Archaeological Site of Troy Is of Immense Significance in the Understanding of the Development of European Civilization at a Critical Stage in Its Early Development
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Democracy in Ancient Athens Was Different from What We Have in Canada Today
54_ALB6SS_Ch3_F2 2/13/08 2:25 PM Page 54 CHAPTER Democracy in 3 Ancient Athens Take a long step 2500 years back in time. Imagine you are a boy living in the ancient city of Athens, Greece. Your slave, words matter! Cleandros [KLEE-an-thros], is walking you to school. Your father Ancient refers to something and a group of his friends hurry past talking loudly. They are on from a time more than their way to the Assembly. The Assembly is an important part of 2500 years ago. democratic government in Athens. All Athenian men who are citizens can take part in the Assembly. They debate issues of concern and vote on laws. As the son of a citizen, you look forward to being old enough to participate in the Assembly. The Birthplace of Democracy The ancient Greeks influenced how people today think about citizenship and rights. In Athens, a form of government developed in which the people participated. The democracy we enjoy in Canada had its roots in ancient Athens. ■ How did men who were citizens participate in the democratic government in Athens? ■ Did Athens have representative government? Explain. 54 54_ALB6SS_Ch3_F2 2/13/08 2:25 PM Page 55 “Watch Out for the Rope!” Cleandros takes you through the agora, a large, open area in the middle of the city. It is filled with market stalls and men shopping and talking. You notice a slave carrying a rope covered with red paint. He ? Inquiring Minds walks through the agora swinging the rope and marking the men’s clothing with paint. -
Separating Fact from Fiction in the Aiolian Migration
hesperia yy (2008) SEPARATING FACT Pages399-430 FROM FICTION IN THE AIOLIAN MIGRATION ABSTRACT Iron Age settlementsin the northeastAegean are usuallyattributed to Aioliancolonists who journeyed across the Aegean from mainland Greece. This articlereviews the literary accounts of the migration and presentsthe relevantarchaeological evidence, with a focuson newmaterial from Troy. No onearea played a dominantrole in colonizing Aiolis, nor is sucha widespread colonizationsupported by the archaeologicalrecord. But the aggressive promotionof migrationaccounts after the PersianWars provedmutually beneficialto bothsides of theAegean and justified the composition of the Delian League. Scholarlyassessments of habitation in thenortheast Aegean during the EarlyIron Age are remarkably consistent: most settlements are attributed toAiolian colonists who had journeyed across the Aegean from Thessaly, Boiotia,Akhaia, or a combinationof all three.1There is no uniformityin theancient sources that deal with the migration, although Orestes and his descendantsare named as theleaders in mostaccounts, and are credited withfounding colonies over a broadgeographic area, including Lesbos, Tenedos,the western and southerncoasts of theTroad, and theregion betweenthe bays of Adramyttion and Smyrna(Fig. 1). In otherwords, mainlandGreece has repeatedly been viewed as theagent responsible for 1. TroyIV, pp. 147-148,248-249; appendixgradually developed into a Mountjoy,Holt Parker,Gabe Pizzorno, Berard1959; Cook 1962,pp. 25-29; magisterialstudy that is includedhere Allison Sterrett,John Wallrodt, Mal- 1973,pp. 360-363;Vanschoonwinkel as a companionarticle (Parker 2008). colm Wiener, and the anonymous 1991,pp. 405-421; Tenger 1999, It is our hope that readersinterested in reviewersfor Hesperia. Most of trie pp. 121-126;Boardman 1999, pp. 23- the Aiolian migrationwill read both articlewas writtenin the Burnham 33; Fisher2000, pp. -
Stoa Poikile) Built About 475-450 BC
Arrangement Classical Greek cities – either result of continuous growth, or created at a single moment. Former – had streets –lines of communication, curving, bending- ease gradients. Later- had grid plans – straight streets crossing at right angles- ignoring obstacles became stairways where gradients were too steep. Despite these differences, certain features and principles of arrangement are common to both. Greek towns Towns had fixed boundaries. In 6th century BC some were surrounded by fortifications, later became more frequent., but even where there were no walls - demarcation of interior and exterior was clear. In most Greek towns availability of area- devoted to public use rather than private use. Agora- important gathering place – conveniently placed for communication and easily accessible from all directions. The Agora Of Athens • Agora originally meant "gathering place" but came to mean the market place and public square in an ancient Greek city. It was the political, civic, and commercial center of the city, near which were stoas, temples, administrative & public buildings, market places, monuments, shrines etc. • The agora in Athens had private housing, until it was reorganized by Peisistratus in the 6th century BC. • Although he may have lived on the agora himself, he removed the other houses, closed wells, and made it the centre of Athenian government. • He also built a drainage system, fountains and a temple to the Olympian gods. • Cimon later improved the agora by constructing new buildings and planting trees. • In the 5th century BC there were temples constructed to Hephaestus, Zeus and Apollo. • The Areopagus and the assembly of all citizens met elsewhere in Athens, but some public meetings, such as those to discuss ostracism, were held in the agora. -
