xlvii Coudenhove-Kalergi’s genealogy of moments, xlvii Europe, 78 historical, xxxvii Napoleon III of France, 15, 20 monuments, 48 representation of character of, 33 monarch Napoleon, age of, xxxviii image of deposition, 8 Narva, 148 monarchists, Russian, 38 National Democratic Party monarchy, xxi Czechoslovakia, 104 enlightenment, 16 National Gallery, London, 21 Mondrian, Piet National Socialism, xliv, 83, 138, 173 Theosophical Society, 126 archives, xlv Mongolia, 137 collaborationism, 133 Montezuma, 14 continuity with Weimar Republic, 51

Index 335

empire, 100 Nietzsche, Friedrich, xxxvi, 48, 81, 128, 133, 202, eugenics, 185 212, 213, 214, 223, 264, 275, 288, 295, expropriation of large landowners, 122 302, 314 idea of nobility, 109 archive of, 91 ideology, 142, 173 Coudenhove-Kalergi’s genealogy of importance of Nuremberg for, 204 Europe, 78 industry, 91 prize named after, 133 legislation, 118, 162, 164, 200 nineteenth century, xxxviii Munich, 192 Nobel Peace Prize, 62 Nazi party, 83, 194 Nobel, Alfred, 37 propaganda, 134, 137, 173 nobility, xxxvi, 16, 75, 83, 98, 102, 105 seizure of power, 194 constitutions, 106 nationalism, 5, 82 duelling, 77 Baltic region, 143 Hitler, 200 critique of, 52, 94, 236 Max Weber’s discussion of, xxxv Czech, 44, 82, 92 Nazi idea of, 165 Estonian, 246 sociology of, xxxvii German, 134 noble continent Hungarian, 9 Winston Churchill’s concept of, 236 Italian, 221 noble titles, 71 Mexican, 20 noblesse oblige, xxxvi, 107 Polish, 53 Nolde, Baron, 156 nationalization, xxxi non-Europeans Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte, 194, 195 deployment in the European armies, 57 nation state, and Poland, 53 perception of, 7, 11 nation states, xxv, xxx, xxxi representation of, 26 Nazi Germany Norfolk, 57 imperialism, 172 North America, 4 refugees from, 65, 141, 231 North German Lloyd, 24 Ne˘mec, Bohumil, 104 Noske, Gustav, xxxii, 102 neo-classical, 9 Nostitz, Count Erwein, 134 neo-Gothic, 9 Nostitz, Helene von, 212 neo-Mughal, 9 Notre Dame Netherlands, xxv fear of bombing of, 48 Neue Freie Presse, 74 November Club, 214, 216 Neue Rundschau, Die, 54, 212 Novgorod, 153 Neurath, Otto, xxxiii, 188 Nueva Galicia, 15 new diplomacy, 214, 215, 216, Nuremberg, 177 new order, xxxix Antonio Gramsci, xxxix obedience to authority, 59 New York Ober-Ost, 177 Coudenhove-Kalergi’s emigration to, 84 Ocampo, Victoria, 130, 132 early photography, 30 occult New York Daily Tribune, 15 Keyserling’s interest in, 124 New York University, 84 Ocean Lloyd, 69 news, international, xxvi, 1 October Revolution, 100, 141 newspapers and periodicals, xxvi, xliii, xliv, xlv, Odessa, 186 15, 44, 45, 54, 74, 75, 85, 87, 91, 104, 108, oﬃcers, xxii, xxv, xxx, xxxi, xliii, 39, 62 120, 173, 182, 186, 193, 194, 195, 196, 212, cultural codes of, 39 217, 231 Olcott, Henry Steel, 124 Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, 27, 30, 37, Presbyterian origins of, 125 108, 146 Olgivanna, name used by Olga Ivanovna Nieman, 148 Hinzenburg, 125 Nietzsche society Oncken, Hermann Weimar, 133 and Prince Rohan, 134

