2 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29 A Taxonomic Revision of Biarum (Araceae)

Peter C. Boyce Malesiana Tropicals Suite 4, Level 9, Tun Jugah Tower No. 18 Jalan Abdul Rahman 93000 Kuching, Malaysia

ABSTRACT the Middle East, where 75% of the species occur as endemics. A taxonomic revision of Biarum is present­ Biarum species have a strongly season­ ed. Hitherto species-ranked B. galianii is al growth regime; the plants beginning reduced to a subspecies of B. tenuifolium. growth in late summer or early autumn Hitherto subspecific (to B. davisii) B. mar­ with the onset of winter rains and continu­ marisense is raised to full species rank. ing into late spring when the plants be­ The names Biarum abbreviatum, B. alep­ come dormant at the start of summer heat picum, B. anguillare, B. arundanum, B. and drought. The majority of species blos­ bovei ssp. disparvar. purpureum, B. bovei som in autumn and early winter and this, ssp. dispar var. zanonii, B. cupanianum, together with the often striking appear­ B. platyspathum, B. spruneri, B. straussi, ance of the inflorescence, had resulted in B. tenuifolium var. latifolium, B. zelebori, Cyllenium carduchorum, Ischarum cris­ a growing popularity of Biarum species amongst alpine garden enthusiasts. Fur­ pulum, 1. jraasianum, 1. kotschyi and 1. nobile are lectotypified. Ischarum pyrami ther aspects of this horticultural popularity is epitypified. A key to all taxa is provided. have been covered by Mayo (1983) and Mathew (1987). KEYWORDS HISTORY Biarum aleppicum, Biarum angusta­ tum, Biarum auraniticum, Biarum bovei, Until the publication of Schott's articles Biarum carduchorum, Biarum carratra­ in the Wiener Zeitschrijt jur Kunst, Liter­ cense, Biarum crispulum, Biarum davisii, atur, Theater und Mode (1829a, 1829b, Biarum dispar, Biarum ditschianum, Bia­ 1829c, 1829d, 182ge, 1829f, 1829g, 1830a, rum eximium, Biarum jraasianum, Bia­ 1830b, 1830c, 1830d, 1830e,) and his aroid rum kotschyi, Biarum marmarisense, Bia­ account in Meletamata Botanica (1832), rum mendax, Biarum olivieri, Biarum the genus Arum was ill-defined, contain­ pyrami, Biarum rhopalospadix, Biarum ing numerous species bearing only super­ straussii, Biarum syriacum, Biarum ten­ ficial similarity to the type of the genus, A. uifolium ssp. abbreviatum, Biarum ten­ maculatum 1. Schott (1832) attempted to uifolium ssp. arundanum, Biarum ten­ bring a degree of homogeneity to Arum uifolium ssp. galianii, Biarum tenuifol­ by segregating new genera to account for ium ssp. idomenaeum, Biarum tenuifol­ the anomalous taxa, proposing the genus ium ssp. tenuifolium, Biarum tenuifolium Biarum to account for two species of ssp. zeleborii. Arum (sensu Linnaeus) with uniovulate ovaries and a basal placenta, loosely ar­ INTRODUCTION ranged staminate flowers with anthers de­ Biarum comprises 21 species of dwarf hiscing by ventral longitudinal slits, scat­ tuberous-stemmed herbs occurring in tered staminodes and pistillodes and con­ semi-arid and seasonally dry areas of nate spathe tube margins. The two species southern Europe, North Africa, the Near included were: B. gramineum (Lam.) and Middle East. The centre of diversity is Schott and B. tenuifolium (1.) Schott. PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 3

Blume (1836) retained Schott's two spe­ the means of thecae dehiscence, i.e. slits cies and described an additional three, B. as opposed to pores, and the shape and bovei, B. homeid and B. olivieri. Blume di­ distribution of the pistillodes. vided Biarum into two sections, placing Engler (1879) adopted what was essen­ Schott's species in "Sectio 1" (i.e. sect. Bia­ tially Schott's system except that he re­ rum) and creating sect. Ischarum for the duced all Schott's segregate genera to sub­ three new ones. Blume distinguished sect. genera of Biarum and dispensed with Lep­ Ischarum by the lack of staminodes, an­ topetion altogether, referring it to subgen. ther thecae dehiscing by apical pores and Ischarum. Engler also reduced many of more-or-Iess elongated style. By contrast Schott's species to subspecific or varietal in sect. Biarum sensu Blume, both stami­ status or to synonymy. nodes and pistillodes are present, the the­ Boissier (1882) also chose not to rec­ cae dehisce by longitudinal slits and the ognize Schott's separate genera, and in stigma is sessile. Blume emphasized the fact went a stage further than Engler different geographical distribution of the (1879) in distinguishing them at the rank sections as then known, with sect. Ischar­ of section rather than subgenus. Boissier um in the eastern Mediterranean region followed Engler in not accepting Leptope­ and sect. Biarum in the western Mediter­ tion at any rank, also referring it to section ranean. Ischarum. Boissier (1853) added two new species, Engler's (1920) revision of Biarum for B. spruneri and B. alexandrinum, but did Das Pjlanzenreich was the last compre­ not review any of the previous treatments. hensive treatment of the genus. Although He placed B. spruneri in sect. Biarum (as little had changed since his 1879 classifi­ sect. 'Eubiarum') with the note that B. cation, he published one new species, B. spruneri was apparently intermediate be­ straussii, and a number of subspecific tween sect. Biarum and sect. Ischarum. taxa. Biarum alexandrinum was assigned to Since the Pjlanzenreich account several sect. Ischarum. floristic examinations of Biarum have Schott and Kotschy (1854) raised Blume's been undertaken by various authors (e.g. sect. Ischarum to generic status with a sin­ Riedl, 1963, 1985; Mouterde, 1966; Talav­ gle new species, I. eximium. No mention era, 1976; Mill, 1984; Koach & Feinbrun, was made, however, of the three species 1986). Riedl (1980b) published a prelimi­ previously described by Blume for the nary summary of the genus together with sect. Ischarum and Schott (1856) eventu­ a key to the species. However, none of ally made the necessary new combinations these accounts attempts a comprehensive in the genus Ischarum. treatment and new discoveries and inter­ In his Synopsis Aroidearum, Schott pretations during the last fifty years have (1856) published seven new combinations made necessary this revision. and two new species for Ischarum. The new combinations included the two taxa TYPIFICATION described by Boissier (1853), Arum haen­ seleri published by Willkomm (1847) and During the course of this revision it has Biarum lehmannii Bunge (1851). The last been necessary to lectotypify a number of mentioned was later transferred to Emi­ names. The majority of these are names nium by Kuntze (1891). The new species published by Schott for which the types were I. kotschyi and I. dispar. were destroyed during the closing stages With the publication of Genera Aro­ of WW2. For lectotypes I have followed idearum (1858) Schott proposed two new the advice of Riedl & Riedl-Dorn (988) in genera, Cyllenium and Leptopetion, for B. selecting illustrations that were commis­ spruneri and B. alexandrinum respective­ sioned by Schott and prepared from living ly. The differences between the genera and herbarium specimens. These are concerned the presence or not of a style, known collectively as the !cones & Reliq- 4 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29

uiae Aroideamm. It has also been neces­ in A. & c. DC. Monog. Phanerog. 2: sary to lectotypify names based on types 575 (1879). Type: I. bovei (Blume) destroyed in Berlin. In these cases it has Schott (See Nicolson 1967). not been possible to trace any authentic Ischamm (Blume) Reichb., Deutsche Bot. material, but in some instances drawings Bd.1 Herbuch Nom. 32 (1841) & of the types exist and have been chosen Schott & Kotschy, Oesterr. Bot. Woch­ to serve as the lectotype. en. 4: 81 (1854). Biamm section Ischamm Blume, Rum­ INFRAGENERIC CLASSIFICATION phia 1: 112 (1836), Boiss., FI. Or. 5: 32 (1882). I. Subgenus Biarum [Biamm Sectio 1 Blume, Rumphia 1:112 Anthers with thecae dehiscing by apical (1836)] pores, connective barely prominent or flush with the anther surface. [Biamm Subgen. Eubiamm Engler in A. & Staminodes C. DC., Monog. Phanerog. 2: 572 absent above male flower zone. (1879) & in Engler, Das Pflanzenr. 73 (IV.23F): 134 (1920)] Species: [Biamm sect. Eubiamm (Engler) Boiss., 3. aleppicum Fl. Or. 5:31 (1882)] 4. angustatum Biamm subgenus Cyllenium (Schott) En­ 5. earduehorum gler in A. & c. DC., Monog. Phanerog. 6. eximium 2:574 (1879); Engler in Engler, Das 7. bovei Pflanzenr. 73 (IV.23F):136 (1920). 8. erispulum Type: B. spmneri Boiss. 9. dispar Cyllenium Schott, Gen. Aroid. t.9 (1858). 10. olivieri Type: C. spmneri (Boiss.) Schott 11. straussii Biamm sect. Cyllenium (Schott) Boiss., Fl. 12. syriaeum Or. 5:32 (1882). 13. earratracense Anthers with thecae dehiscing by ven­ 14. kotsehyi tral, longitudinal slits, connective beak-like 15. fraasianum and extending beyond the anther surface. 16. pyrami Staminodes hooked, rarely peg-like or fil­ 17. mendax amentous, mostly present above and be­ 18. auraniticum low male flower zone, rarely present only 19. ditsehianum below the male flower zone and then 20. davisii hooked. 21. marmarisense Biarum Schott nom. cons. in Schott & En­ Species: dlicher, Melet. Bot. 17 (1832) & Syn. 1a. tenuifolium ssp. tenuifolium Arokl. 6 (1856) & Gen. Aroid. t.7 lb. tenuifolium ssp. zelebori (1858) & Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 60-64 Ie. tenuifolium ssp. arundanum (1860); Pfeiffer, Nomen. Bot. 1(1): 1d. tenuifolium ssp. galianii 403-404 (1873); Engler in A. & c. DC., Ie. tenuifolium ssp. abbreviatum Monog. Phanerog. 2: 571-580 (1879) If. tenuifolium ssp. idomenaeum & in Engler & Prantl., Die Natlirl. Pflanzenfam. 149 (1889) & in Engler, Taxa of B. tenuf(olium are arranged by Pflanzenr. 73(IY.23F): 132-143 (1920); relative similarity and thus supposed rela­ Riedl in Aroideana 3(1): 24-31 (1980); tionship. Mayo, Bogner & Boyce, The Genera 2. rhopalospadix of Araceae, 266-268, PI.96 (1997). Type: B. tenuifolium (1.) Schott. Ho­ II. Subgenus Ischarum (Blume) Engler maid Adans., Fam. PI. 2:470 (1763) in PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 5

syn. nom. rejic.; Pfeiffer, Nomen. Bot. decurrent, ± cuneate, rounded or ± trun­ 1(2): 1658 (1874). Type: H. tenuifol­ cate apically, acute to obtuse basally, mar­ ium (L.) Adans. gins smooth to undulate, rarely crispulate, Ischarum Schott & Kotschy, Oesterr. Bot. mid-, light, bright or deep green, rarely Wochen. 4: 81 (1854); Schott, Syn. Ar­ with green or black-purple bullae or sil­ oid. 6-8 (1856) & Gen. Aroid. t.1O ver-grey spotting. Inflorescence ± sessile (1858) & Prod. Syst. Aroid. 65-70 on the tuber or borne on a short to rather (1860); Pfeiffer, Nomen. Bot. 1(2): long, subterranean peduncle, rarely pe­ 1764 (1874). Type: 1. bovei (Blume) duncle emerging above ground, smelling Schott (See Nicolson 1967). foetid or sweet. Spathe divisible into a tu­ Leptopetion Schott, Gen. Aroid. t.8 (1858) bular lower portion (spathe tube) and a ± & Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 64 (1860). Type: expanded upper portion (spathe limb); L. alexandrinum (Boiss.) Schott. spathe tube narrow to inflated, sometimes Cyllenium Schott, Gen. Aroid. t.9 (1858) & greatly so, constricted distally or not, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 64-65 (1860). emergent to partially buried, rarely entirely Type: C. spruneri (Boiss.) Schott. subterranean, margins partially to fully Stenurus Salis., Gen. PI. 5 (1866). Type: S. connate, sometimes convolute distally, ex­ tenuifolium (L.) Salis. terior deep purple to dirty green or green­ Homaida Adans. emend O. Kuntze, Rev. ish purple above, ± white below, interior Gen. PI. 2: 742 (1891). Type: H. ten­ off-white below, purple above, or wholly uifolium (L.) Adans. emend O. Kun­ purple or off-white with purple staining at tze. the base around the pistillate flowers; spathe limb large to small, rarely ± absent, Dwarf tuberous stemmed herbs. Tuber linear, lanceolate or elliptic, erect, reflexed dorso-ventrally compressed-discoid to ± or deflexed, flat to recurved and coiled or globose, encased basally by remains of the strongly involute; exterior dirty green, previous season's tuber, growth point cen­ more rarely mid-green, dirty white, dull tral, peripheral adventitious buds none to yellow or pinkish brown sometimes with many, usually giving rise to independent purple spotting and staining; interior deep tubers, tuber apex coated with moderate purple-brown, yellow or pale greenish, to copious amounts of waxy farina and sometimes purple with a green apex, apex bearing the remains of the previous sea­ subacute, acute to acuminate, margins son's cataphylls; roots simple, emitted in a smooth to undulate, rarely crispulate. Spa­ ring around the growth point, contractile dix shorter than, equalling or exceeding or feeding; contractile roots fusiform, usu­ the spathe limb, divided into distinct ally thick, feeding roots slender, cylindri­ zones; a sterile terminal appendix, a zone cal. Foliage hysteranthous (emerging af­ of staminodes (subgenus Biarum), a fertile ter flowering), occasionally synanthous male zone, a stamino-pistillate interstice, a (emerging with inflorescence), rarely pro­ further zone of staminodes (sometimes ab­ teranthous (emerging before flowering), sent) and a fertile female zone; terminal petiolate, petiole sometimes ± subterra­ appendix sessile to stipitate, cylindrical to nean, leaves erect or, rarely, reflexed; pet­ fusiform, erect to flexuous, apex acute to ioles enclosed proximally by several cata­ rounded, tapering, base rarely rounded or phylls, the inner papery and the outer fi­ sub-truncate, smooth, very rarely fur­ brous, these often emerging above ground nished with filamentous processes proxi­ and encasing the basal part of the aerial mally, deep purple, brown-red or brown, shoot, petioles terete distally, canaliculate occasionally greenish, rarely dirty yellow. and expanded into a membranous wing Flowers: supra-stamina I staminodes pre­ proximally, petioles enclosing one anoth­ sent only in subgen. Biarum, arranged in er, forming a weakly defined aerial pseu­ few to several irregular whorls, simple or dostem in some species; leaf lamina linear, 1-2-branched, hooked, peg-like or fila­ lanceolate, elliptic-oblong or spathulate, mentous, partially expanded proximally, 6 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29 glossy, cream; staminate flowers arranged 3. Spadix appendix massively thickened in a cylindrical, globose or oblong zone, with reflexed basal 'hairs'; spathe limb much reduced,. recurved ...... each comprising two anthers, connective · ...... 19. ditschianum short to :!: absent, rarely prolonged into a Spadix appendix with no ornamentation; :!: prominent beak, thecae dehiscing by spathe limb well developed or, if re- coalesced or separate apical pores Csub­ duced, then erect, cucullate ...... 4 4. Spathe limb usually much shorter than gen. Isbarum) or ventral longitudinal slits the spathe tube, margins recurved, Csubgen. Biarum), cream to purple; pollen spathe tube enclosing much of the spa- free or in strands, exine spinose or dix ...... 5 smooth, interfloral staminodes usually Spathe limb exceeding the spathe tube in confined to the base of the stamino-pistil­ length, flat or with the margins inrolled, spathe tube enclOSing the base of the late interstice, more rarely arranged evenly spadix only ...... 6 over the whole area or absent, slender-fi­ 5. Spathe 5-6 cm long, spadix appendix 3- liform to hooked, simple to 1-3-branched, 3.5 cm long X 2 mm thick .. 20. davisii recurved, decurved or tangled, cream, off­ Spathe 7-8 cm long, spadix appendix 3.5-5 cm long X 0.5 mm thick ..... white or purple; pistillate flowers arranged · ...... 21. marmarisense in a hemispherical cluster at the base of 6. Spathe tube not inflated, the sides ± par- the spadix, ovary oblong, sub-globose or allel ...... 7 bottle-shaped, off-white to purple, unio­ Spathe tube inflated, the sides ± gibbous vulate with a basal placenta, ovules or­ ...... 9 7. Spathe tube margins free ± to the base; thotropous, style slender to rather stout or stigmas not borne on a stipe ...... absent, stigma capitate, pale greyish or · ...... 3. aleppicum purple. Infructescence subterranean or Spathe tube margins free for a quarter of partially emergent, globose berries many, their length; stigmas borne on a short to moderately long stipe ...... 8 globose to pyriform, white to lilac- or pur­ 8. Staminodes directed downwards; leaves ple-stained, stigmatic remnants slightly narrowly lanceolate-elliptic ...... prominent or not; seed ovoid to globose, · ...... 4. angustatum large to small with a large elaiosome at the Staminodes directed upwards; leaves el­ hilum, testa leathery, :!: smooth to reticu­ liptic to broadly oblong-elliptic ..... · ...... 5. carduchorum late, pale to dark brown, endosperm co­ 9. Spathe tube distinctly wider than the pious, embryo straight; eophyll Ian ceolate spathe limb, the margins joined for their to spathulate. entire length; spathe limb appearing lin­ Twenty-one species of dwarf tuberous­ ear due to inrolled margins; spadix ap­ stemmed strongly seasonal herbs occur­ pendix filiform ...... 10. olivieri Spathe tube as wide as or narrower than ring in semi-arid and seasonally dry areas the spathe limb, the margins free for at of southern Europe, North Africa, the Near least a quarter of their length ...... 10 and Middle East. 10. Foliage proteranthous (emerging before flowering) ...... 11 Foliage hysteranthous (emerging after KEY TO SPECmS flowering) or synanthous (emerging with inflorescence ...... 12 1. Staminodes occurring above and below 11. Leaf lamina ovate-elliptic, oblong or lin­ the staminate flower zone ...... ear; staminodes restricted to the bottom ...... 1. tenuifolium quarter to third of the interstice .... Staminodes absent above the staminate · ...... 11. straussii flower zone; present or absent below 2 Leaf lamina in mature plants linear to lin­ 2. Staminodes hooked, stiff, thickened The­ ear-elliptic; staminodes distributed over cae dehiscing by ventral longitudinal the basal half of the interstice (the axis slits, connective rostrate ...... between the male and female flower ...... 2. rhopalospadix zones) ...... 12. syriacum Staminodes filiform, flexuous, or absent, 12. Staminodes distributed evenly over the never hooked and thickened Thecae de­ interstice separating the staminate and hiscing by apical pores, connective bare­ pistillate flower zones .... 6. eximium ly prominent or flush with the anther sur- Staminodes arranged mostly above the face...... 3 pistillate flower zone, intersticial stami- PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 7

