Bahawalpur City Thesis Submitted

PATTERN OF RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY IN BAHAWALPUR CITY THESIS SUBMITTED

FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR G 7 PHILOSOPHY IN GEOGRAPHY

MASOOD AHMED

ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY BAHAWALPUR 1995

1 • V3R •• • PATTERN OF RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY IN BAHAWALFUMiCITY

j Higher Education Commissiea4~ librar. , Islamabad 6\''> Acc. No. £0ÿ Price - Dale xa- , - ! ' *>« Ev

--MASOOD AHMED

GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY BAHAWALPUR. 1995

i J

THIS TIIESIS SUBMITTED B

MASOOD AHMED

IS ACCEPTED BY THE

GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT

ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY BALIAWAX *UR

IN FULFILLMENT REQUIREMENTS FC l OF THI

DEGREE OF DOCTOR

OF PFULOSOPHY IN GEOGRAPI Y

E miiner - 1

Ev.uniner - II

Dated:

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) H a ,i « ;• !; ••• I- 0/ i

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//; Name of the Deneficient,the Merciful

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DEDICATED TO,

MY V

: : ;ÿ LA TE FA THER AND MOTH m

t i i *< k i * i' t 3-

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A : t . f)

I’ V £ -i- a AClvNOWLEDGMENTS :-c I wish lo express my profound gratitude to Professor Dr. Muhammad Khar. Malik under whose guidance tliis research li3s been completed. His constan: * encouragement and advice were invaluable in the completion of tliis project

Special gratitude is due to Prof. Mohammad Aklilcr, Head of Geography Department, Government S. E. College; Bahawal Pur forliis guidance and encouragement at every stage of my work. I extend my gratitude -lo Cliristina Aleph (Germany) for her cooperation in preparing the questionnaire and conducting the survey. . I am very thankful to my students Muhammad Ibrar. Ijaz Ahmed, Muhammad Irshad for their help and cooperation in data collection.

It gives me much pleasure to acknowledge the sweet company of my niece Hiunera Kamran and my nephew Ralunan Bashir during this long and laborious research work.

My gratitude is also extended lo Tariq Najmuddin and Muhammad Murtaza Khan whose expertise with computer and cartography was very helpful in typing and map making.

MASOOD AHMED

Im :

A -II-

ABSTKACT

Intra-urban residential mobility has evoked great interest in the Western V. >rld. Tlie saint

cannot be said about (he nou-Westem cities in Pakistan intra-urban inoveir, it of populatior

of not a single city has been attempted. Hie present study on Bahawalpui ?ity is the firs

study of its kind.

No published data on intra-urban mobility of population is availal 'e in Pakistan

Population Census of Pakistan has not touched this subject. Estate agenci and felephom V directories could have been helpful but not many persons take help of es.,.ie agencies fo

purchase or taking of houses on rent. 'Hie facilities oftelephone are also et >yed by a smut A traction of population. Therefore the entire data for this study were ec .lected by fieh

survey by questionnaire method.

Attempt lias been made in this study to make a distinction between voluntary an

involuntary moves. The aflects of age (life-cycle), sex, family size, occup dion, educatio

Kr . level and increase on residential mobility have been investigated. The roi . of govenimci At and private agencies in generating intra-urban residential mobilily by ndertaking ne' j housing projects has been probed. Frequency, distance and direction of movements have

-Sf

5 -III- also been studied. The role of urban stnicture on guiding residential mobility a::! the effects of residential mobility on urban structure have also been looked into.

Bahawalpur is agrowing and expanding city. This study may help to plan the future ho.ising needs and the location of the housing projects. Estate agencies can guide the future nw.vers to plan their moves. It is expected that this study will open a new field of research in

Pakistan

i ,

A IV-

CONTENT

Chapters r Chapter - 1 Pago No. INTRODUCTION Location 10 History II Some Important Dales 14 Population 22

Chapter - 2 i \ DATA SOURCES & METHODOLOGY 02 Field Survey 25 V Mobility Zone Sample Design 43 Chapter - 3 REASONS OF MOVEMENT Involuntary Moves . 48 Voluntary Moves 50 Personal Reasons 54

Chapter - 4

NUMBER INTERVAL AND DISTANCE OF MOVEMENT 59 Number of Moves 60 Time Interval — 69 Annual Move 76 Ni Distance of Movement - 81

l (

r i; i W • » • I'-

i : j -V- Chapt ev - 5 DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT - 93 Movement from diflerent zones 93 Movement ofHouseholds from Zone I to Other Zones 99 Movement ofHousehold fonn Zone II to Other Zones — 104 Movement ofHousehold form Zone HI to Other Zones— 107 C' Movement of Household from Zone IV to Other Zones — 114 Redistribution ofHousehold horn Zone V to Ollier Zones— 115

Chapter - 6

AGE, SEX AND FAMILY SIZE OF INTRA-URABN MOVERS 116 Life Cycle — - 117 Stages ofLife Cycle - 117 Pre-child Stage - — 118 Child Bearing and Child Rearing Stage 121 Child Launching Stage - 123 Post Child Stage T 124 Family Size 127 Intra- urban Movement of Male and Female - — 130 » Chapter -7

OCCUPATION, INCOME, EDUCATION AND INTRA-URBAN RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY - 131 Occupation and Residential Mobility 131 Income and Residential Mobility 140 Education and Residential Mobility 148

Chapter - 8

URBAN STRUCTURE AND POPULATION MOBILITY 159 Urban Structure of Bahawalpur - 164 Commercial Area — 164 Specialized Market - 169 Regional Shopping Centres -170 Industrial Area...... — 176 Administrative Zones — 176 •v Education Centres 178 t-

\ • If i' • Ys

t1 1 -VI-

Health Centres 180 ; Religious Centres 185 Transport Terminals— 187 Residential Area 191 Conclusion — 195 i Chapter - 9

CONCLUSION 196 BIBLIOGRAPHY— 215

» I % % -VII-

; LIST OF TABLES V ' ’• Tnble No. PageNo, cl 1.1 Population and Population Variation in Boliawalpur City. 19 II 3.1 Reasons for Residential Relocation in Bahawalpnr City 50 re: 4.2 Percentage of Intra-Unrab Moves in Bahawnlpur City 67 4.3 Percentage of Intra-Urban Movement by time Interval 71 mi. 4.4 Annual Movement in BaJiawolpur City 77 mM 4.5 Distance Covered by Movers in Bahawnlpur City 84 • 4.6 Short Distance Movement within Five Zones 87 ; 5.1 Movement ofHouseholds from different Zones . - of Baliavvalpur City 95 mm 5.2 Movement of households from Zone I to oilier Zones 97

5.3 Movement of households from Zone II to other Zones J06 . 5.4 Movement of households from Zone DI to qthor Zones 109

5.5 Movement of households from Zone IV to other Zones 111 !ÿ

Movement of households from Zone V to other Zones 113 • 5.6 I:. • 6.1 Percentage ofhifra-Urbnn Movers by Age groups 120 6.2 Percentage of Intra-Urban Movement by family size 126 !'• 6.3 Percentage ofLitra-Urban Movement by sex 129 re- 7.1 Movement of Occupational Groups in Bahawnlpur City 135

7.2 Intra-Urban Movement of households by Income class 143

7.3 Educational Facilities in Bahawalpur City' 150

7.4 Literacy Ratio in different Zones 153 156 : 7.5 Movement of households by educational level ( •

i - i urn if** v HIT i • b -VIII- LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Page No.

1.1 Populalion Variation 1901 to 1981 21

1.2 Density of Populalion 1981 22

' 2.1 Residential Mobility Zones 27

2.2 Wards of the walled city , 30

2.3 Wards of Zones outside walled city 35

3.1 Reasons for Residential Reiocalion 52

4.1 Number ofMobile and Immobile households 64

4.2 * Mobile households i 65

4.3 Percentage of Intra-Urban Moves 68

4.4 Percentage of Intra-Urban Movement by time interval 72

4.4-a .Annual Movement 78

4.5 Distance Covered by Movers '’85

4.6 Short Distance Movement within Five Zones 88

4.7 Intra-Urban Movement of Households in walled city’ 90

4.8 Short Distance Movement 91

5.1 Percentage of Intra Zones and Intra Zones

- Movement ofhouseholds 96

-• 5.2 Movement ofhouseholds from Zone 1 to other Zones 98

5.3 Movement ofhouseholds from Zone II to other Zone? 107

.. 5.4 Movement ofhouseholds from Zone III to oilier Zone.. 110 l 5.5 Movement of households from Zono IV to oilier Zone- 112 ‘ i : #3 -IX- f: 'ÿVi » 5.6 Movement ofhouseholds ii om Zone V lo pther Zones 114

6.1 Percentage of Intra Urban Movers by Age ( iroup 121

6.2 Percentage of Intra Urban Novement by family size- 127 $ % 7.1 Movement of Occupational Groups 138 $ 7.2 Intra-Urban Movement ofhouseholds by income classes 144 v v tu' 7.3 Intra-Urban Movement ofhouseholds by income classes 148

7.3-a Educational Facilities 151

7.4 Literacy Ratio 154

7.5 Movement ofhouseholds by educational level 157

8.1 Bahawalpur City Land Use 164

8.2 Commercial Centres 168

8.3 Bahawalpur Industries 176

8.4 Health facilities in Bahawalpur City 184 j?

I • If.-

!• -X- LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

No. of Photo Pnge No.

l.I-a Fareed Gate 10

1.1-b Alunedpnry Gale 10

1.2-a Bahawal GaraivPalace 13

1.2-b Noor Mehal 13

1.3-a Empress Bridge 15

1.3-b Sutluj Bridge 15

1.4-a Daulat Khana 17

1.4-b Sadiq Reading Libran,' 17

2.1 Chowk Abbasia 33

2.2 Bahawal Victoria Hospital 38

2.3 Chowk Fowara Located in Zone IH 41

3.1 Model Town “A” Planned Guzated Officers' Colony 57

4.1 Quaid-e-Azam Medical College Dubai Palace 62

4.2 Centre of the City (Chowk Bazar) 89

5.1-a Bus Stand Zone II 99 »• 5.1-b Wagon Stand Zone II 99

Baliawaipur Railway Station 101 if-, 5.2 t 5.3-a lslamia University 104

5.3-b Government Sadiq Egerton College 104 i- 137 % 7.1 Grain Market t * : 8.1 Chowk Bazar Central Commercial Area 166

t ** -r if— •_ -XI-

8.2 Fruit and Vegetable Market 169

8.3-a Regional Commercial Centre Hninatian (Hussain C'howk) 171

8.3-b One Unit C'howk Zone V 171 i; 8.4 Welcome Gate Shopping Centre 172

8.5 C’howk Abbasia Syraki C'howk 173

8.6 Industrial Area along Multan Road

Industries in Model Town “BM 178

8.7 Sadiq Public School (Zone H) 180

8.8 Borstal Jail 182 8.9 Stadium and Zoo Zone IV 186

8.10 Eid Gha and Jamia Masjid Alsadiq 188 •:! 8.11 Bus Stand, Truck Stand 190

8.12 Shadra Colony 193

:-3

M -1-

CIIAFTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The movemeiil of households within urban areas is defined as re .dential

mobility or intra-urban migration. It refers to population moveme:-- within

cities. During recent years residehtial mobility' has attracted tlie alt ilion of

scholars of different disciplines including the sociologists, econo;, ists and

geographers. The sociologist are interested in the social Of-’-ects of

mobility, the economists have focused on links between mobility .and

housing markets, whereas the geographers have been concerned witli an

overall analysis of the changing spatial structure of the city in r.’ialion to

residential mobility. Clark (1981) says “within (he substantive field of

residential mobility we can identify a major genera! trend that has parallels

in tlie development of the behavorial methodology. There has been an

ft increasing concern with an individual approach to residential mobility i which developed in response to certain perceived inadequacies in the

more-macro analytic or aggregate studies of mobility”. I ,1 m -2-

The residential mobility lias attr acted great interest among researchers in

the Western World. There are a number of studies on the topic, A few may '•’A be mentioned Short (1978) studied residential mobility in Toronto, Pooley V* :'X

(1979) that of the Victorian city, Margulis (1980) that of Cleveland and i

Herbert (1973a) that of Swansea. HoO* (1978) was interested in residential mobility in general.

The intra-urban population movement in Non-Western cities is not well

: known. Not many studies on this aspect of Non-Western cities have been V undertaken. Hans Schenk (1978) has studied the residential immobility in

India Goldsteins (1978) has analyzed the situation in South East Asia

Although it is widely accepted that the movement of households from one residence to another plays an important part in shaping and reshaping of urban social areas, the relationship between residential structure and patterns olTesidenlial mobility are only imperfectly understood, hi part this is because intra-urban mobility despite accounting for some two thirds of .h all migration in most Western countries, was until recently a neglected topic.

There is a relationship between residential mobility and urban structure, which emphasizes the circular and cumulative effects of housing demand

and urban structure on each other. Mobility is seen as a product of housing

c .. m -3-

opporlunilies, new and vacant dwellings resulting from si: urban

expansion, inner cit>' renewal and rehabilitation of households wl.. ;h are

themselves a product of income, family size and life style. Given s\; iicienl

amount of mobility the residential structure of lire city will be subs! • ilively

altered resulting in changes both to objective social ecology and to the

associated neiglibrhood images which help to attract or deter further

potential movers. Households then may be seen as decision making units

whose aggregate response to housing opportunities is central to et< logical

change. It therefore seems logical to begin the task of disentail; :ng the

relationship between movement and urban structure by seeking to : thblish

the fundamental parameters of households mobility. How many lie beholds

do actually move in a given period ? Do particular types of he beholds

have a greater propensity' to move than others ? And are lliere ar; spatial

regularities in the pattern of migration. Brown and llolmps (1971) noted

tlial changes in residential location with in the urban urea play on important ft role in altering urban system and urban spatial structure. Quotes !me these t can be replicated many limes. All voicing (he same feeling that to I understand fully the ecological pattern of the city, studies of residential

mobility were essential. •I'v {•V -d-

Until recently residculial mobility was a neglected topic. In pail this omission reflected the wider neglect of population movement in human

Geography. An -early beginning was made by Ravenstein (1885) in the form of seven laws of migration but this lead was not followed up and almost 50 years later Crowe (1938) was chiding his fellow geographers for their ?; static view of human population and their lack of concern with population movement. This call to action was effectively ignored and even by the mid¬ sixties Hagget (1965) could note that population movement was not receiving sufficient attention. When population movement was studied the emphasis was on interregional mobility. Tliis is well illustrated in

Trewartha’s (1953) scheme for population geography in which intcrreginnl, seasonal and even diurnal movement are considered but not residential mobility. More recently in Shaw's (1975) general review of migration scarcely mentions movement within cities. The neglect of tins topic was (• also parti)' due to paucity of data (Welch 1970). This drawback still afflicts li¬ this area of study. However, we need to consider two trends in human geography and urban geography in particular to explain the recent interest in the topic.

The principal reasons for mobility are industrialization, education and employment opportunities in urban locality, llie population spilled out

:V'v -5-

. from parental houses because of enlarging family size are Hie intr;: urban

movers.

In Pakistan no such study lina been undertaken. It is high lime that s: dy on '

residential mobility or inlra-urbnn population movement is conduced in

Pakistan also. With Uiis end in view intra-urban movement of popuk'.'ion in

F Bnhawalpur city has been analyzed in Uiis study. 'Hie following aspect of tlie intra-ui ban movement are of interest.

Wlio are the movers?

Wliy do tliey move?

From where do they move?

Wliere to they move?

How ollen do diey move?

What distance do tliey move?

How many moves a single family makes?

What type of the people move?

(a) High Class (b) Middle Class (c) Low Income

Age category of moving households.

Direction of the movement.

'Hie following hypotheses will be tested during the research u ,ik of , residential mobility in Bahawalpur city. r>

i; .

-6-

(1) Residential mobility is controlled by life cycle.

(2) Residential mobility is generated by in-migration of workers in

Bahawalpur.

(3) Put! and push factors generating international and intormil

migration are also tlic reasons of residential mobility.

(4) The movement is generated by landlord and tenant relationship.

(5) 'I1ie distance between house and work place nlVeols the movement

ofhousehold.

(6) The behavorial factors plays an impoilant role in residential

mobility.

(7) Community affiliation generates group movement.

(8) Number of moves a person makes depend upon his social and

economic status.

(9) There is a relationship between residential mobility and urban

structure.

(10) The social and economic changes cause residential mobility.

(II) Residential mobility is encouraged by housing projects planned by

city or stale government or private entrepreneurs.

. i-ft I f* -7-

One distinctive feature of some Pakistani cities is group intra -urban

movement. Persons belonging to one particular community try' n live

. i togellier. Tliey occupy a comer of tlie city. They develop a communi y life.

Tliey have a distinct social organization with elected community : mdcr.

Tliey build a mosque and a community centre. The community centre ;s also

a club house. It is here that business meetings are held. Living togellier, they

have greater feeling of social security', when the population increa: -s and

the area occupied by the community becomes loo small, they purchase a \ land by the name of the society. They build houses or flats and a sec ion of

community moves and lives in the new houses. This is the common .alure

of the fast growing cities of Pakistan. It will observed how far ;and i what

manner this is happening in Bahawalpur, which communities are irr olved

in such movements. In case some stray member of the community lives in

some other areas tliey usually move and liye in that neighbourho od. A

person who lives in a rented lives house there only temporarily. lie moves

from one house to another. The factors involved requires close obsc: /ation

and analysis. The movement of the renter ends aller he succeeds in owning

houses or dies or moves to another place or goes back to his ancestor: home

in a village or a city. It will be interesting to investigate how many moves

V -8- a person makes in his life time. When is the move more Sequent in early, i y\-V;$ middle or late life. /? Mi Pallems ol residential mobility botli create and reflect the social structure of residential areas. The movement of households can maintain and change the ecological patterns of urban mosaic. There is a relationship between residential mobility and urban structure which is at once both obvious and yet difficult to disentangle.

The study of residential mobility' and of the relationships between tins Ii. movement and urban structure demand a variety of time and scale perspectives. Bahawalpur is a divisional headquailer around it there are agriculture lands. It is not sin important industrial suul commercial city', so this research work will be helpfiil for planners. Wc shall come to know the potential movers, whether it is social and economic mobility'. In future it will prove highly suitable for housing and town planning and we shall be able to estimate the increasing demand of housing schemes and their feaseability. Which class of people move from one place, to another, whether they belong to low class, high class, middle class with large sources of income.

At present people from almost all parts of llie city go to central business district for shopping. The result is that .there is much vehicular and r ?; U

-9-

pedestrian traffic in Unit area There are some oilier shopping cer. es having

reasonably good amount of commercial activity. It will be wo'ii while to

examine whether these commercial centres attracting the people and

*ÿÿÿ households to move in their vicinity.

There are so many vacant pockets of land in BahawaJpur city. lousing is

the major consumer of urban land. It will appropriate tforp which pari of the Ur city people move to these areas. [*-. t. Housing standards take into consideration residential environment of lii household in terms of floor area, sanitation, public facilities liglit and ventilation. Tlie determination of space requirement for housing is usually

4 based on the residential densities which are commonly defined .a terms of persons or dwelling units Attempt will be made to know how ur ny people

move to maintain their standard of living or to meet their space r quirement

X: as compare to other reasons.

w Education facilities are not properly distributed in BahawaJpur '-'ity. It will :• f b be found out, whether people change houses because of near; ess to the

i •• education centre. ijj; $

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Photo 3.3-b Alunedpury Gate

III L t I >11 I [ A > -11-

LOCATION 'i Bahawalpur is a large cily located in east central part of Pakh :an on the

Western fringe of (lie Cholislan Desert. It is about 5 kin south oi the Sullaj

River and 100 km South east of Multan. It lies on the main railw:. line

between Karachi and Lahore and has a good road link with the. J two and I oilier cities. Tlie city is spread over an area of more than 10 squr.: miles or 17 square kilometers. Bahawalpur is a Tehsil, District and Divisional I Headquarters. Vi ) The climate of Baliawalpur is tropical arid. It is hot and dry in ;:::nnier and

cool and diy in winter. Wind storms are quite common during lie summer

months. Floods and other natural catastrophes are rare.

HISTORY OF BAHAWALPUR CITY

Bahawalpur city' was founded by Nawab Baliawal Khan I in L 8 A.D. at

the site of a village called Jhoke Ranjah. The city was made the capital of

the state. It was fortified with a mud wall built around it. This " ailed city > has six gates namely Farid Gale, (Photo 1.1-a), More Gate, Mu.ani Gale,

Bohar Gate, Shikar Puri Gale and Alunaxl Puri Gale (Photo l.l-b). Tlie

Nawab invited educated persons in particular and others in general to settle

in Bahawalpur. They were allotted land for house building li e of costs.

Many descendants of the early settlers still live in Bahawalpur. I

-12- !/. The development and expansion of Bahawnlpur City awaited (he reign of

Ala-IIazrat the Ameer of Bahawalpur Nawab Sadiq Muhammad Klian

Abbasi V (1907-55). He was proclaimed Ameer on the death of his father in 1907. He was a man of ideas. He invited town planners and architects of :ÿ ?•: Nizam of Hyderabad to plan and develop Bahawalpur city. As a result die

Model Town was planned and developed. In 1947 Pakistan came into .v'v: existence. Many migrants Horn India came to Baliawalpur. Tlie city had also become a focus of many in-migrants from other parts of Pakistan. To house the migrants Model Town B, Muhajir Colony and Shndrn Colony were planned.

In 1955, West Pakistan was declared one_ unit ;mc| Baliawalpur slate was merged into it. Baliawalpur City was made district and divisional headquarters. Many government offices were established including a military' cantonment and job opportunities opened up. A large supporting population was also required. The existing facilities became inadequate and more housing projects like Model Town A.B, Sattelite Town and squaltcr settlements around Yazinan Ps.oad, (Islami Colony), Ahmad Pur East Road

(BhalaNo. 1,2,3,) Sadiq Colony' and Shadra developed. Bahawalpur which had stalled to expand outside the walled city' in the early years of the present century' experienced explosion alter 1947 and more so aflcr!955. A -13-

Photo1.2-a Bahawalgharh Palace (1791) i

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-14- u The march continues. Tlie result is that city wliicli was confined within an B area of 1.5 square km surrounded by a wall today occupies mi area of 17 square km and it is still on the move. Brief dates of important buildings. M' residential areas, public places and educational institutions are given below, which give die historical picture of the city.

SOME IMPORTANT PATIOS:

1748 The city of Bahawalpur was founded. r I: 1791 Bahawalpur Garli Palace, now in the custody of Military, was built to accommodate stale secretariat alter one unit Government offices were a,4 :'.V accommodated tliere (Photo 1.2-n).

1808 rIhe Baliawalpur British alliance of friendship.

1866 The first newspaper Sadiq-ul-Akbar was published in 1 v f Bahawalpur. K • : 1874 A Municipal Board was established at Baliawalpur. 1875 Noor Mehal was built by Sir Sadiq Muhammad Khan IV, lor his t ' residence (Photo 1.2-b).

1878 Empress Bridge (Railway Bridge) was openccl.(Photo 1.3-a)

1880 Lahore - Karachi Railway line built.

1886 Sadiq Egerton College was established. '

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by Sir Sadiq Muhammad Khan IV, for his residence.(Photo 1.4-a)

1898 Southern Punjab Railway line was built. s“.:?

1906 Baliawal Victoria Hospital was founded.

1911 Sadiq Dane High School was established.

1924 The coronation of Nawab Sadiq V took place. i; 1924 Sadiq Reading Library' now known as Central Library was built.

(Photo 1.4-b).

1925 Inauguration of the Canal Irrigation System. /'. f, 1942 Zoological Garden was constructed. 1943 Town Planning Scheme was prepared for BsJiawnlpur city. h- m 1953 tol954 Sadiq Public School was established. V --l

1953 to 1954 Driny Stadium was built.

School was established. 1954 Technical Higl> \

1955 Bahawalpur State was merged into One unit.

1965 Gulznr-c-Sadiq (a Public Park) was built.

1968 A Cantojunent was established at Bahawalpur.

1969 Sutlaj Bridge (Road Bridge) completed and opened to traffic (Photo

1.3-b).

: 1970 Quaid-c-Azam Medical College was established.

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POPULATION OF BAHAWALPUR CITY

From its inception in 1748 Daliawalpur registered a very slow population growth and continued to be a small town ol‘ 18,500 by 1901 (Table 1.1).

From 1901 to 1931 the population increased by less than 20,000. During 1901-11 there was a small fall in population because of epidemic diseases. : From 1931 to 1941 the population almost doubled itself from 20,000 to

40,000. This was the consequence of die introduction of canal irrigation system in the area in 1925, and Bahawalpur turning into an important grain market. From 1941 to 1951 onward Bahawalpur was faced with population ! explosion. The population more than doubled itself from 1951 to 1961.

During 1961-72, 50,000 persons were added and another 45,000 during

1972-81. Thus die population of Bahawalpur City increased a little more than two times in 50 years, from 1901 to 1951 and 4.5 times in 30 years : from 1951 to 1981. Bahawalpur had a population of 18,500 in 1901 and dial of 180,000 in 1981. (Fig. 1.1). Recent population growth of \

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TABLE 1.1 POPULATION AND POPULATION VARIATION IN BAJIAWALPUR CITY FROM 1901 TO 19S1 V.