336 Index

Opel, Adam art salons, 28 funding of Paneuropa movement, 90 early photography, 30 Order of St. John, 105 émigrés in, 142 Order of the Garter, 105 Russian emigration to, 141 Order of the Golden Fleece, 105 parliament, xxiii Orient, 35 Partrey House, 48 abstract idea of, 68 Parvus, Alexander, 186 Orientalism, 67 pathos of distance, xxxvi Germany, 114 Nietzsche, xxxvi Victorian culture, 114 patrimonialization, xxxvii, 110 Orientalists patrimony Germany, 139 gender, 170 d’Ormesson, Wladimir, 134 patriotism, 39, 48, 51, 75, 80, 142 Ortega y Gasset, José, 305 patronage, 7, 26, 198, 221, 226 Orthodox Church, 126, 151, 155, 156, 163, 166, churches, 114 173, 184 Pavlovsk, 141 Ostelbia, xxxvi pedigree, 82, 142, 164, 170, 223, 241 Österreichische Illistrierte Zeitung, 79 masculinity, 170 Ostia, 203 Père Lachaise, cemetery of, 48 Ostrau, 111, 114 peripheries, internal, xxix Ostrovsky, Nikolai, 119 permeability, xxxix Otto Reichl, 52 party, xxxix Otto von Habsburg, 12 Pernambuco, 30 Ottoman Empire, xx, xxviii person, 5 Ottomans, xxxii personality, xxv Personality and the Orders of Life (1917) Pabst, Waldemar, 102 and Max Weber, xxxviii pacification, 143, 203 perspective pacifism, 51, 52, 61, 83, 94, 116, 216 first person, 1 paganism, 14 transnationalism, xliv painters, 26 persuasion, xxxix Pale of Settlement, xxix, 43, 147, 161 Perugia, xxxvii Palestine Peter and Paul fortress, 38 Veltheim’s travels to, 116 Peter I of Russia, 185 Pallandt, Baron Philip van, 126 Peterhof, 46 Pallavicini family, 69 Petrarca, Francesco Pan-America, xli, 72 forgery of Habsburg titles, 12 Paneuropa, xxv, 48, 72, 78, 80, 81, 82, 86, 87, 89, Petrograd, xx, 38 90, 91, 94, 243, 261, Petropolis, 13 colonies, xli Maximilian of Habsburg, 13 congresses, 78 railway, 13 congresses, and genealogy, 78 suicide of Stefan Zweig, 70 Coudenhove-Kalergi’s map of, xlii phantom empires, 242 forms of government, 72 phantom pain, xli, 173 movement, 71–72, 78 Philippines, 28 Paneuropean Union, xli philo-Semitism, 75 Winston Churchill, 95 philo-Slavism, 75 pan-German League, xxxv philosophy, xxv pan-Slavism, 221 photographers, 19, 20, 25, 26, 29, 32, 33, 45, 76 Papen, Karl von, 107 Phrygian hat, xxxiii Parallelaktion, 25 Piedmont, xxxvii paramilitary corps, 51 Pietzner, Carl, 76 Pareto, Vilfredo, xxxviii, xxxix court photographer, 25 pariah, xxxvi Pilar von Pilchau, Baroness Jenny, 163, 164 Paris, 18, 20, 21, 28, 48, 70, 140, 161 Piłsudski, Józef, 53