nodes adjacent to the staminate flower (1789). Type: no data (P). Biarum zone much reduced or vestigial, or stam- gramineum (Lam.) Schott in Schott & inodes absent ...... 13 13. Spathe limb interior greenish white, spa- EndI., Melet. Bot. 17 (1832). dix appendix yellow 18. auraniticum Biarum constrictum C.Koch, Ind. Sem. Spathe limb interior deep purple-brown; Hort. BeroI. App. 2 (1853). Type: IT­ spadix appendix similarly coloured ... 14 ALY. Plantam in regno Neapolitano 14. Spathe tube margins free for quarter to half their length ...... 15 sponte crescentum ex horto Societ. Spathe tube margins free for three-quar- reg. bot. Ratisbonensis ante decenium ters their length ...... 16 accepimus. In horto sub diu cultum 15. Spathe tube margins free for half their sero auturnno floret. (holotype B de­ length, staminodes few, SW Spain .... stroyed; isotype K (tracing of Koch's ...... 13. carratracense Spathe tube margins free for a quarter of drawing of the type). B. spruneri their length, S Greece ...... Schott, Gen. Aroid. t.7 (1858) non ...... 15. fraasianum Boiss. (1853). Type: Greece, Spruner 16. Spadix appendix ca. 2-4 mm in diam., s.n. (holotype B). slender-cylindric, to slender-fusiform, ap- pearing ± consistent diameter ...... 17 Biarum anguillare Schott, Prodr. Syst. Ar­ Spadix appendix more than 4 mm in oid. 62 (1860). Type: YUGOSLAVIA, diam., fusiform, widest below the middle Dalmatia (holotype W destroyed; lec­ ...... 19 totype W chosen here (Schott's Reliq­ 17. Spathe tube globose; interstice twice as uiae Aroideae no. 360)). This pencil long as the staminate flower zone; stam­ inodes very few or absent ... 9. dispar illustration is chosen in preference to Spathe tube oblong; interstice equalling the coloured illustrations (Schott's the staminate flower zone; staminodes /cones Aroideae nos. 1493, 1494) and many ...... 18 other pencil illustrations (leones 1495, 18. Foliage hysteranthous; spathe limb lan- ceolate, margins smooth ...... 7. bovel 1496 & 1497) since it combines inflo­ Foliage synanthous; spathe limb linear- rescence, infructescence and foliage lanceolate, margins crispulate ...... in one plate...... 8. crispulum Biarum tenuifolium (L.) Schott var. typi­ 19. Spathe tube oblong, spathe limb narrow­ ly lanceolate, acute, seldom exceeding cum Engler in Engler, Das Pflanzenr. 10 cm ...... 14. kotschyi 73 (IV. 23F): 134 (1920). Type: as for Spathe tube globose, spathe limb lance­ B. tenuifolium (L.) Schott. olate, acuminate, exceeding 12 cm ... 20 Biarum tenuifolium (L.) Schott var. typi­ 20. Spathe tube margins fully fused; spathe cum Engler subvar. constrictum (C. limb remaining erect during flowering ...... 17. mendax Koch) Engler in Engler, Das Pflan­ Spathe tube margins for 1A of their length; zenr. 73 (IV. 23F): 136 (1920). spathe limb reflexing and curling during flowering ...... 16. pyrami Tuber dorso-ventrally compressed dis­ coid, offsetting freely, 2-6 cm X 1.5-2.5 1. Biarum tenuifolium (L.) Schott in em, mid-brown. Leaves 4-20, hysteran­ Schott & EndI., Melet. Bot. 17 (1832) thous, distinctly to rather obscurely long & Syn. Aroid. 6 (1856) & Prodr. Syst. petiolate, bases encased by 3-many, 2-8 Aroid. 60 (1860); Boiss., FI. Or. 5:31 X 0.5-2 cm oblong-Ianceolate sub-fleshy, (1882); Engler in A. & c. DC., Monog. later papery, cataphylls, these pale green Phanerog. 2:573 (1879) & in Engler, drying off-white to pale straw-yellow; pet­ Das Pflanzenr. 73 (IV. 23F): 134 iole 1-8 cm X 2-5 mm, adaxial surface (920); Polunin, FI. Europe t.183 channeled distally, expanded proximally nO.1820 (1969); Riedl in Aroideana into a membranous wing, mid-green; leaf 3(1): 26 (1980). lamina oblong-Ianceolate, linear-Ianceo­ Arum tenuifolium L., Sp. PI. ed.1 967 late, spathulate or linear-oblong, 2.5-49 (1763). Type: Konig 77 (syntypes: cm X 2-21 mm, apex acute to obtuse or Herb. Linn. 1079.13, 1079.14). rounded, base long decurrent to cuneate, Arum gramineum Lam., Encyc. 3:10 margins smooth, gently undulate or 8 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29 strongly undulate-crispulate, ca. 5-9 pri­ KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF BIARUM mary lateral veins per side, mid- to dark TENUIFOLIUM green. Inflorescence appearing in late 1. Staminodes hooked ...... " 2 summer to mid-autumn, occasionally in Staminodes not hooked ...... 5 spring, usually strongly foetid of cattle 2. Staminodes simple, very rarely branched dung, Italian populations of ssp. abbrev­ ...... 3 iatum reported to smell goat-like (Paglia, Staminodes always 2-3-branched ..... 4 3. Leaf lamina 15-25 cm X 11-15 mm; spa­ 1909); peduncle 6-10 cm X 3-5 mm, dix appendix 10--41 cm X 2-3 mm; leaves white, clothed with few to several oblong­ in mature individuals oblong-lanceolate lanceolate sub-fleshy, later papery, cata­ early in the season, linear-lanceolate later phylls, 4-12 X 1.5-2 cm, these pale green in the season . . . .. la. ssp. tenuifolium Leaf lamina 20--40 cm X 16-21 mm; spa­ drying off-white to pale straw-yellow. dix appendix 10-12 X 4-9 mm; leaves in Spathe 3-30 cm long; spathe limb 2-25 X mature individuals always oblong-lanceo­ 0.5-6 cm, apex acute to acuminate exterior late ...... lb. ssp. zelebori mid-green heavily stained deep brown­ 4. Leaf lamina oblanceolate to linear-lance­ olate; staminodes 2-branched, arranged in purple, sometimes paler to green apically, ca. 8 regular whorls. Plants of limestone- interior deep brown-purple, green to­ derived red heavy clay soils ...... wards the apex in ssp. abbreviatum; lower · ...... Ie. ssp. arundanum spathe cylindric to oblong cylindric, usu­ Leaf lamina linear; staminodes 2-3- branched, arranged in ca. 7 irregular ally constricted above the pistillate flow­ whorls. Plants of loose sandy soils ..... ers, sometimes further constricted ca. * · ...... Id. ssp. gaIianii along its length, margins fused for their 5. Staminodes peg-like; leaf lamina spathu­ whole length, 2-6 X 1-1.25 cm, exterior late, erect, margins gently undulate .... · ...... Ie. ssp. abbreviatum white, stained purple towards the apex, in­ Staminodes filamentous; leaf lamina line­ terior white. Spadix shorter than to great­ ar-oblong, usually adpressed to the ly exceeding the spathe limb, 4-40 cm ground, margins strongly undulate-cris- long; spadix appendix cylindrical to stout­ pulate ...... If. ssp. idomenaeum ly fusiform, 3-41 cm X 1.5-9 mm, deep a. ssp. tenuifolium brown-purple, often somewhat paler than the spathe limb, rarely olive green or dirty Leaves in mature individuals oblong­ yellow; upper staminodes in a zone 3- lanceolate early in the season, linear-Ian­ 17 mm long, in 2-10 regular to rather ir­ ceolate later in the season, lamina 15-25 regular whorls, hooked, peg-like or fila­ cm X 11-15 mm,. Spadix appendix 10- mentous, cream to ivory; staminateflow­ 41 cm X 2-3 mm. Staminodes hooked, ers in a zone 3-20 X 1-6 mm diam., simple. 2n = 26 (Marchant 1972), 16, 20, cream to ivory; interstice usually :!:: ab­ 26 (Monti & Gabari 1974). sent, occasionally up to 15 mm long above Distribution-S Italy, Sicily, Yugoslavia, the pistillate flowers or below the stami­ Serbia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, FYRO Mace­ nate flowers, cream; lower staminodes donia, Albania, Greece. in a zone 2-23 X 1-4 mm, in 2-13 regular whorls, hooked, peg-like or almost fila­ Ecology-Limestone-derived red clays mentous, cream to ivory; pistillate flow­ in garigue, open maquis, grazed hillsides, ers in a hemispherical to slightly cylindric­ olive groves, shallow-ploughed fields, hemispherical zone 3-7 X 2-5 mm; ovary along margins of deep-ploughed fields. oblong, 0.5-2 X 0.25-2 mm, cream; stigma Alt. 25-1220 m. sessile, capitate, 0.25-0.33 mm in diam., Etymology-From the Latin tenuo (slen­ cream. Infructescence globose, 1.5-4 cm der) and folium (leaf), referring to the in diam., consisting of 15-45 berries; berry slender foliage. oblong to oblong-globose, 3.5-9 X 2.5-5.5 mm, white when ripe; seed ovoid, 2.5-4.5 b. ssp. arundanum (Boiss. & Reuter) X 3-6 mm, pale brown, barely reticulate. Nyman, Consp. Fl. Europ. 755 (1882). PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 9