1 •4 ft YEAH POPULATION VARIATION NO VARIATION ••,•») J 1901 18,5-16 I 1911 18,414 132 0.7 1921 18,494 80 0.4

1931 20,943 2,449 13.2

1941 40,015 19,072 91.1

1951 41,646 1,631 4.1

1961 87,377 42,731 102.6

1971 135,263 50,523 59.5

1981 180,263 45,263 33.5 o'oiuce. 1951 Census Report of Polaslan 1961 Census Report ofDisuicl Uslmwal Put 1972 Census Report ofDiitnct Pus 1921 Census Report ofDisuicl BahawolPu

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-20-

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Photo 1.4-b Sadiq Reading Library' (Central Library)

-- :)ÿ

's 21

k BAHAWALPUR CITY POPULATION VARIATION 1901 -1980

POPULATION.000 100 Explosion i 90 t 80 < . 'O 70- * 60 STATIONARYi

40- DOUBLE,

30-

20- FALL

1901 1911 1921 1931 19A1 1951 1961 1971 1901 Figu-M YEARS

. I ' * V* * * v • •x* • * ’••*v . *' ' •• : * - v:v.-/v V 1 A. #• • I - i \ S .' , .1

> ’ * 1

* )

BAHAWALPUR CITY i ; DENSITY OF POPULATION i

4 1981

v' i l

f » 1 I ;

PERSONS PER ACR|

L ess Than - 4.0

40 - 42 i t -23- : • Bahavvalpur is largely die consequence of immigration from India md heavy I% in-migration G oni other parts of Pakistan and emergence of Bali, valpur as

an important administrative educational, health, recreational an. business

centre. ? ’["he old walled city has attracted the in-migrants for a long pcrio.; of time. It ij i became densely populated, it continues to be most dense: part of

Bahawalpur. In 1981 die density in the central city was 105 p rsons per

acre were as the density npto 1931 was 30 per acre which increased to 60

during 19-11-51.(Fig. 1.2) The next most density populated part.v is the area

< surrounding grain market, railway station and the bus stand where the

density was 42 per acre and it was 40 in Zone 5 (Saltclite to.vn and its

abjacent areas). In other areas the density was relatively low. This

indicates dial die Intra-urban mobility is inevitable. E

••-v.v.*7»' -24-

CIIAPTER 2

DATA SOURCES A METHODOLOGY

Different sources were tapped to collect data on intra-urban movement of population within Bahawaipur City . Population Census Reports of various census years provided information on total population of the city, and population by sex, age—group, economic groups and wards. They niso furnished data on educational level by family size, number of houses, rooms •; ' i per house and oilier socio-economic characteristics. No data on intra-urban mobility is available in census reports. But tliey did provide information by which the potential movers and in some cases causes of movement could be re¬ assessed. Family size and room occupancy rate help in estimating the. i potential movers. The age of the house, the type of the house and the economic status of the occupant can also help in assessing die intra-urban mobility. The data on number of households by wards helped in drawing ward-wise samples for field survey.

Estate agencies were next contacted. These agencies help ill sale and purchase of properties and in letting out and hircing houses on rent. They < could have been of great help but the problem is that only two percent of the houses are purchased and hired through the estate agencies. They provided some iiseiul informalion.

. m

'VJ* •- \ -25-

Next the Registration office was tapped. Their record is incomplete and is

not maintained in a systematic order. Most of the information a. lilnble wiUt

them is on sale and purchase of vacant plots. They do n<.. have much

information about constructed houses, further they do not have ;. iy record of

houses on rent. Therefore, tliis office is a poor source of data.

Next to be tupped were BahawaJpur Development Authority and

Contonment Board. They do possess some useful data but they Jo not cover * the whole city therefore, they provided scanty data. » 1 Telephone directories could be a good source of data on inlra-urban

mobility, ’flic scrutiny of tJie directories revealed fJiat some useful

information could be obtained. But the problem is that only 6 percent of llie

households possess telephones. They all belong to upper an middle class

therefore Llieir usefulness is very limited.

FIELD SURVEY

of relevant data from secondary sources, the c y method left b In absence was to collect data directly from field by survey. Fo: this [impose

questionnaire method was employed. The questionnaire Appendix A)

included queries regarding number of movers the respo: :nt made, the

time-interval of moves, the distance moved, the reasons : movement

’ r* i '

» 1 ri !; i,i -26-

(housing environment, economic, work place etc.) and oilier relevant infonnation.

Bahawalpur is a large city with a population of 180263 and 24,663 households. Tlicreforc, it was decided to collect data by stratified random sampling. For this purpose the cily was divided into Jfive zones which have been designated os Residential Mobility Zones (Fig. 2.1). These zones were determined on the basis of socio-economic homogeneity and physical unity. A description of the mobility zones will help in understanding the discussions on inlra-urban mobility with which this study is concerned.

MOBILITY ZONES

Zone-I comprises old town bounded by circular road from all sides. The

Central Commercial area is located here and the main bazaars are also located in this zone. Shahi Bazaar, Machli Bazaar. Fatah Khan Bazaar and

Girigang Bazaar are the main bazars whicli converge at the Cliowk Bazaar

(Chowk Shahzadi). This is the city centre of Bahawalpur. On back of the 4-:. bazaars (lie residential areas are located. The narrow roads and lanes of tlie residential area open up in the main Bazars.

The old town is divided into ten wards. The main "Moliallalias" of these ten wards are shown on Fig. 2.2 which are as follows:

••V

i :: . i.-«* • -v. • a 27 •» V

CITY F BAHAWALPUR *• RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY ZONES; 1992

TO MULTAN

\ CENTRAL JAIL

I \ MODEL TOWN* 1 Ns c I x / I STADIUM / r \ RIAZ COLONY MODEL TOWN , \zoo / \ JAMIA ISLAMUV/ SHADRA / B / / JAIL 'GULZAR MAHAL / S.E .COLLEGE/ MUHAJIR COLONY / / ZONE IV ! ZONE II / / RLY STATION ZONE I / c. I ll\ / r \ A. ZONEV MODEL TOWN \ - \ --- /B-W.H SATEL1TE TOWN A / Q \ / MC % C ___ ONE UNIT \ TRUST COLONY'* COLONY \ ) MUHAJIR COLONY / s CA'NAL y ZONE / y III / y CO*J-ON; y I / TO y MUHAMMADIA BAHAVSjALPUR s COLONY N AG AR y SADIQ COLONY / FAUJI y y t RLY.STAT/ION y BASTI y y SILAL COLO y y y y y TO AHMEDPUR EAST TO YAZMAN V.'

I - Figu- 2 -1 “7 -28-

WARD N0:1 Comprises MohaJlah Makhdooni Pura, Mohalla! Mubarak

Pura, Kotwali and Tahsil Office. This ward is located lo the nc. lh of the

Chowk Bazaar.

Popuiatioa of this ward was 4,687 oftliem 2538 were males smd . 149 were

females. 'Die literacy ratio of this ward was 47.5 percent and ouschold

size was 7.6 persons.

W.ARD NO:2 Comprises eastern side oftlie Machli Bazar, Mol .llali Mir-

Siraj-ud-Din and some part oftlie Mori-Gatc. Population oftliis ward was

W 4,536 persons, Out oftliem 2390 were males and 2146 were fe males. The

leteracy ratio of tliis ward was 44.4 percent and household si : : was 7.4

persons.

WARD140:3 It is located in tire east and north-east oftlie Chow.: 3azanr. It

comprises Koclia Gul Hasan, KochaReliman and Kocha Gang. '1 soutliem

side of the Shall! Bazaar touches llie narrow streets of this ward.

Residential area of northern side of Fareed Gale is also ' ere. Total i population of this ward was 6186 persons in which 3,245 were males and

2,939 were females. The literacy ratio, was 44.5 percent and .households

size was 8 persons.

T 7 -29- :

WARD NO: 4 Comprises Mohallah Nawaban and Bazar Daman Shall. It is IMt l- - located in the eastern side of the Mnchli Bazaar. Ihe narrow lanes of this congested residential area join Machli Bazaar, 'flic highest population was in ward no.4 which was 9585 persons, of them 4956 were males and 4629, iMiVjf

•r females. The literacy ratio was 42.3 percent and household size was 9.0

• : persons. WARD NO: 5 Camprises MohaJlali Chudrian, MohaJlali Qazinn, Mohalliili . i Habib Abad, and residential area around the Zanana Hospital. It is located in tlie southeast side from the Chowk Bazar. Residential area of the southern ; . side of the Fareed Gale is also located here. Population of this ward was

5,216 persons of them 2679 were males and 2537 were females. The literacy ratio of this ward was 55.4 percent and household size was 7.7 persons.

WARD NO: 6 Comprises Mohallah Chah Fateh Khan, MohaJlali Chuglitai,

Mohallah Deen Pura and Mohallah Qazian. This residential area is located in the southeast of the Chowk Bazaar. Total population of this ward was

6909 persons in which 3686 were males and 3223 were females. Hie literacy ratio of this ward was 50.3 percent and household size was 7.3 persons. BAHAWALPUR WARDS OF OLD CITY

I •I • / /

/ W-1

MOHALA MAKHDOOM PURA 2 00 MULTANAAGATE k \ r1' KOTWALJ i 1 \ i \ \ M. MUBARAK PURA l t l \ \ - "i i J W-9 ___ i i i MOHALA AMM M.M5R.SIRAJ-UL- DIN KHAS I W-2 MOREjGATE

\ rJ BOHAR GATE * ' » —( \ i M. BAGH MAI BA2AR DAMANV-ÿÿM.NAWABAH' SHAH / I / KOCHA GANG I I ___ KOCHA RAHMAN 1 h- MOHALA KAJAL PURA W-8 W-4 W-3 rr: W-10 KOCHA GUL HASAN ___i JAMIA MASJ10 CHOWK i i PURAN iMANDi l G1RI GANG BA2 4R 0 a MOHALA CHOUDRIAN < M.QA21AN M MOHALA HABIBAB AD /SHIKAR PURY

WARD NO: 7 Comprises Moiiallah Salam-Pura, Mohallali Kumha:; a and

residential areas around the Alimad)Puri Gate. Its western and northwestern

sides touch the Giri Gang Bazar and Shikar Puri Giile. Tliis residential area

is located south-west of the Chowk Bazar. Population of this \va: :i was

7390 persons of them 3,918 were inales and 3472 were female. The

literacy ratio of this ward was 38.3 percent and household size w is 6.'8

persons.

WARD NO:8 Comprises Mohallali Bagl) Malii and residential area . round f Sadiq Jamia Masjid and Purani Mandi (Old Grain Mailed). It very

congested and covers the central part of the city. It is located northwest of

the Chowk Bazar. Its narrow lanes open in the Machli Bazar and ,’howk

Bazar. Population of Uiis ward was 6917 persons of them 3,66 were

males and 3251 were females, 'flic literacy ratio of this ward w: s 43.5

percent and household size was 7.3 person.

WARD NO: 9 Comprises Mohallali Amm-o-Khass, residents areas 4 around the Mullani Gale and Tibya College. These residential a: as are

located northwest of the Chowk Bazaar. Its nau ow streets open in iie east

of the Machli Bazar. Populalion of tliis ward was 4,488 persons o. which

2410 were males and 2078 were females. The literacy ratio of th ward

was 47.9 percent and household size was7.3 persons. t > ?•:

-32- ; WARD NO: 10 Comprises Mohallah Kajal Pura and residential area r around tlie Bohar Gale. Its narrow lanes open in the Giri Gang Bazar. These :~4 residential areas are located in the northwest of the Chowk Bazar.

Populalion of this ward was 6045 persons of them 3209 were males and

2830 were females. The literacy ratio of this ward was 35.6 percent and household size was 7.6 persons.

The central part of the city (Zone-1) is very congested and has a high •• density of population. The roads are very narrow and drainage system is poor. Pools of stagnant water are seen here and there. In some slreets the houses are very small. There is traffic problem in the main Bnznrs of the central area. During rainy season the narrow roads and Bazars are filled with water and movement becomes very difficult. In some lanes there are some 'Kucha" houses the physical conditions of these houses are poor. The I house owners do not like to reconstruct their ’Kacha’ houses. They prefer to •• 9'. move out and construct new houses in the newly developed areas.

Zone-11

V: MODEL TOWN A,B,C, AND ADJOINING RESIDENTIAL AREAS t - i Zone-n is located immediately to north'and wesi of the old town and is Tlie ;ÿ ; . dominated by residential land use. Baliawalpur Railway Station, Bus • T

• K K- :

! m' "V ’ - -» * -33-

k-k: t; ;l3 a 9

>V. f •‘ » * t;

*j <ÿ —

;. *

Photo 2.1 Chowk (Square) Abbasin Centra of Zone II

r *

—gTqBWWgs:rÿ Sc- 'ÿA'

-34-

Stand, Grain Market, Fruit and Vegetable Mailed and sopie business l and commercial centres are located in this zone. Around Cliowk Abbasia two cinemas are located which provide recreation (Photo 2.1). Wards included in this zone arc following ward No. 11:- Comprises Model Town

"B" and its related colonies. Population of this ward was 7.041 of tJietu

3,694 were males and 3,347 were females. The literacy ratio of this ward [ÿ [••• was 70.8 percent and households size was 7.2 %(Fig. 2,3) *• ti. V Ward No.12 Comprises Muhajir Colony, Wellcome gate, railway station and its related colonies. Population of this ward was 12,832 of them 6,718 were males find 6,084 were females. The literacy ratio of this ward was

25.9 percent and households size was 7.6 persons.

Ward No.13 Comprises Bindra, Shadra, Muhajir Colony and its related residential area. Population of this ward was 7,235 of them 3,861 were I males and 3,371 were females. The literacy ratio of this ward was 21.5 percent and households size was 7.0 persons.

Ward No.14 Comprises Model Town "C" Kauaer Colony, Karbala and area around the fruit market. Population of this ward was 7,107 of them 3,897

>ÿ were males and 3,107 were females. The literacy ratio of this ward was l".

40.6 percent and households size was 6.9 persons. i- .

M «;• BAHAWALPUR CITY ; r WARDS OF ZONES OUTSIDE WALLED CITY rt « r. » oJ J z.. t

c i *-v. i \ v. i \ ? WARD.14.' r- >«* C ~ / WARD.13 \ i i i \ 1 J \ u WARD.12 / \ / \ / \ \ / \ — \ i y I WARD .15 \ WARD.11 1 ) WARD 17 I ki / J I r- ZONE H ( WALLED / / WARD.1 1 ZONEH / in CITY A J I (Cantonment I s CO Boarcfy / \ / s / ZONEY / \ / / / Z' l / 20 / i WARD. v \ i WARD.19 / ; / WARD.3 / WARD.18 / Board) / / (Cantonment / / / / / / t / ZONE / / nr / / /

//WARD. 2 '(Cqntanment Board)

i Figu-2 -3

V . #1

<« f-•: '

: y* b \ . . [y -36- -

, Ward No.l (cantonment) This ward is under tlic control of Canoruneut

Board, Comprises Model Town "A" Bala No, 1,2,3, Gulzar-e-Sadiq and

Islamic Mission. Population of this ward was 9,365 of (hem 5,212 were

males and 4,153 were females. The literacy ratio of this ward was 52.8

percent and housholds size was 7.5 persons (Fig. 2.3). According to the

living and working conditions of the households we can divide this zone

into three pails.

A) High Class residential area. B) High middle and middle class residential area. % C) Low class residential area. Kb

1) HIGH CLASS RESIDENTIAL AREAS: This area comprises Model

Town 'A' and its adjacent residential area, Cheema Town. This area comes under the control of Cantonment Board. High ranking government retired - m ' officers and persons of high income class live here. Most of the bungalows 4t. '' iv ; :44 cover 8 Canals (Sq.Yards). It is situated southwest of the Bahawalpur r m Railway Station. Ahmadpur East main road and Railway Road pass through

and Secondary Education Board and it. Bahawalpur Intermediate f: > . Commercial College are located there. Some Govenunent and Semi- {ÿ offices are also located there. : Government IT

i .

V-

T':* li/TT. V -37-

2. MIDDLE CLASS PRESIDENTIAL AREA This area comprise: Model

Town 'B' and 'C and its adjacent colonies. It is northwest oflhe old Town.

Railway Station is located on the west side and bus stand on the ea.vi side of

this area. Upper middle and middle class families live there whici. include

businessmen, government and scmi-Govenunciil servants, and retired

government servants, semi government and private oflices nre also located

there.

3. LOW CLASS RESIDENTIAL .AREA: Low class residential arer. in Zone

* y -II has developed in a large industrial area . This zone has altrae' .-d low income and working class people, It comprises of Shadra, Colony Kausar

Colony, Puckyand Kachi Muhajir Colony, and Quaid-e-Azam ’olony.

Along tlie Alunadpur East road are located J3hala No. I, 2, 3, and related

colonies attached with Model Town 'A' in the southwest. Around the Bus

Stand new colonies along the Multan Road, in the northeast are inc.uded in

this area. Small industrial area along Multan Road and it; related > residential area is also included in it. Labourers srikshahaw pulla:;:, small

A shopkeepers and low income government servants and mechanic live in % these areas.

i. V a

4 •V* J,f ' -38-

l; t

7T?Tr 'IT va i if! ! ML S T t 11

1®i i;. :,;i

tSS .ifiSgi i; f . r ; Hospital in Zone II 1 Photo 2.2 Bahawal Victoria

-t Iff

---: I. / -T-r.-r/' i -39- s Zone HI • I Zone HI comprises Trust Colony, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Medical

? Colony, High Court and its related residential areas, Muhanunadia Colony, Bilal Colony, Officer's Colony in the south and Sadiq Colony, Noc: MehaJ, ?• Dubai Palace and its related residential areas, in the southwest: Ekh,upper

• i I middle and low income families live in this zone. This is clove fo the

central zone. For this reason people can easily approach the mai:: central

1 market. Bahawalpur Victoria Hospital i9 very close to this zone (Photo 2.2) W Chowk Fowara is located in tliis zone. Tliis is also a busy intersection1 and I is situated in population area of die city and is surrounded by co mmercial establishments (Photo 2.3). Most part of tliis zone is under the control of

cantonment board. Following wards of the cantonment are included in this i zone. t Ward No.2 comprises Qatahnara, Deraizat, Mululc Shall and Sndq Public I school. Population of this ward was 8,904 of them 4,980 were :.iales and > 3,924 were females. The literacy ratio of tliis ward was 60.2 percent and

household size was 7.5 persons.

Ward No.3 comprises Muhammadia Colony, Bilal Colony, Sadi ; Colony,

Dabi Palace and Noor Malial. Population of this ward was 9,985 >f them

•v i ' .Vi -40-

5,363 were males and 4,622 were females. Tlie literacy ratio oftliis ward was 30.6 and household size was 6.8 persons (Fig. 2.3) Zone IV ifA This zone is located immediately east of tlie old town. It consists of courts, government offices, educational institutions, central police line, general lit®m post office, stadium, Bristol jail, Noor-e-Haq colony, Riaz colony, Gulistan Colony, Baliawal Colony, Banker's colony along Yazinnn road, Fauji Basli, Hi *1 Canal Colony, Loot Colony and its adjacent residential areas. Middle and mm low middle income class families live lliere. The Yazinan road is occupied a? by low income and working class families. A large number of government v-; ;• and semi-government servants live there because it is near their offices. « New low income housing schemes have been proposed to be developed M along tlie Yazman road. Many residential schemes are going ;to be completed along the Jangivvala road. Ward No.15 is included in this zone. M Population of this ward was 16,298 of diem 8,927 were males and 7,371ÿ were females. Tlie literacy ratio of diis ward was 36.9 percent and family i- size was 7.8 persons. Most part of tlila zone is still lying vacant (Fig. 2.3). I

hmm

. I

, i'

s f -41-

t i

-ÿ • ,1 — : 3#

i if' • ‘i * : '.<4 ! v ' 'ÿ•'ÿ1 i ri F ! * *R> s ( t> i *7 %

rÿ*r57i SSB*ÿ lllll FSS 3*2!? S'Vi’-~-s £2 *7 - -c. •<: •,.’.*'—

; III Photo 2.3 Chowk Fowara Located in Zone : >

i I

>i> 4y i:

i 11 lV

i_;ir '"T- '•ÿli -42- w Zone V It comprises planned residential colonies and Gulznr Malial. It is located in 'illIf the-easlem fringe of the city. It comprises one Unit Colony, Sattelitc Town and its adjacent residential areas, Biliari Colony, Forest Oilice, and their employees residential areas, Rangers office and their residential areas, wm some other offices and government educational institutions. Most of the residential area is planned and has all the utilities and services of a MU reasonable standard. Middle class, middle upper, middle, lower and high mm income class people live there. That zone is comparatively al a far distance from the areas providing employment facilities and main market of the city'.

People have to travel two to four kilometers to their work place and the central market. BahawaJpur railway station and bus stand are also far away from tliis zone. High and upper middle class people live in homes built on iflf one knnol residential plots and lower middle income class house holds live |l in houses, of less than 10 maria plots. Lower income and working class households live in the Muhajir Colony, Bihari Colony and its adjacent \ "3 areas. Most of the housing schemes were stalled by the Housing and

Physical Planning Department and its office is also located in this zone. A big government employee housing scheme has also been stalled along the ferfl

1-7®.i 7 -ÿ* -43-

Hasilpur Road which is also located in this zone. Following wards are

included in this zone.

Ward No.16 comprises Gulzar Mohal, Bahnwal Garali Palace anu its

related residential area. Population of this ward was 7,184 of them 3.704

were males and 3,480 were females. The literacy ratio of tins ward was

29.5 and household size was 7.1 persons.

Ward No.17 comprises Sattelite Town x,y,z, blocks, Basti Kanjowan. and

Basti Gale Gidra. Population of this ward was 11,530 of them 6,106 were

r males and 5,424 were females. The literacy ratio of this ward was 56.9

percent and household size was 7.1 persons.

Ward No.18 comprises Hamatian Muhajir Colony, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed

railway station. Population- of this ward was 10,004 of them* 5,246 were

males and 4,758 were females, The literacy ratio of this ward was 37.8 1 percent and household size was 6.9 persons.

a Ward No.19 comprises Hamatian Forest Colony and desert r:,:iger. > 1 Population of this ward was 3,270 of them 1,919 were males and ,351 1 were females. The literacy ratio of this ward was 47.2 percent and

household size was 7.0 persons. » WardNo.20 comprises One Unit Staff Colony, Canal Colony and its related .* residential area. Population of this ward was 7,551 of them 4,066 * y ; 7 ;

t] I -44- X\

iu were males and 3,485 were females. The literacy ratio of this ward was

54.9 percent and household size was 6.0 percents (Fig 2.3).

SAMPLE DESIGN

Simple random sampling would not have served our purpose. A r

(hat reconnaissance survey had revealed population movement is faking I: place from specific pails of the city to some other specific area.

Accordingly the residential mobility zones were prepared. A description of these zones has just been given. Therefore, stratified random sampling was lit found to be more appropriate for Uiis survey. v; V It was decided to interview five percent of the households. Therefore, the I’; total size of the sample became 1233 according to lhe following procedure: •y\y,

Total sample size 1/20 x Total population size

ji* =1/20 x 21665 --- 1233 The next step was to work out the sample size of every strata (residential ft mobility1 zone). Tliis was done by (lie following fomiuln:- Where ns = nt x Ns & Nt ns = sample size of the strata. nt = sample size of the population (city) ys- Ns = Total number of household, in lhe strain. Nt = The total number of households in the population. &

> *?ÿ -45- 'Hie number of households in the various strata

(residential mobility zones) were.

ZONE NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS

1 8136 n 5951 is 2722 IV 2089 V 5767

According by the sample size ofeveiy strata worked to be: nl = 1233 x 8136 = 406 24665 n2 = 1233 x 5951 = 297 24665 n3 = 1233 x 2722 136 24665 - n4 = 1233 x 2089 = 104 24665 n5 = 1233 x 5767 = 288 24665 Next step was to undertake (lie survey in the filed rind to select the sample

of households. A simple procedure was adopted for this purpose. The fir.'t

sample household was selected randomly. Thereafter, every twentieth hot.se

was selected systematically for interview. The response of Iho inlervie\ ee > in general was cooperative. Sometimes the same lmuse had to be visred more Ilian once as the proper person was not available or was busy in s: no

work. No special problem was faced in conducting the survey which toe'.: 3

months to be completed. /Viler completion of the survey die analysis o! lie f- data was taken up which was started alter preparation of tables. ;i i, & i # i

-7J‘' ,-774 -V?

-46- I •t'X ill CHATTER 3

• REASONS OF MOVEMENT • p ; In any consideration of intra-urban mobility it is important to make a m distinction between volnntaiy and involuntary moves. m. •: Change of residence witliin cities may be voluntary or involuntary.