Index 337

Pinthus, Kurt (ed.) Menschheitsdämmerung Nietzsche’s concept of ‘will to (1919), xlvi power’, 81 Piscator, Erwin, 159 of granting recognition, xxiii poets, xxiv, 13, 111, 113, 126, 187, 208, 213, 219, 242 party, xxx Poland, xxviii, xxxvi, xxxvii, 5, 11, 54 persistence of, 32 Polish corridor succession, 9 problem of, 94 territory, xxxvi tunnel, 95 Theosophical Society, 125 Polish legion, 61 transgression, 36 Habsburg army, 53 war, xxxii revolution, 53 power, military, 35 Polish state power, symbolic, 7, 10, 12, 24, 149 future of, 53 press, 10, 30, 35, 55, 72 political parties, 104 Jews in the Habsburg Empire, 74 Politis, Nicholas, 158 prestige, xx, xxii, xxiii, xxvi, xxvii, xxxii, xxxvii, Polytechnic High School, 119 xliii, 11, 52, 67, 68, 71, 135, 156, 235, Polytechnic School, 178 239, 250 Pomerania primogeniture, 107, 111 representation of, 51 twentieth-century practice of, 111 Pompeii, 203 See also Fideikommiss Poniatowski, family of, xxxvii Prince Albert’s Hussars, 24 Pontigny, Abbey of, 90 Prince Georg Palais, 187 Popocatepetl princes, German ownership of, 32 and Napoleonic wars, xxxviii Popovici, Aurel, 74, 84 Princip, Gabriel, 4 Die Vereinigten Staaten von Groß-Österreich. prisoners of war, 45 Politische Studien zur Lösung der privileges nationalen Fragen und staatrechtlichen loss of, 119 Krisen in Österreich-Ungarn (1906), 74 Privilegium Maius, 11 Popper, Karl, 86 Progreso, El, 75 Port Said, 4 progress, xxiv, xxxix, 142, 158 Portland, Dukes of, xxxvii propaganda, 45 portraiture, xxxix, 11, 27–28, 39, 51, 185 critique of during the First World War, 53 Bloomsbury, 227 propaganda, German, xxxviii Coudenhove-Kalergi, 78 property, private, xl Duleep-Singh, 57 Protestantism, xxxvi, 10, 70, 150, 163, Kessler, 39 205, 206 music and Maximilian of Habsburg, 33 internationalism, 201 Veltheim, 111 Lutheranism, 151 Potocky, Count of Presbyterianism, 80, 125 private zoo of, xxvi Reformation, 205 Potsdam, xxii Proust, Marcel, 224 power, xxii Provisional Government absence of, xxxv Russia, xx and balance of, 72 Prussia, xx, xxxii, 16, 37, 51, 58, 69, 70, 75, 77, 94, balance of powers, 82 100, 141, 143, 148, 161, 171, 198, 199, 237, charisma, 26 276, 280 continuity of, 235 Albrecht of, 100 conversion of, xxii publishers, xlv, 18, 33, 49, 51, 113, 117, 119, 138, 213, dance, 120 217, 224, 232 hard and soft, 69, 96 puppet kingdoms, 5 Hobbes, 149 magic, 8 Qu’ran, 83 memory, 250 queer identities, 217 narrative, 249 Querétaro, 4, 20, 31

338 Index

Rabindranath Tagore, xxiv Reinhardt, Max, 33, 51, 212 race religion, 52, 80, 82, 85, 110, 114, 117, 156 Aryan, idea of, 137, 162 abolition of, xl Latin, idea of, 205 Remarque, Erich Maria, 62 Latin, idea of, and Keyserling’s concept of Remy de la Fosse, Charles, 111 delicadeza, 138 Renan, Ernest, 52 Latin, idea of, and Kojève, 155 Renn, Ludwig Nazi idea of, 109, 161, 162, 173, 199 aristocratic author, 62 Nordic, idea of, 205 Renner, Karl, 92 Slavic, idea of, 205 Renoir, Jean, 62 Radek, Karl, xxii representation Radetzky March pictorial, 243 transimperial uses of, 57 representatives Raﬀé, Rudolf, Das Schicksal derer von self-appointed, xxiii Habsburg – die Tragödie eines states, xxxix Kaiserreiches (1928), 34 republicanism railway imperialism, 15 capital from, 220 Mexican, 33 railways, 13, 53, 77, 95, 220 new world, 19 Ranke family non-European, xlvii relatives of Robert Graves, 64 Russian, 153 Rathenau, Walther, xxii, 60, 90, 214, 274 Spanish Civil War, xliv assassination of, 51 republicans, Mexican, xlvii Kessler’s biography of, 214 republics, 16, 17, 60, 63, 85, 100, 107, Ratzel, Friedrich, 86 110, 172, 181, 186, 197, 200, 225 recognition, xxiii, xxxix founded after the First World aristocracy, 106 War, xxviii between old and new elites, xl opposition to, 113 between states, xl republics, national, xxxiii derecognition, 110 Research Centre for European familiarity, 3 Reconstruction, 84 Kojève, 155 resignation relationships between diplomats, xxxix Ferdinand Maximilian, 12 Simmel’s idea of nobility, 6 resistance reconstruction, 237 choice of symbolic location of, 10 Red Sea, 35 Mexico, 16 redistribution, xxxii Spanish, 27 Reed, John, xxi, 216 restitution Reformation, 205 property of expropriated families in regimes, xxiv Germany, 119 collaboration, 200 Reval, 186 emotional, xxxvii now Tallinn, 177 legal, 143 Reventlow, Count Ernst von, 194 military, 56, 212 Reventlow, Count Rolf von, 110 old, xxix, xxxviii Reventlow, Franziska von, 190 political, 18, 177, 183, 206 revolution, xxii, xxvi regions, xxvi, xxix, xxxvi, 12, 15, 25, 31, 38, 43, 48, Austria, 97 51, 53, 57, 69, 95, 118, 177, 242 empire, xx centres and peripheries, xxxvi experience of, xlvii kingdoms associated with, xxxvii idea of, xxii Reichsbank, 33 Kessler’s perception of, 51 Reichserbhofgesetz (1933), xxxix Nazi Germany, 194 Reichstag, 60, 106 Poland, 53 regulation of membership in, 109 Russian, xxii Reichswart, 196 theorists of, xli