Biarum arundanum Boiss. & Reuter, whorls. Plants of loose sandy soils. 2n = Pug. PI. Nov. Afr. Bor. 110 (1852); Ta­ 26 (Talavera 1976; Elena & Gallego 1984). lavera in Lagascalia 6(2): 586-8, t.1, Distribution-Badajoz and Huelva dis­ A,Al (1976) & Talavera, Valdes & Ga­ tricts, SW Spain. liano, Fl. Vasco Andal. Occ. 3: 209 (1987). Type: SPAIN, Grazelema, June Ecology-Biarum galianii occurs in 1849, Boissier & Reuter s.n. (lectotype loose sandy soils on open hill slopes, alt. G-BOIS! chosen here). Boissier and ca.600m. Reuter (loc. cit.) cite two specimens in the protologue, the other being Etymology-Named for the Spanish 'circa Ronda, Reuters.n.'. I have been botanist Emilio Fernandez Galiano. unable to locate the whereabouts of Reuter's herbarium and, in the ab­ d. ssp. zelebori (Schott) P.e. Boyce in R. sence of the second specimen, here­ Govaerts & D.G. Frodin, World by select the Boissier & Reuter speci­ Checklist Bibliogr. Araceae 245 men in the Boissier Herbarium, Ge­ (2002). Type: TURKEY, prope Smyr­ neva to serve as the lectotype. nam (Izmir). Zelebor s.n. (holotype W Biarum bovei Blume ssp. dispar (Schott) destroyed; lectotype W (chosen here Engler var. discolor Maire in M.e. 640 (Schott's leones Aroideae no. 1532)). (1930). Type: not cited. The plate chosen as the lectotype is annotated Zelebor 56. The plates pre­ Leqf lamina oblanceolate to linear-Ian­ sent in Vienna are /cones nos 1528- ceolate. Staminodes hooked, 2-branched, 1534, Reliquiae no 362 and an un­ arranged in ca. 8 regular whorls. Plants of numbered /cone depicting germina­ heavy red clay soils. 2n = 22 (Marchant tion and subsequent development of 1972 as B. carratracense; Talavera 1976; the seedlings. Biarum zelebori Schott Elena & Gallego 1984). in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7:245 (1857). Biarum tenuifolium (1.) Distribution-SW Spain, Gibraltar, S Schott var. zelebori (Schott) Engler in Portugal, N Morocco. A. & e. DC., Monog. Phanerog. 2: 574 Ecology-Restricted to red clay soils de­ (1879) ["zeleborin & in Engler, Das rived from the decomposition of lime­ Pflanzenr. 73 (IY.23F): 136 (1920) stone, usually in open situations, particu­ ["zeleborif'l; Mill, FI of Turkey. 8:56 larly along field margins or in long-fallow t.2 no.12 (1984) ["zeleborif'l. fields. Alt. 50-1200 m. Leaves in mature individuals always Etymology-The specific epithet is de­ oblong-Ianceolate, lamina 20-40 cm X 16- rived from the Roman name for Ronda, a 21 mm. Spadix appendiX 10-12 X 4-9 town in southwestern Spain and the type mm. 2n not recorded. locality of this species. Distribution-Crete, Rhodes, Cos, SW Turkey (provinces of Aydin, Izmir and c. ssp. galianii (Talavera) P.C. Boyce Mugla). comb. et stat. nov. Biarum galianii Talavera in Lagascalia Ecology-As for the typical variety. Alt. 6(2): 289, t.1 B, Bl (1976); Talavera, 300-1350 m. Valdes & Galiano, Fl. Vasco Andal. Etymology-Named for the collector of Occ. 3:209 (1987). Type: SPAIN, Huel­ the type material. va, entre San Bartolome de la Torre y Alosno, 1 June 1976, Talavera s.n. (holotype SEV 24330). e. ssp. abbreviatum (Schott) K. Richt., PI. Eur. 1: 174 (1890). Biarum ab­ Leaf lamina linear. Staminodes 2-3- breviatum Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. branched, arranged in ca. 7 irregular 62 (1860). Type: GREECE, Heldreich 10 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29

s.n. (holotype B destroyed; lectotype Ecology-As for the typical variety. Alt. W chosen here (Schott's leones Aro­ 120-1200 m. ideae no. 1491». Etymology-From the Latin abbreviatus The plate selected is the most com­ (shortened), referring to the smaller inflo­ plete present in Vienna. Other plates rescences compared with the type. present are leones no. 1492, Reliquiae no. 361 and an un-numbered leone depicting germinating seeds. f. ssp. idomenaeum P.C. Boyce & Athan­ [Arum eupanianum Guss., Fl. Sic. Syn. asiou in Flor Med. 1: 6 (1991). Type: 2(2): 598 (1844) nom. nud.] GREECE, Crete, Rethyrnnou, Mt. Psi­ loritis, above the village of Vizari, [Biarum tenuifolium (1.) Schott var. eu­ panianum Nicotra in Malpighia 22: 650-750 m, Atbanasiou & Anagnos­ topoulos 566, (holotype UPA!, isotype 541 (1908), nom. nud. ['eupaniana']] K! (photo)). Biarum eupanianum Guss. ex Paglia in [B. tenuifolium (L.) Schott var. zelebori Riv. Ital. Sci. Nat. 29: 24 (1909). Type: auet. Crete. non (Schott) Engler Ie. 284 in Barralier, Plantae Galliam, (1879)] Hispaniam et ltaliam observertae (1714) (lectotype chosen here). Leaves adpressed or parallel to the Gussone (1844) cites the illustra­ ground, lamina linear to linear-oblong, tions in Clusius' Rariorum Plantarum margins strongly undulate. Staminodes Historia (1601), an unspecified vol­ filamentous. 2n = 26 (Athanasiou, unpub­ ume by Dodoens, and Barralier's lished). Plantae Galliam, Hispaniam et ltal­ iam observertae (1714). Of the avail­ Distribution-Crete. able plates, no 284 in Barralier's Ecology-Grazed maquis on stony lime­ work, with the caption Arum angus­ stone-derived red clay. Alt. 100-300 m. tifolium maii, is the best candidate as the lectotype since it closely matches Etymology-Named in honour of the the spring flowering Biarum present mythical Cretan King Idomeneus. in southern Italy. Although it is not As here defined Biarum tenuifolium stated that the plate was drawn from comprises six subspecies: viz. tenuifol­ Italian material I feel that it can be as­ ium, arundanum, galianii, abbreviatum, sumed that this is the case since Bia­ zelebori and idomenaeum, separated on rum is absent from France and there the basis of leaf shape and size, spathe are no spring blossoming Biarum size, spathe limb/spadix length ratio, de­ species in Spain. gree of staminode development and phy­ Biarum tenuifolium (1.) Schott var. ab­ togeography. breviatum (Schott) Engler in A. & c. The typical subspecies has a long-ex­ DC., Monog. Phanerog. 2: 574 (1879). serted slender spadix appendix and Biarum tenuifolium (1.) Schott var. eu­ densely arranged, well-developed, simple, panianum (Guss. ex Paglia) Nicotra curving staminodes. Early in the growing ex Fiori, Nuova Fl. Anal. ltal. 1: 210 season leaf blades are elliptic-Ianceolate, (1923). later emerging leaves are linear-Ianceolate. In immature plants the leaf blade is always Leaves erect, 10 cm X 14 mm, lamina elliptic-Ianceolate. The typical subspecies consistently oblanceolate to spathulate, occurs from southern Italy to the southern margins smooth to gently undulate. Stam­ Balkans and is the common species in inodes peg-like. 2n = 26 (Marchant 1972 mainland Greece. as var. abbreviatum). The westernmost element is ssp. arun­ danum. It has a spadix appendix that does Distribution-S Italy, Sicily, former Yu­ not or only barely exceeds the spathe limb goslavia, W Greece. and branching staminodes. Biarum arun- PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 11 danum is one of two common Biarum in or dark purple vs. limb large, long, southern and western Spain (the other is brown), features of the spadix appendix B. carratracense) where it grows on heavy (Y.! longer than the spathe limb thin, cylin­ red clay soils. drical, erect, dark purple with a dull grey The easternmost subspecies, ssp. zele­ bloom vs. 3-4 times longer than the spathe bOri, is distinguished by large bulky inflo­ limb, thick, procumbent, reddish) and rescences, with the spathe limb averaging phenology (spring flowering, inflores­ 20 X 3 cm, a robust, moderately exserted cence odourless or smelling of goats vs. spadix appendix and rather sparse but autumn flowering, inflorescence smelling substantial staminodes. The leaves do not of dung). Comparison of these data with display the marked heteromorphy found the description below shows the majority in the typical variety and the leaf blade is of characters used by Paglia fall within the spathulate-Ianceolate, often with gently variation found in B. tenuifolium in the undulate margins. Subspecies zelebori is eastern Mediterranean. The morphological restricted to southwest Turkey, Rhodes, and phenological characters listed indicate Cos and a few scattered sites on Crete. that B. cupanianum agrees closely with Subspecies abbreviatum has erect, short ssp. abbreviatum as here defined. The spathulate leaves, usually with undulate to one disparity concerns Paglia's description rarely somewhat crispulate margins. The of a goat-like odour produced by B. cu­ spathe limb averages 9 X 1.5 cm and is panianum in flower. According to my notable for its bicoloured interior, deep own observations Italian plants of ssp. ten­ purple brown below with a striking green uifolium smell almost identical to plants apical portion. The spadix appendix is from Greece, producing a powerful smell generally only slightly longer than the of horse-dung. Biarum plants referable to spathe limb and, compared to its length, B. cupanianum have a sharper, more rather stout. The staminodes are rather urine-like, odour when in flower. A range poorly developed and peg-like. Subspe­ of diploid chromosome numbers has been cies abbreviatum occurs in Italy (where it recorded for B. tenuifolium, e.g. 16, 20, 26 has been called B. cupanianum Guss. ex (Petersen 1989) and thus the count of 2n Paglia), Yugoslavia, FYRO Macedonia, = 16 recorded for B. cupanianum. (Del northern mainland Greece and on Corfu. Caldo 1971) does not exclude its amal­ It has yet to be recorded from Albania gamation in B. tenuifolium. Given the where the typical subspecies occurs, but number of similarities between the taxa I the presence of ssp. abbreviatum to the feel it best to regard B. cupanianum as a south of Lake Ochrid, close to the Alba­ synonym of B. tenuifolium ssp. abbrev­ nian frontier, suggests that it does occur in iatum. Albania. Italian populations of B. tenuifol­ The remaining subspecies of B. tenui­ ium have been referred to as B. cupan­ folium are of more limited distribution. ianum Guss. ex Paglia. Work by Monti & Subspecies idomenaeum, from Crete, is Gabari (974) concluded that B. cupan­ notable for its strongly undulate-crispulate ianum could not be maintained at specific leaves that are closely adpressed to the rank and they reduced it to synonymy in ground. The spathes are generally of sim­ B. tenuifolium. However, the Italian pop­ ilar size to those of ssp. abbreviatum, but ulations are somewhat different to typical the staminodes are densely arranged and ssp. tenuifolium, and require further scru­ slender. Most authors, e.g. Prime & Webb tiny. Paglia (909) separated B. cupanian­ (980); Barclay (986) and Greuter (973), um from B. tenuifolium on differences in have referred these Cretan populations to the leaf emergence (hysteranthous vs. syn­ ssp. zelebori but this is incorrect. Although anthous), leaf lamina shape Oanceolate-el­ ssp. zelebori occurs on Crete it is quite dif­ liptic vs. lanceolate to linear), leaf length ferent in appearance. Mill (984) suggest­ (7-8 cm vs. 20 cm or more), spathe limb ed that the smaller plants might be refer­ size and colour (limb small, short, violet able to ssp. abbreviatum. Morphologically 12 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29 ssp. idomenaeum is closest to ssp. ab­ (1853); Engler in A. & C. DC., Monog. breviatum but readily separable by the fil­ Phanerog. 2: 574 (1879); Boiss., FI. amentous staminodes. Other data includ­ Or. 5: 32 (1882); Engler in Engler, Das ing cytology (see Boyce & Athanasiou, Pflanzenr. 73 (IV. 23F): 136 (1920). 1991) also support this. Type: GREECE, in collibus apricis At­ Two subspecies occur in the Iberian ticae ad Phalerum portum ubi duce peninsula: ssp. arundanum and ssp. gal­ amiciss, Spruner florere incipientem ianii. While clearly defined by their eco­ Maii initio legi, (lectotype selected logical requirements-ssp. arundanum a here, G-BOIS). There are several plant of red clay soils derived from lime­ sheets collected from Phalire in the stone while ssp. galianii is restricted to Boissier herbarium. The sheet chosen loose sandy soils-they are difficult to sep­ is the only Spruner collection and arate morphologically in the absence of thus is the logical lectotype. Ischarum ecological data. Talavera (1976) cites dif­ spruneri (Boiss.) Schott, Syn. Aroid. 7 fering cytology, staminode branching and (1856). Cyllenium spruneri (Boiss.) leaf lamina reduction as distinguishing Schott, Gen. Aroid. t.9 (1858). characters of the then species-ranked B. arundanum and B. galianii, but the ex­ Tuber dorso-ventrally compressed-dis­ tent of disparity in the two taxa is rather coid, 1.5-3 x 1-1.5 cm, offsetting sparsely, insignificant. However, one feature not mid-brown. Leaves 3-5, hysteranthous, mentioned by Talavera, that of the ar­ short-petiolate, bases encased by 3 or 4, rangement of the staminodes, does appear 5-8 cm X 5-10 mm lanceolate, sub-fleshy, to be characteristic. In all the material of later papery, cataphylls, these mid-green ssp. arundanum and ssp. galianii exam­ drying to very pale green or creamy-white; ined the staminodes are always strictly petiole 3-5 cm X 2-3 mm, adaxial surface whorled in arundanum and irregularly channeled distally, expanded proximally scattered in galianii. Quantitatively there into a membranous wing, mid to rather are sufficient grounds to maintain these dark green; leaf lamina oblong to oblong­ plants at a formal taxonomic rank. spathulate, 5-11 X 1.5-2.5 cm, apex ob­ Subspecies arundanum is widespread tuse to sub-acute, base decurrent to cu­ in southwestern Spain, occurring in the re­ neate, 5-6 primary lateral veins per side, gions of Cadiz, C6rdoba, Granada, Malaga margins smooth to slightly undulate, lam­ and Seville, and is often extremely abun­ ina mid-green. Inflorescence appearing dant, forming extensive colonies alongside in spring, moderately foetid and smelling cultivated land and beside paths, it is also of cattle dung, peduncle 3-9 cm X 2-4 found in southern Portugal, Gibraltar and mm, encased by 2 to 4, 4-11 X 1-1.5 cm northern Morocco. The freshly opened lanceolate, sub-fleshy, later papery, cata­ spathe emits a particularly offensive odour phylls, these mid-green drying to pale similar to cattle dung. straw-yellow. Spathe 7-24 cm long; Subspecies galianii occurs in the re­ spathe limb oblong-lingulate to elliptic-ob­ gions of Badajoz and Huelva near the Por­ long, 5-14 X 1-4 cm, acute to shortly acu­ tuguese border where it is restricted to minate, exterior green with dense purple­ loose sandy soils. brown staining, especially towards the margins and apex, interior concolorous 2. Biarum rhopalospadix C. Koch, purple-brown, occasionally very slightly Ind. Sem. Hort. BeroI. App. 2 (1853). greenish distally; spathe tube narrowly cy­ Type: 'Greece' (holotype B destroyed; lindrical, slightly inflated, 3-5.5 cm X 7-9 isotype K (tracing of Koch's speci­ mm, margins connate for 3,4 of their length, men). Epitype selected here: exterior off-white below, purple-brown GREECE, Attica, Mt Hymettus, 16 May flushed above, interior white, slightly pur­ 1856, Heldreich 512 (C, FI, G, L). ple stained distally. Spadix sub-equal to Biarum spruneri Boiss., Diagn. 13:5 shorter than the spathe limb, 8.5-14.5 cm PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 13

