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Determinación De La Característica De Toxicidad Del Endosulfan Por Medio De La Técnica TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure)

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Determinación De La Característica De Toxicidad Del Endosulfan Por Medio De La Técnica TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) Universidad de La Salle Ciencia Unisalle Ingeniería Ambiental y Sanitaria Facultad de Ingeniería 1-1-2009 Determinación de la característica de toxicidad del endosulfan por medio de la técnica TCLP (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure) Lida Carolina Niño Salamánca Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá Natalia Torres Chisino Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá Follow this and additional works at: https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/ing_ambiental_sanitaria Citación recomendada Niño Salamánca, L. C., & Torres Chisino, N. (2009). Determinación de la característica de toxicidad del endosulfan por medio de la técnica TCLP (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure). Retrieved from https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/ing_ambiental_sanitaria/49 This Trabajo de grado - Pregrado is brought to you for free and open access by the Facultad de Ingeniería at Ciencia Unisalle. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ingeniería Ambiental y Sanitaria by an authorized administrator of Ciencia Unisalle. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DETERMINACIÓN DE LA CARACTERÍSTICA DE TOXICIDAD DEL ENDOSULFAN POR MEDIO DE LA TÉCNICA TCLP (TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE) LIDA CAROLINA NIÑO SALAMANCA NATALIA TORRES CHISINO UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLÉ FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AMBIENTAL Y SANITARIA BOGOTÁ D.C. 2009 DETERMINACIÓN DE LA CARACTERÍSTICA DE TOXICIDAD DEL ENDOSULFAN POR MEDIO DE LA TÉCNICA TCLP (TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE) LIDA CAROLINA NIÑO SALAMANCA NATALIA TORRES CHISINO Trabajo de grado presentado para optar al Título de Ingeniero Ambiental y Sanitario Directora ROSALINA GONZÁLEZ FORERO Ingeniera Química UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLÉ FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AMBIENTAL Y SANITARIA BOGOTÁ D.C. 2009 Nota de aceptación Ing. Rosalina González Directora. Jurado Jurado AGRADECIMIENTOS Las autoras expresan sus agradecimientos a: A Rosalina González, Ingeniera Química y directora del proyecto ante la Universidad, por su apoyo incondicional, por confiar en nosotras y por sus valiosos aportes y enseñanzas para el desarrollo de este proyecto A Oscar Contento, Técnico del Laboratorio de Ingeniería Ambiental de la Universidad por habernos brindado su amistad y colaboración en todas las etapas de este proyecto. A Hugo Sarmiento por su colaboración y sus aportes en el trabajo experimental. A Sofía Ospina, Brighet y Marisol Reinel por su amistad y colaboración las cuales influyeron en la realización de este proyecto. A mis padres Guillermo Niño y Mariela Salamanca por brindarme su amor y apoyo incondicional durante toda mi vida y en especial en el desarrollo de mi carrera. A mis Hermanos Natalia y Cristian Niño por su apoyo incondicional y por estar conmigo en los momentos difíciles durante el transcurso de mi carrera. A mis padres Guiomar Chisino y Ricardo Torres, por brindarme su apoyo y confianza al empezar este reto en mi vida. A mis tíos Guiberto y Lilibeth, a mis primos Ana María, Juan y Maria por todo su apoyo, su compañía y comprensión. TABLA DE CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………….. 1 OBJETIVOS…………………………………………………………………….... 3 1. ANTECEDENTES……………………………………………………..…..….. 4 2. MARCO TEÓRICO................................................................................... 7 2.1 Plaguicida............................................................................................... 7 2.2 Clasificación de los Plaguicidas.............................................................. 7 2.3 Factores que Condicionan en Forma Directa el Destino de los Plaguicidas en Orden de Prioridad........................................................ 10 2.3.1 Tipo de Suelo...................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 Naturaleza del Plaguicida.................................................................... 11 2.3.3 Contenido de Humedad....................................................................... 11 2.3.4 pH........................................................................................................ 11 2.3.5 Temperatura del Suelo........................................................................ 11 2.4 Los Plaguicidas en Colombia................................................................... 11 2.5 Plaguicidas Organoclorados................................................................... 14 2.5.1. Clasificación y Estructuras……………………………………………….. 14 2.5.2 Efectos de los Plaguicidas Organoclorados en el Medio Ambiente...... 