Modeling of Peak Phosphorus
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Global Availability of Phosphorus and Its Implications for Global Food Supply: an Economic Overview by Markus Heckenmüller, Daiju Narita, Gernot Klepper
Global Availability of Phosphorus and Its Implications for Global Food Supply: An Economic Overview by Markus Heckenmüller, Daiju Narita, Gernot Klepper No. 1897 | January 2014 Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Hindenburgufer 66, 24105 Kiel, Germany Kiel Working Paper No. 1897 | January 2014 Global Availability of Phosphorus and Its Implications for Global Food Supply: An Economic Overview Markus Heckenmüller, Daiju Narita, Gernot Klepper Abstract: Being of crucial importance for agricultural production and also having experienced significant price volatility, phosphate and its future availability have drawn growing attention from both academics and the public over the last years. This paper overviews the recent literature and data on the availability of phosphorus and discusses the economic aspects of phosphate scarcity by describing major price determinants of the global phosphate market. We show that past price fluctuations of phosphate rock and phosphate fertilizers are not a reflection of physical phosphate rock depletion but rather attributable to numerous other demand- and supply-side factors. Given the current reserve estimates for phosphate rock, neither an exhaustion of global reserves nor a peak event is likely to occur within this century. However, these estimates are subject to a significant degree of uncertainty. Moreover, the global distribution of phosphate production and reserves is highly skewed and has the potential to pose a threat to food security in developing countries through factors such as the volatility -
Peak Phosphorus – the Next Inconvenient Truth
Peak Phosphorus – The Next Inconvenient Truth Arno Rosemarin Stockholm Environment Institute Phosphorus Seminar Gamla Stan May 19, 2010 The linear path of phosphorus in modern times (Princeton Univ.) Vaccari, 2009 countries as well, mainly in the north; so th the north; so well, mainly in countries as Sulfuric acid which is usedin 90% of the Phosphorus Reserves are in 90% ofthePhosphorus 5 Countries extracting the phosphorus is extracting ere are several geopolitical us challenges ahead of ere are several found in a limited number of a found in Caldwell, SEI, based on USGS, 2009 Phosphate Rock Economic Reserves, 1997-2009 (from USGS summaries) 20 000 000 18 000 000 16 000 000 China k 14 000 000 12 000 000 China Moroc c o & W. Sahara osphate roc South Africa hh 10 000 000 United States Morocco/West Sahara Jordan 8 000 000 Other countries 00 tonnes p 00 1 6 000 000 4 000 000 2 000 000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 The definition of economic rock reserves is not standardised. China has changed the definition twice after joining the WTO in 2003. In 2009 they downgraded their economic reserve by 30%. There is a need for a world standard and global governance – still non-existent. Depletion of Global Economic Phosphorus Reserves 16000000 14000000 12000000 10000000 years from 2008 tons cc reserve (2% scenario) 8000000 2% annual increase in extraction reserve (1% scenario) 00 metri 00 1% annual increase in extraction 1 6000000 4000000 010 22 2000000 rin, SEI n USGS data aa oo 0 Rosem Based 1 4 7 10131619222528313437404346495255586164 -
CRYSTAL PEAK MINERALS INC. (Formerly EPM Mining Ventures Inc.)