long; appendix fusiform, ± sessile, though the main diagnostic features of his new ge­ tapering in some specimens, 6-10.5 cm X nus. 2-6 mm, deep purple. Staminate flow­ The hitherto obscure name B. rhopalos­ ers in an oblong-cylindric zone 6-12 X padix must now be used for Biarum spru­ ca. 4 mm diam., cream. Interstice 11-25 neri. X 3-4 mm, cream. Staminodes covering the proximal half of the interstice, re­ 3. Biarum aleppicum Thiebaut in Bull. curved, falcate, pointed, 1.5-3 mm long, Soc. Bot. Fr. 95: 21 (1948); Mouterde, mostly simple but occasionally bifid, Nouv. FI. Liban et Syrie 1: 193 (1966); cream. PistiUateflowers in a hemispher­ Riedl in Aroideana 3: 28 (1980). Type: ical cluster ca. 5 mm wide, 3 mm high; SYRIA, Alep, Fr. Louis s.n. (lectotype ovary globose, slightly dorso-ventrally flat­ P!, (chosen here)). Thiebaut cited two tened, 0.25 mm wide and tall, cream; stig­ separate collections in the proto­ ma. ca. 0.25 mm in diam., borne on a logue. There are four collections of B. 0.25--0.5 mm long style, stigma greyish, aleppicum present in Paris, including style purple. I7ifructescence not seen. both syntypes. The specimen chosen Chromosome number not recorded. as the lectotype is the most complete of the cited specimens, consisting of Distribution-S Greece, (Attica, Pelo­ flowering, vegetative and fruiting ma­ ponnese). terial. [B. bovei Blume var. aleppicum (Thiebaut) Gombault, in sched. nom. Ecology-Limestone-derived red clay in nud.l grazed fields, open hillslopes, abandoned olives groves and field margins. Alt. 150- Tuber slightly dorso-ventrally com­ 450 m. pressed-globose, 3-4 X 1.5-2.5 cm, ap­ parently not offsetting, mid-brown. Etymology-From the Greek, rhopalo­ Leaves 10-35, hysteranthous, long but a club or cudgel-and in allusion spadix, obscurely petiolate, bases encased by 5-7, to the club-like spadix. 2-15 cm X 10-13 mm, narrowly lanceolate Biarum spruneri is superficially similar cataphylls, inner cataphylls sub-fleshy, lat­ to B. tenuijolium, especially to ssp. ab­ er papery, pale greenish white drying pale breviatum. It may be readily distinguished straw-yellow, outer cataphylls fibrous, by the lack of staminodes, the stigma dark brown; petiole 3-7 cm X 1-3 mm, borne on a short style, the narrow, paral­ abaxial surface slightly channeled distally, lel-sided spathe limb, and the considerably expanded into a membranous wing prox­ stouter spadix appendix. The spring flow­ imally, dull green, expanded portion ering syndrome is also useful in distin­ tinged purple basally; leaf lamina linear­ guishing B. spruneri from the majority of lanceolate to oblanceolate-elliptic, 7-13 the Greek mainland populations of B. ten­ cm X 3-10 mm, apex obtuse to subacute, uijolium. base long-decurrent, ca. 5 primary lateral Boissier published B. spruneri in sect. veins per side, margins crispulate, rarely Biarum based on anther dehiscence via smooth, lamina mid-green. Inflorescence ventral longitudinal slits and hook-like appearing in mid-autumn; peduncle 4-17 staminodes, but noted the lack of stami­ cm X 3-5 mm, whitish, clothed with sev­ nodes above the staminate flower zone eral 2-16 cm X 10-13 mm fibrous brown and the well-developed style and suggest­ outer and papery, pale straw-yellow inner ed that it was intermediate between sect. cataphylls. Spathe 14-16.5 cm long; Biarum and sect. Ischarum. Schott (1858) spathe limb oblong-lanceolate, 12-13.5 X took this observation further by creating a 4-5 cm, apex sub-acute, exterior pale new genus, Cyllenium, for B. spruneri cit­ green ± heavily spotted deep purple, in­ ing the rostrate anther connective, the terior deep purple, occasionally with pale style and absence of upper staminodes as green mottling and spots; spathe tube 14 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29

slender, 2.5-3 X ca. 1.5 cm, margins free angustatum Hook.f. in Bot. Mag. 104, to the base, exterior white below ground, t.6355 (1878). deep purple above, interior white. Spadix sub-equal to the spathe limb, 11-12 cm Tuber dorso-ventrally compressed-dis­ long; spadix appendix sessile, fusiform, 8- coid, 2-5(-7) X 1.5 cm, sparsely offsetting, 8.5 cm X 2-6 mm, deep purple. Stami­ mid-brown. Leaves 3-5, hysteranthous, nate flowers in a zone ca. 12 mm X 1.5 long-petiolate, bases encased by 3-6, 4.5- mm diam., anthers cream. Interstice ca. 8.9 cm X 7.5-15 mm, lanceoiate-elliptic 16 X 2 mm, pale cream. Staminodes cataphylls, inner cataphylls subfleshy, later clothing the basal half of the interstice, papery, dirty white drying straw-yellow, densely arranged, slender, 4.5-5 mm long, outer cataphylls fibrous, brown, drying purple, often a few 1-1.5 mm staminodes slightly darker; petiole 13-17 cm X 2.5-3 present high up on the interstice. Pistil­ mm, adaxial surface slightly channeled late flowers in a hemispherical cluster ca. distally, expanded into a narrow wing 2.5 X 7-9 mm; ovaries oblong, 1.5 mm X proximally, mid-green; leaf lamina nar­ 0.5 mm, pale cream, stigma sessile, 0.25- rowly lanceolate-elliptic, 13.5 X 1.5 cm, 0.33 mm, capitate, deep purple. Itifruc­ apex acute, base long-decurrent, 4-5 pri­ tescence globose, ca. 2 cm diam. when mary lateral veins per side, margins semi-mature, consisting of ca. 40 berries; smooth, mid-green. Inflorescence ap­ berries 4 X 5 mm, pale lilac when ripe; pearing in the autumn, strongly foetid of seed ovoid, 5 mm X 5-6 mm, testa slightly horse dung and urine; peduncle 5.5-9 cm reticulate, mid-brown. Chromosome num­ X 2.5 mm, encased by several 3-10 cm X ber not recorded. 8-15 mm sub-fleshy, later papery, cata­ phylls, these very pale greenish white, Distribution-NW Syria. pale creamy white on drying. Spathe 19- 24cm long; spathe limb narrowly lanceo­ Ecology-Bare fields and plains on late, 12-18 X 3-5 cm, apex acute, exterior limestone-derived red clay soils. Alt. 250- 450 m. mid-green spotted and stained brownish purple, interior deep brownish purple, Etymology-The specific epithet comes sometimes fading to green apically; spathe from Aleppo, a major town in northwest­ tube narrowly cylindric, 3-3.5 X ca. 1 cm, ern Syria and the type locality of the spe­ margins connate for ca. :JA of their length, cies. exterior whitish, stained deep purple to­ Biarum aleppicum is related to B. car­ wards the apex, interior white, slightly ducborum and B. angustatum. From ei­ purple stained near the apex. Spadix ther species B. aleppicum is readily distin­ slightly shorter than the spathe limb, 11.5- guished by having the spathe tube margins 17 cm long; spadix appendix slender-cy­ free almost to the base and by the sessile lindric, 13-14.5 X ca. 1.5 mm, deep stigmas. Biarum aleppicum has many brownish purple. Staminate flowers in more leaves than either B. angustatum or zone 13-15 X 33.5 mm, anthers off-white. B. carducborum, although the leaf shape Interstice 12-15 X 1-2 mm, off-white. approaches that of B. angustatum. Staminodes arranged mostly at the base of the interstice though with scattered ru­ 4. Biarum angustatum (Hook.f.) dimentary filaments higher up; filaments N.E.Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 18: 255 slender, 2.5-4 mm long, directed down­ (1881); Engler in Engler, Das Pflan­ wards, white. PistiUate flowers in a zenr. 73 (N.23F): 142 (1920); Koach hemispherical cluster, ca. 8 mm X 4 mm & Feinbrun in Feinbrun, FI. Palaestina high; ovaries bottle-shaped 2-2.5 X 1-1.25 4: 338 (1986); Koach in Rotem 28 t.19, mm, purple, style 1.5-2 mm X ca. 0.2 mm 20 (1988). Type: ISRAEL, Tiberias, wide, purple, stigma sub-capitate, ca. 0.3 September-October 1860, Hooker & mm in diam, white. Infructescence Hanbury s.n. (holotype K!). Iscbarum slightly compressed-globose, consisting of PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 15 ca. 40 berries; berries ca. 5 X 6 mm, dirty provincia Farsistan, ad Bascht et Fah­ white, seeds globose, ca. 5 mm diam., tes­ liun, 12 November 1905, Herzfeld s.n. ta brown, slightly reticulate. Chromosome (holotype B destroyed; lectotype B number not recorded. (selected here (drawing of the holo­ type made by Bornmtiller». B. car­ Distribution-Syria, Israel. Its presence duchornm (Schott) Engler var. platys­ in Lebanon has yet to be confirmed. pathum (Bornm.) Engler in Engler, Ecology-Limestone-derived red clay Pflanzenr. 73 (N.23F): 137 (1920). soils in open, grazed, sometimes almost B. platyspathum (Bornm.) Engler var. completely bare fields, undisturbed lake bakhtyarnm Parsa in Kew Bull. 4: 36 side fields. Alt. 75-350 m. (1949). Type: IRAN, Fars, Abe Bariq (Abibarik, about 6 miles from E As­ Etymology-The specific epithet comes supas), 1 September 1885, Stapf s.n. from the Latin angustus, narrow, in allu­ (holotype K). sion to the narrow leaves in comparison [B. angustatum (Hook.f.) N.E.Br. var. kur­ to the remainder of Ischarnm, the genus distanicum Zohary, in sched. nom. into which the name was first published. nud.l A large-flowered species that although [B. bakhtyarnm Stapf, in sched. nom. fairly common in the wild has been sel­ nud.l dom collected. Biarnm angustatum is out­ wardly very similar to B. carduchornm Tuber dorso-ventrally compressed-dis­ when in flower but is easily separated by coid, 4-7 cm X 1.5-2.5 cm, sparsely off­ the downward directed staminodes and setting. Leaves 3-5, hysteranthous, long­ narrower leaves with only 4 to 5 primary petiolate, bases encased by 3 to 5, 6-14(- lateral veins per side. Another point of 24) X 1-2 cm sub-fleshy, later papery, cat­ separation concerns the distribution of the aphylls, these pale whitish green, pale species. Biarnm angustatum is essentially straw-yellow on drying; petiole slender, 5- a 'coastal' species, restricted to Syria and 9(-26) X 2-4 mm wide, expanded proxi­ Israel. Biarnm carduchornm is an inland mally into a membranous wing, dull species, distributed from southeastern Tur­ green, wing paler; leaf lamina elliptic to key and northwestern Syria through Iraq spathulate-elliptic, 5-12 X 2.5-5 cm, apex and into Iran. subacute to rather obtuse, base briefly de­ current, 5-7 primary lateral veins per side, 5. Biarum carduchorum (Schott) En­ margins smooth, dull mid-green. Inflores­ gler in A. & C. DC., Monog. Phanerog. cence appearing in late autumn; peduncle 2: 575 (1879) & in Engler, Das Pflan­ 4-13(-24) cm X 2-4 mm, dirty white, zenr. 73 (IY.23F): 137 (1920); Mill in clothed with several 3-11(-23) X 1-2 cm Davis, Fl. Turkey 8: 57 t.2 no.14 sub-fleshy, later papery, cataphylls, these (1984); Riedl in Townsend, Fl. Iraq 8: whitish green, pale straw-yellow on dry­ 194 (1985). Cyllenium carduchornm ing. Spathe 12-18(-31) cm long; spathe Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 65 (1860). limb lanceolate to Ian ceolate-elliptic, 8- Type: TURKEY, Kurdistania, Schirwan 14(-25) X 2-3(-4.5) cm wide, apex acute (S ,irvan) , Kotschy s.n. (holotype W to attenuate, exterior pale green to whitish destroyed; lectotype W, chosen here, yellow usually ± speckled with dull pur­ Schott's leones no. 1825». There are ple, interior deep brown purple, becoming four illustrations present in Vienna paler and eventually green distally; spathe (leones nos. 1824-1827), the one se­ tube slender, 4-6 X 0.75-1.5(-2.5) cm lected is annotated 'Kurdistan Schir­ wide, margins connate for ca. * of their wan bei Kariig'. length, exterior dirty white where buried, Biarnm platyspathum Bornm. in Feddes purple where exposed, interior white, Rep. Nov. Sp. 5: 57 (1908). Type: stained purple especially basally and to­ IRAN, Persiae austro-occidentalis wards the opening. Spadix sub-equal to 16 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29