17 2.5.3. Descripción del plaguicida thionil 35 EC……………………………… 18 2.5.4. El uso de Endosulfán en Colombia...................................................... 19 2.5.5 Estándares Ambientales sobre Endosulfán......................................... 20 2.6 Descripción del ingrediente activo Endosulfán........................................ 21 2.7 Método y Procedimiento para Determinar la Característica de Toxicidad por Lixiviación (TCLP)........................................................ 24 2.8 Cromatografía...................................................................................... 27 2.8.1 Cromatografía Gaseosa.................................................................... 27 2.8.2 Características de las Muestras que Pueden ser Analizadas por Cromatografía Gaseosa............................................ 28 2.8.3 Constituyentes Básicos de un Sistema Cromatográfico...................... 28 2.8.4 Detector por Ionización en Llama (FID).............................................. 34 2.8.5 Identificación y Cuantificación de Picos en Cromatografía de Gases 35 2.8.6 Temperatura en Cromatografía de Gases.......................................... 35 3. MARCO NORMATIVO............................................................................. 37 3.1 Marco Legal Internacional...................................................................... 38 3.2. Marco legal internacional………………………………………………… 38 4. METODOLOGÍA....................................................................................... 41 4.1. FASE l. Establecimiento de las Condiciones Iníciales........................... 43 4.1.1 Limpieza del material............................................................................ 43 4.1.2 Preparación del Cromatógrafo de Gases............................................. 43 4.1.2.1Condiciones del Cromatógrafo de Gases........................................... 43 4.1.2.2 Temperatura del Horno...................................................................... 44 4.1.2.3 Método de Evaluación Cromatográfica.............................................. 44 4.2. FASE II. Realización de Las Pruebas De Estudio................................. 48 4.2.1. ETAPA I. Ejecución de la Evaluación Preliminar................................. 49 4.2.1.1 Determinación de la Cantidad de Muestra para Realizar la Prueba. 50 4.2.1.2. Separación de la Fase Sólida y la Fase Líquida............................... 50 4.2.1.3. Calculo del Porcentaje de Sólidos................................................... 51 4.2.1.4. Selección del Reactivo de Extracción Apropiado............................. 51 4.2.1.5. Preparación del Reactivo de Extracción Número 1......................... 52 4.2.1.6. Determinación de la Cantidad de Reactivo Necesario..................... 52 4.2.1.7. Preparación del Extracto Obtenido................................................... 53 4.3. ETAPA II. Aplicación del proceso de cromatografía de gases ………… 54 4.3.1. Proceso de Extracción de la Muestra ………………………………… 54 4.3.2. Proceso de dilución para el análisis cromatográfico………………… 56 4.3.3. Análisis cromatográfico....................................................................... 56 5. ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS……………………………………………… 57 5.1. ETAPA III. Identificación y evaluación de impacto ambiental................ 62 5.1.1. Enfoque y Metodología del Análisis de Impacto Ambiental................. 62 5.1.1.1. Componentes Ambientales para el Análisis en la Matriz de Impacto Ambiental.......................................................... 63 5.1.1.2. Acciones Impactantes para el Análisis en la Matriz de Impacto Ambiental........................................................................... 63 5.1.2. Matriz de Impacto................................................................................ 64 5.1.2.1. Justificación de la Calificación de los Impactos................................ 69 5.1.2.2. Análisis de Resultados de la Evaluación Ambiental......................... 93 6. FORMULACIÓN DE MEDIDAS DE PREVENCIÓN Y CONTROL DE RIESGOS EN EL MANEJO DEL ENDOSULFAN............................... 96 6.1 Almacenamiento..................................................................................... 96 6.1.1 Almacenamiento de Recipientes......................................................... 96 6.1.2 Almacenamiento en Bodegas.............................................................. 96 6.2 Prevención y Control de Incendios......................................................... 99 6.3 Transporte............................................................................................... 99 6.4 Manejo de Envases................................................................................. 102 7. Formulación de medidas de mitigación- eliminación para endosulfán 103 7.1 Descripción General de las Alternativas de Disposición Final para 104 Plaguicidas Organoclorados......................................................................... 7.1.1 Descomposición Catalizada por Bases............................................... 104 7.1.2 Tecnologías
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