Neogotycki Eklektyzm W Architekturze Ruchu Arts & Crafts

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Neogotycki Eklektyzm W Architekturze Ruchu Arts & Crafts NAUKA SCIENCE Zdzisława Tołłoczko*, Tomasz Tołłoczko** Neogotycki eklektyzm w architekturze ruchu Arts & Crafts Neogothic eclecticism in the Arts & Crafts movement architecture Słowa kluczowe: Wielka Brytania, historia Key words: Great Britain, history of architecture, architektury, styl wiktoriański, ruch Arts & Crafts, Victorian style, Arts & Crafts movement, historyzm, eklektyzm, symbolizm i neosymbolizm historicism, eclecticism, symbolism w architekturze, rewiwalizm gotycki, retrospekcja and neo-symbolism in architecture, Gothic revival, stylowa stylistic retrospection Pójdźmy śladem znawców architektury brytyjskiej, Following in the footsteps of experts on British jak na przykład Karol Estreicher, który utrzymywał, że: architecture, Karol Estreicher insisted that: “One can „Można nawet bronić twierdzenia, że gotyk angielski defend the claim that English Gothic practically never właściwie nigdy się nie skończył, bo i w 17 i 18 wieku ended because in the 17th and 18th century Gothic wznoszono budowle gotyckie, nie mówiąc już o po- buildings were also erected, not to mention the return wrocie gotyku w 19 wieku”1. Bliższy współczesnym to Gothic in the 19th century”1. Closer to modern historykom sztuki i architektury Jan Gympel z kolei historians of art and architecture, Jan Gympel in turn stwierdza, iż: „W Anglii, gdzie styl ten kontynuowano maintains that: “In England where it was continued w dość niezależnej formie, dominował on w architek- in a relatively independent form, the style was pre- turze znacznie dłużej niż tylko w średniowieczu. Od dominant in architecture much longer than in just the połowy XVIII wieku, głównie w posiadłościach wiej- medieval period. Since the mid-18th century, mainly in skich, a od przełomu XIX wieku wszędzie pojawiły się country estates, and since the turn of the 19th century znów tendencje do odrodzenia gotyku (gothic revival)”2. everywhere, there again appeared tendencies of gothic Nawet styl elżbietański, który stał się zaczątkiem rene- revival”2. Evan the Elizabethan style, which marked the sansu angielskiego, przesiąknięty był raz to rudymentami beginnings of the English Renaissance, was pervaded gotyku Tudorów, raz to ‘gotycyzmu’ zorientowanego with either the rudiments of Tudor Gothic or of ‘Goth- ku tradycji mediewalnej3. Gotyk angielski wyróżniał icism’ oriented towards the medieval tradition3. English się spośród innych odmian tego stylu na kontynencie Gothic was distinguished from other varieties of that europejskim szeregiem oryginalnych i niepowtarzalnych style in Europe by several original and unique features cech właściwych dla architektury na Wyspach Brytyj- typical for the British Isles architecture. However, it skich. Jednakże prym w sztuce i architekturze gotyckiej was France that was the leader in the Gothic art and wiodła Francja, choć tak naprawdę w istocie rzeczy to architecture, though in fact German Gothic could boast gotyk niemiecki mógł poszczycić się najwspanialszymi the most magnifi cent examples of that trend not only in przykładami nie tylko tego kierunku w sztuce, ale i całej art but the entire medieval epoch. With the decline of epoce średniowiecza. Wraz ze zmierzchem sztuki goty- Gothic art, especially architecture, there came a signifi - ku, osobliwie architektury, nadeszło znamienne, wręcz cant, almost radical turn in attitude, and condemnation * prof. dr hab. ** dr Cytowanie / Citation: Tołłoczko Z., Tołłoczko T. Neogothic eclecticism in the Arts & Crafts movement architecture. Wiadomosci Konserwatorskie – Journal of Heritage Conservation 2017;51:53-71 Otrzymano / Received: 21.02.2017 • Zaakceptowano / Accepted: 10.03.2017 doi:10.17425/WK51NEOGOTHIC Praca dopuszczona do druku po recenzjach Article accepted for publishing after reviews Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Journal of Heritage Conservation • 51/2017 53 radykalne odwrócenie się stanowisk i potępienie stylu of Gothic style recognised as a synonym of barbarism, gotyckiego uznanego za synonim barbarzyństwa, ciem- ignorance, cruelty and backwardness4. On the other noty, okrucieństwa i zacofania4. Natomiast odrodzenie hand, the revival of old classical or antique models, dawnych klasycznych, czy też antycznych wzorców, humanistic values, gave rise to condemning en block wartości humanistycznych, dały asumpt do potępienia the medieval ethos which, to all intents and purposes, en block mediewalnego etosu, który, tak na dobrą sprawę, lasted until the time of the nineteenth-century Ro- trwał aż do czasów dziewiętnastowiecznego romanty- manticism. As has been said before, an exception from zmu. Wyjątkiem wobec tej „anatemy” gotyckiej tradycji that “anathema” laid on Gothic tradition was England. była, jak to już powiedziano, Anglia. W