but rarely exceeding the spathe limb, 13- B. carduchorum is found further inland 18(-32) cm long, spadix appendix slender than B. angustatum. cylindric, 9-12(-28) cm X 2-4 mm, deep purple. Staminate flowers in a zone 15- 6. Biarum eximium (Schott & Kotschy) 25 X 2-3.5 mm, anthers cream ± stained Engler in A. & C. DC., Monog. Pha­ deep purple. Interstice 2-3 cm X 2-3 nerog. 2: 576 (1879) & in Engler, Das mm, deep purple, occasionally somewhat Pflanzenr. 73(IV.23F): 139 (1920); Mill paler than the appendix. Staminodes in Davis, FI. Turkey 8: 57 (1984); Ma­ densely arranged at the base of the inter­ thew, The Smaller Bulbs 16 (1987). Is­ stice directly above the pistillate flowers charum eximium Schott & Kotschy in and usually extending ca. half way up the Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: 81 (1854). interstice; filaments directed upwards, 3-7 Type: TURKEY, Taurus, [prope Ada­ mm long, those higher up the interstice na, in via romana versus Miaret Chan, shorter than those lower down, purple. 60 m, 28 September 1853, Kotschy Pistillate flowers in a hemispherical 3431 (holotype W destroyed; isotypes cluster ca. 7 X 7 mm; ovaries squatly bot­ G-BOIS, K, M, P). tle-shaped, 1.5-2 X 0.75 mm, pale cream, style ca. 0.33 mm long, purple, stigma sub­ Tuber dorso-ventrally compressed-dis­ capitate, ca. 0.25 mm in diam, purple. In- coid, 3-7 X 2-3 cm, rarely offsetting. fructescence not seen. 2n = 24 (Mar­ Leaves hysteranthous, long-petiolate, ba­ chant 1972 as B. platyspathum). ses encased by several 5-7 cm X 7.5-12 mm lanceolate-elliptic cataphylls, these Distribution-S and SE Turkey, Syria, pale greenish white, occasionally purple­ Iraq, W Iran .. spotted apically, drying dark straw-yellow; Ecology-Bare limestone-derived red petiole 5-11 cm X 4-6 mm, mid-green, clay hill slopes, in open situations, field adaxial surface broadly channeled distally, margins, long-follow fields. Alt. 290-2,750 expanded into a narrow membranous m. wing proximally; leaf lamina elliptic, 10- 12.5 X 3-3.5 cm, apex sub-acute, base de­ Etymology-After the name of an an­ current, ca. 9 primary lateral veins per cient tribe, the Carduchi, that inhabited the side, margins smooth, mid-green. Inflo­ region of southeastern Turkey where the rescence appearing in autumn, strongly type was gathered. foetid; peduncle 1-3 cm X 3-5 mm, off Biarum carduchorum is fairly wide­ white, encased by several 2-4 cm X 5-9 spread, occurring from southern and mm wide smooth pale straw-yellow cata­ southeastern Turkey to southern Iran. phylls. Spathe 9-13 cm long; spathe tube There is some variation in the populations cylindrical, 4-4.5 cm long, ca. 2 cm wide, and names have been published to ac­ moderately inflated, margins connate for count for this. However, any variation pre­ ca. Ih their length, exterior green with sent is generally of little or no taxonomic much purple staining and spotting distally; significance. The type of the plant de­ interior white, stained purple proximally; scribed by Parsa (1949) as var. baktaryan­ spathe limb broadly elliptic, 8-11 X 3.75- um on the basis of a narrow spathe with 5 cm wide, rounded distally, exterior a whitish yellow exterior, is almost iden­ green with numerous irregular purple tical to the illustration in Vienna that serves spots, interior deep brown-purple. Spa­ as the type of B. carduchorum. Biarum dix slightly shorter than the spathe limb, platyspathum is a particularly vigorous 9-10.5 cm long; spadix appendix fusiform, form of B. carduchorum. 7-7.5 cm X 5-7 mm, purple, sometimes Biarum carduchorum is most readily slightly paler than the spathe limb. Sta­ separated from B. angustatum by the up­ minate flowers in a zone 12-14 mm X ward-directed staminodes and the consid-. 4-5 mm wide, purple; Interstice 25 mm erably wider leaves. As pointed out above, long, ca. 4 mm wide, purple. Staminodes PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 17 distributed ± evenly over the entire length of Jordan herbarium (AMM). Although I of the interstice, filaments ca. 5 mm long, have not seen this specimen, I have ex­ purple. Pistillate flowers in a hemi­ amined living plants collected by Salmon spherical cluster, ca. 10 mm X 3 mm tall; and Lovell very close to the same site in ovaries oblong, ca. 2 mm X 0.7 mm, 1988. Further collections of B. eximium, cream below, purple above, style ca. 1-1.5 particularly from Turkey, would be most mm long, purple, stigma capitate, purplish desirable. grey. Infructescence a globose cluster of ca. 40 pyriform berries 2.5-3 cm in diam.; 7. Biarum bovei Blume, Rumphia 1: 114 berries ca. 5 X 8 mm, dull white ± stained (1836); Engler in A.& C. DC., Monog. purple; seeds ovoid, ca. 4-5 mm in diam., Phanerog. 2: 577 (1879) & in Engler, mid-brown, testa reticulate. 2n = 16 (Mar­ Das Pflanzenr. 73(IV.23F): 140 (1920); chant 1972). Mill in Davis, Fl. Turkey 8: 58(984); Riedl in Townsend, Fl. Iraq 8: 195 Distribution-S Turkey, Jordan. (1985); Koach & Feinbrun in Fein­ Ecology-limestone-derived red clays brun, FI. Palaestina 4: 337 (986); in open habitats. In Jordan it occurs in Koach in Rotem 26 t.17,18 (988). stony loamy soils in semi-desert. Alt. ca. Type: LEBANON, Mt liban, 1832, 200 m. Bove 379 (holotype L; isotypes G, K, P). Etymology-Either from the Latin exi­ The material in Leiden has been anno­ mius (unexpected) or eximie (exception­ tated as the isotype by Nicolson. Blume ally). The exact derivation is unclear. (1836) states that the material that he Biarum eximium differs from all other based the description of B. bovei on was species of subgenus Ischarum in that the in both the Leiden and Paris herbaria. Both staminodes are evenly distributed over the sets of material have been annotated by entire length of the interstice between the Blume and furthermore Blume worked out male and female flower zones. Examina­ of Leiden. Since the Leiden specimens are tion of a wide range of material of other in reasonably good condition while those species, particularly B. carduchorum and in Paris are rather poor, it is preferable that B. angustatum, revealed that although the the Leiden material is regarded as the ho­ main area of staminode distribution was lotype. directly above the pistillate flowers, in many individuals staminodes were present Caladium bovei (Blume) Steud., Nomen. on the upper portion of the interstice, al­ Bot. ed.2, 1: 249 (1840). though usually in a depauperate condi­ Ischarum bovei (Blume) Schott, Syn. Ar­ tion. oid. 7 (1856). Biarum eximium has been little collect­ Biarum bovei Blume var. blumei Engler in ed and were it not for the large number of A. & DC., Monog. Phanerog. 2: 577 isotypes, it would be poorly known. The c. (1879). Type: as for B. bovei Blume. other collections in European herbaria are Biarum homeid Blume, Rumphia 1: 115 Siehe 22 (dry sterile material with a single (1836). Type: SYRIA, Aleppo, Rau­ spirit-preserved inflorescence in B) and wolff s.n. (holotype not traced). Dinsmore 11725 from Jordan. This latter Ischarum homeid (Blume) Schott, Syn. Ar­ collection is most interesting since, to date, oid. 8 (1856) ["homaid'J. B. eximium has not been collected in the area between the type locality in southern Tuber globose, slightly compressed Turkey and this Jordanian site. El-Eisawi dorsally, 1.5-3.5 cm in diam., offsetting (1981) sites another collection (Thab'a sparsely. Leaves 3-12, hysteranthous, ba­ (Dab'a) Reserve, ca. 50 km south of Am­ ses encased by several 4-11 X 1-1.5 cm man, along the road to Aqaba, AI-Eisa wi sub-fleshy, later papery, cataphylls, these 8861) which is deposited in the University pale green to dirty white, drying to off- 18 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29 white; petiole 5-9 cm X 3-5 mm, adaxial Etymology-Named for the collector of surface slightly to rather strongly chan­ the type material. neled distally, expanded proximally into a Biarnm bovei has been confused with wide membranous wing, mid-green, wing B. kotsehyi and B. pyrami both in the field paler; leaf lamina lanceolate-oblong to and in herbaria. Part of the trouble ap­ ovate-Ianceolate with 6-8 primary lateral pears to stem from the scarcity of true B. veins per side, 5-10 X 1.5-4 wide, margins bovei in herbaria coupled with the fact that smooth to undulate, more rarely crispula­ the most of the type specimens are te, mid-green. InjIorescence appearing in pressed in such a way that comparative late autumn, 7-19 cm long, strongly mal­ analysis is rather difficult. In addition, con­ odorous of horse dung; peduncle 4-7 cm fusion with the Afro-Iberian B. dispar has long, encased by numerous 5-9 X 1-1.5 led to the belief that B. bovei is consis­ cm sub-fleshy, later papery, cataphylls, tently variable throughout its range when, these pale green, dull straw-yellow on dry­ in fact, the variation has a clear geograph­ ing. Spathe limb lanceolate to linear-Ian­ ical basis. Schott understood this and pub­ ceolate, 5-14.5 X 1.75-3 cm, margins flat lished names to account for the various and ± smooth, exterior dull green with populations; e.g. Iseharnm erispulum and some purple staining or spotting, espe­ I. earsaami (Kunth) Schott. Biarnm eris­ cially towards the margin, interior deep pulum is morphologically constant in the purple-brown; spathe tube globose-cylin­ field and restricted to a small region: the dric to globose, margins connate for ca. 1,4 provinces of Adana and Hatay in southern of their length, 2.5-4 X ca. 1.5 cm in Turkey and in northern Syria. There is, diam., exterior off-white, dull green with however, a western extension to Cappa­ slight purple staining where exposed, in­ docia in the Siehe collection Berlin, dis­ terior pale green, heavily stained purple at cussed below. The differences that distin­ the base. Spadix 9-14 cm long; spadix guish B. erispulum from B. bovei are rath­ appendix narrowly fuSiform, 6-10 cm X er minor. I have reduced it to varietal rank 2.5-3 mm, deep purple. Staminate flow­ within B. bovei. ers in a zone 8-12 X 3-4 mm diam., The supposed presence of B. bovei in cream. Interstice 1.5-2 cm X 2-3 mm., Sardinia (Monti & Gabari, 1974) is prob­ cream, stained purple in the lower quarter. lematic and, on the basis of material flow­ Staminodes few to many, clustered in a ered in cultivation, would appear to be the zone ca. 1 cm long directly above the pis­ result of a misidentification. Monti & Ga­ tillate flowers; bristles filiform, 5-15 mm bari (974) only briefly discussed the Sar­ long cream, tinged purple basally. Pistil­ dinian populations of B. bovei. Recently I late flowers in a hemispherical cluster ca. have been sent living material of B. bovei 9 X 6 mm, ovaries pale cream, style 1.5 X collected in Sardinia by Josef Bogner. On 0.25 mm, purple, stigma capitate, purple. flowering it was clearly referable to B. dis­ Infructescence a globose cluster of ca. 40 par. pyriform-globose berries 2.5-3 cm in diam.; berries ca. 7 X 4 mm, pale lilac-grey 8. Biarum crispulum (Schott) Engl. in with purple tinges when ripe; seeds glo­ Bot. Jahrb. 5: 334 (1884). Type: bose, ca. 4-4.5 mm in diam., pale brown, 'IRAQ, ad Arcem Semiramidis' (but testa reticulate. Chromosome number not see note below), Kotschy, cult. recorded. Schoenbrunn (holotype W destroyed; lectotype G-BOIS, chosen here: TUR­ Distribution-Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, KEY: Adana, Kassan Oghlu (Hasan­ Israel, Iran and Iraq. oglu) Gorumse (Giiriimze) valley, 21 May 1859, Kotschy 442). Ecology-Limestone-derived red clays in open situations, hill slopes, grazed pas­ The type locality stated by Schott for Is­ ture, field margins. Alt. 800-1,750 m. charnm crispulum is possibly in error. PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 19

Several of Schott's Ischarum protologues dorsally, 1.5-3.5 cm in diam., offsetting state the type locality to be Semiramis but, sparsely. Leaves 3-12, synanthous, bases as pointed out by Mill (1984) when dis­ encased by several 4-11 XI-I. 5 cm sub­ cussing B. pyrami, Semiramis is in Iraq, fleshy, later papery, cataphylls, these pale whereas the annotations on the type ma­ green to dirty white, drying to off-white; terial of B. pyrami state that is was col­ petiole 5-9 cm X 3-5 mm, adaxial surface lected near the Ceyhan River, Adana, in slightly to rather strongly channeled dis­ southern Turkey. Given the paucity of au­ tally, expanded proximally into a wide thenticated Iraqi B. bovei (with which B. membranous wing, mid-green, wing paler; crispulum is much confused) collections, leaf lamina lanceolate-oblong to ovate-lan­ it seems likely that I. crispulum originated ceolate with 6--8 primary lateral veins per from either northwestern Syria or south side, 5-10 X 1.5-4 wide, margins smooth eastern Turkey. This is further supported to undulate, more rarely crispulate, mid­ by more recent records of this taxon from green. Itiflorescence appearing in late these areas but not, as yet, from Iraq. The autumn to early winter, weakly odorous of illustration in Vienna (W) of living material sour milk, 7-11 cm long; peduncle 4-7 cm of the lectotype (Schott, /cones Aroideae long, encased by numerous 5-9 X 1-1.5 no. 2141), is annotated in Schott's hand as cm sub-fleshy, later papery, cataphylls, I. crispulum with the data 'Kassan Oghlu, these pale green, dull straw-yellow on dry­ Gorumse, Kotschy 1859', Le., from Gilril­ ing. Spathe limb linear-triangular, 5-14.5 mze, Adana, southern Turkey. Ischarum X 1-1.5 cm, margins incurved and strong­ crispulum Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 68 ly crispulate, exterior dull green with some (1860). purple staining or spotting, especially to­ wards the margin, interior dark greenish Calla orientalis 1., Sp. PI. ed.2: 1373 purple; spathe tube globose-cylindric to (1763). Type: 'Arum carsamf Rauw globose, margins connate for ca. % of their it. 115. Halepi in montosis (L), nom. length, 2.5-4 X ca. 1.5 cm in diam., exte­ rejic. rior off-white, dull green with slight purple Arum carsaami Kunth, Enum. PI. 3: 25 staining where exposed, interior pale (1841), nom. illeg. Type as for Calla green, heavily stained purple at the base. orientalis. Spadix 4-10 cm long; spadix appendix Eminium carsaamii (Kunth) Schott, Syn. narrowly fusiform, 3-8.5 cm X 2.5-3 mm, Aroid. 17 (1856), nom. illeg. deep greenish purple. Staminate flow­ Ischarum carsaamii (Kunth) Schott, ers in a zone 8--12 X 3-4 mm, cream, the­ Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 67 (1860), nom. il­ cae tipped deep purple. Interstice 1.5-2 leg. cm X 2-3 mm., cream, stained purple in Biarum bovei Blume 13 carsaami (Kunth) the lower quarter. Staminodes few to Boiss., FI. Or. 5: 34 (1882) ['karsaa­ many, clustered in a zone ca. 1 cm long mit']. directly above the pistillate flowers; bris­ tles filiform, 5-15 mm long cream, tinged Biarum orientale (L.) Druce in Bot. Exc. purple basally. Pistillate flowers in a Club Brit. Isles 3(5): 415 (1914) hemispherical cluster ca. 9 X 6 mm, ova­ [Ischarum christmannii Siehe in sched. ries pale cream, style 1 X 0.5 mm, purple, Berol. nom. nud.l A flowering speci­ stigma capitate, purple. Infructescence a men collected by Siehe (Siehe s.n.) globose cluster of ca. 40 pyriform-globose preserved in alcohol in Berlin (B) is berries 2.5-3 cm in diam.; berries ca. 7 X annotated Ischarum (Biarum) christ­ 4 mm, pale lilac-grey with purple tinges mannii Siehe. I have been unable to when ripe; seeds globose, ca. 4-4.5 mm in trace any publication place for the diam., pale brown, testa reticulate. Chro­ name. The specimen is clearly refer­ mosome number not recorded. able to B. crispulum. Distribution-S Turkey (provinces of Tuber globose, slightly compressed Adana, Hatay and Konya), NW Syria. 20 AROIDEANA, Vo!' 29