Dr. Manfred Korfmann Separate and Distinct from the Iliad
Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 29, Number 12, March 29, 2002 At the Tu¨bingen debate, Professor Kolb insisted over and again that the “excavations at Troy must be seen as something Interview: Dr. Manfred Korfmann separate and distinct from the Iliad. Identifying Troy with Wilusa is mere hypothesis. One must avoid imagining that the settlement had something to do with the Iliad.” But why should one avoid imagining that? Because, perhaps, one With New Methods, Troy actually finds so much evidence to suggest it? Might this be why Professor Kolb has turned down Professor Korfmann’s several invitations to visit the excavation site, and see things Is Being Taught To Speak with his own eyes? Kolb accused Korfmann of wanting, from the very outset, Manfred Korfmann (born 1942) is Professor of Archaeology to excavate the “glorious Troy,” exactly as Heinrich Schlie- at the University of Tu¨bingen, Germany. Since 1972 he has mann wanted to do in the 19th Century, when he followed carried out field work in Turkey and, since 1975, in the region Homer’s guide and found this buried city for the first time. of Troy. During 1982-87, he headed the excavations in Besik- Professor Kolb does not want to find any “glorious Troy.” Yassitepe, the so-called “port of Troy.” In 1988 he was of- The Troy controversy of 2001 has been making such fered the opportunity to reopen the excavations in Troy—the waves in the international scientific community, that a delega- last were in 1938. Since then, an international team of around tion of British scientists, led by the grand old man of Hittite 75 scientists from several countries has been working there studies, John David Hawkins, travelled to Tu¨bingen for the under his direction. -
Scholars Debate Homer's Troy
Click here for Full Issue of Fidelio Volume 11, Number 3-4, Summer-Fall 2002 Appendix: Scholars Debate Homer’s Troy Hypothesis and the Science of History he main auditorium of the University of Tübingen, eries at the site of Troy (near today’s Hisarlik, Turkey) for TGermany was packed to the rafters for two days on more than a decade. In 2001 they coordinated an exhibi- February 15-16 of this year, with dozens fighting for tion, “Troy: Dream and Reality,” which has been wildly standing room. Newspaper and journal articles had popular, drawing hundreds of thousands to museums in drawn the attention of all scholarly Europe to a highly several German cities for six months. They gradually unusual, extended debate. Although Germany was hold- unearthed a grander, richer, and militarily tougher ing national elections, the opposed speakers were not ancient city than had been found there before, one that politicians; they were leading archeologists. The magnet comports with Homer’s Troy of the many gates and broad of controversy, which attracted more than 900 listeners, streets; moreover, not a small Greek town, but a great was the ancient city of Troy, and Homer, the deathless maritime city allied with the Hittite Empire. Where the bard who sang of the Trojan War, and thus sparked the famous Heinrich Schliemann, in the Nineteenth century, birth of Classical Greece out of the dark age which had showed that Homer truly pinpointed the location of Troy, followed that war. and of some of the long-vanished cities whose ships had One would never have expected such a turnout to hear sailed to attack it, Korfmann’s team has added evidence a scholarly debate over an issue of scientific principle. -
The Phokikon and the Hero Archegetes (Plate54)
THE PHOKIKON AND THE HERO ARCHEGETES (PLATE54) A SHORT DISTANCE WEST of the Boiotian town of Chaironeia the Sacred Way I Lcrossed the border into Phokis. The road went past Panopeus and on toward Daulis before turning south toward the Schiste Odos and, eventually, Delphi (Fig. 1). To reach the famous crossroads where Oidipos slew his father, the Sacred Way first had to pass through the valley of the Platanias River. In this valley, on the left side of the road, was the federal meeting place of the Phokians, the Phokikon.1 This is one of the few civic buildings from antiquity whose internal layout is described by an eyewitness.2 Pausanias says, Withrespect to size the buildingis a largeone, and withinit thereare columnsstanding along its length; steps ascend from the columnsto each wall, and on these steps the delegatesof the Phokianssit. At the far end there are neithercolumns nor steps, but a statuegroup of Zeus, Athena, and Hera; the statueof Zeus is enthroned,flanked by the goddesses,with the statueof Athenastanding on the left (1O.5.2).3 Frazersuggested that the interior of the building resembledthe Thersilion at Megalopolis.4 The location of a federal assembly hall so close to the border with Boiotia, an often hostile neighbor, seems puzzling, but given the shape of the entire territory of Phokis, the position of the Phokikonmakes sense (Fig. 2). As Philippson noted, "Die antike Landschaft Phokis ist nicht nattirlichbegrenzt und kein geographisch einheitliches Gebiet."5 Ancient Phokis was dominated by Mount Parnassos, and the Phokians inhabited two distinct 1 An earlier draft of this paper was delivered at the 92nd Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America (San Francisco 1990; abstract, AJA 1991, pp. -
CLASSICAL MYTHS Unit 3. the Trojan War the Trojan War: Truth Or Myth?