Index 339

revolutionaries Rousselle, Erwin, 124 allegorical representation of, 33 royal family, British, xxx revolutions royal guards, 56 1848, 12, 25 Rubonia 1905 in Russia, 52 the 1905 revolution in the Baltic, 185 1911 in China, 52 Rubonia, student fraternity, 178 1918 in Germany, 60 Rudolf IV of Habsburg, 11 and change of constitutions, xxxix Rudolf of Habsburg, Crown Prince, 35 black rebellions, 14 Rudolf, Archduke of Austria Estonian, 143 suicide of, 32 European, 29 ruins, 171, 179 geographic limits of, xxiii ancient Rome, 203 regional, 30 Antigone, 140 Russian, 27, 38, 67 Baltic region, 151 social, xxxi empire in, 69 uncertainty about, xlvi First World War, 64 Révue de droit international et de droit comparé, 157 Freud’s perception of Rome, 232 rhetoric, 81, 177, 243 Michelin’s Guide to the Battlefields, 64 speech acts, 192 Tripoli, 203 visual, 31 Woolf’s The Village in the Jungle, 226 Rhine, xxxiii Yucatán, 31 Riefenstahl, Leni, 34 Rupprecht von Wittelsbach Riga Grand Tour, 24 university of, 151 Ruspoli, family of, xxxvii Rilke, Rainer Maria, 116, 187 Russia, xx, 1, 37, 52, 62, 70, 72, 76, 100, Duineser Elegien (1912–1922), 223 105, 108, 122, 123, 125, 126, 132, 141, 146, 148, riots, xxxii 152, 154, 156, 183, 184, 193, 201, 216, 217, 218, rivers, xxxiii 222, 223, 225, 235, 246, 261, 281, 284, 285, Robakidse, Grigol, 116 287, 293, 298, 300, 303, 305, 309 Rocca, family of, xxxvii Russian Civil War, 179 Rodd, Rennell, 195 Russian Empire, xx, xxi, xxv, xxviii, xxix, 122, 142, Roerich, Nikolai, 153 143, 146, 147, 150, 156, 161, 162, 167, 177, cultural internationalism of, 153 179, 182, 183, 184 Rohan, Henri de, 205 Russian Scientific Institute, 157 Rohan, Prince Karl Anton, xxv, 91, 121–124, 133, 204–207 Sacher-Masoch, Leopold, 75 Europa. Streiflichter (1923), 133 Saint Pierre, Abbé de, 81, 267 Volta Congress, 204 Saint-Domingue uprising Roland, Ida, 81, 84, 263 ‘black Jacobins’, 14 Roman Empire, 75 German auxiliary armies in, 118 Roman law Toussaint L’Ouverture, 14 Coudenhove-Kalergi’s idea of Europe, 80 Saint-Simoneanism, 214 Romanoff, House of, xxix, xxx, 1, 4, 24, 30, 31, 56, Salle Pleyel, 128 113, 146, 161 Salm-Salm, Prince Felix zu, 16, 17 Romantics, 13 Salome, Lou Andreas, 223 Rome, xxii, 173 Salomon, Ernst von, 60, 215 Rosenberg, Alfred, 173, 177, 195, samurai, 77 274, 304 Sanary-sur-mer, 135 Rosicrucianism, 114 sanctity, 5 Roth, Joseph Sandhurst, 56 Capuchin Vault, 69, 70 Santiniketan, 131 suicide of, 70 Sarabhai, Seth Ambalal Roth, Joseph, Die Kapuzinergruft (1939), 69 Veltheim, 117 Rothschild family, 43 Sarajevo, 4 Rothschild, Baron Louis, 91 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 143, 169, 244, 267