Ecology-Limestone-derived red clays Trabut in Trabut, Fl. d'Aiger 17 (1884) in open situations, hill slopes, grazed pas­ ["rnpestris' 'l. ture, field margins. Alt. 650-900 m. B. bovei Blume ssp. dispar (Schott) Engler var. zanonii Pamp. in Nuov. Giorn. Etymology-The epithet crispulum re­ Bot. Ital. 24: 124 (1917). Type: LIBYA, fers to the crispulate spathe limb margins. Raaba, steppe, 2 December 1916, Since publication B. crispulum has been Pampanini 216 (lectotype Fl, chosen universally treated as a synonym of B. bov­ here). Pampanini cites two specimens ei although B. crispulum is readily sepa­ in the protologue, the other (Guarcia, rable by its synantherous leaves, the nar­ 27 December 1916, Pampanini 189) row, incurved and heavily crispulate consists of leaves and fruit, while that spathe margins, and a spadix appendix chosen is in flower and thus the bet­ smelling of sour milk (dung in B. bovez). ter choice as lectotype. Biarnm crispulum is the commonest B. bovei Blume ssp. dispar (Schott) Engler Biarnm in NW Syria, forming extensive var. purpureum Engler in Engler, colonies in bare red soil to the north of Pflanzenr. 73 (IV.23F): 141 (1920). Aleppo. Type: ALGERIA, Thikilmouth, Con­ stantine, in pasquis argilloso petrosis 9. Biarum dispar (Schott) Talavera in summi montis Mansourah, 10 Novem­ ber 1868, Paris 293 (lectotype B, cho­ Lagascalia 6(2): 293 t.l, D, D1 (1976); sen here; isolectotypes FI, G, K, P). Talavera, Valdes & Galiano, F!. Vase. The collection selected is the best of de Anda!. Occ. 3: 210 (1987). (1976). those cited by Engler. I have chosen Ischarnm dispar Schott, Syn. Aroid. 7 the Berlin specimen as the lectotype (1856). Type: ALGERIA, Constantine, since it was undoubtedly seen by En­ mountains, October 1838, Bove s.n. gler. (holotype W destroyed; isotypes FI, B. bovei Blume ssp. dispar (Schott) Engler G, OXF, P). var. macroglossum (Pome!) Maire & Biarnm numidicum Par!., F!. Ita!' 2: 243 We iller, Fl. de l'Afr. Nord 4: 247 (1857) ("1852") nom. superfl. Type: (1957). Type: Not cited. as for B. bovei Blume. B. bovei Blume ssp. dispar (Schott) Engler B. macroglossum Pomel, Nouv. Mat. Fl. var. macroglossum (Pome!) Maire & Adant. 2: 390 (1874). Type: ALGERIA, Weiller f. Valle du CheJif, Tell, terrains argileux longifolium (Pome!) Maire & Weiller, Fl. (holotype not traced). de I'Afr. Nord. 4: 247 (1957). Type: B. longifolium Pomel, Nouv. Mat. F!. At­ Not cited. lant. 2: 391 (1874). Type: ALGERIA, Nador de Tiaret, au pied des rochers Tuber globose-discoid, 2.5-4 X 2-3.5 (holotype not traced). cm, mid-brown. Leaves 4-10, hysteran­ B. rnpestre Pomel, Nouv. Mat. Fl. Adant. 2: thous, long petiolate, bases encased by 3 391 (1874). Type: ALGERIA, Miliana, to 5, 8-14(-16) cm X 3-10(-15) mm lan­ Boghar, cavites des roc hers calcaires ceolate sub-fleshy, later papery cataphylls, (holotype not traced). these pale greenish white at first, drying B. bovei Blume ssp. dispar(Schott) Engler pale straw-yellow; petiole 10-17 cm long, in A. & c. DC., Monog. Phanerog. 2: 2-3 mm wide, adaxial surface strongly 587 (1879). channeled distally, expanded into a wide B. bovei Blume ssp. dispar (Schott) Engler membranous wing proximally, mid-green; var. viride Battandier in Bull. Soc. Bot. leaf lamina oblong-elliptic, 6--8 X 3-3.5 Fr. 28: 269 (1881) ["viridis"]. Type: not cm, apex cuneate to rounded, base obtuse designated (AL?). to sub-acute, ca. 3--6 veins per side, mar­ B. bovei Blume ssp. dispar (Schott) Engler gins smooth, lamina mid-green, very rarely var. rnpestre (Pomel) Battandier & bullate. Inflorescence appearing in late PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 21 summer to autumn, smelling moderately the staminate flower zone, the presence of of cattle dung and carrion; peduncle 3--9 fewer and more scattered staminodes, and cm X 3--5 mm, clothed by few to many 2- the narrower mature leaf blade. The over­ 9 cm X 5-12 mm papery, pale creamy all size of the inflorescences has been used white cataphylls. Spathe 8-10(-14) cm previously as a diagnostic feature, B. dis­ long; spathe limb lanceolate, 6-8(-12) cm par having a smaller inflorescence than B. X 4-12 mm, apex acute to acuminate, ex­ bovei. While this appears to be true for the terior green ± heavily blotched and North African populations of B. dispar, it stained purple-brown, rarely unstained, in­ does not necessarily hold true for Spanish terior deep purple-brown, paler distally, populations, which are often as large as, if rarely entirely dull green; spathe tube ob­ not larger, than typical B. bovei. However, long-globose, strongly inflated, 2-3 X 1.5- part of the apparent size overlap between 2.5 cm wide, margins fused for 1,4 of their the species appears to be due to a previ­ length, exterior pale green, occasionally ously overlooked taxon, B. mendax, stained purple-brown towards the open­ which displays dimensions in excess of ing, interior off-white distally, deep purple both B. dispar and B. bovei and is readily proximally. Spadix sub-equal to just ex­ separable from either. References to B. ceeding the spathe limb, 8-12 cm long; bovei in the Flora of Libya (El Gadi 1977) spadix appendix slender fusiform, 6.5-11 are referable to B. dispar. cm X 3-5 mm, deep purple-brown. Sta­ minate flowers in a zone 9-13 X 3-6 10. Biarum olivieri Blume, Rumphia 1: mm, deep purple. Interstice 12-20 X 3- 115 (1836); Engler in A. & c. DC., 6 mm, deep purple. Staminodes situated Monog. Phanerog. 2: 580 (1879) & in at the base of the interstice, few to many, Engler, Pflanzenr. 73 (IY.23F): 142 thickened-filiform, 2-10 mm long, deep (1920); Koach & Feinbrun in Fein­ purple. Pistillate flowers in a hemi­ brun, Fl. Palaestina 4: 339 (1984); spherical cluster 2.5-4 X 3-7 mm wide; Koach in Rotem 26 t.21,22 (1988). ovary 2-3 mm long, cream; style 1-1.5 X Type: EGYPT, Olivier & Bruguiere 0.25 mm, purple, stigma capitate, ca. 0.5 s.n. (holotype P; isotypes K, L). Is­ mm in diam., grey-purple. Infructesc­ charum olivieri (Blume) Schott, Syn. ence globose, 1.6-3 cm in diam., consist­ Aroid. 8 (1856) & in Miq., Ann. Mus. ing of ca. 35 berries; berries 4-6 X 4-5 Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1: 278 (1864). mm, pale whitish lilac when ripe; seed Biarum alexandrinum Boiss., Diag. 13: 6 globose, ca. 5 mm in diam, testa reticulate, (1853). Type: Egypt, near Alexandria, pale brown. 2n = 74 (Chiappini & Scrugli Cadet de Fonteney s.n. (holotype not 1972, Talavera 1976). traced). Ischarum alexandrinum Distribution-SW Spain, N Morocco, N (Boiss.) Schott, Syn. Aroid. 8 (1856). Algeria, N Tunisia, N Libya, Sardinia. Leptopetion alexandrinum (Boiss.) Schott, Gen. Aroid. t.8 (1858). Ecology-Open stony fields, rocky hill slopes, crevices and chimneys in lime­ Tuber globose to somewhat sub-cylin­ stone rocks, field margins, track sides, dis­ dric, 7.5-20 X 5-25 mm. Leaves 3-8, hys­ used olive groves. Alt. 25-250 m. teranthous to synanthous, long-petiolate, bases encased by 2 to 4, 5-14 cm X 5-13 Etymology-From the Latin dispar, un­ mm, lanceolate, sub-fleshy, later papery, like, unequal, but in which context is not cataphylls, these green at first, drying known. greenish white; petiole 4-11(-16) cm X 1- This interesting species has been much 2 mm, adaxial surface channeled distally, confused with the closely allied B. bovei expanded proximally into a membranous from the eastern Mediterranean. It can be wing, pale green; leaf lamina linear to lin­ distinguished readily by the interstice ear-lanceolate, rarely lanceolate, 7-14 cm which is approximately twice as long as X 2.5-10 mm, apex acute to sub-acumi- 22 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29 nate, base decurrent to rounded or sub­ nate spathe tube margins and the filamen­ truncate, ca. 3-5 veins per side, margins tous spadix appendix. The floral odour undulate to crispulate, lamina pale to mid­ produced by B. olivieri is also distinctive. green. Inflorescence partially encased by Both B. dispar and B. bovei produce a 2-3 cataphylls, the spathe tube often par­ dung-like odour which, although unpleas­ tially to completely buried. Spathe ~ cm ant, is not nauseating; Biarum olivieri pro­ long; spathe limb linear, the margins in­ duces a disgusting smell of soured milk curved, 1-6 cm X 1.5-3 mm, exterior mid­ when in blossom, similar to that produced green; interior dull purple, rarely olive by B. crispulum. The habitat favoured by green; spathe tube ovoid, strongly inflated, B. oliVieri, consolidated sand, is quite dif­ 1-2.5 X 0.75-1.5 cm, margins connate for ferent from the heavy red clays favoured their whole length, exterior pale to mid­ by B. bovei, B. dispar and B. crlspulum. green, sometimes flushed purple towards To date B. olivieri is known from three the opening, interior deep purple. Spadix locations. The type locality is an area of subequal to the spathe limb, 2.5-8 cm sub-coastal sands on the Egyptian coast long; spadix appendix filiform, 2-6.5 cm where it forms extensive colonies in as­ X 0.5-1 mm, deep purple. Staminate sociation with Arisarum vulgare Targ.­ flowers in a zone 3-4 mm X ca. 1 mm Tozz. and Eminium spiculatum (Blume) diam., anthers scattered to rather dense, Schott. A second, more recently discov­ purple. Interstice 4-5 X ca. 0.75 mm, ered, site is in the Negev Desert in south­ deep purple. Staminodes few, often ab­ ern Israel, while in 1995 Chris Lovell col­ sent, filiform, situated at the base of the lected B. olivieri in Jordan on the road interstice, 2-3 mm long, purple. Pistillate from Ibria to Rauble. flowers in a hemispherical cluster 2-4 X 3-4 mm; ovaries bottle-shaped, ca. 1-5 X 11. Biarum straussii Engler in Engler, 0.75 mm, cream, style ca. 1 X 0.15 mm, Das Pflanzenr. 73(IY.23F): 142(920); purple, stigma capitate, ca. 0.33 mm in Riedl in Townsend, Fl. Iraq. 8: 196-7 diam., purple-grey. Infructescence glo­ t.51 (1985). Type: IRAN, tal des Dre­ bose, ca. 1.1-2 cm in diam., often en­ hemschur bei dem Dorf Meikham auf closed in the persistent spathe tube, head Brachen, 25 May 1906, Strauss 590 consisting of ca. 25-30 berries; berries glo­ (lectotype B, chosen here). All of the bose, ca. 5 mm in diam., pale whitish-pur­ syntypes listed by Engler are present ple when ripe; seed spherical, ca. 3 mm in in Berlin. The specimen selected is diam., testa ± smooth, elaiosome barely the most complete of these. developed, pale brown. Chromosome number not recorded. Tuber slightly compressed-globose, 2- 4 X 1.5-3 cm, not offsetting (?), pale Distribution-N Egypt, S Jordan, S Isra­ brown. Leaves 4-18, proteranthous, long el. petiolate, bases encased by 3 to 4,6-14 X Ecology-In consolidated sand in open 1-1.5 cm rather fleshy, later papery, cata­ situations, often close to the coast. Alt. 5- phylls, these pale greenish white at first, 500 m. pale brown on drying; petiole 1-3 mm thick, adaxial surface barely channeled Etymology-Named after Guillaume distally, the outer-most petioles expanded Antoine Olivieri, a French naturalist who into membranous wing proximally, the in­ travelled extensively in Asia Minor during nermost ± the same width along their the late eighteenth century. length, petiole mid-green, wing paler; leaf Biarum olivieri is a curious species that lamina ovate-elliptic to oblong to linear, 5- is allied to B. bovei, B. dispar and B. cris­ 14 cm X 4-20 mm, apex obtuse to sub­ pulum but is separable by the linear to lin­ acute, base decurrent to almost truncate, ear-Ianceolate leaves, the much thinner, al­ ca. 6-8 veins per side, margins smooth to most papery, spathe texture, the fully con- undulate or slightly crispulate, lamina dull PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 23 green. Inflorescence emerging from the free spathe margins and different arrange­ middle of the leaf rosette; peduncle 4-13 ment of the staminodes in Eminium cm X 2-2.5 mm, subterranean or slightly should readily separate them. In the sterile emergent, whitish to pale green where vis­ state, however, B. straussii is quite similar ible. Spathe 8-16 cm long; spathe limb to B. bovei, and they are often confused in lanceolate, 6-12 cm X 5-10 mm, acute, herbaria. exterior green, interior deep purple; spathe tube oblong, inflated, 3-5 X l.75- 12. Biarum syriacum (Spreng.) H.Riedl 2.3 cm, margins fully connate, exterior in Aroideana 3(1): 19 (1980). Type: green, interior deep purple, occasionally (SYRIA) prope Aleppo, Russell s.n. paler than the spathe limb interior. Spa­ (holotype BM). Arum syriacum dix sub-equal to slightly exceeding the Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 768 (1826). spathe, 8-16 cm long; spadix appendix cy­ B. gramineum Banks & Sol. in Russell, lindric-fusiform, 6-13.5 cm X 2-3 mm, Nat. Hist. Aleppo ed.2, 2: 264 (1794), deep purple. Staminate Jlowers in a nom. illeg. Type as for B. syriacum zone 12.5-15 mm long and 2-4 mm diam., (Spreng.) H.Riedi. B. gramineum anthers cream. Interstice l.5-3 cm X 2- (Banks & Sol.) Eig in ]ourn. Bot. 3 mm, cream. Staminodes restricted to a Lond. 75: 189 (1937), nom. illeg. et su­ 5-10 mm zone above the pistillate flower perjl. zone, few to many, 4-6 mm long, mostly B. russellianum Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. pointing upwards, cream. PistillateJlow­ 63 (1860), nom. illeg et superjl. ers in a hemispherical cluster 3-3.5 X 5- 6 mm; ovaries oblong, 1-l.5 X ca. 1 mm, Tuber dorso-ventrally compressed-dis­ cream with a purple apex, style ca. 1 X coid, 2-3.5 X 1.5-2 cm, not offsetting (?), 0.25 mm, purple, stigma capitate, ca. 0.33 dark brown. Leaves 12-25, proteran­ mm in diam, purple. Infructescence glo­ thous, long-petiolate, the bases encased bose, 2.5-3 cm in diam., consisting of 40- by 3 to 6 ligulate, 6-14 X 1.5-2 cm, sub­ 50 berries; berries 7-10 X 4.5-6 mm pale fleshy, later papery, whitish cataphylls and purple-white when ripe; seed ca. 4 mm in 2 to 3 ligulate 9-13 X 1-1.5 cm, fibrous diam., ovoid, testa slightly reticulate. Chro­ brown cataphylls; petiole 6-15 cm X 1-3 mosome number not recorded. mm, abaxial surface channeled distally, expanded into a membranous wing prox­ Distribution-Northern Iraq, northern imally, mid to dark green; leaf lamina lin­ Iran. ear to linear-elliptic, the first few leaves Ecology-Limestone-derived red clay emerging spathulate, 6-14 cm X 2.5-4(- soils or occasionally on shale outcrops on 14) mm, apex acute, base long-decurrent rocky and stony limestone hills, in open to cuneate, 3-5 primary lateral veins per situations, amongst low Berberis scrub or side, margins smooth to undulate, lamina on grazed hillslopes. Alt. 300-550 m. mid- to dark green, rarely somewhat glau­ cous abaxially. Inflorescence appearing Etymology-Named for the collector of in spring; peduncle 3.5-6 cm X 2-3 mm, the type material. dirty white, emerging from amidst the fo­ The distinctive appearance of B. straus­ liage. Spathe 1l.5-18 cm long; spathe sii in flower-the inflorescence emerging limb elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, 9-15 X from the middle of a mature leaf rosette­ l.8-3.5 cm, exterior green, heavily stained provides little chance of confusing it with deep purple, interior deep purple; spathe any other species of Biarum, except per­ tube oblong, moderately inflated, 4-5.5 X haps B. syriacum from which it differs by l.5-2.5 cm, margins fully connate, exterior the much broader leaf lamina. dirty white, stained purple around the up­ Confusion might occur with species of per margins, interior white, stained mid­ Eminium, especially with the entire­ purple distally. Spadix sub-equal to just leaved forms of E. intortum. The entirely exceeding the spathe limb, 15.5-18 cm in 24 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29