Voluntary are u moves those where the decision to move rests with movers. / y'l'-.-.yr

Voluntary' moves are generally generated by personal and environmental factors like increase in income, change in the location of job, entry of undesirable neiglibonrs in die neigliborhood and others. Environmental % \U it factors may include establislunent of obnoxious industries in the area or W£U!) noisy workshops, litter or garbage, filthy drains and others. 3%? Involuntary moves arc reilered to forced moves. Demolition of property, eviction, marriage, home too small for llic family, danger to life and - property and oilier factors beyond one's control. Some nutliors put great & emphasis to make distinction between these tow types of moves (Rossi, pf 1995, Moore, 1972, Barrett, 1973). hi reality the two types merge into one iy:?y i|s another and a clear demarcation is not possible. For example if the work place of a person shills from close to his house to a sufficient long distnnee. mm mYf ; He definnity has a choice to move or not to move. But the

n . i i:1*

>;/ * -47- increase in cost of transport and the time taken in going to work and caning

back virtually force him to move closer to his place of work. A: other

aspect worthy of consideration is that usually not one but several factors are

at play leading to change of residence.

Rossi (1955) showed in his classic study of migration in Philadelphia,

involuntary moves make up a significant proportion of the toAl. In

Philadelphia, almost a quarter of the moves were involuntary and majority

of these were precipitated by property demolition and evictions. Similar r findings have been reported from studies of other cities, but remarkably little is known about the locational behavior of affected households. In

addition to these purely involuntary moves is a further category of ; breed

moves (Morre 1972) arising C om marriage, divorce, retirement, ill-:.ealtli,

death in the family and long distance job changes. These frequently account

for a fui-tlier 15 percent of all moves leaving around 60 percent as voluntary j moves. > British households reveal a mixture of housing, environmental and pe rsonal

factors. Among the most frequently cited housing factors associated with ; voluntary moves arc complaints about dwelling and garden space around

housing and repair costs and about style obsolescence. Environmental aI factors encompass complaints about the presence of noxious activities such j; & -- \

•rrvTt iftll -48- I!•%§ as factories, noisy children, incidence of litter, garbage and pet dogs.

Personal factors are mostly associated .with forced moves, but some f i voluntary moves are attributed to personal factors such as a negative * reaction to new neighbors. These generalization hold true for sample m population in North America, Australia and New Zealand as well>as Britain . iifS (Barret 1973, Butler etc. 1969; Clark; and Rossi; 1955). The National Survey of the United Stales movers, lor example discovered ii an overall tendency lor people to value neighborhood quality more Ilian m housing quality and accessibility, to value interior style and appearance

•V£ more than the exterior style and appearance of a dwelling, and to prefer ll neighbourhoods with better than average schools and relatively high local ill U' taxes to these with lower taxes but poorer schools (Butler ct at 1969).

r* fiV When potential migrant households have set up an aspiration region and u searched for vacancies they inay then decide not to move, reconsider their 5 aspiration or choose a specific dwelling. Cost and dwelling characteristics j” $$$ are the main criteria on which households choose a specific dwelling (Me

Cracken, 1973). 0 Reasons of residential mobility in Bahawalpur City arc given in Table 3.1. i Out of 1234 sample households 374 reported to have changed their \ %vmi n -49-

residences, in other words the percentage of voluntary and involuntary

movers is 30.3. In these 374 movers 57 were involuntary movers and :, eir

percentage was 15, who had no choice they had to vacate the house The

majority of the affected persons (9 percent) were government employees

who were living in residence provided by the government. .They had to

vacate the govemment/public residence alter retirement.

Another impoilant class of involuntary movers were thosp who were

evicted by the landlords. In this category the students and bachelor:, form

the majority, they numbered 15 in a sample of 371. They tlnis represent 4

percent of the involuntary movers. The main reasons given for the forced

eviction were Uiat the renters were quarrelsome, did not pay rent regularly,

were bachelors and Uic neighbours did not like Uieir presence or the

landlord wanted to have Uie house for his own use. The demolition of

existing structures for development purposes (new housing schemes, ;:iops,

office buildings, roads etc.;) forced 8 persons to change Uieir residences.

They constituted two percent of Uie total moves and 13 percent of Uie

involuntary' moves. Besides a few ladies had to change residence alter

divorce. -

- y*-.; r.T > - f'Ks ft ft i \ ilfi -50- m I m TABLE 3.1 \ '« REASONS FOR RESIDENTIAL RELOCATION IN BAILWVALPUR fe pa CITY i.r'; !::i y:: ... . !:

- REASON* FOR MOVE NUMBER OF MOVERS PERCENTAGE 'ft A. INVOLUNTARY MOVES 57 15 >v

]. Had to vacate residence alter i= retirement 34 9 •r

2. Evicted by landlords 15 4 rf.v 4 Property demolition 8 2 3. m 4i I f. m B. VOLUNTARY MOVES 317 85 hi h:'*' 4. Insufficient accommodation 149 4(r moved to better house : / % 5. Moved from rented to own 63 17 % % house & 42 11 6. Physical condition of the house and bad neighbourhood 37 10 %S'- », 7. prosperity Economic . 1 26 7 8.Personal reasons 374 100 1 TOTAL m !9)2 . ;;ii Source: Households Survey Conducted in March v 7*. R«

l CO; . - ’ /’t I

% -51- VOLUNTARY MOWS

Overwhelming majority of residential changes 85 percent in Bahau dpur

City were voluntaiy (Fig. 3.1). About 149 percent of the total or 47 percent

of the voluntaiy moves were generated by the shortage of accoininoda'ion.

A family started to live in a small house and as the family size increa: :d the

house became too small. A larger house wus bought or rented and i few

;- family members moved out. The most affected part in this respect wa;: zone

No.l located in the central part of the city which received most of i'.:c in¬ r migrants from other pails of Pakistan and also the emigrants C om Indi L The average family size in this area was 7.6 in 1981. The largest average family

size was nine which was in ward No.4, (Population Census Repon 1981,

Selected Population Statistics of Individual Urban Locales, Table - 26-p-

115). A heavy movement of population from this area in the peripheral part

of Baliawal City took place. Model Town A, B, C, Shndra, Muliajir Colony i in Zone No.n and.salellite town Zone No.V were the chief recipients About iv II percent of lire total movers which constitute 13 percent of the veilHilary

movers in Bahawalpur City expressed dissatisfaction with the physical state

of the dwellings and their neighborhoods. Hie houses were o ;i and i dilapidated and were not sufficiently airy. The roads were narrow am:

: ia« 52 BAHAWALPUR CITY REASONS FOR RESIDENTIAL RELOCATION 1992 fill

VOLUNTARY MOVE ii Hi i-Il&

INVOLUNTARY MOVE

II# ' !ÿ S;l| REASONS REASONS i I.:-M Had To Vocal* After Insuf f icie nt ment. Acco modot ion Retire From m Moved Rented Evicted by Land¬ House iiiilii lords r: Physical Condition Properly Demolition of House Economic Prosperity

Personal Reasons

Figu -3 -1

W-m f

-53-

not fully paved. Pools of dirty and stagnant water and lieaps of solid wastes

were found in many localities, Sewnge disposal system was also greatly

damaged. Tlie whole area had turned into a shim. Tliercfore tkv had

3 changed their residences. Most of such complaints were made al . itf the

Central City (Zone No. 1 ). Many of such movers were those who had

acquired wealth. They wanted to live in spacious houses where they could

keep their cars and furnish their houses with modern fumilure and other

amenities. They wanted to live in posh localities not only to breath fresh air l but also to acquire a prestigious position in the society. The goal of' most of

f such movers was tlie Satellite Town (Zone No.V).

£ About 17 percent of those who changed residences in Balmwalj:rr were j living in rented houses and tliey moved alter they built their own iiouses. i ! Tlie Qovenunent had planned several housing projects like Satellite Town J residential area Plots on subsidy basis were allotted to the appi wants by 1 lot. Many of the lucky allottees obtained house building loan and built the

houses in which tliey later moved. Such allottie;; made extra effort to build

the house otherwise tlieir allotments were liable to cancellation. In an effort

to own a house some persons moved from Zone I to Zone V and developed

squatter settlement (Katchi Abadi) at YazmanRoad near Fauji Ba r.

f *I . •v i

-54- lili

Later the government officially leased the land to the illegal occupants and It n4 they became legal owners of plots and houses. m'ÿr It must be pointed out here that many of the government employees who

vacated government quarters had already built their own houses where they

moved. Similarly many persons who made complaint of dilapidated houses MSI

and ugly suiToundings had also built their own houses where they moved. v 1 About 10 percent ofthe families who changed their residences affirmed that t< tlieir economic condition had improved and they wanted to live in better

houses. Many shopkeepers, businessmen, government and bank employees m

and business executive had acquired enough wealth to build houses or the

government, bank or institution where they worked advanced them loan to ti H build houses. Some of tliem had been promoted which entitled them to belter

houses. Most of this category of persons had moved C om centre of the city •‘E

>ÿ; (Zone No.l) to Model Town A,B,C, (Zone Mo.2) Muhairunodia Colony, Y

Bilal Colony, Trust Colony (Zone No.3) Bankers Colony, Riaz Colony, Noor-e-Haq Colony, Baliawal Colon}' (Zone No. !) mid Setcllite Town % (Zone No.5). Some of them changed their residence from Satellite Town to

Zone No.5) to Model Town 'A' and ’C (zone No.2) A large number of

government employees who have acquired better economic position n

i&ig —s.tiw-‘7TrJvy,f-r• i v'Twmarr ~ r"~ :

h -55-

will change in future from all these five zones to government employee

residential schemes according to their grade .at Hasilpur road opposite to

the new Campus Baghada-uI-Jadced.

PERSONAL REASONS

A good number of families (7 percent of the total moves or 8 percent jf the

voluntary moves out of 374) gave personal reasons for change ofresi, ence.

The majority of such moves about 80 percent were generated by differences

among family members. Joint family system prevails in Bahawalpur City. i I r This system is faced with problems. It is getting difficult for dang: er-in- laws, motlier-in laws and sister-in-laws to live togetlier under one roof

This culminates in the separation of married sons to new premises. Ii; some

cases the parents in Bahawalpur City move out and the son and dr :;ghter-

in-laws live in the ancestral house. This happen because of a custom

prevailing among "Saraikcs'1. The custom is called "Waita Satta” acc irding

to which the husband has to give a house to his wife. In case the fienily is

not well to do. They give the parental house fo lire bride. After marriage if

quarrel takes place among family members, the bride and her husbn d stay

in the house and die other members including die parents move o::L The

death of father in many cases also leads to the division of the family

is** V s -56-

and they move to new separate residences. Father's property is divided •: *.3 among sons, daughters and widows. In many cases die property is sold to a 10 "n third party and the money is shared by die in-hirilors. They all move out and live in separate residences. Some of diem may also live together. The fact is I dial joint family system is not working well and is likely to collapse. i In personal reasons ill health is also a reason of movement in Bahawalpur telli• . thr- . City. For example Mr. Abdul Ghafoor Klian Lodlii age d 55 years lives in % Model Town (A) (Zone-2). Before dial he lived in Mohala Aani Klias mM (zone-1) where dicre were narrow streets and dirty surroundings. Hie mM sanitary system was not proper so he fell ill. Consequently he changed the

house and shilled to Model Town y 'A Zone II (Photo 3.1.)

The distance between house and work place or educational institutions of •. $

the children is also a reason of movement. Many households changed dieir

residence from different zones to Zone-4 where administrative offices and t

educational institutions are located. Mostly the persons who live in rented !•

is also a reason houses come in diis category. Change in job or profession V b

of movement in Bahawalpur city. A few people changed the house because

of change in job or profession.

V * 'ÿ%

1 nwrV;f T : » * * TT” i -57-

id®'*Tv4

&ÿ V n L" m - : -

? TlliSfl ! Photo 3.1 Model Town ‘A’ Planned Guzaled Officer’s Colony ' *

*? hi

" m‘C. - i » .Wÿ1.i.T: iS 5 -58- Haji Allah Ditta S/0 Pir Bux resident of Shadra (Zone-2) aged 68 years i told dining survey that he used to live in n village, where today Model

Town 'A' (Zone-2) has been developed . ITis Highness Nawab Snriiq

Muhammad Ablms Abassi gave him plot in Siindrn because the government m mi ) wanted to launch a Gazetted officers housing scheme (Model Town A). So we changed the houses and settled in Shadra. % Mr.Abdul Iianieed Resident ofKangowan Basti Band Road Sattelite Town m : (Zone-V) aged 55 years cnipenler and Mr.Allah Bnchaya resident of Bnsli

Kangowan band road Sattelite Town (Zone-V) aged 49 years, labourer said K,WM tliat previously tliey lived near Kachi Mosque X Block Satellite Town but i tlie government (Housing and Physical Planning Depsirtincnt v)got the land u vacated because, tliey wanted to develop a housing scheme there. Therefore we had to change the houses Com Kachi Mosque to Basti Kongowan. They had been living on the government land without allotment until then.

To join relatives and friends is also a reason of movement. Many people /,V ' changed their residences in Bahawalpur City. Because they wanted to join their relatives and friends for example in Zone II many households changed mm their houses Com Muhajir Colony and Shadra to Quaid-e-Azain Colony imi opposite to the Bahawalpur railway station, where their relatives and mi: people oftheir community lived.

'ÿm ! mm

• • ijnrui’tr** 1‘ - •v.«*V %n*rr* - • •i -59-

CHAPTER 4

NUMBER INTERVAL AND DISTANCE OF MOVEME NT v

Residential mobility is a selective process. All households arc not equally

mobile. Some have a propensity to move quite oflen; others, having nee

gained entry to the housing system never move at till, thus lending a degree

of stability to the residential mosaic. This basic dichotomy between mover's

and stayer's (Wolpert 1966) has been identified in a number of studies; and r it has been found that the composition of each group tends to be rcla:.d to the life style and tenure characteristics of households. In particular, yev iger

households have been found to move more frequently than older households;

and private renters have been found to be more mobile than households in

other tenure categories. In addition, there appeals to be an indept , lent

duration of residence effect, where by the longer a household remain.? in a

dwelling the less likely he is to move. This has been termed the princi' :e of

cumulative inlertia, (Cave 1969; Me Ginnis 1968), and is usually exp: :ned

in terms of the emotional attachments which develop towards the dwelling

1 neighbourhood (Land 1969). I and immediate ill

-60-

Morrison (1973) elaborating on and slayer mover dichotomy proposed by v-.* Wolpert (1969) suggested dial the population can be regarded as a continum 111 moving potential. At one end of the continum are the more mobile isl households with low decision tliresholds (it docs not lake much to make m tliem move) while at the other end are the virtually immobile households Pi* with high decision thresh holds. The residents of Bahawalpur City are largely immobile. About 70 percent ipW of (lie households have not changed their residence inspite of tlicir long slay iii in the city. Most of the families which have never moved live in the centra! city. In a traditional city like Bahawalpur the ancestral households exert great pull and have deep rooted attraction, where people live inspite of m inconvenience, congestion, narrow roads and lanes, poor drainage etc. m

However the new residential areas have attracted their attention. A number of families have purchased plots and will move to new houses when they litns are built. About 30 percent of the households have changed their residences in course m

i * of their stay in Bahawalpur City (Tabic 4.1; (Fig. 4.1) Most of the mobile m households live in Saltelitc Town and adjacent areas (Zone-5). This is a * relatively new residential area and it has attracted families from

X;.-M-I

’••• -r'-Ar*; I r—j-, • -61-

the central city and other parts of the city. About 45.8 percent bouse!., ids

changed houses Horn other zones to Zone V, The second highest 39.7

percent households changed houses from other zones lo Zone III (Trust

Colony Q.M.C). This zone is dominated by important Government build- igs

and other institutions like High Court, Circut House. CMC.. B.V. Hos; fal

and Dubai Palace are located in this Zone (Photo 4.1). About 37.6 pei rent

households changed to Zone n (Model Town. This Zone is dominated by

residential land use which has attracted low income people lo settled .wn

nearby. (Fig. 4.2). 7 According to (table 4.2) sixty three percent of households have changed ! only one place till now. -Majority of these households were owner

; occupied. Thay changed their previous residence because of insufficient

space, expansion of family, economic prosperity The highest single movement took place in Zone-V (Saitelite town and its adjacent areas.),.- Because the housing and physical planning department had allotted the.plots '

on low rates. rIlie House Building Finance Corporation also provided loan

for home construction. For this reason a number of households decid 'd to

settle there. Besides this the house building department decided to rake

j action against the allottees including cancellation of the olio ..tent i serious i who did not construct their houses within the prescribed period. :-vM m -62- till .• w Photo 4.1 Quaid-e-Azam Medical College Zone III §

i t :r f MmMFJ t i : h iL;.' WmM ... SjlsjSIB SB Wmsmm mf.A> i

;

mm,flpf

i ' * Err- • j-r-ÿ xÿ.v. ' T;i; 'ÿ'ÿ 1 =~jEr_ =. . B1' ~~=~~ -t.-' It18*- 0 Dubai Palace '— i

' -&3-

TADLE: 4.1 BAHAWALPUR CITY NUMBER OF MOBILE AND IMMOBILE HOUSEHOLDS 1992

fUsidetulAt No. ol No, otXtttfiobtt* retceniaÿe Jveroent«ÿ. >1 Z-& Zones Mobile Households of Mobile Immobile Households Households Household I 46 361 11.3 88.7 II 112 186 37.6 62.4 f III 54 82 39.7 60.3 IV 30 74 28.8 71.2 V 132 156 45.8 54.2 TOTAL 374 859 100 100 All Zones 374 859 30.3 69.7 Source: Households Survey Conducted in March, 1992

i 1 f U

*!_ H

tl ;« • >'*. . \ *. iWi* .-•ÿÿ.•.y.v;v, . •' ./ÿ: : , • »

. *»-ÿ — —- >-

V i. : f BAHAWALPUR CITY NUMBER OF MOBILE AND IMMOBILE HOUSEHOLDS 1992

ZONEX ZONEH ZONET 7 ONE TIT ZONE TV; :

IMMOBILE IMMOBILE IMMOBIL1 / ! IMMOBILE MMOB1L LD ZZ •y/ MOBIL IOBILE ' / OBILE MOBIL MOBIL F •• v.I; I I

: i

Figu - 4--1 i BAHAWALPUR CITY . : : MOBILE HOUSEHOLDS4- 1992 !' i

i PERCENTAGE .

I 11 21

. V 21 31 / • \ /ÿ • I — 31 4.1 i. K I — f 7 ( LO ' CD 7 * i I Ii « More Than 4.1 i N / Li / i

\ N / V / 1

w s *. i

«•

F i g u - 4 •2 :r

/ T r 1 ' ' »jr -•”i -.vds-.: * 7 • ...... rÿj=di2iwf V.,7ÿT7”‘V=rM

.1 t*

-66- f

Therefore, the allottees took steps to build tlie houses. Wide roads, good $ sewerage system, easy gas connections and telephone connections attracted fe§:«IS the households of Zone 1 (central part of the city).

About 26 percent households in Bahawalpur Cilv changed their house twice. Majority' of these households were tenants who failed to cpÿpe with I •:0V their landlords or their personal reasons compelled them to change their m $ residence. Eight percent households changed their houses lliree to four times. Tliese were mostly students or persons who had school going children. As Bahawalpur City is divisional headquarters with many schools M large number of students from surrounding areas come here to get education. [

Because of lack of accommodation in the hostels they rent rooms and houses. Usually some students get a house on rent but they vacate the houses during summer vacation or after the annual examination In the next session or year they have to get another house on rent. Sometimes the landlords of the houses compel them to vacate house because of their irresponsible behaviour. The highest change took place in Zone V, Zone IV and Zone I where all the education institutions are situated.

Families changing more than three houses belong to high middle and high income class. Tliese families first changed their house from central city*

•v I t -87- A

TABLE 4.2

Percentage Of Intra-Urban Moves In Baliawalpur City 1992 s

; IT>; .:y; 'X mp. ? Mr M>:>: :r NO;:OF!WOVESt:1C • Z-t m-:. 25 TOTAL ?:i;, \.y;y''0 m0: •V : ;!>; :: 1. Households who 37 60 44 17 70 176 63 have changed only one House_ II, Households who 5 35 6 10 42 90 26 '' hive changed two houses._ m. Households 4 0 4 2 12 20 0 who have changed T three houses.

IV. Households 1 1 0 10 3 who have changed lour or more houses

Toll! 46 112 54 30 132 374 100

Source: Households Survey conducted in March 1992

I 68

BAHAWALPUR CITY

PERCENTAGE OF INTRA-URBAN MOVES •i: 19 92 65-1 !•

60 ii V i i' 55 t:

50-j NUMBER OF MOVES ; ONE 45 pj| TWO r 40ÿ THREE ! 35 FOUR V •i/y it 304 i; 254 i 204 i 15 104 : P V.r;Jv 54 i 0 /t/j X n in 3T Figu-4 -3 NUMBER OF HOUSE V ii>$|

; -69-

because of narrow streets and bad situation. They changed to Zor;; H

(Model Town) and then from Zone II to Zone V (Snltelite Town). ”ome

households again changed from Zone V to Zone H because low ii . ome

housing scheme for low income families was introduced by the Housii. and

Physical Planning Depaitncnt at Model Town C Zone EL This area i:- very

near to central city, the bus stand and railwny station.

Mother chain ofhouseholds moved first from Zone 1 to Zone II an-, then

from Zone II to Zone V and after that they moved to Zone ID. hi Zc-r.j HI

housing colonics like Muhammadia Colony close to the Trust Colony, Bilal

Colony, Noor Mahal area also attracted many families. Tlie reason tliat

was this area is close to tlie central city. It is also between Medical C iege

and Officer's Colony very near to tlie B.V. Hospital. This area is unc the

control of cantonment board. Number of changes in Baliawalpur Cl y arc

shown in Fig. 4.3.

TIME INTERVAL

* Time interval denotes tlie period of lime taken to move fi'oin one residence i to another. Neighbourhood; cost and personal reasons play an important

role in tlie time intervul. Some time the renters are forced to move tl: e or

foui' times. Tlie movement of the renters ends after they succeed to ow.

ii I, f:- m

-70- a house or dies or moves to another place or goes back to his ancestral home in a village or a city. m Herbert (1973) suggests that llic most important ciileiin in defining a ?mi households aspiration region (i.e. tlie type and location ol' housing vÿhich it desires and can afford) are cost, dwelling characteristics, location quality of the physical environment and the social status of the neighborhood. Those Hm factors are not equally important for all households. Those with restricted housing opportunities may have to talce what is available while those with more effective choice may stress tlie social status of the neighbourhood and m attempt to maximize their predilection for specific dwelling types. For those r- with more effective choice a hierarchically structured aspiration region can be suggested. Households have a broad aspiration defined by the average price, location and the social and physical attributes of residential areas and within these acceptable areas households have a more detailed aspiration region relating to the size and design of dwelling. >'* >• -:h £ A survey of Bahawalpur City brings out that 3 percent families changed ;• their houses within five years and 5 percent changed wilhin ten years period 0% in Bahawalpur City (Table 4.3). Majority of them were renters and

p?||| fit-vfesg

i- 4 -71-

TABLL 4.3 Bahawalpur City Percentage of Inlra-urban Movement By Time Interval 1992

T1MP MO.OF 1‘liHCKNTAP m:n*uvAL FAMILIES YEAUS 1 WHICH MOVED, V 0-5 11 3

5-10 18 5

10-20 33 9 . 20-30 7? 19

30-40 99 26

40-50 85 33

50-60 56 15

TOTAL 374 100 Source: Households Survey Conducted in March. 1992.

!i* :r. ii t ...yrrrzgr&V .rj>v , J .i . . Blit 72 1 ; A BAHAWALPUR CITY i Lv:v;. ’ERCENTAGE OF INTRA- URBAN MOVEMENT ! pi m BY TIME •v INTERVAL ; :e ntage 1992 ! i ev $

/ tty / V V f / t: / /

/ •:

/ 7 V

40 -50 50-60 0-5 5—10 10 -20 20-30 30 -4.0 i- YEARS igu- A- A

'/•

iy.

V ;. A -73-

students who changed their houses after a short span of time. The i . asons

about tiie changing of houses were different.

1. Misunderstanding between the tenant and landlord/landlady.

2. Education of the children.

3. Neighbourhood.

4. Economic and social factors.

Sometimes the renter could not pay the monthly rent in due lime tin. .-fore.

the landlords evicted him. Sometimes the landlord needed the house for his

y personal use.

Parents prefer houses which are nearer to the educational institution 'their

children. When their children have to change the education instihiti .i they

also change their house. The parents of the girls are particular abort this.

Bahawalpur is a religious and traditional city. The religious :. inded

households prefer the house near to the women education centres o that

their daughters mid sisters might not travel a long distance to read: their 4 institutions. For this reason they change the house within short pi-::od ol

time as their daughter and sisters change the institution.

When a household settles in a newly residential area, he does m know

about tlieir neighbours. When he feels that they are troublesome he (.ranges t

4 -74-

the Louse witliin a short period of time. Economic and social factors aJso

cause changing of houses in short period. Whenever a household needs

some money for his urgent personal use he sells the house and becomes a

renter, so he has to change the house. i) Shaik Shuja-ul-Din 60 years lived in Mohala Gang Shai ief,

Dahawalpur. Zone I (Central City) Previously he used to live in

Mohala Azizabad, Afterwards he changed to JDobian Wali Gali. His neighbors there were troublesome so he changed to Mohala Gang Sharecf as a renter. ii) Iqbal Alimad Qureshi, Mohala Mubarak Pura, Street No.4,

Bahawalpur lived in Mohala Islam Nagar. That house was too small lor his family. As soon as it became possible lie moved to a larger house in

Mohala Mubarak Pura as a renter.