CRYSTAL PEAK MINERALS INC. (Formerly EPM Mining Ventures Inc.) MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 CRYSTAL PEAK MINERALS INC. (Formerly EPM Mining Ventures Inc.) Management Discussion and Analysis For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 This Management Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of Crystal Peak Minerals Inc. (“CPM”) (formerly EPM Mining Ventures Inc. or “EPM”), together with its subsidiaries (collectively the “Company”), is dated May 19, 2016 and provides an analysis of the Company’s performance and financial condition for the three months ended March 31, 2016. CPM is listed on the TSX Venture Exchange (“TSXV”) and its common shares trade under the symbol “CPM” (formerly “EPK”). The Company’s common shares also trade on the OTCQX International (“OTCQX”) under the ticker symbol “CPMMF” (formerly “EPKMF”). This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the Company’s unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements (the “Interim Financial Statements”) for the three months ended March 31, 2016, including the related note disclosures. The Company’s Interim Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”). The Interim Financial Statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention, except in the case of fair value of certain items, and unless specifically indicated otherwise, are presented in United States dollars. The Interim Financial Statements, along with Certifications of Annual and Interim Filings and press releases, are available on the Canadian System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval (SEDAR) at www.sedar.com . Michael Blois, MBL Pr. Eng., is the Qualified Person in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”) who is responsible for the mineral processing and metallurgical testing, recovery methods, infrastructure, capital cost, and operating cost estimates described in this MD&A. -
Phosphate Rock in Wyoming
Phosphate Rock in Wyoming Jacob D. Carnes Report of Investigations No. 68 • 2015 WYOMING STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas A. Drean, Director and State Geologist Director and State Geologist Thomas A. Drean Editing by: Sarah R. Garlick Design and layout by: James R. Rodgers Photomicrograph of phosphate rock from the Poison Creek trench in Lincoln County, Wyo., showing the concentric structure of ap- atite grains commonly found in phosphorites of the Phosphoria Formation. Photomicrograph by Jacob Carnes, 2015. Cover photo: Outcrop of the Meade Peak Member of the Phosphoria Formation along U.S. Hwy 26, approximately 3 miles southwest of Hoback Junction, in Teton County, Wyo. Photo by Jacob Carnes, 2015. Phosphate Rock in Wyoming Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) Report of Investigations No. 68, 2015 Suggested citation: Carnes, J.D., 2015, Phosphate rock in Wyoming: Wyoming State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 68, 34 p. The WSGS encourages fair use of its material. We request that credit be expressly given to the “Wyoming State Geological Survey” when citing information from this publication. Please contact the WSGS at 307- 766-2286, ext. 224, or by email at [email protected], if you have any questions about citing materials, preparing acknowledgments, or extensive use of this material. We appreciate your cooperation. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement or approval by the State of Wyoming or the WSGS. Individuals with disabilities who require an alternate form of this publication should contact the WSGS. TTY relay operator 800-877-9975. -
Phosphate Rocks!
Essay By: Jacob Kollen Phosphate Rocks! INTRODUCTION On approximately two thirds of the world’s arable land, phosphorus is a plant growth limiting nutrient (Lambers et al., 2013). Agriculture utilizes roughly 80% of the mined phosphate rock as fertilizer, with the remaining 20% being utilized in products such animal feed supplements, food preservatives, pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, water treatments, cosmetics, and metallurgy (Sattari, 2012). Currently we derive approximately 63% of our phosphorus fertilizer from phosphate rock, with the remainder being derived from animal manure, sewage sludge, and guano (Rittman, 2011). Phosphate rock reserves are finite, which leads to a predicament: we will run out of phosphate rock eventually. The concept, stressed by peak resource theory, is that once global reserves are depleted by half, economic factors will drive resource prices high and unattainable by many (Cordell and White, 2013). Phosphorus does not have a substitute in biomass production. Unlike energy resources, we cannot look to other resources to mitigate our dependency upon phosphate rock (Gilbert, 2009). Phosphorus has potential to be recycled (Rittman, 2011). On a large scale, if agriculture gears itself to derive phosphorus fertilizer from recycled phosphorus we can avoid phosphorus resource scarcity. BACKGROUND Low levels of phosphorus in soils results in phosphorus deficiencies in crops which will grow poorly and can be diagnosed by observing leaves turning a blue-green color. Farmers apply phosphorus fertilizers to agricultural soils to mitigate crop growth limitation by phosphorus. Known global phosphate rock reserves are concentrated in just a handful of countries. Phosphate rock reserves that contain at least 8.5 x 1013 tons of phosphate rock are located in Morocco, China, Algeria, Syria, Jordan, South Africa, the United States and Russia (Jasinski, 2013). -
Sustainability in the Minerals Industry: Seeking a Consensus on Its Meaning