total length; spadix appendix fusiform, temporary gatherings in Geneva. Accord­ sub-sessile to shortly stipitate, 8-15 cm X ing to the notes on the various sheets it 6-9 mm, deep purple. Staminate jlow­ appears that B. syriacum is quite abun­ ers in a zone 9-14 mm long, 5-6 mm dant, especially in the north of Syria. diam., anthers cream. Interstice 2-3.2 cm If the unusual flowering period is ig­ .x 2-3 mm, dark cream. Staminodes ar­ nored, B. syriacum would appear, on the ranged on the lower half of the interstice, basis of floral morphology, to be related moderately dense; bases barely to not to B. bovei and B. kotschyi. The rather ob­ swollen, dark cream, filaments filiform, long spathe tube and the arrangement of spreading to erect, 3-6 mm long, the lon­ the staminodes are similar to those of B. gest nearest to the pistillate flowers, bovei. However, the foliage of B. syriacum cream. PistiUatejlowers in a hemispher­ is quite different and, in fact, no other spe­ ical cluster 1-2 X 4-5 mm; ovaries oblong, cies of Subgen. Ischarum has similar ca. 1-2 X 0.5 mm, dark cream, stigma sub­ leaves. sessile, capitate, ca. 0.3 mm in diam. In­ Reidl (1980) stated that the spathe tube .fructescence known only from immature margins in B. syriacum were free for more material, ca. 10 X 7 mm; berries ca. 3 X than half their length. I suspect that this 1.5 mm, whitish; mature seed not seen. mistake arose due to a tracing of the "ho­ Chromosome number not recorded. lotype" of B. russellianum that is present in the Herbarium at Kew and which de­ Distribution-NW Syria. picts the spathe tube with free margins. Ecology-Bare earth plains in lime­ Examination of the specimen in Paris that stone-derived red clays. Alt. 150-300 m. was used for the tracing reveals that the "free" margins are actually the result of Etymology-From Syria, alluding to the creasing of the inflated spathe tube during country of origin of the type and all other drying; the margins are fully connate. material. The confused nomenclatural history of 13. Biarum carratracense (Haenseler) this species was discussed by Riedl Font Quer in Bull. Inst. Catal. Hist. (1980a). When Banks and Solander pub­ Nat. 26: 53 (1926); Talavera in Lagas­ lished the name Arum gramineum (Banks calia 6(2): 290-93 t.1, C, C1 (1976); & Solander, 1794), based on a Russell col­ Talavera, Valdes & Galiano, Fl. Vasco lection in the British Museum, they appear Andal. Occ. 3: 210 (1987). Arum, car­ to have been unaware of Lamarck's Arum ratracense Haenseler in Bot. Zeit. 4: gramineum (1789). Schott (1860) pro­ 313 (1846). Type: SPAIN, in agris cul­ posed B. russellianum as a nomen novum tis montuosisque ad Carratraca, jam for the Banks & Solander species, since Sierra de Agua dictis, 18 November the epithet gramineum was unavailable 1839, Haenseler s.n. (holotype G). under either Arum or Biarum. However, Biarum haenseleriWillk., Bot. Zeit. 5: Schott overlooked that Sprengel (1826) 49 (1847), nom. illeg. et superfl. Type: had proposed the name A. syriacum for based on the same type as B. carra­ the Russell material and that he should tracense (Haenseler) Font Quer. Is­ have adopted Sprengel's earlier name in charum haenseleri (Willk.) Schott, Biarum. Syn. Aroid. 8 (1856), nom. illeg. B. Very little material of B. syriacum has bovei Blume ssp. haenseleri (Willk.) been collected. The five sheets of material Engler in A. & C. DC., Monog. Pha­ in Paris are all from the Aleppo area of nerog. 2: 578 (1879), nom. illeg. northern Syria, one being the 'type' of B. intermedium Amo, Fl. Fan. Penin. Iber. Schott's B. russellianum. The only other 1: 394 (1847). Type: SPAIN, crece en material I have been able to trace is Rus­ las Alpujarras, cerca Orgiva y tembien sell's gathering, the type of Arum syria­ en Sierra Elvira, provincia de Grana­ cum, in the British Museum and four con- da, Amo s.n. (holotype not traced). / PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 25

B. tenuifolium (L.) Schott var. latifolium ovaries ovoid, 0.5-1 mm in diam., purple, Lange, Pugillus 81 (1860) [" latifolia"]' style ca. 0.5 mm X 0.25, purple, stigma Type: SPAIN, Sierra Elvira prope Gra­ sub-capitate, ca. 0.33 mm in diam., pale nada, Lange 147 (lectotype C, select­ purple. Inj'ructescence a gJobose cluster ed here; isolectotypes C, G, P). There of ca. 50 berries 3-3.5 cm in diam.; berries are five sheets of this taxon present in globose, ca. 8-9 mm in diam., pale purple; the Copenhagen herbarium, repre­ seeds globose, ca. 5-5.5 X 5 mm, testa senting many individual plants. The strongly reticulate, mid-brown. 2n = 98 best preserved and most complete (Fernandez Piqueras & Ruiz Rejon 1976 & sheet has been chosen as the lecto­ Palomeque Messia & Ruiz Rejon 1976), ca. type. 96 (Talavera 1976), 36 (Fernandez Casas et aI., 1978). Tuber slightly dorso-ventrally com­ pressed discoid to slightly compressed Distribution-SW Spain. globose, 1.5-3 X 1-2 cm, mid-brown. Ecology-Dry mountain pastures, field Leaves 3-7, hysteranthous, very rarely margins, track sides in limestone-derived synanthous, bases encased by three, 4.7- red clay soils. Alt. 300-1,100 m. 12 X 1-2 cm, lanceolate, sub-fleshy, later papery, cataphylls, these pale greenish Etymology-Originating from Carratraca white to dull green, turning pale greyish in southwestern Spain, the town closest to yellow on drying; petiole 8-15 cm X 2--4 the type locality. mm, adaxial surface channeled with slight­ Biarum carratracense has been associ­ ly winged margins distally, expanded ba­ ated with B. bovei and B. tenuifolium but sally into a papery wing; leaf lamina ellip­ is quite clearly distinguishable from either. tic, elliptic-ovate or oblanceolate, 5-12(- The oblong, slightly inflated spathe tube 15) X 2-3 cm, ca. 6 primary lateral veins with the margins connate for over half per side, margins smooth, lamina rather their length and the fusiform spadix ap­ dull mid-green. Inflorescence appearing pendix suggest an affinity to B. kotschyi in late autumn, 11-17.5 cm long, strongly and B. jraasianum, although B. carratra­ foetid of horse dung and carrion; pedun­ cense is geographically isolated from ei­ cle 3-7 cm X 2-3 mm. Spathe 10-17.5 cm ther species. Vegetatively B. carratracense long; spathe limb lanceolate, 8-13.5 X 1- would appear to be closest to B. kotschyi, 2 cm, margins smooth, exterior :±: green which has a similar lanceolate-elliptic leaf with much rich purple staining, especially lamina. However, B. kotschyi has the pet­ towards the margin, becoming paler to­ ioles free to the ground whereas in B. car­ wards the base near soil level; spathe tube ratracense the petiole bases are often im­ elliptic-cylindric, slightly inflated, 2--4 X bricated to form a weak pseudostem. Fur­ 1.5-2 cm, margins connate for ca. 1,2 their ther, the staminodes are far fewer in B. length, exterior off-white beneath soil lev­ carratracense than in B. kotschyi; some el, exposed portion rich purple, interior material of the Spanish taxon almost lacks white, stained purple at the base and to­ pistillodes except for a couple of vestigial wards the opening. Spadix 10-17 cm bristles on the upper part of the interstice. long; spadix appendix slender-fusiform, 8-13 cm X 1.4-3.5 mm, deep brown-pur­ 14. Biarum kotschyi (Schott) B.Mathew ple. Staminate flowers in a zone 10-15 ex H.Riedl in Aroideana 3(1): 28 X 3-5 mm diam., anthers cream, stained (1980) ("kotshcyf'). Ischarum kot­ purple in the region of the connective. In­ schyi Schott, Syn. Aroid. 7 (1856). terstice 1-1.5 cm X 2-2.5 mm, purple. Type: (TURKEY?) Eastern Lebanon, Staminodes few, scattered over the lower Kotschy s.n. (holotype W destroyed; 1 cm of the interstice and directly above lectotype W, selected here). Schott's the pistillate flowers. PistiUateflowers in leones Aroideae no. 2151. There are a hemispherical cluster ca. 5-7 X 6 mm, four leones present in Vienna (nos 26 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29

2150-2154) and a single reliquiae (no. berries; berries oblong-ovoid, ca. 5- X 4- 366). The leone selected as the lec­ 5 mm wide, pale purple with darker stain­ totype is by far the most informative ing when ripe; seed globose, ca. 4 mm in plate. diam., strongly reticulate. Chromosome number not recorded. Tuber slightly dorso-ventrally com­ pressed-discoid to ± globose-discoid, 2-5 Distribution-SE Turkey, provinces of cm in diam., 1-1.2 cm thick, pale brown. Bitlis, Diyarbakir, Urfa and Gaziantep and Leaves 5-15, hysteranthous, distinctly Maras. petiolate, bases encased by 3 to 6, 6-9 X Ecology-Dry clay-loam hillslopes, 1.5-2 cm elliptic lanceolate, sub-fleshy, lat­ stony plateaux, long-fallow fields. Alt. er papery, cataphylls, these pale greenish 600-2000 m. white at first, pale straw-yellow on drying; petiole 5-9(-22) cm X 4-5 mm, adaxial Etymology-Named after the Austrian surface channeled and winged distally, botanist Theodor Kotschy. slightly expanded into a wing proximally; Due to Engler's misidentification of the leaf lamina elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, type material as B. bovei, B. kotschyi has rarely oblanceolate, 6-9.5 X 2.5-4 cm, only recently been accepted as being a apex sub-acute, base short-decurrent, ca. distinct species. Biarum kotschyi could be 5-6 primary lateral veins on each side, regarded as intermediate between B. bovei margins smooth, lamina dull mid-green. and B. pyrami on the basis of the shape Inflorescence appearing in late autumn, of the spathe tube, spadix appendix, stam­ smelling pungently of horse dung; pedun­ inodes and foliage. cle 3-6(-17.5) cm X 4-6 mm, pale green Biarum kotschyi and B. carratracense to dirty white. Spathe 8.5-10(-15) cm are also similar. The rather slender spathe long; spathe limb lanceolate, 5.5-11 X 2- limb, fusiform spadix appendix and the ar­ 3.5 cm, apex acute, exterior pale dirty rangement of the staminodes is similar in green with numerous small pale purple both species. They can be readily distin­ speckles and some purple staining, espe­ guished by the degree of connation of the cially towards the margin, interior deep spathe tube margins (three quarters free in purple; spathe tube oblong, slightly inflat­ B. kotschyi, half free in B. carratracense) ed, 3-4.5 X 1.5-2.5 cm, margins connate and the distinct geographical distributions. for ca. 14 of their length, exterior white Biarum kotschyi is a common species in with some purple staining basally and api­ parts of southeastern Turkey and a search cally, interior white stained purple at the of a dry hillside will usually reveal this base and apex. Spadix ca. 3,4 as long as, species. In light of this it might appear to just exceeding the spathe limb, 8-13 cm strange that Mill (1984) omitted B. kotschyi long; appendix ± sessile, slender-fusi­ from his Flora of Turkey account were it form, 5-9 cm X 2.5-4.5 mm wide, deep not for the fact that almost all herbarium purple. Staminate flowers in a zone 9- material of this species has hitherto been 12 X 3-4.5 mm wide, anthers cream, annotated as B. bovei. tinged purple apically. Interstice 1.75-2.5 Once again, Schott's citation of the type cm X 2 mm wide, purple. Staminodes ar­ locality must be regarded as suspect. Bia­ ranged at the base of the interstice, directly rum kotschyi has never been found in Leb­ above the pistillate flowers, filaments 3-6 anon or Syria and it appears to be restrict­ mm long, purple. Pistillate flowers in a ed to a few provinces in Turkey. It is most hemispherical cluster 12-15 X 7-9 mm; likely that the type of B. kotschyi originat­ ovaries bottle-shaped, 1-1.5 X 0.75-1 mm, ed in southeastern Turkey. cream, stained purple, style ca. 0.5 X 0.15 mm, purple, stigma capitate, ca. 0.33 mm 15. Biarum fraasianum (Schott) Ny­ in diam., purple. Infructescence globose, man, Syl!. F!. Europ. supp!.: 68 (1865); ca. 3-4.5 cm in diam., consisting of ca. 40 Brown in J. Linn. Soc. 18: 254 (1881); PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 27