Majority of short period changes took place in the central city. Middle and low income households changed a short distance. In the central part of the city the rent of the house is lower Ilian (lie other zones, so the renters change house sooner (Figu. 4.7). Mostly students come in this very category.

Bachelors change more places in short period as compared to married families who have a number of children. -75-

Families in tlie early stages oflhe life cycle prefer central city loc lion but

later they place less emphasis on accessibility nnd put more empha s on an

environment conducive to the rearing of children (Michelson, 1977

' In Zone IV where oil the educational institutions are located, a larg number

of students live in private lodgings. Therefore Noor-e-llnq Cok y, Riaz

Colony, Gulistan Colony and around the university chowk n lot c renters

change the house within short period. About nine percent of the ho beholds

changed residence within 10 to 20 years, 9 percent within 20 and 0 years

> and 26 percent within 30 to 40 years. Most of Uie movers were ren i s. The

* movement of the renter comes to an end nfler he succeeds to own a i >use.

Usually it takes considerable time before a renter becomes p hous owner.

A number of government employees live in the houses provide- by the

government. They spend their life-time saving to build a house. Th v move

to their house at the verge of retirement or allor retirement. A out 38

percent households changed Uie houses alter 40 years (Fig. 4.- They > belonged to tire centr al city.

Many of the old settlers do not like to change their houses, such per ons are

still living in Mohola Nawaban, Mohala Taliwain, Mohaia Ch; <ÿ Fateh

Khan, Mohala Bag Main in tire central city. They have been living 1) 'e

-rvm -76- from very bignning so Uiey have affiliation wiUi tJiat area, most of dicnt are

"Syrikies" who are traditional and old settiess.

ANNUAL MOVE

Movement of households in the Western Cities is considerable. About 7 to

12 percent of European households move each year, while in Austr alia,

Newzealand and North America the figure is close to 20 percent. Having said this it is of course important to recognize that some cities experience much higher level of mobility than others. Adams and Gilder (1976) for example point out that cities in the last growing West South and Gulf coast of United Stales record high level of mobility. Reno, Colorade, Springs,

Las Vegas and Anaheim/Santana/Garden Grove for instance have an annual turnover of population which is double dial of Scranton, Jolinstown and

Wilkes Barre/Hazlelon in die more stable North East.

In terms number of moves associated widi new housing Lnnsing et. al.

(1964) found thal the average number of moves associated widi new

Housing in 17 standard metropolitan areas in die United Stales was 3.3 with most terminating in die movement of immigrants or widi die establishment of new households. In Clydeside Wanton (1973) discovered dial new privale dwellings averaged 2.0 moves while new public houses averaged 1.6 I \

I •• ! v. . A -77-

\ i TABLE 4.4

BAIIAWALPUR CITY ANNUAL MOVEMENT 1992 'J ! v ...... aijyjj i. ;; MO,OF fljpERCEHT...... t: USE ...... ;> | c MOVES ! > 1901-Aug, 47 29 7.8 1947 - 1951 11 2.9 1952 - 1955 10 2.7 1956- 1959 9 2.4 1960 - 1963 13 3.6 1964 - 1967 17 4.6 1968 - 1971 32 8.5 1972 - 1975 33 8.5 1976 - 1979 31 8.2 1980 - 1983 52 13.8 1984 - 1987 60 16.0 1988 - 1992 77 20.6 TOTAL 374 100 :!ÿ Source:Households Survey Conducted in Mnrcli 1992 and ensue Report

: '.'ÿV 78 -I °ercentage 22- BAHAWALPUR CITY

20 ANNUAL MOVEMENT 1992

» i HI rd Phase

RAPID .CHANGE 16H

144

12 4

1 0l Hnd Phase LOW CHANGE 8H

1st Phase 8 4 VERY SLOW

2 4

0 ? T s in ? ? T r A <%> 5 in in s S § o* a> 2 £ 3 2 2 2 £ 2? 2? 2 YEARS Figu -4- -4- -a . A -79-

associated moves, The chains resulting from new private housii were

terminated mainly in (lie establishment of new households while public

I housing chains were terminated in 55 percent of new cases by demo ion. The aimual residential change within Bahawalpur City can be divi. d into I three phases (Table 4.4) (Fig. 4.4a). The first phase covers the peri I from

1901 to 1967 during which the annual change was 0.81 percent wh h was

! very slow. The mnin reason of this slow movement was that the old ettlers

of Bahawalpur City liked to live with their kith ami kin and men 'crs of y their clan. It was difficult for them to change to some other place. I : * Bahawalpur City acquired the status of a divisional headquarters, ter the b!ems

of space requirement cropped up. The city began to expand and ne\ houses :: 5 were built. I i » u: Many government departments were shilled to Bahawalpur C y. Hie r' A ehemes 1 government built quarters to house its employees. The residential of Model Town A and B were started. Nawab Sadiq Mohammed .bbasia

also took keen interest to settle incomers in Bahawalpur City. le

i : :

\ i

1 r T_ ’ -LAI. -80-

established new colonies, Kachy Pucky Miihajir Colony Sliadra Colony etc.

In addition Government and private residential schemes were introduced,

for example Model Town (C), low income housing scheme by Housing mid

Physical Planning Department and Kauser Colony (Private) Zone II etc.

There was also facility of loan provided by the House Building Finance

Corporation. Because of that a lot of people constructed houses on their

plots. In this period the households showed the tendency of gelling houses

nearer to educational institution for their children.

The prosperous families stalled to build new houses because of the non

availability of modem residential facilities in their old houses. Most of

these families were living in the old city1 and they changed houses to modem

equipped new residential areas.

The rapid change of the households during the lust few years shows that people in lurge numbers will change houses in future, because of economic

prosperity.

In the second phase from 1968 to 1979 annual change of residences

amounted to 2.1 percent. The change was slow in this period but as

compared to the first phase it was higher, llie biggest residential scheme -81- of Satlelife Town (Zone V) WAS storied during the some period, lie

Government allotted plots ot a very low price. Later many other rel ed schemes were introduced which prompted residential mobility. New us

Eland was shifted from central city to outside and small industrial esl :es were established, therefore, a number oflow income families changed I ir • houses from the central city to Zone II (Model Town B and C).

> t During the third phase 1980 to 1992 the change of residences nmoiuited : 4 percent annually. Obviously the rote of change of residences had increa ed considerably. The central zone had become too crowded. Families u re forced to move because of inadequate accouuuodalion. hi future with le policy of iiidustriliasalion the city will flourish as regional commercial id economically prosperous city and more residence change will take pla e.

Baliawalpur will continue to be the adnionislrativc headqunrters of ie division so the intra-urban residential mobiliy will increase.

DISTANCE OF MOVEMENT

One of the important aspect of intra-urban mobility is the distance betwf n present and previous residences. The majority of the moves in many parts f the world has been found to be relatively short. In the United Stales betwe n

1960 and 1966 almost 45 percent of tlie families had moved within 1 : central city, or within the some neighbourhood (Butlere! at. 1969). -82-

Results from studies of individual cities like Minneapolis (Adams 1969)

Philadelphia (Rossi 1955), Providence Rhode Island (Spcare et at 1975),

Melbourne (Jolmson 1969), Glasgow (Forbes and Robertson 1978) and

Swansea (Herbert 1973) conform to llie general finding of short distance move. Within Minneapolis for example the model distance moved was nearer to one mile (1.6 km) and about 30 percent of all die moves involved distances of less dian one mile (Nordstand 1973). lire tendency for short moves is in general explained best by income race. Higher income white owner occupier households tend to move farthest.

Directional bias has also been investigated in a number of migration studies but with rather less precise results while it is widely recognized dial there is a great tendency for migration to push outwani from inner city neighbourhoods towards die suburbs Reversal Hows and cross currents always exist to complicate die issue. Adam (1969) has suggested dint die strong orientation of die urban system towards jobs and shops of the CBD tend to suppress lateral Hows, leaving a mixture of inwards and outwards moves to dominate the pattern of intra-urban mobility.

Jolui8oii's (1969) analysis of Melbourne lends some support to diis idea aldiough he found little of the short distance movement originating in the inner city exhibited by any strong directional bias. However, die,moves -83- terminating in (lie suburbs. 54 percent were found to stay within the j- clor of origin and moves from residences in outer zones were found to be ven more likely to end within the same sector limn those from inner : ties, suggesting that once households have lived in one segment of suburbi they are reluctant to leave it for another. A broadly similar direction b s is reported by Clark (1971) who found that households liom sub- ban," neighborhoods within Cluislchurch, New Zealand, tended to move to' aids' to CBD, while imier city movements like those in Melbourne, vere essentially random.

The distance of movement is usually governed by search bchavioui The search is usually conducted tlirough friends, relatives, colleagues and state agencies. A person usually has friends in the locality where he live The people know him. He develops goodwill and creditability'. It be >rnes easier lor him to find a new house in the old local it}'. This is al > (lie neighbourhood where he generally prefers to live because he has dcv< oped familiarity and affinity with the area

Bahawalpur is a relatively small city. From the city' centre to the city- imite

Hie average distance is 4.5 km, longest distance 6.5 km and shortest di ance is 0.1 km. hi this context amove of 2 km will be considered short, : J km medium and 4-6 km long, hi Bahawalpur City 62 percent of the lious iolds moved short distances, among them 32 percent covered less than one » \

-84-

ri f

TABLE: 4.5

DISTANCE COVERED BY MOVER IN BAIIAWALPUR CITY 1992 y.y.-.y NO; OT DISTANCE , - M<)VC

Short 0 2 knt 228 f>2 Short distuncc covered by mover Medium 2.1 - 4 km HO 30.8 Medium distance ----- covered by mover Long 4.1 6 km 6 1.2 LOUR distance — covered by die mover

TOTAL 374 too Source: Data Collected from Households: Survey Conducted in March 1992 |i

f i i

i i

; \

BAHAWALPUR CITY DISTANCE COVERED BY MOVEF S Percentage 1992 70

Short Distance 60

Medium Distance 50

40-

30 * Longÿ Distance 20-

10 i

0-2 Km 2 -1-4 Km 4 1-6Km Figu-4--5 f -86-

kilometer and 30 percent between 1 to 2 kilometers' (Table 1.5) (Figu. 4.5).

Short distance changes have been found most in Uic central part of the city,

Zone-1 (Table 4.6). Many households changed the houses within Molmla,

Neighbourhood or lane where they lived before (Fig. 4.6). They Uy to live

near their relatives, neighbours and friends. They do not like to go to some

oilier place after leaving their clan.

Although the behavioural npproach provide important insights into spatial

implications of mobility, the emphasis on individual decision making fronds

to divert attention from the aggregate patterns of neighborhood change

which result as like individuals make like choices (R.ees 1970: 313). The

classic example, of course is Chicago during the 1920 and 1930s, although

many of the industrial1 cities in Britain had undergone a similar process of

neighborhood change during nineteenth century. More recently, the postwar

flow of overseas immigrants to London, Pai ia and huger Australian cities

such as Melbourne and Sydney has generated a sequence of change In some

neighbourhoods which also fits (lie iuvasion/succession model. (Joluison

Salt and Wood 1974, Schwind 1971). They are familial- with shopping and

other facilities available in the central area (zone I). They develop an

affection and love for the area, so they change short distance within the

same area (Photo 4.2). - 1

In Bahawalpur City also the moves were short distance largest number of

I ' "

i -87-

TABLE 4.6 * i

Bahawalpur City Short Distance Movement Within Zones 1992

: if j$f ‘ * No; of Idouacholds 1 Jt»Ar<6htig< * SKKH 5H?8$ r * m Cl 1K>

1 36 33

2 32 29 l»

3 2 2 \

4 6 5

5 34 31 Source: Households Survey conducted in 1992 88

! I BAHAWALPUR CITY SHORT DISTANCE Percentage MOVEMENT WITHIN FIVE ZONES 1992

V 25

% 1 20H \

15H

I ;

ioH i

5H ;

/I1

/I A zr zn zur z-ix z-X Figu-4-6 ZONES , M

I -89-

*ÿ

I l

i li * i -li<(. R 0 AAÿ •; tea i - SV L A, v • L:.ÿ -a .•j it: * *£3A & HI

[PIl> •• j| . » .x"7 I r*? V

'•« Sfti J3 r-s *

Photo 4.2 Chowk Bazar (Centre of the City)

n -4J— I 90 BAHAWALPUR CITY INTRA -URBAN MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS > IN WALLED CITY ZONE I 1992 v / '•% . -v : ’ i . -

i l * I I * \ I I l I I i VETERINAR HOSPITAL 1 ! I r I I W-1 GRAVEYARD 1 ! \ ZOO V \ ! l MULTANi GATÿ k I \ b \ \ N MOHALA AUKHDOOM ---“I \ \ r1- i \ \ 1 X \ l \ \ I PUQA \ t \ MOHALA MUBARAK \ , i J • V W-9 i JL X I I I u MIR MIRAHIbOINC I i I I !

MOKATE 1 MOHALA AMM KHAS W-2 J I I I N I |J I \ r \ BOHAR GATE Jj t I /A < y r~J ! \ y MO HAL AN MOHALA BAGMAI I

KOCHA GUL HASSN I . i I ’ MOHALA KAJUL I KOCHA/RAHMAHn i PURA l 1 W-4 i I I A/FAR EED GAI i 1 i Mwi-io I r J I I JAM1A SQUE| CHA DARK HANA I \ I Cf PURAWI MATiDl MOHAL “CHOUDRiT AN I ;Ti GlRtGANG/B*£*.R _ . / / --- MOHALA HABIBABA1 i r SHIKAR PURI GAT W-5. ,1 I i- —ISLAM PURA MOHALA CHAH PATAN KHAN W<7 10HALA VUMHARAN W-6 • i MOHALA CHUGHTAl I MOHALA DEENPURA r I i

i 1- 3

s 1 1

! t ( ! * i i I

i r I . j [ BAHAWALPUR CITY c QI-IODT niCTAKintr MrM/CMITMTC « • » * I fe— I V 4 w/ 1992

cr>

PERCENTAGE n Lvcs Than -10 < 10 - 30 M 4 More Than 30 Figu- 4-8 * T

A A -92-

short moves took place in central city (Figu. 4.7). Next to the central city : (Zone I) the highest percentage of short movement took place within the

saltelite town (Zone V) and the Model.Town (Zone 11) (Figu. 4.8). For » example a lot of people moved ll'om Kachy Puck)1 Mnliajer Colony and

Kauser Colony close tlie Model Town ’B’ to Quaid-e-Azam Colony

opposite to tlie railway station in Zone IL Many households also moved

from one unit colony and canal colony to Saltelite Town X,Y,Z, blocks

within Zone V. m ;;;ÿ About 36.8 percent of households moved a medium distance of 2-4 km of It which 28.5 percent households moved 2-3 Kin. I1ie medium distance m ' covering households were mostly middle income who changed their houses from Zone I (Old Walled) City to Zone n (Model Town and its adjacent gitup areas) and also from Zone I (old walled city) to Zone 5 (Saltelite Town and Wmi it’s adjacent areas). A lot of them were government or seiui-government employees or retired people. IllAt A small percentage of families 1.2 percent made long distance move 4-6 Jg km. Most of long distance movers moved from Zone II (Model Town area) to Zone V (Saltelite Town and it’s adjacent areas) and also from Zone V to I®mm Zone n. Long distance movers mostly belonged to high income group. They 8 generally moved into spacious new houses of latest architectural designed with better facilities to enjoy comfort and prestige. .HE * -93- \ CHAPTER 5 DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT

The direction of population movement within BahawaJpur City can no be

analyzed. Brown and Holmes (1971-307) noted that change in resid itial

location within the urban area plays an important role in altering ban

system and urban spatial structure. Burgess (1925) assumed that ban

growth was maintained by immigrants arriving in the central area < the

city. However, the assumptions of the Burgess model arc not applical i on

Bahawalpur City.

Movement of Households from different zones of Bnhawolpur City

According to Residential Mobility Households Survey of Baliawalpui City',

tlie highest movement of the people took place h orn Zone I (old walle< city)

to other zones, which was 53 percent (198 out of 374 households) able

(5.1) Fig (5.1). In old town majority of the structures both residenti and

commercial are in bad condition and some of (Item collapsed during eavy

1 V rains of 1973 and are being reconstructed. Streets are quite narro and

dirty and sewerage facilities are nonexistent! 'Hie highest den; y of

population is here, families are expanding they need added space f r this

reason people changed their residence. The second highest movemen1 jf the

people was from Zone II (Model Town and its adjacent aieas>to olh> r •< i i

\ Ml -94- 1 zones, which was 8 percent (32 out of 374 households). Most of those who is changed their houses were tenants and businessmen, They changed because

their economic condition lias improved they have built their own houses in

oilier zones. A few people changed their residence from Zone m, (Trust

Colony Q.M.C.) Zone IV (administrative and educational centres) Zone V m

(Satellite Town and its ndjacent areas) to other parts of the city, lliese

areas of Bahawalpur.City are being developed tlierefore, they receive new m ft residents from all zones. In these three zones mostly the offices of different i m mVM, departments are located so the people move to these areas because of Pit M mm nearness to their offices and work place for this reasons a few people 1lit changed their residence from these zones to other zones of Bahawalpur m l City.

Movement of households from Zone 1 to other Zones of Bahawalpur ft City Zones. nil The Central Zone 1 (Old city) played an impoitant role in changing (lie m structure of the whole city..The people who changed their residences from zone I to other zones of Hie city constituted 53 percent of all those who m moved 198 out of 374 households (Table 5.1) (Fig. 5.2). About 31 percent

II, western part of (lie m households moved from the Central Zone 1 to Zone iMn H| ; : iHf ' l

-95-

TABLE: 5.1 MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLD FROM DIFFERENT ZONES OF BAHAWALPUR CITY 1 1992

iPUPiiBPERCENTAGE Zone I 198 53 y T*1 Zone II 32 8 * i Zone III 12 3 , Zone IV 10 3 . ZoneV 12 3 Movement within Zones no 29 TOTAL 374 too Source; Households Survey Conducted in Morcli 1992. I

! i M

: - { ——

; ' ' : i i \

T . \ .?rr i m piljMi

BAHAWALPUR CITY PERCENTAGE OF INTRA-ZONES AND 'ITER-ZONES MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS & ercentage 1992 55

50 MB!llllt 45- I# 40 fp; 35- if 30- m 25- iiifclm 20- !

15 10 11 5 -

% m m m "ÿ ZV With in Zone ZI Z II Z III ZIV i Movement of Households n I 1 Figu -51 f:V"v-'l

m y. Cv *

-97-

TADLE: 5.2 BAHAWALPUR CITY MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM ZONE l TO OTHER ZONES t 1992

':SAMPLE-$I JtE ; : :'J>£|tt£f r'AGfe;ÿ >=ÿ [Hi® i|35i jM0USCMOI.D mm mm lU&lilillSMi Movement of Households 62 31 H

from zone 1 to zone 2 V Movement of Households 36 1£ from zone 1 to zone 3 Movement of Households 20 K from zone 1 to zone 4 Movement of Households 80 41 from zone 1 to zone 5 l- TOTAL 198 10 Source: Households Survey Conducted in March 1992

:ÿ V

I :

Itl [jVÿ-.v-V £s£s2£ r

BAHAWALPUR CITY MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS !' I FROM ZONE I TO OTHER ZONES 1992

i \ r'~ \ PERCENTAGE MOVEMENT \ Lÿ- J"71so \

ZONE I yy// \ ZONE / co H -i IWZONEU CD z / / ZONE 2 i z r I z I V ZONE ILL /

Figu-5-2 -99- " JH : 4

Photo 5.1-b Wagen Stand (Zone II)

V Si|Mp -100- p§BH city. Majority of these people changed the residence from die Central Zone ifaiM because of space requirement (Table 5.2). They needed larger houses BO g(H they changed to Zone IL In the central zone the land value was very high

Uierefore, they did not afford to extend their house. The facilities available in the Zone II are die grain market, fruit and vegetable market, nearness to die General Bus Stand (Photo 5.1-a), Wiagon stand (Photo 5.1-b) and Railway Station, (Photo 5.2) industrial area, wide roads and big m It bungalows. Movement took place from die walled city Zone 1 16 Model 'll Town A, B, C, Shadra, Muhajar Colony, Quaid-e-Azam Colony .and its si adjacent areas of Zone IL In these days English (Private) schools in Mode) i f Town A & B are attracting the people. Therefore the families are changing i®f f dieir houses because of nearness to die schools and for betterment of dieir ffpli children. Around the industrial area in Zone II die low income households moved from the Central Zone to this Zone because of nearness to dieir work-place. HI The people who moved from Zone 1 to Zone ID, (Trust Colony, Quaid-e- r Azaro Medical College, Muhammadia Colony, Bilal Colony, Cantonment mHi-: area and Officer's Colony) in the soudiem part of city were 18 percent out of 198 families. Most of the Zone HI is covered widi residential houses, im$ mB / V

-101-

- v . ; BAHAWAL PUR Adit* x !i H. 1 fSi •: 1 : I : via 1 i I r t r~r~, « i T?vjr

\ mm - / S> \

\ /. iV

Photo 5.2 Bahawalpur Railway Station (Zon II)

» v V

*. •. if

-102- Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, B.V. Hospital, Medical Colony, IV Commercial area of Mall Road oil Circular Road or C'howk Fowara. SHI Medical Colony, Officer's Colony, Circuit House, and Government

Servants residential area attracted the Govenunent employees. They changed from the central city to this side. The C.B.D. of the city is also very near to this zone. The people do not have to travel a long distance to reach the central commercial area For this reason many households moved from the central area to Zone ID. is 1 Bahawal Victoria Hospital also one of the m Ip attractive place/of this zone. Jp The households who moved from Zone 1 to Zone IV (administrative offices and educational institutions) were 10 percent out of 198 families. Most of JM the area of Zone IV is covered by Hie administrative offices like D.C. iiiilit office, Commissioner Officer, Lower Courts, Accounts Office, Canal Office, D.LG. Office, S.P. Office, Police line, Bahawalpur Muncipal -lifiWM Corporation and educational institutions like lslamia University. (Photo 5.3- a) S.E. College (Photo 5.3-b) girls college and their hostels. The households who changed their residence from Zone I to Zone V were ill 41 percent of 198 households. It was highest movement from Zone 1 to Zone si V. It is an east and north eastern part of the city where a bulk of peuple have been moving from the last twenty years. This zone is far away from the inm 111111 -103-

central market of Zone I bnt it is a residential area with clean and v\ ie

roads. Therefore many people went Uiere from Zone I. Many govemr nt

and private offices have been shifting from central Zone I to Zone V so ; ot

of people moved from Zone V (Sattelite Town and its adjacent ar is)

because of nearness to their offices and work place.. The process of filtering is an implicit part ofHoyÿt’s (1939) study.- In he wake of out-movement of high status households the vacant houses ire

occupied by lower status households. In Bahawalpur City during ilie

household survey, it was found that the houses left in the centre, \ :re

occupied by the lower and middle class income groups. Some of t ' "

\ vacated house were occupied by the neighbours or relatives of the fam ies

which moved out. This type of movements mostly found in those local ies

which are very close to the CBD, for example Lane Choudrian, (Ba ran

saran) Daman Shah, Lane Gul Hasan Lane Nawabnn Lane Ainm Kiias. me

Bagh Mai and Lane Kajal Pura.

MOVEMENT OF HOUSE HOLDS FROM ZONE II TO OTHE

ZONES OF BAHAWALPUR CITY v Table 5.3 SIIOWE tliat tlie higliest movement of households was from zc a II

to zone V, which was 44 percent (Fig. 5.3). These households covei d a

long distance from their last residence. The households who came from

>ÿ

V . » ggpl -104- m Photo 5.3-a Islamia University 7 3 r mm lift. ml IS *5 ifi

iaP3 RUSHES 1-4-1 » . _ ij.-'ift __ m8 \*A w ; I«I ipr:- If i-i pi11if si Photo 5.3-b Government Sodiq Egerton College ; I ! P 5 Star ;iyiE lF]T?|gj P P Nil k

I p -- s - ' - .ÿ3- m i i

mm V

-105-

llie Model Town 'A' and 'B\ belonged to high income class and s. ne

households who caine from Muhajir Colony, Shadrn, and nortli wes ni

colonies were low' and middle class. The second highest change of

households was from Zone II to Zone III which was 38 percent out ol 32

families. Mostly of these households were middle income class, (hey set -d

down in Trust Colony, Muhammadia Colony, Bilal Colony, Sndiq Coi ny

and near Dubai Palace. The for changing households were ss V reasons near to shopping centre and the Victoria Hospital. The households who me ed

from Zone II to Zone I (Walled city) were 12 percent out of 32 fami ;s.

These households were low income class most of (Item changed hoi es

because of their relatives and friends were residing there. Only 6 per nt

out of 32 families changed houses from Zone II to Zone IV (administrfi ve

and educational institutions). They were middle high and middle inc ne

class households which changed their houses beenuse of nearer to t eir

offices and schools. f MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM ZONE HI TO OTHEJ

V ZONES OF BAHAYVALPUR CITY

About 50 percent of the households moved from Zone III to Zohe IL 1 iey

were mostly government servants and retired service men (Tuble 5.4) ( ig.