340 Index

saving face, xxxii self-government Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, House of, xxx, 4, 16, 24, 35 and sexual analogy for in Joseph Roth’s Saxon royal regiment Capuchin Vault, 70 Zeppelins, 46 versus alien rule, xxviii Saxony, Kingdom of, 16 West Indian case for, 232 Saysbusch, Castle of selfie Galicia, 5 genre of portraiture, 39 Schacht, Hjalmar, 33, 51 self-representation, 7 Scheffer, Thassilo von, 116 Semi-Gotha Scheidemann, Philipp, 188 Nazi ideas of nobility, 199 Scheler, Max semiotics, 149–150, 160, 167, 246 School of Wisdom, 123 senator Scherman, Lucian, 116 Russian, xxiv Schickele, René, 216 sentimentalism Schlesinger, Richard, 85 elites, 37 Schleswig, House of, xxix sentiments, 242 Schleswig-Holstein, 146 serendipitous aristocracy, 77 Schmitt, Carl, 85, 106, 107, 197 serfdom, 160 and Prince Rohan, 134 Sergei Alexandrovich, Grand Duke of Russia, 30 critique of expropriation proposal of 1926, 107 Seton-Watson, Hugh Unabhängigkeit der Richter, Gleichheit vor dem perception of eastern Europe as exotic, 44 Gesetz und Gewährleistung des Shaw, George Bernard, 218 Privateigentums nach der Weimarer Shawn, Ted, 117 Verfassung. Ein Rechtsgutachten zu den Shklovsky, Victor, 244 Gesetzentwürfen über die Shub, Esfir’, Padenie dinastii Romanovykh Vermögensauseinandersetzung mit den (1927), 34 früher regverenden Fürstenhäusern Siberia, 38 (1926), 106 place of exile, 69 Schnitzler, Arthur, 86 Siegesallee, 100 Schönbrunn, Palace of, 34 Siemens, Carl von, 93 School of Wisdom, xxiii, 124 funding of Paneuropa movement, 90 Darmstadt, xxiii, 123, 130, 134, 253 Signal, 173, 293 Schrenck, Edith von, 186 Silverberg, Paul Schuman, Robert, 96 funding of Paneuropa movement, 90 Schumpeter, Joseph, xxxv, xxxvii, 110 Simmel, Georg, xxxvii, xxxviii, xliv, 6, 52, 194 Schuschnigg, Kurt, 83 Simon, Heinrich, 216, 225 Schutzstaffel Simplicissimus, 104 neo-aristocratic ideas in, 181 Sintra Schwarzenberg, Countess Ida, 134 Convention of, xxiv Schweitzer, Albert, 52 Skriabin, Alexander, 126 Schwob, Marcel, 114 slavery Scotland, xxxvii abolition of, xxiii Scott, Sir Walter as source of capital of humanitarians, 52 eastern European popularity of, 44 Bloomsbury, 220 portrait of the Borderers, 148 German Romantics’ critique of, 14 seas and oceans, xxviii, 4, 35 Saint-Domingue uprising, 14 Sebastianutti, Guglielmo, 32 serfdom in the Russian Empire, 148 Secession, 187 Slavic, 26 Second World War, xlvii, 44, 155 Slavic kingdom self, sense of idea of, 69 vitalism, xliv SMS Novara, 13 self-determination, xxviii, xxix, xxxiii, xxxvii, xl, Smyrna, 75 xliii, 219 sociability self-ethnography, 10 Hermann Keyserling, 128 self-fashioning, 6 Veltheim’s practice of, 113