CLASSICAL MYTHS Unit 3. The Trojan War The Trojan War: Truth or myth? The Trojan War, if happened, took place centuries before Homer wrote down the Iliad in about 800 BC on the basis of an oral tradition which goes back to the Mycenaean period (1600-1100 BC) But if it happened, it was quite different from the war described by the Greek myths, because the Iliad is a literary work. Moreover stories are a bit different at each telling when they are passed on orally rather than written down 1. 1.1. In pairs, write down a list including three parts of the story explained by the myth of Troy which must be just fantasy: a) One story related with the CAUSE of the war: b) One story related with the DEVELOPMENT of the war: c) On story related with the END of the war: 1.2. Write down some aspects of the myth that you think might be true 2. Look carefully at the following sources and classify them into primary and secondary sources: Source A Troy lies at the point where East Dardanelles and West, the Black Sea and theMediterranean all meat –a location ver y favourable to trade and ideal as a centre of power. Maintaining a strategic maritim advantage due to its position at the opening of the Dardanelles , it also controled a land route that came up along the western 3. ss coastal region of Anatolia to the shortest crossi ng of the straits from Asia to E urope. From its vantage grounds it could dominate traffic both across and up and down the narrow straits, and presumably tolls of some kind were extracted from those who passed by land of by sea. -
Trojan War Bklt.Qxp
ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE ILIAD: THE TROJAN WAR IN HOMER AND HISTORY COURSE GUIDE Professor Eric H. Cline THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Archaeology and the Ilia d: The Trojan War in Homer and History Professor Eric H. Cline The George Washington University Recorded Books ™ is a trademark of Recorded Books, LLC. All rights reserved. Archaeology and the Iliad : The Trojan War in Homer and History Professor Eric H. Cline Executive Producer John J. Alexander Executive Editor Donna F. Carnahan RECORDING Producer - David Markowitz Director - Matthew Cavnar COURSE GUIDE Editor - James Gallagher Contributing Editor - Karen Sparrough Design - Edward White Lecture content ©2006 by Eric H. Cline Course guide ©2006 by Recorded Books, LLC 72006 by Recorded Books, LLC Cover image: © Clipart.com #UT077 ISBN: 978-1-4193-8701-2 All beliefs and opinions expressed in this audio/video program and accompanying course guide are those of the author and not of Recorded Books, LLC, or its employees. Course Syllabus Archaeology and the Iliad : The Trojan War in Homer and History About Your Professor ................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 Lecture 1 The Tale of the Trojan War: Introduction and Overview ....................... 6 Lecture 2 The Mycenaeans ................................................................................. 10 Lecture 3 The Hittites .......................................................................................... -
Troy 1800-1250 Bc Pdf, Epub, Ebook
TROY 1800-1250 BC PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Nic Fields | 64 pages | 01 Feb 2004 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9781841767031 | English | New York, United Kingdom Troy 1800-1250 BC PDF Book Homer's 'Hellespont where the fish swarm' , and also hunting to a lesser degree. Neil Price. This product-independent guide brings together start- to-finish guidance and practical checklists for every senior IT executive, planner, strategist, implementer, and the actual business users themselves. Of the latter, nothing remains apart from a few blocks from the superstructures of the altars and some scattered marble components. Judith Herrin. Inside the walls, the foundations of a number of palaces have been preserved. Already in Euripides it is the 'gold-decked thing' Trojan Women Too large to be a normal well, too deep for an ordinary cistern, it may have been intended to serve both purposes. For stones break and are dislodged from their fittings: brick however, does not suffer so much from engines, but it crumbles under the action of water just as wax is melted by the sun. Download Free PDF. The south-east gateway Gate FO , though of greater dimensions, exhibits essentially the same plan as the south- west gateway, except that no ramp was built as the ground here falls off in a gentle slope toward the plateau occupied by the lower town. The tablets therefore represent a snapshot of the palace's state of affairs in its last year around BC. A tribune and more shrines are situated beyond. However, if the wall carried a walkway parados , a more expensive paving of stone slabs was preferable to tiles. -
How Archaeologists Found the Lost City of Troy