5.4). Mostly the doctors changed their residence from Medical Colony t r

\ war

-106-

TABLE 5.3 g * m MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM ZONE-II TO OTHER ZONES OF CITY “ \ . m m in Moved from Zone 4 12 inI u \ I to Zone I t f iliS Moved from zone 12 38 II to Zone III Moved from Zone 2 6 II II to Zone IV Moved from Zone 14 44 m n P to Zone V

TOTAL 32 too wm Source: Households: Survey Conducted in Morcli . , 1992. §*is MBE Jill; I

BAHAWALPUR tlTV MnwcrMn'KtT nniicrum nc FROM ZONE II TO' OTHER ZONES i!1 1992 i ;

» '

\ \ PERCENTAGE MOVEMENT l \ rso >' X* > N \ v l I - r -20 / I i I 22o V//V///77~?j> \ u _ _ 9 ) \ ZONE '' 1 / x N / PZZZZZZZZ zzzzzzzzzzz \

/ i ZONEIV; / J ZONE i i r rÿ JL t f / o r / V / / / %

s / l s t s \ / / / s s s

Figu-5-3

\ f S 1 r .1 iiipl -108. Model Town, 33 percent households turned over from Zone III to. central sipH 1si city. These households were mostly middle and low income class. There. was only 17 percent movement from Zone m to Zone V (Saltelite Town). S4S

Most of liie movers were high and middle income class. Tlicy changed houses because Sattelite Town residential area was pre-planned and mostly wm higli and middle class people lived there so they moved to their same socio economic group. Wmm MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM ZONE IV TO OTHER ZONES OF BAHAWALPUR CITY ill Zone IV is an administrative zone. All the government and private office are located here. There was 80 percent households out of 10 tamilites who changed from tiiis zone to Zone II Model Town area (Table 5.5) (Fig.5.5). Most of the households were Government or Semi-Government servants, is* who moved to Model Town. A large number of them were doctors and ms*ii military retired officers and some landlords who changed their house Ml % % because of Model Town A is higlily income class residential area and most of the bungalows are in one acre or 10560 sq. yards areas. Government employees also moved from Zone IV to Zone V (Saltelite Town and its m adjacent areas). During service these Government servants purchased plots IKE ptliey % in different schemes or in private colonies afler retirement

ieS . » -109- N

TADLE 5.4

BAHAWALPUR CITY MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM ZONE III O OTHER ZONES 1992

ISIpilpili „ i fill . . g $mm MOVEMEW*A. *«AMLC size PERCENTAGE Movement of 4 33 Household from Zone 3 to Zone 1 Movement of 6 50 Household from Zone 3 to Zone 2 Movement of Household from Zone 3 to Zone > 4 Movement of 5 17 Household from Zone 3 to Zone 5 TOTAL 15 100 Source: Households Survey Conducted in March 1992 i 1

* g«g wmmmm Ifl mm T.V S3 mm ' filhiP C*ÿ»* * ftvrljA gSi II

Ii BAHAWALPUR CITY MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM ZONE III TO OTHER ZONES i i i

\ OF MOVEMENT \ PERCENTAGE \ 50 \ h30 t r~~ \ i t i i i \ t. A \ >» 21. / N / \ — \ / 1 \ \ \ / I / ZONE! i A ZONEI f I f\7 / i I j ZONE / ZONE X i JV: / o ' / / r-A A\

* i *i / J • / r s* ZONEUE , * / / / / /

/ s \ s\ -111-

TABLE: 5.5 BAHAWALPUR CITY MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM ZONE IV TO OTHER ZONES * 1992

is PERCENTAGE'!! ' iiiii 18118111111811 ’* * i!)ibuÿHoui: li !?:liil Movement of Households from Zone IV to Zone I Movement of 8 80 Households t from Zone IV to Zone II Movement of Households from Zone IV to Zone III Movement of Households 2 20

form Zone IV to Zone V "

TOTAL 10 100 Source; Households Survey Conducted in March. 1992

> ;.- C T ggiggsg g|gg2 wpK Bill

BAHAWALPUR CITY * MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM ZONE IV TO OTHER ZONES 1992

PERCENTAGE OF MOVEMENT I t> y-i 80 \ ! r“ / %AO \ / ZONEH / ZONE! i \ JLA\ o ZONE''", fvl % wr~ ZONE X / / r‘ N, / I \ / ) x//r////////////<> \ I \ \ I

// ZONEUX / / /

/ -113- *

TABLE 5.6 BAHAWALPUR CITY MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM ZONE V ' O OTHER ZONES 1992

MoyfeMsp-r-: SAMPLE SIZE PKKCKNTACJ : IliiSilS i ii nou$jsirtba> ] Movement of 2 17 Households from Zone V to Zone I Movement of 4 33 Households from Zone V to Zone II Movement of 4 33 Households from Zone V to Zone III Movement of 2 17 Households from Zone V to Zone IV 100 TOTAL 12 y Source: HouseHolds Survey Conducted in March. 1092

» i

A Jlglii® & IllliSiia: i-?.' IIIHHHImmmmmsm :<ÿa«—

BAHAWALPUR CITY MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS ! FROM ZONE YTO OTHER ZONES /\ 1992

PERCENTAGE OF MOVEMENT 40 r 30 : 20 10

/ 0

/ \ / 1 ZONE IZONEK ZONEH i I I AX/ A /rrfl r/ /A//// //// /////// ZONE 3£ \ /LyhrÿrT N/// zffm // /////LI / ZONEJH

/ j/

SK -115-

constructed it, and changed their residence.

REDISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM ZONE V TO OT ER

ZONES Of BAHAWALPUR CITY Redistribution of households from Zone V to Zone n were 33 percent - it of 12 families. Mostly the households who moved from Zone V to Z< ell

were high and middle income class (Table 5.6) (Fig. 5.6). They ch iged

houses because X, Y, Z, blocks of Saltelite Town had become so conj sted

,and they wanted to live in furnished and wide residential area st they

moved to Model Town A (Zone H), where large bungalows are lo lied. Y r * houses from Zone V IV. About 33 percent households changed their to Zo \

These households were Government servants, because Zone IB is ver near

to old town or central city. According to House Holds Survey Table 992

) 17 percent households moved from Zone V to Zone I (old town), hese

households were of low income and belonged to working clast who

changed from Muhnjir Colony and Behori Colony lo die central city.

Y sse H| -116- MSimm CHAPTER 6

AGE, SEX AND FAMILY SIZE OF1NTRA URBAN MOVERS

LIFE CYCLE: Intra-Urban movement is directly related with life cycle. This has been observed by a number of writers (Rossi 1955 Abu Lugged n and Foley, 1960 Johnston 1971, Morgan 1976 and Miclielson 1977). HR According to Rossi life cycle change provided the foundation for much of 2 II tile residential relocation within cities. On the basis of a study in

Philadelphia Rossi (1955,4) came to the conclusion that the major function S ! of mobility is the process by which families adjust their housing to the jffj housing needs that are generated by the shifts in family composition that accompany life cycle changes. HR Abu Lughad and Foley (1960) are of opinion that the typical life cycle mm begins with a brief stage living alone or with friends after leaving home to study or find work. The first year or two of marriage when wives generally RE remain at work may be regarded as a continuation of the same phase. When m central location is favored by the birth of a child the household's real and

needs change considerably. However, the loss of one income fig perceived during the child bearing stage tends to prevent an inunediate move to the sub

common to to a large m urban ideal. As family income increases it is move m M lii new suburban house. Wi s W mmm s

-117-

Residential mobility is a selective process. Most moves are made at the

early stages of the life cycle. The predominant age category' for (lie t ad of

moving households is 20-30 (Simmons 1960 Butler el, 1969 DOE, 972).

The typical intra-urban migrant is one who is in process of settin up a

house for the first or second time. Increasing age brings inci asing

residential stability. The life cycle model of residential mobility a Hie

private housing market has been elaborated in a number of subr quent

studies (Abu Luglied and Foley 1960; Johnston 1971). Households

early stages of the life cycle may prefer central-city location but w h the

arrival and growth of children they may place less emphar ; on

accessibility and more on an environment conducive to the rear tg of

children (Michelson 1977).

Stages of life cycle Man passes tlirough several stages in life. He gins

his life os a child when he is dependent on parents or guardians. This s ithe

period of acquiring education and skill to face the ordeal of life. Aflei ne is f* sufficiently grown up he enters the labour market and adopts ome

occupation. He is then married and family formation starts. Upto certa age

the family expands and thereafter the married girls go away with iheir t husbands. Married sons also leave the parents and establish their own

:V1 Pi! lip mm -118- a 5*1 homes. The family slu inks and the old husband and wife liave to live alone. vm ft The sketch of life cycle presented here is loo simple. There are many f. variations and complexities. Following stages in the life cycle are generally recognized. lllila 1. Pre-child stage (below 20 years) 1

2. Child bearing and roaring stoge (20-40 years) m \v, x® 3. Child launching stage (40-60 years) m i 4. Post-Child stage or Late life (60 + years) 'H m m The stages of life cycle noted above are composed of two qualities of human life, namely age and family size. The age is constantly increasing. ills The child becomes adult and then becomes old. The family to begin with i9 lip small then expands and later slirinks. It is worthwhile to examine how far these stages of life cycle influence the intra-urban movement of population Ilf;e in Bahawalpur City. if* PRE-CHILD STAGE:The general pattern is that a young couple needs a ia§| small house, as the family members multiply grow up children get married and move out from parental house and become independent. They are either student or employed. They are usually need becheloar's husbands. Married m sons also leave the parents and establish their own accommodation. Thep m >ÿ JUS -119-

bachelors are not usually acceptable to the neighbours.

It is also possible that some of the bachelors may not be satisfied wi the

accommodation. In either case the bachelors change the residence bul ;uch

movements are not many in Baliawalpur City. It only constitutes 0.8 pc cent

of (lie total number of moves (Households survey conducted in march ) ’92)

(Table 6.1). Most of the bachelors are living in Zone 1 and Zone 13 be iuse

Zone I is the old part of the city where single rooms on rent are avai hie. 4» Zone n is the one where educational institutions or ollices arc located.

CHILD-BEARING AND CHILD REARING STAGE Child-bearin and * child-rearing stages are important in life cycle, hi general it may be (of n to

extend C om 21 to 40 years. The maximum number of movements are ade

during this period, hi Baliawalpur City 65.3 percent of the‘house dds

moved during this period.(Table 6.1) (Fig. 6.1).

In Pakistan tlie cities are culturally different from the Western Cifics rhe

concept of family, the male-female relationship and the attitude tov \rds

aged differ between the Western and Oriental countries. These differ ices s

are reflected on intra-urban mobility also.

y vj

-120-

TABr.E ; 6.1 i Bahawalpur City Percentage oÿ Intra-urban Movers By Age Group 1992 mm > ' r<’2*& hf.'. . > si 1\> • >> : Zona Totnl « , Percentage ’ #w«re?-s y&M s„ .•. toi£'\ pH lift &M$0* IV?*: v tm&t less than 20 1 2 3 .8 21-30 16 19 9 18 30 92 24.6 PI 31-40 22 49 21 8 52 152 40.7 to 41-50 5 32 20 3 42 102 27.3 51-60 2 8 4 8 23 6.1 1*MM and above HR! £ : Total 46 112 54 30 132 374 100 aL Source: Households Survey Conducted in March, 1992. 1mm i w I Jv ll 121 % t BAHAWALPUR CITY PERCENTAGE OF INTRA-URBAI' MOVERS BY AGE GROUP P irctnlogt 1992 45

I 40

35-

v30-

20-

/' 15

10-

f773 V 'A 0-20 21-23 31 -4.0 41 -50 51-60 60 abov* Figu-6-1 AGE GROUPS 7 IPmm -122- mm

Tlie predominant age category for llie heads to move is 20-30 (Simmon's m

1960, Butler el; 1969 DOE 1972). Increasing nge brings increasing residential stability. This is also true of Bahawalpur City. In the age of 21- m 30 years 24.6 percent households changed their residence in Bahawalpur

City (Fig. 6.1). This is the early young age, the younger couples move to A establish new house. Maximum movement took place during 31-40 years. M When 40.7 percent of the households moved in Bahawalpur- City. K According to Land (1969) in the early stage large number of households move because of the space requirement According to households survey of IPP

Bahawalpur in 1992 in age of child bearing and child rearing stage 65.3 percent households moved. The main reason of their- movement was to get HIIHiP larger and better accommodation for a family. 'Urey need more space, hi this Mil age a large number of households moved from the central Zone I (walled M city) to Zone II (Model Town) and Zone V (Satellite Town) where as some 4* of them changed residence within Zone L hi this age group Hie childr en of UK* the households are of school going age so they want to liv$ near the educational institutions. In Bahawalpur City large number of Government education institutions are located in Zone IV, so many young couples who BE had children moved from the central Zone 1 to administrative Zone IV. Mlgfilf feiilPWm m 1 iiii

i: -123-

In addition to the expansion of Hie family the younger families have ilso the

ability to earn more.

When improvement in economic condition they change more the: houses

more, hi Baliawalpur City middle income households ma< more

movement. From small and poor houses they changed to better pi: es. For

this reason large number of households moved from central Zone I o Zone

II (Model Town and its adjacent areas) and Zone V (Suttelite Tow and its

adjacent areas).

CHILD LAUNCHING STAGE: The age group of 41-60 years is ikcn as

the child launching age. In this stage the children are grown up, the) eel that

they must have separate room. They have their own requirements. 1 erefore

the family feels to change the house. According to survey (19' '.) 33.4

percent households changed their residence in the age of 40 - ) years (Table 6.1).Ofthem 27.3 percent were in the age group of II to 5( md 6.1

percent in 51 to 60 years. A considerable number of government ei doyces if are living in Baliawalpur City. In the age of to 60, they usual1\ vpnt to

r- have their own houses. So they build own houses and chan : from

government quarters or rented homes to their new houses. Many go' minent

or semi-government employees changed their residence from Zone ’

y Mi -124- 7 " J (central city) and Zone IV (administrative oiiiccs and govenunent residences) to Zone II (Model Town A, B & C) and Zone V (Sultelite Town its adjacent areas).

POST-CHILD STAGE AND LATE LIFE: The age group of 60 and : m® above may be taken as post child stage and late life. This is the age when the old husbands and wives have to live alone because their married sons tfJlli and daughters establish their own home and the fanply shrinks. Only 0.5 * mm percent people moved new houses in post-child and late life in Bahnwalpur City. liÿ Increasing age brings increasing residential stability. The desire to move decline with age; since increasing age and length of residence in one

1969). «i dwelling lead to strong emotional attacluncnts to the dwelling (Land Mobility is related to the age of the household head and hence to the life 1®! cycle stage of tire household. Allowing for high mortality in the over 64 Dgc jiai group, which obviously reduce desire for movement. (Abu Lnghed and Foley 1960 Johnston 1971). ms hi the age of late life majority of the households (father mid mother) live with their elder son or younger son in Bahawalpnr City. Now they nre

there w?ere only two households ampass® dependent According to survey (table 6.1) mmmmm Hi EfJ /ÿ -125-

out of 374 which changed their residence from llic central city to Zon U

(Model Town and its adjacent areas) in the age of post-child and lah ife

stage in Balmwalpur City.

FAMILY SIZE

Family size is also sin important factor in residential mobility. Ihi factor 1 \ plays an important role in the intra-urban movement of the city. \V _'n the

family size expands they need a large house so they change from sm : ler to

larger home. Evidence from Michelson's (1977) comprehensive ana sis of

housing in Toronto lends some general support to this process she zing a

significant movement of childless families into the downtoWn art from

more central locations and from out to town. Only families of six < more

persons were not tending to move towards the suburbs, but this was 1 cause

they were there already.

A recent study of intending migrants in the inner London bore gh of

Lambeth also provides some support for life cycle related mobility Over

half of those who wanted to move out from Lambeth to suburb were

families with children, (Department of environment 1978). Bell foi d that

83 percent of the households in his sample who had moved to si urban

locations in Chicago had done so for the sake of the children (Bel 1958;

1968).

|V pvqr

fc1 m -126- w MIM TABLE: 6.2' Bahawajpuf City MB F-armily Size 1& 1992 mmm 111 V„n, Si,. Zon. T'.unc HZbn« Total Percentage ’ÿMWE!iHi m fix wii? in ivii v v 0-2 1 9 2 2 6 20 5 : 2-4 3 22 9 8 36 78 21 4-6 22 30 20 10 18 100 27 ii 6-8 9 32 15 8 47 111 30 fill 8-10 3 15 8 1 19 46 12 10-12 8 2 1 6 17 4.5 jig 12 and above 2 2 0.5 SlSfr Total 46 112 54 30 132 274 lOO *I

Rfl 111II » • 127 /

BAHAWAllPUR CIT.Y PERCENTAGE OF INTRA- URBAN MOVEMENT BY FAMILY SIZE

Percentage 1992 30-

L \ A 25- z

20- / P

15-

5- %

/ y ' / / 21 0—2 2—4 4 — 6 6 —8 8—10 10-12 12 abov# FAMILY SIZE Figu-6 •2 mt -128-

In BaJiawalpur City tliere were 5 percent households changed their resiliences which were childless or had two family members. Out of 374 households only twenty belong in this category Table 6.2. Childless family mmm have no desire to move from a small house to big house. They usually ' mm I® change their residence for better accommodation, good neighbours and HH better locality. Most of the childless families moved from the central Zone 1 Ml (Old walled city) to Zone II (Model Town) and Zone V (Satellite Town).

About 78 percent of families which had Ml 3-8 members moved. Out of 374 households 289 changed their houses in this calegoiy. A large number of Ip these households changed their houses because of the space requirements (from smaller house to larger house), for better locality (neat and clean iai accommodation) and to got accommodation nearer to the educational sdypi institutions. Most of these households belonged to middle class and were employees of government or semi-government departments, 'llie households ilifiim MB in economically better position and those belonging to high income class s changed their houses because their families expanded, their children needed Sipi saperale room for study or other purposes so they moved to better locality illt and in large houses. Most of the households which had 4 to 8 family members moved from the central Zone I to Zone H (Model Town and its

Hrat® A -129-

TABLE: 6.3

Baliawalpur City

Percentage Of Intra-Urban Movement By Sex.

1992

\ -J : £ V::: >•y >:*VJ >•; «>: >: y. >: y y >:>:xxH'il?y i-: >:H>I«>;y rJ.ÿKj WUM >X, > > >v> • >>><> "vu?* ’>>>>ÿ»88ÿ$®*>> >ÿ SM8i|H8a8ii?iSi!88 . a,**j m SlliSIlillllliillilliSiafflJp* !V: Rf >R:

Male Households 45 111 54 30 131 371 9 .2

Female 1 1 3 < S

Households

Source: Households Survey Conducted in March, 1992

f HP

-130- *i

V adjacent areas), Zone V (Satellite Town) and to oilier tluee zones. Only 17 percent of the families with eight or more members changed residences Fig.

6.2. Most of them were low income people. They changed their houses because of space requirements. The previous house was not large enough aMl! for their large family, so they changed the houses. A large number of this § of HI type households changed their houses form Zone l (wulled city) to Zone ipH 11 (Model Town and its adjacent areas) and Zone V (Satellite Town and its adjacent areas). mm Intra-urbon movement of Males and Females spiv Pakistan is a male dominated society. This is also true of Bahawalpur City. iKlf The head of the family is usually male. Therefore, the decision to change (lie m residence is also taken by him. But (lie advice and desire (lie womenfolk I particularly wife, mother and daughters carry great weight. Under normal Si circumstances they are not only consulted but their wishes are also honored Hsls Mim and respected. The truth is dial (lie decision is jointly taken and it is

is usually male. Therefore the !ÿ m executed by the head of the family who II survey conducted in Bahawalpur City revealed Hint 99.2 percent of the Pi Hi? families which changed residences were headed by male (Table 6.3). MK lil mi About .8 percent of the households which moved were headed by the if I females. These women were either widow or divorced. II mIS Hi m mm -131-

CHAPTER 7

OCCUPATION, INCOME, EDUCATION AND INT Ar URBAN RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY

Intra-urban residential mobility is closely related will) occupation, xome

and education level of the urban dwellers. These three characterisl s ore

neither independent nor mutually exclusive. Often a person wi high

education has good income and is engaged in an occupation of higl status.

On the other hand low income often goes with small jobs a 1 tow

educational levels. But this is not always true. A man with little ec cation

may acquire great wealth in business. A highly educated person son times , " fails to find a good job. Keeping these conditions in mind it ill be

worthwhile to examine the relation between occupation, inco e and

education and residential mobility in Bahawalpur City.

Occupation and Residential Mobility

Urban dwellers are engaged in various occupations. A number o: studies

t and surveys have been conducted to find out whether the various

occupational groups exhibit any difference in their behaviour of in< l-urban ; movement. The General Household Survey (1978) has brought oi that in

Britain professionals and business executives changed their reside ce less

than those by skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled and personal service \ >rker. r r mmmp.j fenmr -132- m It is estimated tliat in 1976, 36 percent of the professionals and business executive moved to new premises while 56 percent of the skilled, semi¬ skilled, unskilled and personal service workers changed llicir residences. Hi Similar results were obtained by Gauldie in his study on Liverpool

(Gauldie, 1976). Barret (1973), Butler (1969). Clark (1970), Daucet (1972) und Rossi (1955) have analyzed the pattern of residential mobility H and occupation.

Occupation. Bahawalpur is an administrative and commercial centre and has a modest industrial activity. Being a divisional headquarters

Bahawalpur possesses a large number of government and other offices.

Bahawalpur is also an important educational centre with University, colleges ond schools. Bahawalpur is an important wholesale and retail jagg centre and a grain market. Many Banks, insurance and other financial offices are located there. It is an expanding city where new residential mmif areas are being developed. The pattern of residential mobility of the various occupational groups in IK Bahawalpur City is reverse of what is witnessed in the Western Cities. In f|j|J the Western cities skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled and personal service fltoHj workers are more mobile as compared to professionals, businessmen and mm

•1 M ' -133-

business executives. In Bahawaipur City businessmen, trade and

professionals have changed their residences more than those by re (lively

lower paid workers. The survey of Bahawaipur City beings out tl t 72.0

percent of the movers were government employees, businessm /and

professionals while the remaining 28 percent of the moves were tal n care

of by other workers (Table 7.1). The main reason behind the emerj nee of

such a pattern of residential mobility is the affluence of upper cru: of the

city and special concessions given to the government pmploj as for

constructing new houses. Overcrowded central city where most oi people

of all classes lived became the main centre of out-movement as sot as the

opportunity became available with the development of new re: dential

areas. Naturally the one who had the money could build a new hous or pay

a high rent. Some details follow:

Among the movers of different occupational groups 43.2 perce t were

government employees and retired pensioners. They were se ing in 1 different government departments. They included high ranking flicers,

bankers and others. The main reason of movement was that the go :mmcnt

employees were given maximum quota in every residential housin scheme

in Bahawaipur. The government gave these plots on a nominal pric which

P Him

-134- was to be paid in easy installments. That is why a large number of m B government employees moved in the new housing sueas. ’Ihe number of

government retired servants changed their houses in large number. They had

beeil living either in the residence provided by the government in Til or rented

houses during their services. After retirement they built their own houses with the provident fund and gratuity that they received nflor retirement. A 111 large number of government employees changed their residence from Zone I (Walled City) and others to Zone II (Model Town) and Zone V (Satellite £1 Town). The Model Town 'A' residential scheme was launched only for the government gazetted officers who were serving in different government pi® departments at that time. Similarly Model Town ’C residential scheme was for low income government employees. A large number of government llilti servants changed their residence from other zone to Zone II (Model Town and its adjacent areas). In the last few years a large number of government jggj employees changed their houses from other zones to Zone IV I (Administrative zone) where most of the gorvement administrative offices

and educational institutions are located. Because of nearness to the office and educational institutions the government employees changed their house ISp to Riaz Colony, Noor-e-Haq Colony, Gulistan Colony and its adjacent areas watte •* -135-

> \ i

TABLE: 7.1 MOVEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS IN BAHAWALPUR CITY 1992 i i

Govt: Employee 14 27 24 16 • 36 117 3 .2 Govt. Retired Pcntsoners — 5 5 2 30 42 1 .0 Businessmen 20 33 12 6 34 105 2 .0 i * V Unskilled Labourers 3 12 1 2 18 35 9 V Skilled Labourers 2 10 4 1 6 23 6 Agriculturist 2 8 6 4 20 5 ( Private Service 3 12 1 3 19 5 ) Service Outside Coutiy 2 2 1 1 6 1 Professional 2 1 1 4 1 ' Students 2 n o . TOTAL 46 112 54 30 132 374 1 0 Source: Household Survey Conducted in March 1992.

-67- ii* -,v sail1 fc I •'*

II>

been launched at Hasilpur Road opposite New Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus,

under which residential plots have been given to government employees according to their grade. When this scheme will be completed large number of government employees will move there.