sustainability Review Sustainability in the Minerals Industry: Seeking a Consensus on Its Meaning Juliana Segura-Salazar * ID and Luís Marcelo Tavares Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro—COPPE/UFRJ, Cx. Postal 68505, CEP 21941-972, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-21-2290-1544 (ext. 237/238) Received: 23 February 2018; Accepted: 24 April 2018; Published: 4 May 2018 Abstract: Sustainability science has received progressively greater attention worldwide, given the growing environmental concerns and socioeconomic inequity, both largely resulting from a prevailing global economic model that has prioritized profits. It is now widely recognized that mankind needs to adopt measures to change the currently unsustainable production and consumption patterns. The minerals industry plays a fundamental role in this context, having received attention through various initiatives over the last decades. Several of these have been, however, questioned in practice. Indeed, a consensus on the implications of sustainability in the minerals industry has not yet been reached. The present work aims to deepen the discussion on how the mineral sector can improve its sustainability. An exhaustive literature review of peer-reviewed academic articles published on the topic in English over the last 25 years, as well as complementary references, has been carried out. From this, it became clear that there is a need to build a better definition of sustainability for the mineral sector, which has been proposed here from a more holistic viewpoint. Finally, and in light of this new perspective, several of the trade-offs and synergies related to sustainability of the minerals industry are discussed in a cross-sectional manner. -
Capturing the Lost Phosphorus
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Civil, Construction, and Environmental Research and Publications Engineering, Department of 8-2011 Capturing the Lost Phosphorus Bruce E. Rittmann Arizona State University at the Tempe Campus Brooke Mayer Marquette University, [email protected] Paul Westerhoff Arizona State University at the Tempe Campus Mark Edwards Arizona State University at the Polytechnic Campus Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/civengin_fac Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Rittmann, Bruce E.; Mayer, Brooke; Westerhoff, Paul; and Edwards, Mark, "Capturing the Lost Phosphorus" (2011). Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications. 34. https://epublications.marquette.edu/civengin_fac/34 Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications/College of Engineering This paper is NOT THE PUBLISHED VERSION; but the author’s final, peer-reviewed manuscript. The published version may be accessed by following the link in the citation below. Chemosphere, Vol. 84, No. 6 (August 2011): 846-853. DOI. This article is © Elsevier and permission has been granted for this version to appear in e-Publications@Marquette. Elsevier does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Elsevier. Capturing the Lost Phosphorus Bruce E. Rittmann -
Peak Phosphorus
Peak Phosphorus A Potential Food Security Crisis TARIEL MÓRRÍGAN Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy Global & International Studies University of California Social Sciences & Media Studies Building, Room 2006 Santa Barbara, CA 93106-7065 [email protected] ~ February 21, 2010 Peak Phosphorus “There are no substitutes for phosphorus in agriculture.” ~ United States Geological Survey, 2009 Summary • Phosphorus is an element necessary for all life . Phosphorus is one of the three major nutrients required for plant growth: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). • Global phosphorus production most likely peaked in 1989 . If global phosphorus production has not yet peaked, it will likely do so by 2033. • The quality of remaining phosphate rock is decreasing and the production costs are increasing. • Global reserves will start to run out within 50–100 years . • Once phosphorus supplies are exhausted, phosphorus will need to be recovered and reused in order to avoid a massive global food security crisis . There are no substitutes for phosphorus in agriculture . • In 2007–2008, the price of phosphate rock increased dramatically worldwide due to increased agricultural demand and limited supplies of phosphate rock. The average U.S. price in 2008 was more than double that of 2007, and was four-times greater than that of 2004. Average spot prices from North Africa and other exporting regions increased more than five-times the average price in 2007. • Most of the world's farms do not have or do not receive adequate amounts of phosphorus . Feeding the world's increasing population will accelerate the rate of depletion of phosphate reserves. -
Missing Global Governance of a Critical Resource Preliminary Findings from 2 Years of Doctoral Research
Paper prepared for SENSE Earth Systems Governance, Amsterdam, 24th-31st August, 2008 The Story of Phosphorus: missing global governance of a critical resource Preliminary findings from 2 years of doctoral research Dana Cordell PhD Candidate [email protected] Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, Australia and Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, Sweden Abstract Phosphorus is a critical resource for food production in the form of fertilizers, yet current global phosphate reserves could be depleted this century. More concerning is a global peak in phosphorus production – peak phosphorus – based on current official estimates of world resources, is estimated to occur around 2030, only decades after the likely peak in oil production. The situation for phosphorus is worse than for oil however, as there is no substitute for phosphorus in food production. Demand for phosphorus will increase over the next 50 years as the world population is projected to increase by 50% and with changing diets. While the exact timing of peak production might be disputed, it is widely known within the industry that the quality of remaining phosphate rock is decreasing, and costs are increasing. The price of phosphate rock has increased 700% in 14 months alone. Yet unlike water, energy and nitrogen, there is no international organisation which has taken on responsibility for the long-term stewardship or management of phosphorus resources for global food security. Institutional arrangements surrounding the global phosphorus cycle are fragmented and phosphorus sustainability is perceived quite differently by different stakeholders. In the absence of any deliberate international oversight, phosphorus resources are governed by the forces of the international market and national interest. -