Index 341

social democrats, Austrian, 71, 94 of empires, xxvi social network, 73 Stackelberg, Baron Otto Magnus von, 151 socialism, xxii, xxix, 28, 44, 72, 89, 94, 125, 130, staﬀ, 37 133, 146, 187, 188, 207, 226 state, xxxv, 123, 127, 142, 154, 158, 159, 177, 178, Christian, 82, 109 179, 188, 189, 200 cultural heritage, 248 bureaucratic, and Friedrich II’s idea of, 161 French, 94 enemies of, 137 postsocialism, 247 statelessness, 141, 169 socialist realism, 119, 159, 221, 232 states, xxxix urban unrest, 102 post-imperial, xli socialism, international, 113 princely, xxi societies status, xxiv, xxix, 5, 12, 13, 44, 84, 86, 108, post-imperial, xxxvii, 9 119, 120, 133, 137, 169, 178, 184, 199, 216, Society of Free Philosophy 238, 247 Keyserling, Hermann, 130 aristocratic, xxxvii soft power derecognition, 139 Cold War context of, 96 Ste Pierre, Abbé de, A Project for Settling an Solf, Wilhelm, 51 Everlasting Peace in Europe (1714), 81 Solferino, Battle of, 5, 19, 28, 69 Steiner, Rudolf, 114, 117, 124, 213, 289, 311 solidarity and Anthroposophical Society, 110 idea of western Europe, 127 Stenbock Fermor, Nils, 159 Soloviev, Vladimir, 126 Sternberg family, 69 Song of Igor, 223 Sternberg, Joseph von, 34 South Africa Sternberg, Joseph von, The Great Waltz (1938), 35 Tolstoyanism, 132 Stettenheim, Kurt von South America, 13, 129 ﬁctional character in Joseph Roth’s Capuchin sovereignty, 59, 81, 189, 219, 249 Vault, 69 Soviet Union, xx, xxii, xxix, 34, 80, 107, 118, 121, Stevenson, Robert Louis 162, 168, 173, 181, 183, 196, 201, 202, 204, as globetrotter, 35 233, 237, 246, 254, 276, 297 stigmatization, 171 as alternative civilization, 122 Strakosch-Giesler, Maria emigration to, 43 anthroposophical designs of Veltheim’s Spain, 11, 237 chapel, 114 Spanish Civil War, xliv, 62 stratum, xxxvi spectacle Strauß, Richard, 116 celebrity, 6 Stresemann, Gustav, 88, 89, 92, 95, 109, 291, 311 speech, xlv, 170, 239 Stroheim, Erich von, 34 Speer, Albert, 100 student fraternities, 185 Spender, Stephen, 217 students, xxxiii Spengler, Oswald, 133, 205, 274 style, 114, 151, 203, 208, 210, 230, 231, 233 The Decline of the West (1918–1920), subalternity, xxx xlvi, 244 elites, 168 Sphere, 44 subjecthood Sphinx cities, 207 representation of, 113 imperial, xxvi, xliii Springer, Hinrich, 117 transitional, xxv Srbik, Knight Heinrich von, 134 successor states, xl SS Süddeutsche Monatshefte, 193 idea of chivalry in, 198 Sudeten Germans, 105 St. Denis, Ruth, 117 Suez Canal, 35 St. Maurice, 185 Suhrkamp, Peter, 117 St. Petersburg, 9, 28, 37 supranationalism, 239 art salons, 28 Keyserling, 53 early photography, 30 Sidney Webb, 218 stability, xxvi, 73 Suresnes palace, 186