gruncie rzeczy In fact, Gothic mutations survived till the times of the mutacje gotyku ostały się do czasów ostatnich Tudorów last Tudors and were preserved in forms of permanent i zachowały się w formach trwałych reliktów (głównie relics (mostly in buildings in the English countryside) w budownictwie na prowincji angielskiej), natomiast while, in the natural order of things, Renaissance, naturalną rzeczy koleją świeciły triumfem: renesans, especially Palladian; Baroque or Queen Anne’s style, szczególnie palladiański; barok bądź styl królowej Anny, or the Georgian style triumphed. In modern times czy też styl gregoriański. Gotyk w czasach nowożytnych Gothic was not an incriminated style in the continent, nie był na kontynencie stylem inkryminowanym, choć though it was not very popular; yet already in the nie był specjalnie popularny, wszelako już w połowie mid-18th century, in the Enlightenment era, there ap- XVIII wieku, w czasach oświecenia pojawiają się mo- peared monumental buildings, mainly palaces, bearing numentalne budowle, głównie pałace, noszące zna- hallmarks of the neo-Gothic revivalism, the principal miona neogotyckiego rewiwalizmu, czego koronnym example of which can be Strawberry Hill in Twicken- przykładem może być Strawberry Hill w Twickenham, ham, erected by Horatio Walpole and Robert Adam in wzniesiony przez Horatio Walpole’a i Roberta Adama the years 1749–17775. The symbolic work of sir Hora- w latach 1749–17775. Symbolicznie przeto dzieło sir tio, the fourth earl of Orford, initiated (the “revival”!) Horatia, czwartego hrabiego Orford zapoczątkowało of the neo-Gothic genre which soon spread almost all („odrodzenie”!) neogotyckiego genre’u, który rozprze- over Europe, while Walpole also laid the foundations strzenił się wkrótce niemal w całej Europie, zaś Walpole for the so called Gothicism i.e. a fashion for the spirit stworzył również podwaliny tak zwanego gotycyzmu, of Gothic literature that in a way illustrated the return czyli mody na ducha literatury gotyckiej, która niejako to medieval architecture. It was a manifestation of ilustrowała ów nawrót do średniowiecznej architektury. the precursor fashion for pre-Romanticism with an Był to przejaw prekursorskiej mody na preromantyzm addition of specifi cally English sentimentalism. It is z domieszką specyfi cznie angielskiego sentymentalizmu. widely known that the British spécialité de la maison is Jak wiadomo spécialité de la maison Brytyjczyków jest a penchant for paradox and suspense. How, otherwise, zamiłowanie do paradoksu i suspensu. Bo jak wytłuma- one could explain reviving selectively treated manifes- czyć ożywienie przejawów, wybiórczo potraktowanych, tations of medieval metaphysics, especially of Gothic metafi zyki średniowiecza, a zwłaszcza gotyku wraz z jego with its architecture which already was a bygone epoch architekturą, która była już epoką zaiste przebrzmiałą, when the Enlightenment brought a completely dif- natomiast oświecenie nosiło zupełnie inny wymiar ferent philosophical-ideological dimension, and yet fi lozofi czno-ideowy, a jednak neogotyk miał wyraźnie neo-Gothic was clearly an aesthetic whim. A paradox charakter estetycznego kaprysu. Paradoksem angielskiej of the English history was the aesthetic conversion of historii było estetyczne nawrócenie wczesnego i średnio- the early and medieval feudalism which, together with wiecznego feudalizmu, który wraz z wiekiem światła the age of the light, contributed to the ‘beginning of przyczynił się do ‘początku końca’ epoki feudalnej. an end’ of the feudal epoch. At the turn of the 18th Na przełomie wieków XVIII i XIX nadeszła kolejna, and 19th century there came yet another, so to speak niejako dialektyczna rewitalizacja antyku i klasycyzmu, dialectic, revitalisation of the antiquity and classicism, zwłaszcza w obliczu wstrząsów rewolucji francuskiej particularly in the face of the turbulent French Revo- i epopei napoleońskiej, które w rezultacie przyspieszyły lution and the Napoleonic epopee which, as a result, przewartościowanie kultury europejskiej otwartej na accelerated the re-evaluation of the European culture idee lub też różne ideały romantyczne. Wszelako na open to various romantic ideas. However, at the turn przełomie wspomnianych stuleci nadzwyczaj trudno of the mentioned centuries, it was extremely diffi cult było dostosować tradycję odchodzącego w przeszłość to adjust traditions of the vanishing feudalism to the feudalizmu do rodzącego się kapitalizmu, którego kultu- arising capitalism, the cultural and artistic emanation rową i artystyczną emanacją był romantyzm, a następnie of which was fi rst romanticism and then positivism. pozytywizm. A mimo wszystko, niezależnie od nowych Nevertheless, regardless of new tendencies, fashions tendencji, mód i trendów w sztuce i kulturze, gotycyzm, and trends in art and culture, Gothicism,
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