Businessmen were the largest group to change tlieir residences within

Bahawalpur City. Out of 374 businessmen 105 changed residence who ilp$ constituted 28 percent of the total number of businessmen. They included m wholesalers, retailers and shopkeepers. Majority of them moved because of space requirement, economic improvement, and nearness to tlieir business centres. Previous locality was not good and they wanted to change tlieir socio-economic status. Majority of these occupational groups changed tlieir Bi residence from Zone I (central zone) to Zone H (mostly in Model Town 'Bp PIS r®I iltll fsi1® Area) where the grain market is located (Photo 7.1) and Zone V Satellite Mm Town around Zone I (Walled City).

A small percentage of unskilled (9.4 percent) and skilled laborer (6.1 percent) changed tlieir residence in Bahawalpur City. Most of the unskilled . mMm labourer were working on daily wages or were rikshaw pullers. The unskilled labourers changed residence more than the skilled labourers tJiiiimm because they did not have steady income and sometimes they failed to pay pfJliii is

mm * s

* -137-

nr !.1 ? *

Photo 7.1 Grain Market (Zone 11)

» *

' t i 138 || BAHAWALPUR CITY MOVEMENT OF 35 OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS -|P«rc*rHog« 1992 s

A 30

25 m 20 -i m:

15 J M HMB§£§!i#l io H LS 5 A

(A § s wit a U HI s > KS S3 o z'S 1 = MM a. *8 3 8 g 2 o I u i .-ÿ 2S s!“ “2 s B as 5 sQC > “ S > S 3 i 3t Figu-7’1 S S § * S < 1£L «rt s I Siiai -139-

the rent and were evicted by landlords. In addition cheap plots ere

provided by the government, in low class residential schemes, f any > "

V unskilled labourer moved from tlie central zone to Zone 11 (mostly ini the

Muhajir Colony, Quaid-c-Azani Colony opposite lo the Railway SI; ion,

Dhatla No.1,2,3,) in Zone V ( in Muhajir Colony, Bihari Colony arouti the

Hussainy Chowk) and Zone 111 (Sadiq Colony Trust Colony and Ahm< ipur

f. Road).

Many unskilled labourer changed their houses within the same zoi for

example a large number of labourers and rickshaw pullers changed heir

house from Muhajir Colony to Quaid-e-Azam Colony in Zone II (Figu 1.6).

Private service households changed 5.0 percent. About 1.6 percent 'the

persons who changed residence in Baliawalpur City were working c t. the

country. Their economic conditions improved and they changed their 1 uses

to the high status localities. About 5.3 of the agriculturists changer their

residence. They have their agriculture land around the city or far awa; from

Bahawalpur but they lived in the city. They had given their agricultui land

on lease or they had tenant one their land for cultivation. Majority o’ liese

big landlords live in the satellite town (Zone V)(and Model Town ’A' Zone

A). They came from Zone I (Walled City') with a desire to live in the

V 7* SSS mim -140- 1 beat localities. Some of them moved out simply because their previous house was not modem. US 1I About 1.0 percent of the professionals changed their houses in Bahawalpur. $1111 m Professionals include Lawyers, physicians and engineers (Fig. 7.1). They i moved from Zone I (Walled City to Zone II, Zone IV and Zone V. Students constituted 0.5 percent of those who changed their houses. They were forced to move by their landlords because they were quarrelsome or were SB not paying monthly rent regularly. They changed their residences with in Zone IV (administrative) where tlie educational institutions are located. ii INCOME AND RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY i if Intra-urban movement is generated by (lie economic condition- of the households when the economic condition of a person improves, he moves to abetter and larger houses, probably he also likes to have a high standard of living. He looks for better localities where all the living facilities are iHR available. He also likes to change his house for a better neighborhood. In an economic upswing the increase of employment opportunities, which iSll can stimulate more in-migration to the city and the increase in house construction combine to rise the general level of mobility (Doucet 1972). lli*| [%‘

During the period of industrial take-off, higher status households move

away from the central city and lower status; households obtain 1 uging through filtering, from employers, from speculative builders or by self - helping organization Johnson (1972).

The majority of residential moves are made within similar stah area

according to Brown and Longbrake (1970), Wilhnolt and Young i 973);

Simmons and Baker (1972r Clark (T976) Short (1977 a). The higher come

households move to the high income class living areas. Specific d\ filing

cost and dwelling characteristics are the main criteria on which tioui holds

choose a specific dwelling (Me Cracken 1973). It means that income of the1

households are very important to choose the new house. They chaj ;e the

house according to their economic resources.

Among two types of households, ricli and poor the rich have a pre rence

for living space. They can offord to pay the recurring casts of commi .ng. If

follows from this that rich households will tend to live in the s >urbs, t consuming relatively large amounts of cheaper land while poor hou: holds

ore confined to more expensive inner city sites. The poor household adopt

to the high cost of inner city land, consuming less of it, and living aJ liglier

densities (Alonso 1960).

: fin is -142-

Intra-urban mobility may have a significant impact on the spatial expression of social and economic cleavages. (Brown and Longbrake 1970; Clark M 1976; Short 1978 b; Speare, Goldstein and Frey 1975). They presented affiSSI tluee fold zonal division ofllie city. Tlie innermost zone is characterized by

high level of mobility, which arc swollen by the arrival of low status in¬

migrants. Similarly high level of mobility in the outer most zone are supplemented by the arrival and subsequent follow-up mobility of higher status in-migrants. Between the two of is a zone of relative stability m containing households whose housing needs are evidently satisfied. Here turnover is low simply because few housing opportunities arise, either through vacancies or through new construction. €Mr Alter partition Bahawalpur Stale was merged in Pakistan and Bahawalpur jfcm City became a divisional headquarters. All the offices of different §gfm mm departments shifted to Bahawalpur. Because of increase of emplojancnt mm opportunities of large number of in-migrant came (here which stimulated (lie ; people to construct new house generating intra-urban movement.

MOVEMENT OF LOW INCOME HOUSEHOLDS

The households who have Rs.1000/- to Rs.2000/- per month income come m in this category. Most of them belong to working class, labourers, Riksha tawm pullers, some small shopkeepers, and class IV government servants. About m H m I I

-143-

:» " s

TABLE: 7.2

Bahawalpur City Intra-Urban Movement of Households By Income 1 lass :V 1992

??<>»<) Z«tnt( fowl Bercenw fi-jp j fi hi jr5* %£$ yt)}Q 4 Low income 16 38 6 8 64 132 35 Households Income (Rs.1000 to Rs.2000 per montl Middle Income Clas: 23 66 41 19 60 209 57 households Income (Rs.2000to7000per month) High Income Class 7 8 7 3 8 33 3 Households Income (Rs.7000 and above * per month) <*• 46 112 54 30 132 374 100 TOTAL

Source: Households Survey Conducted in March, 1992

i 1 if 144 m Jt§j| BAHAWALPUR CITY Sliliii m TRA-URBAN MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS BY INCOME CLASSES 'v 1992 1I

mI pp mm sili - . I

MIDDLE LOW HIGH In com# Income Incomi iiii«i 4IDDLE INCOME HOUSEHOLDS LOW INCOME HOUSEHOLDS HIGH INCOME HOUSEHOLDS Mp lllfl? i®pp ju-7-2 -j- iptt

iiEPSB I

-145-

35 percent of litis group changed tlieir houses in Bahawnlpur City i able

7.2). Most of (hem moved because of government provided them plo freo "

of cost or in nominal price. Some of these households occupy 1 the'

government land on Yazman Road and Fauji Basti later flic land was ascd

to tliem by the government. Muhajir Colony, Biliari Colony, and resi< ntial

area ofBhata No. 1,2,3, along the Ahmedpur East Road are such resi< ntial

y areas. In the central zone the Housses vacated by the middle an high

income class were purchased by these low income or low middle class

income households. Some low income households changed their 1 >uses

from muhajir Colony to Quaid-e-Azam Colony in Zone 1L They cl nged

because of 6pace requirement

MOVEMENT OF MIDDLE CLASS HOUSEHOLDS MIDDLE Cl vSS

The households who earn Rs.2000/- to Rs.7000/- per month c i be

classified as middle class in Bahawalpur City. They ore gove iment

servants, small businessmen, shopkeepers, professionals (I> tors, i Advocate and Engineers). Middle class income people moved mot Ilian

file others. They constituted 57 percent of tlie movers (209 out 374

households) (Fig. 7.2). Most of them moved because of the pace

requirement, family expansion, desire to live in better localities. Tl y got

tlie residential plots in tlie government housing schemes in easy install mts

Tfi : Pi

-146- M where constructed houses and moved. Some of ni the changed because of HI increased income, previous dwelling was not uplo their standard. Majority Stirt-V, of the middle class income households changed their houses within the same m community. 1 In Satellite Town high income households lived in one or two konals 9M !?.& bungalows they have their own community. Middle class income house $ holds live in the 10 marlas and 7 marlas flats. When they changed their I houses from other zones they changed to the area occupied by their income Wm group. Most of the Middle class income people changed from the central lii zone to Zone II (Model Town, B,C and its adjacent areas) and to Zone V

(Settelite Town and its adjacent areas). Some Middle Class households mm changed within Zone I walled city. I MOVEMENT OF HIGH INCOME HOUSEHOLDS m The families which earn Rs.7000/- and above per month belong to high

i income class. Most of them are businessmen, high ranking gazetted officers, m landlords and industrialists. They are few in number. Only 8 percent of 1B1 them have changed houses in Bahawalpur City (Fig. 7.3). They moved to

localities, to maintain their standard of living and to live in large Ml better houses. Most of them changed their houses from Zone I (Central City) to mm Zone II (Model Town ’A’) Zone III (Muliammadia Colony), and Zone V BE *msit POSH I

A -147-

(Sattelile Town). Some government retired officers moved Iron the i * government residence (Officer's Colony, Canal Colony, One Unit etc ) to \ different zones.

There is a relationship between Hie different income group of house! 'Ids

and residential mobility zones. So every income class households have ieir

own community, whenever they move they like to live with people of ieir

(lie -5’ own status. In Model Town A (Zone U) people of high income iass

have big bungalows in 6 to 8 kanal areas, and people of middle class li e in

the back streets of these bungalows. Whenever a household moves Iroi (lie

other zones to Zone (II) in Model Town 'A' they go in (lie area wher (lie

people of their class live. In every zone of Daliawalpur there are igh,

Middle and Low income class category but a lar ge number of high in me

and middle income class households moved to Zone II (Model Town ea)

and Zone V (Satellite Town) of Bohawalpur City.

EDUCATION AND RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY

Education plays ail important role and contr ibutes significantly ii the

productivity of city. Bell found that 83 percent of households in his sa iple

who had moved to suburban location in Chicago moved for this reosi . In

Britain some middle and upper income households moved in order be

within the catchment area of a school with a good reputation

V wssse- § mm e BSS up El £i SSsggssgi iK <£ Ss &4KS3 ia l.mh'r mmmm PSEKTF \TA *jii % y>- ifjktes *4 mmm >£2ÿ1 jj i'jiinri i rfÿfnifrte' -

BAHAWALPUR CITY MOVEMENT OF DIFFERENT INCOME CLASSES 1992

\ x MIDDLE INCOME v \ **v I *ÿ LOW INCOME i f-"- I N i K t . X I %v r" \ u INCOME \ s %V HIGH

\ N / l \ N \ N

00 / / N* I / / / \ / r; * / \ ; /N\ / 1 / i / i / \ i \ I i i i / j * / / / / / * / V #

Figu-7-3

i * -149-

Tlie explicit aim of tin's type of move is to increase the cliil reti's

educational opportunity. i *

hi Baliawalpur City the educational institutions have generated reai< ntiaP

movement. In this city there are many government, semi-governnie and

private educational institutions. They can be classified into two road

groups, (1) General Education which includes Primary, Secondary an

College Educatioa (2) Technical and Professional Education (Tabl 7.3).

There are 83 Government girls and boys primary schools and more I m 35

private registered and non-registered primary schools in Bahawaipn City.

These schools are located in different parts of the city. There : e 19

Government girls and boys secondary schools and more than 12 ; ivale

registered and non-registered secondary schools in the city. M ;t of

government girls and boys Secondary Schools arc in zo • IV

(Administrative office and Education Institution zone). Many horn holds

from other zones moved to Zone IV because of nearness to theses ins tuiion ' (Fig. 7.3a). Sadiq Public School (semi-Government) in Zone IL ( lodel

'•r Town A) attracted many high income households Coin other zones. Ii s one

of the best higher Secondary School in Pakistan so many students froi other

cities go there. There are three and more Private Secondary Sch JIS in

Zone "A" for example Al-Farooq Primary & Secondary School, Pioi er tip gap -150- nw TABLE 7.3 i EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES IN UAIIAWALPUR I CITY §Hf:!

IMvy,TTTTTiFFTÿrr X r BHt ? f! :iGfiiyÿttuÿertÿ/ ; For Boys For Girls InsUtllfion GENERAL EDUCATION Primary School Govtcrnmcnt 83 43 40 Primary School Private 35 Both Middle School Government 5 3 2 Middle School Private 15 Both Secondary School Government 19 12 7 Secondary School Private 12 Both Inter College Government 2 1 1 Inter College Private 2 1 1 Degree College Government 2 1 1 Law College Private 2 1 Both University Government 1 Both TECHNICAL EDUCATION Polytechnic Government 1 1 Institution Training & Govrcnnicnt 4 3 i ! Commercial if Institution Medical College Government 1 Both Source: Statistics Department, Buhawalpur. 1992 \ ti

is ; BAHAWALPUR CITY I a. EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES I JOU ©•

\ \ \ \ \ V. * © » r I I I N 1 I \ I \ U \ \ iN I ® \ \ O ® \ w ® / ©*•® i V L o r* I to l'' / ® • / I / A o\ ® © / \ ® SN / \ O / \ / A" \ / • /2) ® / J \ \ I ® A ) ©• \ © / © © / * / / / PRIMERY SCHOOL / o / Boys / © / / Girls (v) SECONDARY SCHOOL % Boys ® © Girts Q GENERAL COLLEGE « Boy« Girls n Figu- 7-3-a UNIVERSITY ® PROFESSIONAL COLLEGE A

' 4

% it .

A riv r mmm -152- City School Mission School for boys and girls which attracted many IIIS* persons from other zones for the education of their children.

Bell (1958) family oriented people may spend much of their spare time with ifii their children, hi Bahawalpur City tlie educational institutions area is located in Zone IV where most of those households are residing whose i! children are getting education in different institutions, lmpoilnnt government institutions are tlie following. There are two govermnent inter-college, one mm A- for boys and one for girls, two degree colleges, one for boys and one for •t: girls, and one University in Bahawalpur City. All tlic.se institution arc ii located in Zone 4 (zone of educational inslilutions)(Table 7.). All these institutions attracted many households from other zones. Because of nearness to the educational institutions many households settled in Riaz M

Colony, Noor-e-Haq Colony, Gulistan Colony and mound tlie University ml if I Cliowk in Zone IV. There is one Polytechnic Institution and one Teacher flit Training School in Zone V. which attracted mostly tlie student of Unit area Literacy ratio hi different zones is shown in (Table 7.4). hi all live zones lift!m the literacy ratio is different Tlie highest literacy- ratio is in Zone which is \ 45.4 percent where Medical College and Hospital are located, Doctors and if ? iir 1 ' I ?

Jt-

p \

-153- v

TABLE 7 >4 LITERACY RATIO IN DIFFERENT ZC tfES 1980 I B, ZONES jifj PERCENTAGE

1 44.9

2 31.9

3 45.4

> 4 36.9

5 42,2 %

Source:Census Report of District Ba+hawolpur

i m \

$ÿ t? * ». :--ÿg:5 l-r&S piJV ' fetBli/Ti Slfe c. T i BAHAWALPUR CITY LITERACY RATIO : 1992 »•

PERCENTAGE \

9 50-45

45 40

40 —35

t i 35 —30

7 xt in

> AM>.

• » 1

* -155-

\ oilier many Government servants live here. Government Guazetted 'fficers

Colony is also located in this zone. Many Government servants hanged

their houses from others zones to this zone from their private rente' houses H i f to the government residents. The second highest ratio 44.9 perc it is in

3 Zone I which is close to tlie educational institution Zone IV. In Zo V tlie

literacy ratio is 42.2 percent, in Zone IV it is 36.9 percent and in 2 ue II is

V' 31.9 percent (Figu 7.4). Reason of low literacy ratio in Zone II i in the ; most part of the area low income and working class households arc esidiug

for example Shadra Colony, Muhajir Colony, Bhaia No. 1,2,3, Kauser

Colony etc.

MOVEMENT OF EDUCATION AND UNEDUCATED HOUSEHOL S

Education people like to adopt modem fashion and style of living, musing,

etc. when an un-educated family become educated they like to 1 /e with

educated people so they change their houses. Whether it is hapj ning in

BaJmwalpur City for tliis purpose we should know about educ red and

uneducated families in different five zones which is shown in tabh 7*5 and

Fig 7.4.

UN-EDUCATED

There are 16 percent uneducated households who have chan> d their

; residence in Bahawalpur City. These were 61 households out'of 374 liii

-158- TM

TABLE 7.5 DAHAWALPUR CITY MOVEMENT HOUSEHOLDS BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL 1992 pSisffiyu :* Xw* zom tom zom itoTAj. i|Ri;-!g§i i!i » vmxx m&m _4 1 _g__j_j__ÿ mi Uneducate Illitrateonly Read 4 10 2 2 10 28 7 & Write 10 8 6 9 33 9 Educated Primary & Middle 12 21 11 10 1 55 15 Matric &. F.A. 38 21 29 39 40 169 45 Highly Graduate 12 16 24 23 14 89 24 Qualified & Higher ' TOTAL 76 76 68 80 74 374 100 Source: Households Survey Conducted in March

r " JS! IS $ aS' I l-J 1

rL.

157 *

BAHAWALPUR CITY MOVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS B\ EDUCATIONAL LEVEL 1992

I t \ 1 1 / : . 1 » ! i

T T I MATRIC HIGHLY OUL1FIEO 1 I ILLIER rE I

PRIMARY* MIDDLE ONLY F Ap t WRITE

-£

Figu-7-5 i

. i t IP -158- families. Most of them were laborers, riksha pullers, caipenters, niassons and small shopkeepers (Figu. 7.5) (Table. 7.5). They changed their houses because of space requirement and low cost of residential plots. Ihcsc people changed from central Zone I to other zones of low income households areas. They also changed within Hie Zone H (Muhajir Colony,

Kauser Colony and Quaid-e-Azam Colony).

EDUCATED

About 84 percent of educated people changed Hie residence iu Bahawalpur

City. In these households 15 percent were primary and middle pass, 45 percent were mairic and F.A. and 24 percent were graduate and highly qualified.

Majority of Uie qualified or educated people changed their house to localities of high social class. This type of movement took place from zone m Rtf’ 1(walled city) to zone II (Model Town) and Zone V'(Satellite Town and its adjacent areas). Another movement look place from Zone I and other zones

IV (Administrative office and Institutions) where all types of £ to Zone H education institution are located.

Highly qualified people changed their houses from central zone 1 to Zone II and Zone V of high class residential area. fli111

MS $ -V -159-

CHAPTER 8

URBAN STRUCTURE AND POPULATION MOBI ,ITY \

Urban structure comprises various land uses which emerge in a cih 10 meet

the needs of the city dwellers. Some of these land uses attract one another

while others dispel one another. The wholesale market will preJ r to be

located near the retail market The high class residential area kee s away

(lie -V from industrial areas. In a dynamic city the urban structure is also dynamic. As the city population increases new residential a as are

developed. More shops, offices, schools, hospitals, clubs, pta; rounds,

factories etc. are established. In these circumstances the in a-urban

population movement is inevitable.

In the Western cities several patterns of changes in urban stru< ore and

related inlra-urban mobility have been recognized. Burges; in his

concentric zone theory of urban structures envisages that tht Central

Business District (CBD) forms the nucleus of urban land uses Burgess

1925). As the city grows, the CBD expands. Its expansion a ects the

immediate land uses ring namely the low class residential ar i which • V expands outward. Consequently other concentric zones also i >ve out

Homer Hoyet in sector hypothesis of urban land uses chaims that tl CBD

* mif?':' -160-

occupies central part of the city and oilier land uses cling to llie CBD aa

sectors (Hoyt 1939). Among the various land uses the high class residential

area plays the key role. The high class areas occupy one or more sectors.

They grow outward along sectors that they occupy. Ollier land uses follow

the expanding high class residential areas. In other words (lie intra-url>nn

population movement is also sectoral.

Harris and Ulhnan presented Multiple Nuclei Iheoiy of urban slnicture

(Harris and Ulhnan 1925). According to them every major land use develops and grows around a nucleus. If need be more nuclei develop I around which specific land uses are located. The three theories of urban iB structure stated above are applicable to the Western Cities. They are not

necessarily true of Bahawalpur.

Location of different urban land uses are important as they affect llie

residential mobility. Geographers have been concerned with an over all R analysis of the changing spatial structure of the, city in relationship to

residential mobility. The distribution can be explained by the nature of

goods and services that the towns offer. Services like trade, education, fid health, administration etc. which need central location are concentrated in ?*£• The people living in the surrounding area lake advantage of these towns. m services. But all the services cannot be located in ever)' centre. Some mm “IT -161-

services need small supporting population while some neei large

population.

Models of urban structure based on neoclassical micro-economf tlieoiy

stand with Burgess's ecological model as (lie most widely known

approaches to explain the internal structure qf cities. Originally de loped

to illuminate intra-urban patterns of land values and llie relative lo'c don of

different urban land uses, these models are essentially elaboratioi of the

Von Thunen agricultural land use model. They stem from a tradition >f land

economics which can be traced to Haig (1926), Ilurd (1903) and alcliff

(1949), but their lull exposition dales from the more recent work of \lonso

(1960-1964), Wingo (1961), Mills (1967), Kain (1962), Muth (19 ;) and

A. Evans (1973).

Patterns of residential mobility both create and reflect the social stru ture of

residential areas. The movement of households can maintain and chi ge the

ecological patterns of urban mosaic. The complexity of this relal mship r therefore dictates a variety of perspectives. Previous patterns of res lential X- mobility can be considered iu terms of variations in the am int of

movement and more generally as a process shaping and being shape< by the

evolution of urban structure. As Long (1940) and Parr Lewis (1955) ave

* & mif; S3 1 -162-

noted that Ihe business cycles endemic Jo a capitalist economics are

reflected in house construction rates. The changes in the number of new houses built in any period have obvious implications for the overall level of

mobility.

In general patterns of residential mobility maintain the segregation of soci- economic groups in the city. However, changes in either house prices (rent) or house purchasing ability can alter these patterns with consequent effects on patterns of segregation. House price increases in selected areas can increase the proportion of higher income in movers. As William has shown 1 in Islington, the increase in house prices, manipulated by estate agents and local financial institutions, increase the proportion of higher ability on the other hand can also disrupt the normal segregation patterns.

A more detailed breakdown of land use types would provide a more m detailed picture of urban spatial structure. It might be determined, for itm example that under conditions of perfect "competition the outer reaches of the CBD would consist of successive zones of offices, food stores and ware houses. This however does not tell us a great deal about residential differentiation. In fact further assumptions about household behaviour must W be made in order to predict the locational equilibrium ot different kinds of household. The usual assumption following Alonso (1960, 1964) is that mm v~ -163- i different location of residential areas vary according to tliei relative

preferences for living space and accessibility subject to tlieir aver ail

budget constraints. An examination of urban land use ofBahawIpui City can

now be made to find bow the urban structure is related to ii a-urtfan

movement of population.

URBAN STRUCTURE OF BAHAWALPUR

The following urban land uses can be recognized in Bahawalpur (F $. 8.1). Commercial Areas. Industrial Areas. Administrative Zones. T Health Centres. Education Centres. Religious Centres. Recreational Areas. Transport Centres. Vacant Plots. Residential Areas. Commercial Areas.

>- Bahawalpur is on important commercial centre. Its commercial imp rtance

r * is increasing with increase in population. It meets the needs of goo s of a

large growing city. It also serves the surrounding areas. The city act; as the

market for grains, vegetables and fruits grown in its hinterland. The p ople

* 4

! ; BAHAWALPUR CITY LAND USE malt ' '1980 Pi*S$y§ diii - H HHfiJ

-Tiia RS5F ?7?“ 4- vri3 [ '' ) MISCtMTlAl AH(A mm 4; ,?!- -V-' niMiuit _ COMNtiCiAl Ctwim CM*10*mtmU*V*»CW Si I 1 0»l« WCII

if &

o :r $-M mmm V: : m ]/; m H:

\ gTiT.ÿykÿ aaLii— -W’J- i : I

A± <** -165-

living in its service area come to the city not only to sell their produ s but

also to purchase goods which are available in Dahawaipur City nnd iot in

the surrounding villages. As such Boliawalpur City performs dual ; le. It

serves tlie large growing city population and also those who live n the

surrounding villages. To cater their needs tliree types of commercial litres

have developed in Baliawalpur city (Fig. 8.2).

i) ' The Central Commercial Area serves the city and also the

surrounding areas.

ii) Specialized markets serve the city and also the surrounding ai as.

iii) Neighborhood shopping cenjres serve the city'.

i) The Central Conunercial Area

The Central Commercial Area is located in the heait of the old wall J city 9l (Photo . It is the oldest shopping centre of the city'. It is still a 1 ivingÿ

commercial area. It is humming with life. Its narrow roads and lanes hrong

with pedestrians and vehicles. Traffic jams are conunon. Business hr i over

is heavy. About 88 percent of those employed in conunercial acti\ y are

engaged in the central commercial area. The main commercial ea is

divided into five shopping centres, namely Shahi Bazar, Mnchli taznr,

Rangeela Bazar, Fateh Khan Bazar, nnd Oiri Ganj Bazar. They cairy

V -166- ! Hpate i i - •X9 jv? M\ SHI

,i: ’ •A li n HI Wi Will! ft fttoÿlijv HI ,V.y' m m m ;i r/.i Photo 8.1 Chowk Bazar “Central Conunercial Area”

3 r >:

ps {

1S$1| ll®

#fip;‘ ;ÿÿ• ::'W -167-

different kinds of goods and constitute die retail.heart of the city.