342 Index

surrealism, French, 114 Theresianum Academy, 56, 73 swastika Thetford Forest, 57 European Orientalism, 113 Third Weimar Nazi appropriation of, 179 Kessler´s project of (1911), 218 Sweden, xxv Thomas Cook, 35 Switzerland, xxxviii, 55, 83, 84 Thule society, 191 castle Habsburg, 11 Thurn und Taxis, Gustav von, 191 symbols, xxx Tiepolo, Giambattista, 26 sympathy Tocqueville, Alexis de, 268, 273, 297 wartime, 39 toleration, xl synaesthesia, 114 Toller, Ernst, 102 archives, xlv Tolstoy, Count Leo, 131, 153 propaganda, 194 Rilke’s acquaintance with, 222 systems Tomasi di Lampedusa, Giuseppe, The Leopard philosophy, xliv (1957), 249 Torlonia, family of, xxxvii taboo, 8, 36 total justiﬁcation Tacitus, 205 Guy Debord, 28 Tag von Potsdam, xxii tourism, 9, 45 Tagore, Rabindranath, 52, 67, 294 tragic landscapes, 63 Hermann Keyserling, 131 trains, 37, 53 Tallinn, xxx, 177 Transehe-Roseneck, Astaf, 152 Tallinn Cathedral, 150 transition Tannenberg, Battle of, 179, 180 experience of, xxiv Taube, xxiv, 166 post-imperial, xxiii, xxvi, 169, 242 Taube family, 146 transitional objects, xxv, 33 Taube, Baron Mikhail, 140 translation, 206 Perpetual Peace or Perpetual War? Thoughts on transliteration, 167 the League of Nations, 153 transnational Towards the Great Catastrophe (1928), 154 communities, xliv Tchirsky family, 69 networks, xxii technology perspective, xxxiii communication, xxviii, xlv, 18, 77, 100, 166, sociability, xxiii 169, 170, 201, 214, 244 visibility, xxxiii dehumanization, 184 transnationalism, 139, 201, 214, 236 detachment, 45 Cold War context of, 96 gender, 169 dissidence, 239 military, 45, 46 elite, xxiv print culture, 7 interwar queer culture, 217 propaganda, 179, 194 memory, 208 Queen Victoria, 169 Nazi ideology, 192 transport, 3 revolutionary movements, 235 territories, control over, xl taste, 223 terrorism, xxx, 23 trauma cultural memory, 9 memory, 51, 242 Red Terror, xxx war, 49, 64 Teutonic Knights Trauttmannsdorﬀ family, 69 Nazi ideology, 200 travel Teutonic Order, 100, 178, 179, 199 ethnographic exploration, 7 Nazi ideology, 180, 197, 199 form of analysis, 244 Thadden, Elisabeth von, 117 incognito, 3 theatre, 17 travelogues, 12, 31, 122, 148, 222, 244 Theosophical Society, 110, 117 treason, 38 Veltheim’s membership of, 114 Treaty of Rome, xlv Theotiskaner Order, 114 Trieste, 3, 20, 23, 75

Index 343

Trotsky, Leon, 34, 53, 186, 268 values idea of a United States of communities, 80 Europe, 87 cultural, 54, 76 Keyserling on, 52 ideological, xxxiii, 52 Trotta family, name of ﬁctional family in Joseph transformation of, 133, 204 Roth’s novels Radetzkymarsch and van de Velde, Henry, 49, 212 Capichin Vault, 69 vanished kingdoms, 43 Tsarskoe selo, 37 VchK, 168, 182 Tucholsky, Kurt, 100 Velàzquez, Diego, 26 Turin, xxii Veltheim, Baron Hans-Hasso von, xxv, Turkey, 28 46, 47, 60, 102, 102, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, as recipient of Marshall aid, 237 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 138, 255, Keyserling’s interest in, 132 273, 313 not in Paneuropa, and Muslim heritage Veltheim, Carl Christian Septimus von of, 80 and German auxiliary armies in the Saint- Domingue uprising, 118 Uexkuell, Jakob von, 186 Veltheim, Hans Hasso Ukraine, xx, xxxiii, 5, 119, 156, 200, 289 Indian travel diaries of, 122 Ulan Guards, 3 Vereshchagin, Vasili, 28 UNESCO, xxv, 134 Versailles, Treaty of, xxiv, xxxi, xxxvii, xli, xliv, Ungern family, 162 58, 225 Ungern-Sternberg, Baron von, demands for revision of, 196 137, 312 Polish corridor, 94 union prohibition of German-Austrian in the work of Aurel Popovici, 74 union, 71 Union de la Noblesse Russe, 105 viceroys, Spanish, 24 Union Intellectuelle Française, 124 Vichy France, 201 Unionists, 16 Victoria, Queen, xxx, 9, 24 Unitarian Church, 52 Vienna, xxxiii, 70, 71, 113 United Nations, 236, 255 early photography, 30 United States, xxxi, 4, 15, 16, 27, 72, 96, 117, 118, Kaiserlich-Königliche Hof- und 125, 126, 156, 173, 201, 204, 208, 209, 216, Staatsdruckerei, 266 236, 242 Vienna State Opera, 32 United States of Europe Vieth von Golßenau, Arnold Édouard Herriot, 93 real name of Ludwig Renn, 62 Leon Trotsky’s idea of, 87 violence, xxxix, 9, 60 Victor Hugo, 81 visibility, xxv, xxx–xxxi, xliii, 6, 10, 85, 114, 169, Unruh, Fritz von, 61 210, 232–233, 243 Uppsala, University of, 153 vitalism, xliv Urals, xxix, 98 Vittorio Emmanuele III, King of Italy, 201 Vaihinger, Hans, 133 Vitzliputzli, 14, 36 Valéry, Paul, 135 vocation, 177, 195 value Max Weber’s concept and culture, xxvi of, xxxv class, xxiii Vogeler, Heinrich, 43 conversion of, 220 Vokrug sveta, 182 currency, 166 VOKS, Soviet cultural organization for foreign documents, 4 travellers, 122 Georg Simmel’s theory of, 102 Volhynia, xxvi, 53 Hobbes’s idea of, 149 Volta Congresses, 202 market, 21, 245 Voltaire, xliii name, 107 Vossische Zeitung, 45, 100 public, 29 Votivkirche, 9 Simmel’s idea of, 244 Vu, 33

