The New V-Model of VDI 2206 and Its Validation
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at – Automatisierungstechnik 2020; 68(5): 312–324 Methods Iris Graessler* and Julian Hentze The new V-Model of VDI 2206 and its validation Das Neue V-Modell der VDI 2206 und seine Validierung https://doi.org/10.1515/auto-2020-0015 vorteil besteht darin, in der Darstellung unabhängig von Received March 6, 2020; accepted March 11, 2020 der gewählten Form der Projektorganisation zu bleiben. Abstract: Since 2016, a new version of the VDI (German Auf diese Weise kann das V-Modell sowohl in klassisch Association of Engineers) Guideline 2206 has been devel- organisierten als auch in agilen Projekten angewendet oped by the Technical Committee VDI GMA 4.10 “Inter- werden. Der Beitrag beschreibt das wissenschaftliche Vor- disciplinary Product Creation”. This article presents the gehen und welche Potenziale ausgeschöpft wurden. Ba- revision results of the VDI Guideline 2206:2004 “Design sierend auf den identifzierten Potenzialen wird das neue methodology for mechatronic systems”. The core content V-Modell abgeleitet, erklärt und illustriert. Neue Inhalte of the guideline is an updated and enhanced V-Model wie die Einführung von Kontrollpunkten und die Integra- for Mechatronic and Cyber-Physical Systems. The inher- tion von Anforderungsentwicklung werden ausführlich ent concern logic of the V-Model represents the logical se- erläutert. Darüber hinaus werden die Ergebnisse des In- quence of tasks. Its key advantage lies in staying indepen- ternationalen Validierungsworkshops mit 25 Experten aus dent from the chosen form of project organization. This Wissenschaft und Industrie dargestellt. way, the V-Model can be applied in classically managed Schlagwörter: V-Modell, mechatronische und Cyber- projects as well as in agile projects. In addition, the article Physische Systeme, Interdisziplinäre Produktentstehung describes how the revision was performed and which po- tentials were tapped. Based on the identifed potentials, the new V-Model is derived, explained and illustrated. New contents such as the introduction of checkpoints and 1 Introduction and motivation the integration of requirements engineering are explained Mechatronic products, formed by the disciplines mechan- in detail. Furthermore, the pursued scientifc procedure ics, electrics/electronics and software are pioneers in us- and the results of the International Validation Workshop ing interdisciplinary procedures. In addition, Systems En- with 25 experts from science and industry are proposed. gineering provides generic approaches and guidelines for Keywords: V-Model, mechatronic and cyber-physical sys- the development of interdisciplinary products [1–5]. The tems, interdisciplinary product creation frst release of the VDI Guideline 2206 “Design methodol- ogy for mechatronic systems” of the German Association Zusammenfassung: Seit 2016 aktualisiert der VDI GMA of Engineers (VDI), was published in 2004 [6]. Describ- Fachausschuss 4.10 „Interdisziplinäre Produktentste- ing the procedure for the development of mechatronic sys- hung“ die VDI-Richtlinie 2206: 2004. Dieser Beitrag ent- tems, the V-Model for the frst time was transferred from hält die Überarbeitungsergebnisse der VDI-Richtlinie 2206 Software Engineering [7] to Mechatronics. The V-Model, „Entwurfsmethodik für mechatronische Systeme“. Der which describes the macrocycle of product creation, rep- Kerninhalt der Richtlinie ist ein aktualisiertes und erwei- resents the idea of interlinking all disciplines involved in tertes V-Modell für mechatronische und Cyber-Physische engineering tasks. In order to meet the challenges of Cyber Systeme. Die inhärente Ablaufogik des V-Modells reprä- Physical Systems, Systems Engineering and Digital Busi- sentiert die logische Abfolge von Aufgaben. Ihr Haupt- ness Models, the V-Model meanwhile had to be enhanced. Due to this need for revision, updating and extension of the V-Model for Mechatronic and Cyber Physical Systems, the VDI founded the Technical Committee (TC) VDI GMA *Corresponding author: Iris Graessler, Chair for Product Creation, 4.10 “Interdisciplinary Product Creation” in March 2016. Heinz Nixdorf Institut, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany, e-mail: [email protected] This Technical Committee is chaired by the frst author. Julian Hentze, Dr. August Oetker Nahrungsmittel KG, Bielefeld, The aim was to identify necessary changes, updates and Germany, e-mail: [email protected] revisions of the existing VDI 2206:2004 Guideline and to Open Access. © 2020 Graessler and Hentze, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License. I. Graessler and J. Hentze, The new V-Model of VDI 2206 and its validation | 313 Figure 1: Scientifc approach of VDI 2206 revision. create and