The central commercial area is located in the most heavily popula d part

of die city. It lias attracted many in-migrants but mnny people are mo ng out

of die central city. It is surrounded by lane of the most density pc ulated t neighbourhoods, like Mohallali Fateh Khan, Moliallah Qazian, M liallah

Choudhrian, Farid Gale, Jamia Masjid, Purani Glinllnli Mnndi, Dam i Shall

Mohallali Bagli Mai Shikaipuri Gate and Mohallali Amm Khas. Peo e still

like to live in diese area. But it lias become so congested that it Ita lunied

into an area from where heavy outward movement of population i: taking V place. Its role of attracting in-movers has waned. It is pumping poj ilalion

out.

1L Specialized Markets

There are several specialized markets in Bahawalpur City. They sp' ializc

in certain goods. Four such markets can be recognized, Sabzi Mandi Photo

8.2) sells fruits and vegetables. Ghallali Mandi is the groin market, imber

L market sells limber. Junta market meet every Friday. It carries vai i ies of

goods like vegetables and fruits, ready made garments and hosiery ,oods,

crockeries and kitchen tools and many other things. Junta market ! ing a

weekly affair has not attracted many dwellers around it. Sabzi landi,

Ghallali Mandi and Timber Market are important but isolated comim fral pnnf®®!•—.‘.‘PCs'. •'•"••••• • Vv-'f-rÿ ';:5 Hi V.7-': •. v -JJ&L- : •ÿiy. A-Y’-V. r'

BAHAWALPUR CITY V COMMERCIAL CENTRES i 1992

\ \ N- csa J CENTRAL SHOPPING CENTRES J I a LOCAL SHOPPMG CENTRES \

CO V to ZONE i r'J m I rÿF / : ZONE U J ( i i S? ZONEX \ J : ZONE JE y / i

/ i -169- \ \ i iEragjiil .’

Photo 8.2 Fruit & Vegetable Market (Zone 11)

\ - T“V'

'V: •v -170- li'i; Tn centres. Many persons live around them. They have attracted traders and ftiV* •V also those connected with the specialized trade like to live near these 1 centres. Therefore, they act as minor population poles. t,.§f iii. Regional Shopping Centres yyfiys

Baliawalpur has developed into sufficiently extensive city. It is not possible for the entire population to get everyday necessities from the central commercial area Therefore a number of sufficiently large regional fill shopping centres have developed. In addition there are small m neighbourhood shopping centres and comer stores, lliere are 13 Regional M Shopping Centres in Bahawalpur City, namely (i) Hussaini Chowk (Photo wm 8.3-a) (ii) Satellite Town Commercial Area (iii) One Unit Colony Chowk y (Phto 8.3-b) (iv) Sadiq Colony (v) Shadra Colony (vi) Bus Stand (vii) ill Eauji Basti (viii) Ghallah Mandi Model To\vn-B (ix) Welcome Gale

(Model Town-A) (Photo 8.4) (x) Saraiki Chowk or Chowk Abbasia and Do

Payoda (Photo 8.5) (xi) University Chowk (xii) Mall Road (xiii) Islami V

Colony. The Regional Shopping Centres carry1 most of tire retail goods available in the central commercial area They provide employment to 10 percent of those employed in business. They were developed to cater lire needs of the surrounding residential areas. But once established' Urey have

life easy and have attracted a large number of persons to move made f

\:r;

•I I l

-171-

Photo 8.3-a Hussaiii Chowk Zone V (Rc&inal Conimercia Arcaÿ

Jj m to

fiSS?5TS .oiumerci; ’cntre) !* : i n®|j

lli R, . I jJ SI -Hi

ziSak3 f

\ -172-

q 3 .:! .. i "1 ! | Hi •asTY-i . g-_V,g~_/ÿ T ,f |f, *0 Ji>§§ Sr'JBF if*

f Photo 8.4 Wellcome Gale Shopping Centre Zone 11 1-tv, m •S:

ft-

;ÿ !.•::

f ‘ P !; 17}

l l i- net,Mi; m m •• 4 S' r>:i • . !»» : irjj ¥ , i . ft- : i: [«1;r i "i-rrt WSBIWB! w jfli

*! 1 r- n;* » .r.v . I ,Mw: ( » J.:J.-J -i ... V.

PiiÿW; "f *• mwa £ «P3» a 5v-iÿa > PV. •ÿ t &L <4 - 11

Syr»ki Oiowk 8.5 Ihowk

» * V

-V

l -174-

into lliose residential areas where they are located. Many shopkecp< s and

others try to live close to the shopping centres. Consequently these- sl> pping

centres have not only encouraged population movement withii their

residential areas but have also attracted many iiunovers. Pop ation

distribution within residential areas exhibit population heaps ound

shopping centres showing that the in-movers prefer to live new the ce res. h

Industrial Area

Baliawalpur is not an important industrial city. The ind: trial establishments cover a net area of 102.60 acres in the city'. There i •; 18 small and large industrial establishments giving employment to :377 workers. Details are given in Table 8.1. industry being a small sec r of economy in Baliawalpur City covering a small ar ea and giving cmplo; J rent to a small population has not been an important incentive for intra-1 ban population movement However a few squatter settlements hnvc devel ped around them which do not have a large population (Fig. 8.3). Most <: the industr ies is located in Model Town B and Multan road (Photo 8.6). -175- lllll

TABLE: 8.1

INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENT IN HA1IAWAI.1MJR Bit

NUMHEl* • H HUi or z\ Vr iiiPir*®mvm HiWOUKEUS 1#& Flour Mills 8 373 } Ghee Mills 1 106 i 1 Cotton Textile 4 2064 \ Tendary

Suger 1 640

Carpet 1 .76

;.V» Agriculture 1 54 Vi implements

Steel 1 14

Total 18 3377 ; -W. I Mi £j .1 EBK!ÿ::.__ÿ,"A *mimmmmm

\\P. ,i

BAHAWALPUR : && V So INDUSTRIES 1992 \ \.

> f| HEAVY t MEDIUM INDUSTRIES / : \ IpT) LIGHT INDUSTRIES ID £ p 20NEI ZONEJY ZONE 3t E3 : ZONEY r ‘ % />

ZONE / / El

/ / % 1 »

Figu-83

;

* * 8! *ft' -177- •f Administrative Zones

Buhnwnlpnr City is an important administrative ccnli o. II is district ;uul also

divisional head-quarters. Government Offices dot many parts of the city but

Ilie main administrative centre has emerged immediately to die east of die

Old City. Courts, Police Headquarters, canal office and many odier offices

have been established diere. A large number of persons me involved

directly or indirectly with administration, and many offices are spread * all m over the city. Therefore diey do not seem to generate inti a-urban mobility on a large scale. However, many persons like to live near their work places. 0'iIpW Therefore, sufficient number of people have moved to nnd near die main P -M administrative centre located east of the old city. Moliallnh Choudlirinn,

MoliaJlah Bagli Mahi, Daman Shalt etc. in old city.

Education Centres

Education is a human necessity'. More families are getting interested in

imparting education to their children. Consequently government and private c education institutions are being established in Bnliamilpur City in increasing number. wm. Bahawalpur City is well served with educational institutions. It- lias one

University of humanities and science. Besides their are several professional •V.

institutions, one medical college, one polytechnic institute, two law ir $ :te mmM SI m i -178- a» Photo 8.6 Industrial Area along Multan Road

[lift I. ! 1lli I „ 9111 «k-C.r: :

Industries in Model Town ‘B’ «il

i a ! r!| R -i 39 is: i)i M p; Ifig tef#;Jj 1 r,‘: 'I 3 BJ III I 111 Y a ? tiii

i ii- !

! i V r - III -179- Mi colleges and four vocational commercial institutes. In addition Uiere are p m two degree colleges and four inter-colleges. Sadiq Public School is one of ISSf! the best institution in Pakistan (Photo 8.7). These educational institutions center the needs of adults. They are a few in number. Tlicrelore they have not been particularly eflcctive in generating inlra-ui ban niovemcnl

In addition to university and colleges there are 21 secondary schools, 19 middle schools and 108 primary schools. Some of these schools arc exclusively for girls. They serve large number of students. These students mm are of young age. Therefore they have been instrumental in generating intra¬ urban population movement. Many parents like to live close to the school of

a diBtnnce to work place, hi short the m and travel plP their choice long their schools and not the colleges and university have been responsible for fin triggering intra-urban population movement. But these'movements have not ' ti-4ri'i taken place on a large scale. There are still a very large number of children who have never been to any school and are not likely to go to school. The literacy rale ofBahawalpur City is about 45 percent. This clearly brings out that hot many people move to help their children to go to school. &

•fi;

•! i ' 4';‘ 4:" fi « 430-

fill

pp' ; i-

• •ttJi'iSSl :... \s~)-...... i . ;<ÿ

*mm i Photo87-fc Sadiq Fublic School (Zone IT)

1 '/•' P: nii -180-a Bp t $ V TABLE 8.1

J-y.'sPP HEALTH FACILITIES IN BAIIAWALPUH CITY gmm M ii® • #Al,E 'Vv PEMAI.K

;.v *H:v! Iplp

w>y -181-

Health Centres

Health facilities available in Balmwalpur City ore modest. are 3 There . S

hospitals, 6 dispensaries and 6 maternity homes. Besides there are anuinl r

of clinics run by private practitioners.

From the above table it comes out that for a population of 180,263 in IS T

the facilities were (a) 7.6 hospital beds per thousand population, hi 1972

there were 3.0 hospital bed per thousand population, (b) The hospital ! d

served 130 persons in 1990 and in 1972, 333 persons.

Out of 13 hospitals 7 are owned and am by government. These re

Balmwalpur Victoria Hospital, Combined Military Hospital, Brostal ul

Hospital, Police Line Hospital, Jublie Female Hospital and Mis; >n

Hospital.

The total number of beds available in these hospitals arc 1,275 out of wl ch

1,125 are in Balmwalpur Victoria Hospital. Ihe division of beds art 71

general, 249 surgical, 70 T.B., 4 infection diseases E.T.B., 38 Me al

> Psychatry drug abuse 40, E.N.T. 10, skin venereal disease, 64 Paediai cs

128, obstragatnology 50, orthopedic 64, eye and 16 causality, Police ne

hospital has 13 beds, Mission Hospital, 40 beds central Jail, 32 beds nd

Borstal Jail, 25 beds (Photo 8.8).

; f

-182- prillm mm** mm RE* •J m SBH ts mm a mm w fel¬ it M& Photo 8.8 Borstal Jail (Zone IV) m m mmtem :•

'ÿÿ0.

'V'V.i-.

m m -183-

Tlic number of beds available in 5 privalc hospitals are 110 for tnaJ > and

femaleB. In fact there is only one hospital i.e. Bnhnwnl Victoria Hosp il for

the general population of city. The other hospitals are . owr d by

Government Department and aie almost reserved for the cniptov es of

concerned dcpailinents only. There arc 7 beds per thousand populai m for

Bahawalpur City. In case we assume that it is meant lor Bahawnlpi City,

which is not the case as it serves the whole ol'Bahawalpur Division id

some time patients come iiom Sukkur Division (Sindlt) also. Hie nui >er of

beds is obviously inadequate.

The location of hospitals and dispensaries (Health facilities 1991) is hovvn

on (Fig. 8.4) there is a concentration of hospitals and dispehsaries n and

near the old city; most of them are serving the whole of Bahawalp • City.

Outer areas such as Mohajir Colony, Satellite Town, One Unit olony,

Sadiq Colony, new colonies around the bus stand, Model Town-E uid C,

Shadra, Quaid-e-Azain Colony, Riaz Colony, Gulistan Colony ami oor-e-

Haq Colony do not have much health facilities. l1ie maternity ho es are

located near the old city and are serving the entire metropolitan area

Psychatry drug abouse 40, E. N. T. 10, skin venereal dise -e, 64

Paediatrics 128, obslragamology 50, orthopedic 64, eye and 16 cam lity,

i i =P>»-.-- mm r -: golfer ;...i >; ;.5?r. ’ - V--f *L -ÿ - «4liS®l| .0; T-

Sr- J.- -•ÿim- .•; •;* t'ÿ,v-'»v •" - - •—i • •' -

BAHAWALPUR CITY HEALTH FACILITIES ': • \ /v 1992

V & y. GOVT. HOSPITAL & ; r C HOSPITAL • / ;• ! ZONE : H : •'0 ’•*T* * : £ •/S\ - 2r ! B.v.HoSruJ,J : ZONE * * ZONEnr •/ i / ! /

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-186- AS 15

% 9y w

Photo 8.9 Slfldium (Zone IV) •1 n<

r—A ' pa *ÿ52 v*] K- A «Ai i. 4 L

. •»*ÿ r u*-- : -7 cr

f UM I

it n‘ • r,. -HP r:wir £f*4r rji 1*1 rrÿfp t£!El

i Zoo : r

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Ml mi -187- m facilities are not proper and the outer areas arc worst affected, lleaiflt facilities ore located close the most densely population pail of the city, Will namely (lie old walled city. The old city is so congested Hint it is pumping out population HI therefore the health centres contribute to intin-urban mobility m in Dahawalpur. mm Religious Centres & Religious institutions like mosques, temples, etc. are built within the ter*a residential areas. They are developed to cater the needs; of the existing popualtion. There are two important religious places Jamia Mosque i-iVv Alsadiq and Eidgah in Bahawalpur city. These places are not attracting the m1 rtf. people to settle there (Photo 8.10). Therefore they do not cause much inlra- iii urban movement of population.

Recreational Centres i* i There are many varieties of recreations ranging fonn social recreation *1 clubs to sports tlirough playgrounds and parks. Major tlirough cinemas and ‘Ifm . services that are available in Bahawalpur City include zoo, stadium (Photo : 8.9), Gulzar-e-Sadiq, Nursery, Dow Payada, few small parks and play I grounds. . are to each other (Photo 8.9). As regar ds paihs and & Zoo and stadium close -r." play grounds at present there are 102 acres of land under such uses. At

‘s -v

r f *

V r : • -188-

/ Photo 8.10 y- Eid Gali (Zone II) % t , \ * » J r.» h ••i k o' Jf,If i r~> ?i k IT-

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f * r* ; *t

A i l»- • a* v i, * ». — I

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;i* I •ÿ:v 1 > on ».» < HI lrÿ K. I' Vi 1 J i . n ' 77 > i L .L * y * ' r Jt £17ft> •-i

* / / f t I / 1 i “ r F TO ’ i •» -.• : •V-» •1 .. *•, ’i if - i vy V- Si 'r><: A . I ' i .v ' . I rvf I m 4 M-* • • J A \

'-v : |g|

-189- Sill prcsnet tJiere are 6 cinemas with sealing capacity of 3,728 which arc not ISi sufficient for existing population. These recreational facilities nre located PIP away from residential areas. The recreational centres play no role or

negative role in residential mobility. ; Transport Terminals St®m

Transport centres like bus stand, wagon stand, truck stand and aeodrome attract a large number of people every day. Therefore, a lar ge number of shops are also established there. Workshops have also cropped up. Many of fH those engaged in transport business and trade like to live close to their it!0. place of work.

Alter shilling the bus, truck and wagon stand from the central city to Multan

Road, some people changed their houses h om central city or other parts to v' these terminals (Photo 8.11). These terminals are close to each oilier, lire residential areas which were developed because of Hie transport terminals are Rehnral Colony, Khan Colony, Basli Karbala, residential area aroiuid tiie Radio Pakistan etc. I The aerodrome is located in the southeast of tlie old town near die Yaznian $ f, Road This area is still under-developed for this reason it is not attracting

people.

‘ KAj:'

lliip TT -190- i V l Photo 8.11 Bus Stand (Zone II)

T'Lf V Jji

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k «

* />ÿ * i *.r; i lit TrsT*' iLs I.

T 1, Truck Stand

» * i “/ $5 :

-191-

In Baliawalpur there are regional high ways.major urban roads, minor city ii ! roads. There ore four regional highways namely River Road, Baghdad Road, Ynzman Road and Alimadpur East Road, which are connecting lliil Baliawalpur City with Multan, Bahawal Nagar, Yazman Mandi (Cholistan) HI111 and Raliim Yar Khan respectively. These regional highways converge at the £ Circular Road which encircles the old city and is the busiest road carrying /.••V almost 90 percent of the present day traffic. 'Hie residential areas which ; were developed around these roads are, Sadiq Colony, Bhalla No.1,2,3, mm Fauji Basti, Islanda Colony (Yazman Road), Biliari Colony (Basil Pur pry;# Road), Karbala (Multan Road) and Trust Colony along the Mall Road etc. Baliawalpur is situated on main Peshawar-Karachi Railway line and Wi Sainasatta Baliawalnagar Branch line and has a significant impoilance.

Railway station has attracted some people to settle around. The residential areas around Bahawalpur Railway Station are Shadra, Quaid-e-Azam K;.tr Colony and Muhajir Colony etc. m !:ÿ» Thus bus stand railway station and regional highways have been i responsible for considerable intra-urban movement.

Mi ;• -192-

Residential Areas

Residential area constitute an important part of urban structure. The'

occupy the largest area of the city Housing standard take into cousideratioi

residential environment of household in terms of floor, tuea, sanilatioi

public facilities light and ventilation. Housing standard also play ai

important role in tlie intra-urbnn residential mobility. In different parts o

the city the housing standard is different. We can divide this residentia

areas into three groups.

i) Low class housing areas.

ii) Middle, High Middle and Lower Middle.

iii) High class housing areas.

i) LOW CLASS HOUSING AREAS

Comprise different lanes of old walled city, Sadiq Ccjony, Muhajir Colon)’

Bihuri Colony, Kauser Colony, Islantia Colon)', BhaitaN. 1,2,3, SHADRA

(Photo 8.12) and residential areas along tlie Jangiwaln etc. Kalclii Abbadi;

* or Slum areas are: Bhala No.1 total area 101 Kanal Bhata No.2 83 193

Kanal, Muhajar Colony (Kliadatat) 66 kanal, Got Gadra Bund 71 Kanal

Javid Nazir Colony 82 Kanal, Lut Coloify (Chak No.9/BC), Tibba Bndai

Sher 943 Kanal, Maini Mander 19 Kanal, Habib Colony 33 Kanal, Mohnlr

Sharif 46 Kanal, Basti Karbala Gow Shala 44 Kanal, Baliawal Colony 40 ••

S : lip -193- pi§i$lit .....M r r •;!ÿÿ! a aBO3KSis *rmv im IPS)ÿÿÿ'• rows mm m Photo 8.12 Shadrn Colony (Zone II) % t-yj'-i r1"

in¬

i’

!ÿ MWi -194- » Kanal, Grib-e-Abad Colony 30 Kanal, Chah Mufti wsda 12 Kanal, Ba.' i

Bindra Bund 22 Kanal. Total population of these areas wns 41,236 person

ii) MIDDLE, HIGH MIDDLE AMD LOW MIDDLE CLASS

HOUSING

They comprise, Mohallah Nawaban, MohaJIali Tali Wala, Mohallali Ch i

Faleh Khan, Mohallali Chondlu ion, Mohallah Bagh Malii, Daman Shah ei

in old city. Model Town B, C, Satellite Town, 10 Marla Sc|ten ,

Mulianunadia Colony, Professor Colony, Noor-e-flaq Colony, Riaz Colo '

one unit colony and Trust Colony. k

iii) HIGH CLASS HOUSING

High class residential areas are located in Model Town A & B, Salell, •

Town, 1 Kanal Scheme, Officers Colony, and Mulianunadia Colony.

The intra-urban movement takes place from tire residential areas and ir

the residential areas. In general the old parts of the city are losi *

population and the new residential areas are gaining population. 'Ihere a

many interesting details of these movements, the whole thesis is concei ?

with these details.

V M IIif -195- ’h) v:; #£>>] CONCLUSION V(t‘v BoltawaJpur City is divided into two purts. The old Wailed City and the m & \'*Y i' Modem City. The old walled city is the nucleus of the city. The modem city pa*, has developed under planning which was initiated by Nawnb of

Baliawalpur in 1907. A number of residential areas have been developed in different parts of the city. Therefore the growth of the city has been HmHi? controlled As such the theories of urban structure which envisage the city f growtli witliout outside interference are not applicable to Baliawalpur City. m jf.V.yv,-'.; However, Multiple Nuclei Theory loosely fits the situation in Baliawalpur m m ±:\ City where residential areas, administrative areas, imivcrsity, parks and playgrounds have developed as nuclei. These unclei have become the foci & v:«sM where intra-urban movement of population is taking place. The intervening sf parts are being filled up by intra-urban movement from congested parts of y the city. 0. •,iil

If:l!l . -i- 0m,:. I§l§p m 4

A -196- Conclusion

Tlie movement of households within urban areas is defined as residential m jility of intra¬

urban migration. It refers to population movement within cities. Durin recent years

residential mobility 1ms attracted the attention of scholars of different disci] ines including

the sociologists, economists and geographers.

The residential mobility has attracted great interest among researchers the Western

World. There are a number of studies on the topic. A few may be mentione Short (1978)

studied residential mobility in Toronto, Pooley (1979) that of the Victorian 'ity, Margulis

(1980) that ofClaveland and Herbert (1973a) that of Swansea HulT(1978) /as interested

in residential mobility in general.

It is high lime that study on residential mobility or intra-urban population movement is

conducted in Pakistan also. With this end in view intra-urban movement o population in

Bahawalpur City has been analyzed in this study.

BahawaJpur city was founded by Naw&b Bahawal Khan 1 in 1748 A.D. : the site of a t * village called Jhoke Ranjah. The city was made the capital of the state. I was fortified

with a mud wall built around it. This walled city has Six gates namely Fai 1 Gate, More

Gale, Multani Gale, Bohar Gate, Shikar Puri Gate and Ahmad Puri Gate.

The development and expansion of Bahawalpur City awaited the reign of la-Hazrat the

Ameer of Bahawalpur Nawab Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi V» (1907 55). He was \ . proclaimed Ameer on the death of his father in 1907. He was a man of idc s. He invited

town planners and architects of Nizam of Hyderabad to plan and develop,Ba. twalpur

\ r m [Av~- ma -197- Wt IS City. As a result tlie Model Town was planned and developed. In 1947 Pukislnn crone into m

existence. Many migrants from India came to Baliawalpur. Hie city had also become a

focus of many in-migrants from other parts of Pakistan. To house the migrants Model Town B, Muhajir Colony and Sliadra Colony were planned. [K# In 1955, West Pakistan was declared one unit and Bahnwalpur Stale was merged into it. mmi Baliawalpur City was mode district and divisional headquarters. Many govcnuncnt offices were established including a military cantonment and job oppoilunities opened up. A large ISir supporting population was also required. The existing facilities become inadequate and lip!!:.: more housing projects like Model Town A, B, Satellite Town and squniler settlements Ml around Ya2man Road, (Island Colony), Alunnd Pur East Road (Bhata No. 1,2,3,) Sadiq mmm Colony and Shadra developed. Baliawalpur which had stalled to expand outside the walled Pi-'; 4

. city in the early years of the present century experienced explosion oiler 1947 and more so

after 1955. The march countinues. The result is that city which was confined within an area •Is

of 1.5 square km surround by a wall today occupies un area of 17 square km and it is still

on tlie move.

From its inception in 1748 Baliawalpur registered a very slow population growth and

town of 18,500 by 1901. From 1901 to 1931 the population continued to be a small ?ÿ: f, increased by less than 20,000. Duiing 1901-11 there was a sninll fall in population : :l. because of epidemic disease. From 1931 to 1941 tlie population almost doubled itself from

20,000 to 40,000. This was tlie consequence ofthe inlroduclion of canal irrigation system

in lire area in 1925, and BnhawaJpur turning into an impoHant grain market. From

•{ l . r 4 -198-

1941 to 1951 onward Bahawalpur was faced with population explosion, he population

more thou doubled itself from 1951 to 1961. During 1961-72, 50,000 pers is. were added

and ;nnother 45,000 during 1972-81. Tlius the population of BahnwnJpur i ly increased a

little more than two times in 50 years, from 1901 to 4951 and 4.5 times ii 36 years from i

1951 to 1981. Bahawalpur has a population of 18,500 in 1901 and that f 180,000 in

1981.

Different sources were tapped to collect data on inh a-tu ban inovenien of population

within Bahawalpur City. Population Census Reports of various census ars provided I

information on total population of the city, and population by sex, nge-gi up, economic

groups and wards. They also furnished data on educational level by family ze, number of

houses, rooms per house and othe socio-economic characteristics. No data m inlrn-urbnn

mobility is available in census repoits. But they did provide infonnatioi by which the

potential movers and in some cases causes of movement could be assessed.