How archaeologists found the lost city of Troy This doomed city at the heart of the Trojan War was lost for thousands of years until a team of German archaeologists uncovered the ancient site. HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN, THE German archaeologist, was in Turkey in the late 19th century on an eccentric quest. He was excavating a tell—an artificial mound that covers long abandoned settlements. The site, known as Hisarlik, was familiar to only a few specialists. But as Schliemann dug, he was pinning his hopes on finding the ruins of the most famous city in classical literature: Troy. PHOTOGRAPH BY EOSGIS . C O M The trouble was that Troy might not even have existed. The acclaimed Greek poet Homer popularized the Trojans and their city in The Iliad and The Odyssey, the 8th-century B.C. epic poems. These works told the story of a 10-year war between Greece and Troy, fought by such timeless characters as the kings Priam and Agamemnon, the warriors brave Hector and mighty Achilles, and the survivors crafty Odysseus and loyal Aeneas. The poems tell of bloody battles, fantastic adventures, heroic deeds, and tragic consequences. But was Troy a real place? Schliemann set out to prove it was. (Homer's Iliad contains timeless lessons of war.) And he did. Hisarlik is now widely accepted as the setting for Homer’s epic tales. Studies have revealed that the 100-foot-high mound contains not just one, but nine Troys, each built over the ruins of the one before. Today archaeologists consider Troy VI—the sixth counting from the bottom up—to be the likeliest candidate for Homer’s Troy. -
Greek Architecture
STATE OF THE DISCIPLINE Greek Architecture BARBARA A. BARLETTA Abstract however, that the list of works cited, which is provided The study of Greek architecture grew out of the me- at the end of this article, will assist the reader in locat- ticulous recording of buildings and their components by ing those contributions. 18th- and 19th-century investigators. Although the aims have changed, with an increasing emphasis on historical history of the discipline and social context, the basic methods of documentation remain the same. This essay traces the history of the disci- The study of Greek architecture has evolved consid- pline as a background to modern approaches, geographic erably from its origins in the 18th century, but some emphases, and new perspectives. It surveys the work of of the basic principles have remained the same. It was archaeological schools and conference bodies, followed initiated by architects seeking to preserve a record of by general studies of architecture and its components as monuments of the past and to use them as a source of well as individual building forms and complexes. A focus is placed on recent literature, from 1980 to the present, “good taste” in their own times. They were already fa- and on books rather than articles.* miliar with buildings in Rome, but by the 18th century, their interests had shifted to Greece. Stuart and Revett state the reasons for this shift in their 1748 applica- introduction tion for financing for what would be the first project Many contributions have been made to the field sponsored by the Society of Dilettanti. -
Apakidze.Pdf
120 Joni Apakidze three times was destroyed by fire. Evidently, Troia II felt and was burnt as a result of the invasion of enemies. *** Troia III (2250-2200 BC) ends the Early Bronze Age II. The settlement of this period continues immediately the Troia I and II culture. Approximately four building-phases are identifiable. The settlement was destroyed by fire. *** Troia IV and V are characterized as Anatolian Troia Culture. At that period, the area of the settlement-mound of Hisarlik expanded to 18,000 sq.m. This period repre- Fig. 1. Ceramic vessels (Troia I) (after Korfmann 2001) sents the Early Bronze Age III and the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. Troia IV, comprising seven build- The settlement of Troia I had rough stone circuit- ing-phases, demonstrates that the manner of construct- walls, of which very little has survived. The remains of ing houses changed. Here too, similar to Inner Anatolia, long, rectangular houses discovered in one of the areas long-houses were built side by side and very compactly. excavated by Schliemann are contemporary with Troia I. Adjoining houses often shared a wall and had flat roofs. In 1988 Prof. Korfmann brought to light the foundations The appearance of domed ovens inside houses was also of these houses once again, where restoration work was an innovation. carried out. Korfmann characterized these remains as Splendid High Culture of the Bronze Age adjacent long-houses. As regards House 102, excavated Troia (1700-1200 BC) by Schliemann, it is characterized as an early megaron- type house. Two infant burials have been found below Troia VI (1700-1200) belongs to the end of the houses.