344 Index

Waldstein, Count Karl, 134 Winnicott, Donald, xxv, 33 war, xxvi, 28, 37–39, 48–51, 62–65, 242 Winter Palace, 154 civil wars, xxx, xliv, 33, 62, 125, 137, 179 Wittelsbach, House of, xxx, 4, 24, 186 Cold War, 95, 238, 250 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 244 Franco-Prussian War, 9, 16, 51, 58, 100 Wolff, Kurt, 94, 288, 308, 313 world wars, xxi, xxxii, 1, 5, 41–45, 141, 234 women’ssuffrage, xxi war crimes, xxxvii Woolf, Leonard, 210, 212, 214, 225, 227 war guilt Woolf, Virginia, 210, 214, 229, 239 and Versailles, 83 Wordsworth, William, xxiv, 242 Warburg, Max, 91, World Economic Forum, 38 Warsaw, 54 world fairs, 27 German army in, 51 Wrangel, Baron, 178 waste land Wundt, Wilhelm, 31, 63, 116, 315 Leitch Ritchie, 148 T.S. Eliot, 219, 267 Yale Review, 67 Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, 214 Yale University Press, 33 Weber, Eugen, 142 Yalta Conference, xxi Weber, Max, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, 6, Yeats, W.B. 68, 95, 188–190, 207, 244, 300 Theosophical Society, 126 and Munich, 190 Yelisseev, Grigory, 38 Weimar, xxii, 187 Yiddish, 137 Weimar Republic, xxxvii, 200 Young plan, 93 Weltbühne, Die, 60 Yradier, Sébastien, 17 Werfel, Franz, 33 Yucatán, 32 Juárez und Maximilian (1924), 33 Yugoslavia, Kingdom of, xxix West Indies, 118, 242 western civilization, 130, 236 Zaleski, August, 90, 92 western front Zeit, Die difference of experience in the First World Hamburg newspaper, 120 War, 43 Viennese newspaper, 74 First World War, 49, 57 Zeitschrift für Osteuropa, 140 tear gas, 44 Zemgor, 153 Wiener Freimaurer-Zeitung, 85 Zeppelin Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, Ulrich von, 51 air raids on London, 51 Wilde, Oscar, 113 Zeppelins, 46, 51 Wilhelm I, King of Prussia, 48, 100 Ziegler, Leopold, 289 Wilhelm II, King of Prussia, Emperor of Zimmern, Alfred, 94 Germany, xxxii, 32, 100, 123, 191, 212, 217, Zionism, 166 225, 233 Zola, Émile, 20 Wilhelm of Habsburg, 5 Zsolnay, 86 Wilhelm von Hohenzollern, 24 Zukunft, Die, 212, 217, 231 Williams, Eric, Capitalism and Slavery (1944), 232 Zurich, xxi, 113 Williams, Raymond, 210 Zurich University, 236 Wilson, Woodrow, 82, 216, 232 Zweig, Arnold, 45 Presbyterianism of, 80 Zweig, Stefan, xxii, 70, 203, 241 Windsor, House of, xxx suicide of, 70