validate a new enhanced V-Model. In order to 2 Scientifc approach achieve excellent applicability in industrial practice, the TC is constituted by as many industrial as academic mem- The scientifc procedure is characterized by a continuous bers. Industrial members cover the application domains interplay of results generation and in-process-validation. automotive, automotive electronics, aerospace, defense, In order to identify potentials of enhancing the V-Model, chemistry, woodworking and textile industries. The aca- the authors started their scientifc procedure with three demic part is represented by scientists of the VDI society parallel analyses (Figure 1). First, literature dealing with for measurement and automation technology as well as topics like Product Engineering, interdisciplinary work, the VDI society for Product and Process Design. These in- Mechatronics, Cyber Physical Systems, Systems Engineer- clude scientifc employees working on their phD theses ing etc. was analyzed and existing reference models were as well as their instructing professors [8]. This structure compared with each other [8–13]. Second, already exist- guarantees fast results and deep discussions conducted ing V-Models and their individual adaptations to indus- from diferent felds of expertise. In the course of the com- trial and scientifc application cases were analyzed. The mittee meetings, additional experts for dedicated topics individually tailored V-Models provide information on rea- were invited to the TC meetings in order to even deeper sonable and already in numerous cases contextually mod- and broader insights. The starting point for this publica- ifed aspects [14, 15]. Third, further experts were involved tion is the motivation and call for action for changing the and project experience from diferent application domains V-Model and the VDI 2206:2004 Guideline. Further, the was taken into account [5, 16]. As a consequence, po- chosen scientifc approach is explained and validated re- tentials of enhancing the V-Model and the resulting call sults are summarized. Finally, the new V-Model is pro- for action were derived [10, 17]. Thus, the call for action posed and explained. was worked out, examined, changed and adapted to the 314 | I. Graessler and J. Hentze, The new V-Model of VDI 2206 and its validation Figure 2: Action feld of Product Creation [19]. boundary conditions. Taking these basics into account, [6]. Mechatronic systems are characterized by the func- the new V-Model was concepted in several iteration steps tional and spatial integration of sensors, actuators, infor- and further enhancement potentials were continuously mation processing and a basic system [21]. The functional elaborated. Step by step the results were validated using gain of mechatronic systems compared to electromechan- the VDI GMA TC 4.10 as a sounding board. Thus, reac- ical systems relies on the synergetic efect of interdisci- tions from participants’ diferent angles of experience to plinary technologies. the suggested ideas and contents were used as a test of Early mechatronic systems of the 1960ies only were validity. External experts from industry and science en- constituted by mechanics and electronics. They were not riched the discussions in the TC meetings by presenting programmable [6], (Figure 3). Step by step, mechatronic their own V-Model-approaches. Potentials described in lit- systems additionally gained software and became pro- erature were used as a basis and as an input for the discus- grammable. Further, adaptronics such as anti-lock brak- sions [10, 14, 15, 17, 18]. The fnal results were presented by ing systems emerged. the authors and externally validated in a workshop with 25 international experts from science and industry during the International DESIGN 2018 Conference in Dubrovnik. 3 State of the art In the action feld of Product Creation, Systems Engineer- ing and Engineering Management build the core of the Product Creation Process (Figure 2). Out of a promising product idea, a product is engineered [19]. 3.1 Mechatronic and cyber-physical systems In 1969, the Japanese president of YASKAWA Electronic Corporation, Ko Kikuchi, introduced the term “mechatron- ics” [6, 20]. As manufacturer of automated technical prod- ucts, such as servo drives and robots, YASKAWA coined the understanding of the term “mechatronics” as the expan- sion of mechanical components by electronic functions. The term consists of mechanisms and electronics and was Figure 3: From simple mechatronic systems to Cyber-Physical Sys- protected in the period from 1971 to 1982 as a trade name tems based on [41]. I. Graessler and J. Hentze, The new V-Model of VDI 2206 and its validation | 315 Figure 4: Defnition of a Cyber-Physical System. Today, cyber-physical systems (CPS) are created by