Estate agencies were next contacted. These agencies help in sole an. purchase of

properties and in letting out and hiring houses on rent. They could have bee of great help » but the problem is that only two percent of the houses are purchased and hi' d tlirough the

estate agencies. They provided some useful information.

Next the Registration office was tapped. Their record is incomplete and is >t maintained

in a systematic order. Most of the information available with them is on sah and purchase

of vacant plots. They do not have much information about constructed houst , further they

do not have any record of houses on renL Therefore, this office is a poor soui i of data pi -199- Ml Nexl to be topped were Bahawalpur Development Authority Hind Contoninent Board. Tliey teli do possess some useful data but they do not cover the whole city therefore, they provided im scanty data. pas* Telephone directories could be a good source of data on intra-urban mobility. Ihe scrutiny V, r of (he directories revealed (hat some useful iufonnulion could be obtoined. But (lie problem i: Mb

is that only 6 percent of the households possess telephones, 'they all belong to upper and I middle class and therefore their usefulness is very limited i §lf ht absence of relevant data from secondary sources, llie only method left was to collect data directly from field by survey. For (his purpose questionnaire method was employed. Its?:; The questionnaire \) included queries regarding number of movers, respondent % made, tiie time-interval of moves, the distance moved, the reasons of movement (Housing f}} environment, economic, work place etc.) and otlier relevant infonnalion. ;| P Bahawalpur is a fairly large city with a population of 180,263 and 24,663 households. I

Therefore, it was decided to collect data by stratified random sampling. For this puipose

was into five zones which have been designated ns Residential Mobility the city divided -'ÿV. iW, 3 Zones - These zones were determined on the bases of socio-economic : m homogeneity and physical unity. V-‘‘Si IMS Change of residence williin cities may be voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary moves me I *• f'f tliose where (lie decision to move rests with movers. Voluntary moves are generally generated by personal and envirotunenlal factors like increase in income, qhnnge in (lie

r. m -200- location of job, enhy of undesirable neiglibours in (lie neighbourhood md olliers.

Environmental factors may include establislunend of obnoxious industries ii the area or noisy workshop, litter or grabage, filthy drains and olliers.

Involuntary moves are reffered to as forced moves. Demolition of propei v, eviction, marriage, home too small for the family, danger to life nnd property and her factors beyond one's control.

Out of 1234 sample households 374 reported to have cluuiged their residen s. in oilier words (he percentage of voluntary and involuntaiy movers in J0.3. In these 37 movers 57 were involuntary movers and their percentage was 15, who had no choice, hey hod to vacate the house. The majority of the affected persona (9 percent) were government employees who were living in residence provided by the government. They Ii: ! to vacate the goveniment/pubiic residence alter retirement.

Another class of involuntary movers were those who were evicted by the landl ds. In tliis category the students and bachelors form the majortity. They numbered 15 in sample of

374.

Overwhelming majority of residential changes 85 percent in Bahawalpur City were voluntary. About 47 percent of (lie voluntnnr moves were generated by the lortngc of i accommodation. i •

A heavy movement of population from this area in the peripheral pnrt of Ruha\ ilpur City took place. Model Town A,B,C, Shadia, Muhajir Colony in Zone No. ll ai I Satellite

Town Zone No. V were the chief recipients. About 11 percent of the total mover which .r-vv‘=vs

-201- constitute 13 percent of llie voluntary movers in Oohawalpur City expressed dissnlisfaction mmm witli the physical state ofthe dwellings and tlieir neighbourhoods. llie houses were old and

dilapidated and were not sufficienctly airy. The roads were narrow and not fully paved.

Pools of dirty and stagnant water and heaps of solid wastes were found in ninny localities, Hi! Sewage disposal system was also greatly damaged. The whole area hod turned into a slum. SSiSt Therefore they had changed their residences. Most of such complaints were made about the W Central City (Zone No.l). Many of such movers were those who had acquired wealth.

They wanted to live in spacious houses where they could keep their cars and furnish their mi houses with modem furniture and other amenities. They wanted to live in posh localities . i i not only to breath fresh air but also to acquire a prestigious position in the society. The !i •kv-:': goal of most of such movers was the Satellite Town (Zone No V). %

About 17 percent of those who changed residences in Duhnwalpiir were living in rented houses and they moved after they built tlieir own houses. A good number of families 7 r percent bftlie total moves or 8 percent ofthe voluntaiy moves out of 3 7*1 gave personal f r reasons for change of residence. The majority of such moves about 80 percent were generated by differences among family members. Joint family system prevails in mmm Bohnwalpur City. This system is faced with problems. It is getting di Dicult for daughter-in- : 'V,-; laws, mother-in-laws and sister-in-laws to live together under one roof This cuhninntes in & i'-‘ Hie separation of monied sons to new premises, hi some cases the parents in Bahnwnlpur r. City move out and the son and daughter-in-laws live in the ancestral house. This happen because of a custom prevailing among ''Suraikes." The custom is called "Walla Snttn" $ m -202-

according to which the husband has to give a house to his wife. In case tiu family is not

• \ t well to do. They give the parental house to the bride. Afler marriage if quan I takes place

among family members, the bride and her husband stay in the house and Hie < icr members

including the parents move out

The death offelher in many cases also leads to the division of the family am hey move to

new separate residences. Father's property is divided among sons, daulhers md widows.

In many cases the property is sold to a third party' and the money is shored by e inheritors.

They all move out and live in separate residences. Some of them may also ive together.

The feet is that joint family system is not working well and is likely to collnpi * The residents of Bahawnlpur City are largely inunobile. About 70 p* cent of the

households have not changed their residence inspite of their long stay in the ity. Most of

tlie families which have never moved live in the centrnl city, hi n traditi tai city like

Bahawalpur the ancestral households exert great pull and have deep root d attraction,

where people live in9pite of inconveniences, congestion, nnirow roads air lanes, poor

drainage etc. However, the new residential areas have attracted their olteuti- i. A number

of families have purchased plots and will move to new houses when they an built. About

30 percent of the households have changed their residences in course of leir stay in

Bahawalpur City. Sixty three percent of households have changed only one p ce till now.

Majority ofthese households were owner occupied. They cliaged their previ< is residence

because of insufficient space, expansion offemily, economic prosperity.

7 m -203-

About 26 percent households in Bohawnlpur City changed their house twice. Majority of mm these households were tenants who failed to cope with their landlords or their personal reasons compelled them to change their residence. Eight percent households chunged their house three to four times. These were mostly students or persons who' had school going iiis children. Families changing more than three houses beolong to high middle and high m*y. '•• income class. These families first changed their house from control city because of narrow f streets and bad sanitation. ilpT'

Time interval denotes the period of time taken to move from one residence to another. p!*; Neighourhood, cost and personal reasons play on important role in the time interval. Some |p time the renters are forced to move tliree or four times. The movement of the renters ends Si::; afler they succeed to own a house or dies or moves to another plnce or goes back to his .f;:i ‘v ancestral home in a village or a city. : A survey of Bohawolpur City brings out ithat 3 percent families chnnged their houses *Mia within five years and 5 percent changed within ten years period in Bnhnwalpur City.

Majority of them were renters and students who Ichniiged their houses nller a short span of time. The reasons about the changing of houses were different. W: m l. Misunderstanding between the tenant and lanlord/landlndy. V- ili 2. Education of the children BillII 3. Neighbourhood %

4. Economic and social factors.

'i -204-

Mqjority of short period changes took plnce in the ceplrul city. Middle and ow income households changed a sliort distance. In the central part of the city the rent of le house is lower than the other zones, so the renters change house soon. Mostly students ome in this category. Bachelors change more places in short period as compared to man >d families who have a number of children.

Movement of households in (lie Western Cities is considerable.About 7 to I percent of

European households move each year, while in Australia, Nerwzenlnnd and N( Ih America the ilgure is close to 20 percent, llie annual residential change within Balmwal or City con be divided into tliree phases • ). The first phase covers (lie eriod from

1901 to 1967 during which the annual change was 0.81 percent which was v? / low. The main reason of this low movement was that the old settlers of Bahnwalpur ( ty liked to live with their kith and kin and members of their clan. It was difficult for them * change to some other place. In the second phase from 1968 to 1979 annual change < residence amounted to 2.1 percent. The change was slow in this period but as compare to the first phase it was higher. During (lie third phase 1980 to* 1992 the change oJ residences amounted to 4 percent annually. Obviously the rate of chapge of residences hr increased considerably. The central zone had become too crowded. Families were fort d to move because pf inadequate accommodation. In future with the policy of industrilioso on the city will flourish os regional commercial and economically prosperous city and liioi residence clianges will tnke place. Bahawalput will continue to be the admanistrnlive hen quarters of the division so the intra-urban residential mobility will increase. pi -205-

One of Ihe important aspect of intrn-urban mobility is llie distance between present and previous residences. Daliawolpur is a City of relatively small areal extent. From tbe city centre to the city limites tlie average distance is 4.5 km. longest distance 6.5 km and PUf shortest distance is 0.1 km. Li tliis context a move of 2 km will be considered short, 2.4 km medium and 4-6 km long. In Bnhawnlpur City 62 percent of the households moved short m* distances, among tliein 32 percent covered less than one kilometer nnd percent 30 between limi 1 to 2 kilometers. Short distance changes haw- been found most in the central part of Ihe £ÿ city, Zone 1. Many households changed houses within Mohala, neighbourhood or lone Hi where they lived before. They try to live near their relatives, neighbours and lriends. They m fA<\ do not like to go to some other place after leaving their clan. A small percentage of families 1.2 perenet made long distance move 4-6 km. Most of long I-; $ distance movers moved from Zone n (Model Town area) to Zone V (Satellite Town nnd

i it's adjacent areas) nnd also from Zone V to Zone D. Long distance movers mostly belonged I ‘ to high income group. They generally moved linto spacious new honses of Intest architectural designed with better facilities to enjoy comfort nnd prestige.

According to Residential Mobility Households Survey of Baliawalpur City, the highest mb W- movement of the people took place from Zone I (old walled Icily) to other zones, which m«.-T ,;i V was 53 percent (198 out of 374 households). In old town majority of the structures both Hi residential nnd commercial are in bad condition and some of them collapsed during heavy rains of 1973 and are being i econsturcted. Streets arc quite narrow and dirty land sewerage facilities are non existent. The highest density of population is here. Families $ § -206- are expanding and they need added space for tins reason people changed their esidence.

Tlie Central Zone I (Old City) played an important role in changing the sb ctureÿof the whole city. The people who changed their residences from Zone I to other Zo« s of the city constituted 53 percent of all those who moved, 198 out of 374 househo). About 31 percent households moved from the Central Zone 1 to Zone D. western poi of the city.

Mnjority of these people changed the residence from the Central Zone beci se of space requirement.

The highest movement of households was from Zone 11 to Zone V, which vvn 44 percent.

These households covered a long distance from their last residence, The hoi eliolds who come from the Model Town 'A" and *B', belonged to high income cla and some households who come from Muhajir Colony, Shadra, and north western colon s were low and middle class. The second highest change of households was from Zone to Zone ID which was 38 percent out of 32 families.

About 50 percent of (lie households moved from Zone IH to Zone n. They vere mostly government servants and retired service men. Mostly the doctors changed the residcence from Medical Colony to Model Town, 33 percent households turned over fro i Zone ID to central city. These households were mostly middle and low income class. IT re was only

17 percent movement from Zone III to Zone V (Satellite Town). Most of the overs were high and middle income class. They change houses because Satellite Town re clential area was pre-planned and mostly high and middle class people lived here so the changed to their same socio economic group. % 8? IB gislilKi -207-

Zone IV is an administrative zone. All the government ;uid private offices are located here.

80 percent of the households out of 10 families who changed C om this zone to Zone II lH Model Town area. Most of the households were Government or Semi-Government P#tl servants, who moved to Model Town. Redistribution of households from Zone V to Zone II were 33 percent out of 12 families. fii Mostly the households who moved from Zone V to Zone II were high and middle income if,'.:| class. According to Households Survey, 17 percent households moved from Zone V to

Zone I (old town). These households were of low income and belonged to working class who changed from Muhajir Colony and Behari Colony to the central city. |i Intra-Urban movement is directly related with life cycle. Morgan 1976 and Michelson 1 1977). Stages of life cycle may passes through several singes in life. He begins his life as a ptflilV:- child when he is dependent on parents or guardians. Ihis is the period of acquiring & hr. rv education and skill to face the ordeal of life. Afler he is stiflicienlly grown up he enters Hie % labour market and adopts some occupation. He is then mniTied and frunily fonimtion starts.

i family expands and thereafter.the girls go nway with their Upto certain age Hie married . -v !' husbands. Married sons also leave Hie parents and establish their own homes, The family ;-i. ski-inks and Hie old husband and wife have to live alone. Following sloges in the life cycle' are generally recognized X. I. Pre-child stage (below 20 years)

2. Child bearing and rearing stage (20-40 years)

3. Child launching stage (40-60 years)

4. Post-Child stage or Late life (60+ years) -208-

The general pattern is that a young couple needs a small house, os the i mily members

multiply grow up children get married and move out from parental hour s and become

independent. They nre either student or employed. 'Ihey usually lit d becheloar's

accommodation. The bachelors are not usually acceptable to the neighbours

It is also possible Hint some of the bachelors may not be satisfied with the : conimodnlioti.

In either case (lie bachelors change the residence but such movements r ' not many in

Bahawalpur City. It only constitutes 0.8 percent of the total number of mov s (Households

survey conducted in march 1992).

Child-bearing and child-rearing stages are important in life cycle. In gei ral it may be

token to extend from 21 to 40 years. The maximum number of movements i e made during

this period, hi Bahawalpur City 65.3 percent of the households moved dm this period.

hi Pakistan the cities are culturally different from the Western Cities. " ie concept of

family, the male-female relationship and the attitude towards aged dill between the

Western and Oriental countries. These differences are reflected on intrn iban mobility

also.

The predominant age category for the heads to move is 20-30. hicrear ig age brings

increasing residential stability. This is also true of Bohuwulpur City, hi tli nge of 21-30

C; yeniÿ 24.6 percent households changed their residence in Bahawalpur Tliis is the

early young nge, the younger couples move to establish new house. Maxh uu movement

took place during 31-40 years. When 40.7 percent of Uie liouseln Is moved in

Bahawalpur City. -209- MI

The nge group of 41-60 years is taken as the child launching nge. In this stnge the children m

are grown up, they feel Hint they must have separate room. They have their own

requirements. Therefore the family feelB to change the house. According to survey (1992) 33.4 percent households changed their residence in the age of 40 - 60 years. Of them 27.3 Im percent were in the age group ;of41 to 50 and 6.1 percent in 51 to 60 yenrs. ta The age group of 60 and above may be taken os postchild singe and late life. This is the nge nit when the old husbands and wives have to live alone because their married sons and lit daughters establish their own home and the family shrinks. Only 0.5 percent people moved

to new houses in post-child and late life in Dahnwaipur City. Increasing age brings

i increasing length of residence in one dwelling which leads to strong emotional attachments ;I?V to (he dwelling. v L : I/Ujl f Family size is also an important factor in residential mobility. This factor plays an l I important role in the infra-urban movement of the city. When the fnniily size expnnds they f-i?

need a large house so they change from smaller to large home. In Qnliawalpur City there

were 5 percent households chnnged their residences were childless or which had two y. family members. Out of 374 households only twenty belong in this category. Childless II family has no desire to move from n small house to big house.

About 78 percent of families which had 3-8 members moved. Out of 374 households 289 I; r changed their houses in this category. A large number of these households changed their

houses because of the space requirements (from smaller house- to larger house), for better

locality ( neat and clean accommodation ) mid to get accommodation nearer to the t; Mt

-vVjT? -210- educational institutions. Most of these households belonged to middle clas and were employees ofgovenunent or semi-government departments. Only 17 percent of 10 families with eight or more members changed residences. Most of them were low inc ne people.

They changed their houses because of space requirements.

Pakistan is a male dominated society. This is also true ofBnliawalpnr City. Th iiend of the family is usually male. Therefore, the decision to change the residence is nlso t sen by him.

But the advice and desire of the womenfolk particularly wife, mother andidai liters cany great weight. Under normal circumstances they are not only consulted but thei wishes are also honoured and respected. The truth is that the decision is jointly taken and i is executed by the head of the family who is usually male. Therefore the survey c nducted in

Balinwalpnr City revcnled that 99.2 percent of the families which changed resi ences were headed by male. About .8 percent of the households which moved were he ded by the females. These women were either widow or divorced.

Intro-urban residential mobility is closely related with occupation, income a. J education level of the urban dwellers. These tliree characteristics are neither inch endent nor mutually exclusive. Often a person with high education has good income and ? engaged in nn occupation of high status. On the other hand low income often goes with sr ill jobs and low educational levels. But this is not always true.A man with little education iny ncquire great wealth in business. A highly educated person sometimes fails to find a g .id job. The pattern of residential mobility of the various occupational groups in Balmwalp City -211- [IlSI is reverse of what is witnessed in the Western Cities, hi the Western Cities skilled, semi¬ i skilled. unskilled and personal service workers are more mobile ns compared to Hil professionals, businessmen and business executive. In Bnlmwnlpur City businessmen, |i|l j traders nnd professionals have changed their residences more Ilian those by relatively i •. lower paid workers. The survey of Bahawalpur City beings on! Hint 72.0 percent of the \m movers were government employees, businessmen and professionals while the remaining *ÿ ,.V- 28 percent of the moves were taken core of by other workers. 'I1ie main reason behind the i- i emergence of such a pattern of residential mobility is lire affluence of upper crust of the city p| and special concessions given to the government employees for construction new houses. ( A small percentage of unskilled (9.4 percent) and skilled laborer (6. 1 percent) changed i tlieir residence in Bohawolpur City. Most of the unskilled labourer were working on daily wages or were rishaw pullers. The unskilled labourers changed residence more than Hie skilled labourers because tliey did not have steady income and sometimes they fniled to pay i4 llie rent and were evicted by landlords. In addition cheap plots were provided by the mMm government in low class residential schemes. About 1.0 percnet of the professionals changed their houses in Bahawalpur. Professionals include lawyers, physicians and % engineers. mm Intra-uiban movement is generated by Uie economic condition of the households when the $ economic condition of a person improves, he moves to a belter and larger houses, probnbly he also likes to have ahigh standard of living He looks for better localities where all the & -212- living facilities are available. He also likes to change his house for a better i ighbourhood.

The households which earn Rs.1000/- to Rs.2000/- per month income dougÿto low cntegoiy. Most of them belong to working class, labourers, riksha pullet . some small shopkeepers,, and class IV government servants. About 35 percent of this roup changed their houses in Bahnwnlpur City.

The households who earn Rs.2000/- to Rs. 7000/- per month can be class ed ns middle class in BnluiwnJpur City. 'Ihey ure government seivnnts. small businessnie shopkeepers, professionals (doctors, advocate and engineers). Middle class income peop * moved more than the others. They constituted 57 percent of the movers (209 out of 374 hi seholds).

The families which earn Rs.7000/- and above per month belong to high incc te class. Most of (Item are businessmen, high ranking gazetted officers, landlords nnd indi trinlisfs. They are small in number. Only 8 percent of them have changed houses in Baliaw pur City.

There are 16 percent uneducated households who have changed the; residence in

BahnwaJpur City. These were 61 out of 374 families. Most of them ' ere labourers, rikshaw pullers, carpenters, masons and small shopkeepers.

About 84 percent of educated people changed the residence in Baliav dpur City. 15 percent were primary nnd middle pass, 45 percent were mnfric nnd F.A. nd-24 percent were graduate and highly qualified. * » Urban structure comprises various land uses which emerge in a city to in at the needs o tile city dwellers. Some of these land uses attract one another while others < spel one nsil J- -21 1 nnothcr. Tlio wholesale market will prefer to be located near the retail market. The high class residential area keeps away from the industrial areas. In a dyjiainic city tlie urban structure is also dynamic. As the city population increases new residential areas are Warn developed. More sliops, offices, schools, hospital, clubs, playgrounds, factories etc. ore established In these circumstances the inlra-urban population movement is inevitable. m In (lie Western cities several patterns of changes in urban shucture and related inti a-iu han ;;:T mobility have been recognized. Burgess in hius concentric'zone tlieoiy of urban structures envisages that the central Business District (CBD) forms the nucleus of urban land uses

(Burgess 1955). As the city gl ows, the CBD expands. Its expansion affects the inunediale PV it' land use ring namely the low class residenctial ai'ea which expands outward.Consequently •a other concentric zones also move out. Homer Hoyet in sector hypothesis of urban land uses clains that the CBD occupies central part of (lie city and other land uses cling to the CBD as sectors (Hoyt 1939). Among the various land uses the high class residential area plays the key role. The high class areas occpy one or more sectors, They giwo outward along

ureas, sectors that they occupy. Other land uses follow Hie expanding high class residential \Y

In oilier words the inlra-urban population movement is also sectoral. % Harris and UJIman presented Multiple Nuclei theory of urban structure (Harris and Ullnian a 1925). According to them every major land use develops and gl ows around a nucleus. If need be more nuclei develop around which specific land uses are located. 'Ilie three M theories of urban structure stated above are applicable to the Western Cities. They are not

Wm \ V -214-

necessarily true of Bohuwnlpur.

Bnlmwalpur City is divided into two parts. Tlie old Walled City and ie Modem

City. The old walled city is tlie nucleus of the city. The modem city ha developed

under planning which was initialed by Nawab of Baliawalpur in 190' A number

of residential areas have been developed in diflet enl pads of the cib Therefore

Die growth of the city lias been controlled. As such the theories of urt n structure

which envisage the city growth without outside interference are not a ,jlicable to

Baliawalpur City. However, Multiple Nuclei Theory loosely fits tlie ituaiion in

Baliawalpur City where residential areas, administrative areas, unm sity, parks > and playgrounds have developed as nuclei. These unclei have becc ie tlie foci

where intra-urbon movement of population is taking place. Tlie inter ning parts

are being filled up by inlra-uiban movement from congested pails of tin .ity.

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APPENDIX ‘A’

SUKYEY OF RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY JN DAHAWALl JR CITY.

1. Name of the head of the household

(i) Full address

(ii) Relationship. Age. Education. Occupation. 'Income. with head.

Head.

Wife.

Son.

Daughter. fy Brother.

2. Own house Tenant if tenant monthly / Annual lent

3. When did you come to Baliawalpur?

4. Why did you come to Bnhawalpur? .

i 5. Where did you live first _ n in IV

6. Why did you move form your last residence? __

A) HOUSING REASONS: (i) Too small _ (ii) Too Large __ (iii) Poor Annuities or standard _ (iv) Physical condition of previous d veiling poor _ (v) too expensive _ (vi) increased income _ (vii) Others __ » l B) ENVIRONMENTAL REASONS: (i) Job/Study reasons (cha }e ofjob etc.) _ (ii) Group migration _ (iii) Pull or push factors _ (iv) Govt. Housing scheme/Privale enterprenure ' (v) Nearness to hopping centre or main market __. /. -235-

C) PERSONAL REASONS: (i) Health _ (ii) To join Relative/Friends _ » (iii) Retirement _ (iv) Others ____ D) OTHER REASONS: (i) To be nearer to work or office _ (ii) Been asked > leave (by landlord) _ (iii) To bny house/flat _ (iv)i inamage/to o\v a I® house, change in household size (v) Troublesome neighbours _ (vi) Previous residence was only___tcmporajy __. sit 7. How did you get the new residence? (i) By relatives _ (ii) by friends _ Mr (iii) by cowerkors (iv) by own efforts (v) through Estate Agency Private _ (vi) Any others __ 8. The distance between First Residence and Second (ii) The Second and Third (iii) K TheThird and Fourth m 9. Nearest shopping Centre (Name) Distance from your home _ Main Market (Naine)_ Distance _ Transport Riskshaw Tonga S#sis Mini Wagon _ Bus Own Car Others 1 10. Have you another own house yes/no Locality 1. 4.. Whether you rented out _ in your own use _ Others_ 11. Have you got loan from Govt. Private _ Housing and Physical Planning « _ another sources _ m a 12. Whether you purchased constructed house or you'purchased n plot anr m afler it you constructed Others

this sufficient for your family Yes/No 13. Whether home is :A if no why _ your area Yes/No if not why _ 4- 14. Whether you are satisfied in residential ( $$}ÿ 15. In liiture you will like to move or not if not why if yes why Ci1 ; 16. Whether another housing scheme should be started or not

Mil 236- • t * N BIO-DATA \

Masood Ahmed S/o Ch. Ali Ahmed resident of house No.318 Mohal; Shikari

Ahniedpur East, district Bahawalpur, was born in 27th February )53, at

Alimedpur East He passed matriculation examination from S.A. Higl School

AJimedpur East in 1965 und intermediate in 1967 Com Govemme Sadiq

Egerton College, Bahawalpur. He passed B.Sc. from Sadiq Egerton College

Bahawalpur in the year 1969 (Punjab University). He obtained M.S< degree

inGeography in 1972 from Karachi University and passed LLB from : M.Law

College Karachi in 1973. He was first appointment as Lecturer in Go eminent

Sadiq Egerton College Bahawalpur, in now imparting lecturers as an .ssistant

Professor of Geography in the same college.

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