From Waste to Plate: Examining the Role of Urban Biosolids in Recycling Phosphorus
FROM WASTE TO PLATE: EXAMINING THE ROLE OF URBAN BIOSOLIDS IN RECYCLING PHOSPHORUS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING, AND PRESERVATION COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY Submitted IN partial FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF SCIENCE IN URBAN PLANNING MARLA WEINSTEIN May, 2013 ABSTRACT Phosphorus, a nutrient found in soil, is vital to plant life and therefore essential to our global food supply. Naturally recycled by ecosystem services, human cities have interrupted this cycle as phosphorus now accumulates in urban areas rather than returning to the land. In turn, we have turned to mined phosphates to supplement fertilizers and ensure our global food supply. As phosphorus deposits are a limited resource, however, we face future phosphorus shortages and threats to the security of our food supply. Biosolids, or treated waste, is a byproduct of our sewage treatment system and represent an opportunity for phosphorus recovery and recycling. This research (1) examines the role of biosolids in replenishing the natural phosphorus cycle and reducing our dependence on mined-phosphates by (2) examining the case study of NYC biosolid management in order to gain insight that can be extracted and applied to other global cities. Ultimately findings suggest biosolids can relink the natural cycle, framing biosolids as a resource, rather than a waste, for urban areas and recommend cities promote biosolid demand through contracting, land application siting, and investments in nutrient recovery technologies. ACKnowledgements A special thanks to: Professor Elliott Sclar, Thesis Advisor Professor Steve Cohen, Thesis Reader Michael, Nancy, & Bethany Weinstein Rebecca Kuss, Samantha Lazar, & Lorie Grushka EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 BACKGROUND 6 METHODOLOGY 13 FINDINGS 14 ANALYSIS 17 CONCLUSIONS 20 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Simply stated, ecosystem services are the benefits we receive from healthy functioning ecosystems. -
URANIUM from PHOSPHATES in the UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC
URANIUM from PHOSPHATES in the UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC In response to a request from the UAR Govern Zabal) by the usual sulphuric acid process, with a ment, IAEA sent Professor B. V. Nevsky, a Soviet yieldof simple superphosphate (totalling up to 200 000 expert, to make an on-the-spot study of data on the tons a year), with a content of assimilated P90. of mining and processing of phosphates in the UAR and approximately 15-17 per cent. Imported pyrite is to examine the possibility of recovering uranium from the raw material used to produce sulphuric acid. the phosphate ores. In his report to the IAEA Director General, he has listed the following conclusions: Under the five year plan it is intended also to pro duce triple superphosphate, in quantities up to 100 000 1. The uranium content of run-of-the-mine phosphor tons by 1962-1963 (with a content of assimilated P2O5 ic ores in the United Arab Republic is very low and of approximately 45 - 48 per cent). This product will the recovery of uranium from them is therefore hardly be for export. The advantages of exporting triple likely to be an economic proposition. superphosphate are lower transport costs and the possibility of using lower-grade phosphorites. The 2. It is essential to press on with prospecting work method of producing triple superphosphate has not yet in order to discover richer uranic deposits and re been finally decided. If the "wet" method (with sul gions of phosphoritic ores. phuric acid) of producing the phosphoric acid needed to obtain triple superphosphate is used, the plant can 3. -
Conflicting Narratives of Deep Sea Mining
sustainability Review Conflicting Narratives of Deep Sea Mining Axel Hallgren 1 and Anders Hansson 1,2,* 1 Department of Thematic Studies: Environmental Change, Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden; [email protected] 2 Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research (CSPR), Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: As land-based mining industries face increasing complexities, e.g., diminishing return on investments, environmental degradation, and geopolitical tensions, governments are searching for alternatives. Following decades of anticipation, technological innovation, and exploration, deep seabed mining (DSM) in the oceans has, according to the mining industry and other proponents, moved closer to implementation. The DSM industry is currently waiting for international regulations that will guide future exploitation. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current status of DSM and structure ongoing key discussions and tensions prevalent in scientific literature. A narrative review method is applied, and the analysis inductively structures four narratives in the results section: (1) a green economy in a blue world, (2) the sharing of DSM profits, (3) the depths of the unknown, and (4) let the minerals be. The paper concludes that some narratives are conflicting, but the policy path that currently dominates has a preponderance towards Narrative 1—encouraging industrial mining in the near future based on current knowledge—and does not reflect current wider discussions in the literature. The paper suggests that the regulatory process and discussions should be opened up and more perspectives, such as if DSM is morally appropriate (Narrative 4), should be taken into consideration.