Engler in Das Pflanzenr. 73 (IV.23F): appendix paler. Staminate flowers in a 139 (1920). zone ca. 15 mm long and 4 mm diam., Ischarum fraasianum Schott in Oesterr. cream, slight stained purple towards the Bot. Zeit. 9: 98 (1859). Type: GREECE, tips. Interstice 16-25 mm long and 2-3 in campis Thebaicis, Fraas s.n. (ho­ mm diam., white. Staminodes sparse, ar­ lotype B destroyed; lectotype W, se­ ranged mostly directly above the pistillate lected here Schott's leones Aroideae flowers, but with one or two scattered on no. 2147) There are two illustrations the upper portion of the interstice; fila­ of this species in Vienna (Reliquiae ments slender, ca. 4 mm long, white. Pis­ 367 & leones 2147). They are essen­ tillate flowers in a hemispherical cluster tially the same illustration arranged in 10-13 X 3-6 mm; ovaries bottle-shaped, different ways. Nevertheless, the leo­ ca. 1.5 X 0.5 mm wide, green, style ca. 0.5 nes 2147 is annotated 'Arum 4 in X 0.15 mm, flushed purple, stigma glo­ camp is Thebaicis (Gr.) comm. & coli. bose, ca. 0.25 mm in diam. Infructesc­ Fraas! Herb. Sartorii' ence hemispherical, 2.5 X 1 cm, consist­ ing of ca. 30 fruits, berries pyriform-glo­ Biarum fraasianum (Schott) N.E. Br. in bose, ca. 4 X 4 mm, pale silvery purple, Joum. Linn. Soc. 18: 254 (1881), stylar portion purple, stigmatic remains comb. superfl. prominent, ca. 1 X 0.5 mm; seeds globose, ca. 3 mm in diam., pale brown, somewhat Tuber compressed discoid 4 X 2 cm, reticulate. 2n = 36 (Popova & Ceschmed­ offsetting little, pale brown, older tubers jiev 1978) but see note below. with conspicuous, concentric brown rings. Leaves 13-20 cm, hysteranthous, long­ Distribution-Long thought to be re­ petiolate, petioles clasping basally, en­ stricted to the type locality, where exten­ closed by few, ca. 3 cm X 2-4 mm linear­ sive urban and agricultural development triangular to lanceolate pale brownish­ has almost certainly extinguished most cream papery cataphylls; petiole 7-9 cm X populations, B. fraasianum has recently ca. 2 mm; leaf lamina oblong to oblanceo­ been recollected in the Pelopponense by late, 6-9 X 1.5-4 cm, apex obtuse to sub­ amateur bulb enthusiast Mike Salmon. acute, base short to long decurrent, ca. 6 primary lateral veins per side, margins Ecology-Stony red clay soils derived smooth, lamina mid-green. Inflorescence from limestone. Alt. 50-260 m. appearing in spring, smelling strongly of overripe fruit; peduncle ca. 4-6 cm X 5-6 Etymology-The species is named in mm, swollen apically in fruit to ca. 1 cm, honour of Carl Nicholaus Fraas, collector clothed, together with the base of the of the material used to describe the spe­ spathe, by several 6-10 X 1.5-2 cm broad­ cies. ly linear cataphylls. Spathe 13-24 cm Until recently Biarum fraasianum was long; spathe limb ovate-Ianceolate to ob­ a species for which very little material was long, 10-20 X 4-6 cm, shortly cuspidate, available for study. The Fraas' type collec­ exterior greenish purple, interior dark tion was at Berlin and a search of the her­ brownish purple, upper part of spathe barium did not locate the material and it tinged green; spathe tube subcylindric, 3- must be assumed it was among the mate­ 4 X 1.5-2.5 cm, margins fused for * their rial destroyed in WW2. Only two other length, exterior whitish, tinged apically contemporary herbarium collections of B. green and purplish brown, interior white fraasianum exist. One of these, held at above, deep purple below. Spadix ap­ the Natural History Museum (BM), consists proximately half as long as the spathe of a tuber, leaves and a semi-mature in­ limb, 7.5-12 cm long; appendix briefly fructescence. The other, in Patras Univer­ stipitate, fusiform, 4.5-10 cm X 4-7 mm, sity Herbarium (UPA), is a flowering spec­ greenish purple-brown, stipe and base of imen. The type material was used to pre- 28 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29

pare two illustrations held in the Naturhis­ tion, leones Aroideae no. 2161 in Vienna torisches Museum, Vienna (W). is ideal since it is annotated with the same The recent recollection of B. fraasian­ data as the isotypic fragments in Geneva. um has revealed numerous hitherto un­ As pointed out by Mill (1984) the locality known characteristics, including spring cited in Schott's Prodromus Systematis flowering and a sweet smell at anthesis. Aroidearum (1860) is almost certainly The latter is particularly uncommon in wrong. The fragmentary isotype speci­ Biarum, shared only with B. davisii and mens in Geneva are annotated 'Messis et B. marmarisense. Scheih Meran' and do not carry the data The report of a chromosome count for cited by Schott in the protologue. B. fraasianum of 2n = 32 (Popova & Ceschmedjiev 1978) must be regarded as Ischarum pyrami Schott, Prodr. Syst. Ar­ probably based on a misidentified plant. oid. 66 (1860). Nevertheless the Popova and Ceschmed­ l. nobile Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 66 jiev count is intriguing in that it is different (1860). Type (Turkey) juxta arcem from any species that might conceivably Semiramidis, cult. Schoenbrunn, be misidentified as B. fraasianum. Kotschy s.n. (holotype W de­ Biarum fraasianum is most similar to B. stroyed; lectotype W (chosen here) bovei, B. kotschyi and B. carratracense, (Schott's leones Aroideae no. particularly in the degree of spathe tube 2157». Of the plates present in Vi­ inflation and the fusiform spadix appen­ enna, the one chosen bears the dix. The arrangement of the staminodes in same data as given in the proto­ B.fraasianum is closer to that found in B. logue and is thus the logical choice disparthan to that of B. carratracenseand for the lectotype. The same confu­ B. kotschyi but its geographical distribu­ sion with localities detailed under tion and the greater overall similarity to B. B. pyrami apply to l. nobile. kotschyi leads me suspect that the closest relationship lies with the latter species. Tuber globose-discoid 2-4 X 2-2.5 cm, mid-brown. Leaves hysteranthous (var. 16. Biarum pyrami (Schott) Engler in A. pyramt) or synanthous (var. serotinum), & c. DC., Monog. Phanerog. 2: 576 long-petiolate, encased basally by numer­ (1879) & in Engler, Pflanzenr. ous (2-)7-13 X 0.5-2 cm elliptic-lanceo­ 73CIY.23F): 139 (1920); Koach & Fein­ late sub-fleshy, later papery, cataphylls, brun in Feinbrun, FI. Palaestina 4: 337 these pale greenish, occasionally with faint (1984); Koach in Rotem 26 t.l5,16 purple spots externally at first, later pale (1988). Type: Juxta arcem Semerami­ straw-yellow; petiole 8-16 cm X 2.5-4.5 dis [plantae ad Pyramum (Ceyhan riv­ mm, margins slightly winged, adaxial sur­ er) in monte Nur lectae: inter Messis face channeled distally, expanded proxi­ (Misis) et castellum Scheih Meran mally into broad membranous wing, mid­ (Yilankale), 60 mJ, Kotschy s.n. (ho­ green; leaf lamina oblong-elliptic to ovate­ lotype W destroyed, isotypes G (ster­ elliptic, 6-18 X 3-8 cm, apex subacute to ile fragments». slightly rounded, base briefly decurrent to rounded, occasionally sub-truncate, ca. 9- Since isotypes exist, albeit fragmentary, 10 primary lateral veins per side, margins it is not possible to select a lectotype for flat, occasionally crispulate, leaf lamina Ischarum pyrami other than from this ma­ deep green, with black-purple or green terial (Art. 7.4, ICBN Code). This, due to bullae (var. pyramt) or smooth (var. sero­ the condition of the specimens, is a point­ tinum). InJ10rescence appearing in late less exercise. Nevertheless, it is useful to autumn (var. pyramt) or early winter (var. have a fixed point on which to base an serotinum), smelling strongly foetid of cat­ interpretation of the name pyrami and for tle dung and carrion; peduncle 4-7 cm X this purpose I epitypify the Schott Illustra- ~ mm, off white. Spathe 10-25 cm long; PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 29

spathe limb lanceolate, (7-) 15-18.5 X 2- Etymology-Named after Pyramus, the 3.5 cm, long-acuminate, erect at first but ancient name for the Ceyhan River in soon reflexing and coiling, exterior mid­ southern Turkey, the type locality. green stained and spotted purple-brown, especially towards the margins (var. pyra­ h. var. serotinum Koach & Feinbrun in mt) or unspotted (var. serotinum), interior Feinbrun, Fl. Palaestina 4: 398 (1986). deep purple brown, sometimes with paler Type: ISRAEL, Golan, near Katsrin, speckling along the middle and towards hills, basalt rocks and soil, 22 Decem­ the apex; spathe tube globose, ventricose, ber 1979, Heiman 79 (holotype HUJ). 3-4 X 2.5-3.5 cm, margins connate for 14 Leaves synanthous, lacking bullae. In­ of their length, exterior whitish below florescence appearing in late winter. ground, purple-brown above, interior dark Spathe limb exterior concolorous mid­ purple. Spadix equalling to slightly ex­ green. Chromosome number not record­ ceeding the spathe limb, ~ cm long; spa­ ed. dix appendix cylindric-fusiform 5.7-22 cm X (3-) 5-9 mm, deep purple-brown. Sta­ Distribution-Israel. minatejlowers in a zone 10-15 mm long Ecology-Hillslopes in soils derived X 5-6 mm diam., anthers purple. Inter­ from basalt rocks. Alt. 60 m. stice 14-16 X 2-3.5 mm, deep purple, rarely dull creamy yellow. Pistillodes in Etymology-From the Latin serus (late), a zone 5-10 mm long at the base of the in allusion to the winter flowering of this interstice, sparse; bases slightly swollen, variety. purple; bristles filiform, flattened distally, This large, showy species is perhaps the 5-7 mm long, cream, sometimes flushed most readily distinguishable of the autumn deep purple. Pistillate jlowers in a flowering Biarum species due to the glo­ hemispherical cluster ca. 10 X 3-5 mm bose, strongly inflated, spathe tube, large high, ovaries bottle-shaped, 1.5-2 X 1- spathe and greatly attenuated spadix ap­ 1.25 mm, deep purple, paler below, style pendix. The bullate leaves of the typical ca. 1.5 X 0.33 mm, purple, stigma sub­ variety are also unusual in the genus and capitate, ca. 0.50 mm in diam., white. In- provide a ready means of identifying B. fructescence globose, 2-3 cm in diam., pyrami in Turkey, where no other species consisting of ca. 50 berries; berries oblong­ shares this character. In Turkey, B. pyrami, pyriform, 7-10 X 5-6 mm, silvery-lilac, B. bovei and B. kotschyi, form an appar­ stained purple proximally, seed sub-turbi­ ently closely related group of species but nate, 5-6 X 4-5 mm wide, testa reticulate, they are all readily distinguishable from dark brown. one another. Variety serotinum is maintained here with some reluctance. There is no denying a. var. pyrami that some Israeli material of B. pyrami is Leaves hysteranthous, bullate. lriflo­ rather distinct from that of Turkish and rescence appearing in late autumn. Syrian origin. The lack of leaf bullae, used Spathe limb exterior mid-green, stained as one of the distinguishing characters for and spotted purple-brown. Chromosome var. serotinum, is generally a stable char­ number not recorded. acter, although the Davis 3844 collection from Israel cited above lacks leaf bullae Distribution-SW and central S Turkey, although phenologically and ecologically Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel. it is clearly referable to var. pyrami, and the two varieties are apparently ecologi­ Ecology-Garigue or low Maquis on red cally different. The floral characteristics clay soils derived from limestone, lime­ used to distinguish var. serotinum seem stone hill slopes, amongst loose stones or less reliable, especially with regard to the in disused fields. Alt. 30-450 m. flowering period on which Koach and 30 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29

Feinbrun laid great emphasis. Elsewhere 13 mm long and 6-9 mm diam., deep pur­ in Biarnm, phenology has proved to be ple. Interstice 23-25 X 5-6 mm, deep variable, with some species (e.g. B. straus­ purple. Staminodes situated at the base sii and B. syriaeum) displaying a rigid of the interstice, few, filiform, 5-14 mm flowering cycle while others (e.g. B. ten­ long, deep purple. PistiUate flowers in uifolium and B. arnndanum) have a wide a hemispherical cluster 4-5 X 7-13 mm degree of variability even in single popu­ wide; ovary 2-3 mm long, cream; style 1 lations. X 0.33 mm, purple, stigma capitate, ca. 0.5 The plant described as Isebarnm nobile mm in diam., purple.ltifructescence not by Schott (1860) has been suggested by seen. Chromosome number not recorded. some authors (e.g. Mill, 1984) as possibly Distribution-SW Spain. representing a distinct species. Although the type material is no longer extant, the Ecology-Rocky hill slopes on lime­ painting in Vienna (Schott's /cones Aro­ stone-derived red clays. Alt. 50-75 m. ideae no. 2155) that serves as the type of Etymology-From the Latin mendax, l. nobile suggests that it is conspecific with deceitful, in allusion to the similarity in the B. pyrami. The illustrations of l. nobile and dried state between the new species, B. I. pyrami (Schott's leones Aroideae no. bovei and B. dispar which has resulted in 2161) are very similar. Apart from the it being hitherto overlooked. slightly less inflated spathe tube and rather In herbaria, B. mendax has been as­ sparser pistillodes, the two illustrations al­ signed to B. bovei Blume, or B. dispar most certainly depict the same species. (Schott) Talavera, on the basis of its overall similarity to them. However, B. mendax is 17. Biarum mendax P.C. Boyce, Aro­ readily separable by its greater size, ex­ ideana 22: 90 (1999). Type: SPAIN. ceeding that attained by B. pyrami. In­ Badajoz: Between Hobr6n and Solana deed, B. mendax bears the largest inflo­ des los Barros, 15 October 1976, Ca­ rescence yet recorded in Biarnm. From all bezudo et al. 2201/76 (holotype SEV three species it can be distinguished by the 25005; isotypes G, K). completely fused spathe tube. Biarnm mendax belongs to a group of species de­ Tuber globose-discoid, 4 X 3.5 cm, fined by spadices bearing sterile flowers mid-brown. Leaves not seen. Inflores­ only between the male and female flower cence appearing in early autumn smelling zones, and in the inflated lower spathe. very strongly foetid of cattle dung and car­ rion; peduncle 5-15 cm X 3-4 mm, off 18. Biarum auraniticum Mouterde, white, clothed by few to many, 5-13 cm Nouv. FI. du Liban et Syrie 1: 193 X 7-15 mm papery, pale yellowish white (1966). Type: SYRIA, tel pres du Zrai­ cataphylls. Spathe 16-24 cm long; spathe kiye, au nord de Sanamein, Decem­ limb lanceolate, 18-20 cm X 15-18 mm, ber 1954, Pabot 326 (holotype G!; iso­ apex long acuminate, exterior green ± types G!, K! (photograph». heavily blotched and stained purple­ [Biarnm luteum Pabot, in sebed. nom. brown, interior deep purple-brown; nudJ spathe tube globose, strongly inflated, 4- 5 X ca. 3 cm wide, margins fused for their Tuber slightly dorso-ventrally com­ entire length, exterior pale green stained pressed discoid, 2-3 X 1.5-2 cm, rnid­ purple-brown especially towards the brown. Leaves 2-3, hysteranthous, short­ opening, interior off-white distally, deep to rather long-petiolate, bases encased by purple proximally. Spadix sub-equal to 2 to 3, 6-12 cm X 7.5-20 mm, lanceolate, exceeding the spathe limb, 16-21 cm long; papery, cataphylls, these pale straw-yel­ spadix appendix slender fusiform-cylin­ low on drying; petiole 7-12 cm X 2-10 dric, 14-16 cm X 6-8 mm, deep purple­ mm, adaxial surface slightly channeled brown. Staminate flowers in a zone 11- distally, outer petioles expanded proxi- PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 31

mally into a broad membranaceous wing, but also because of the remarkably wide inner :!:: the same width for their whole bottle-shaped ovaries. The odd inflores­ length, mid-green, paler below; leaf lami­ cence coloration and unusual appearance na elliptic, 4-8 cm long, 2-4.5 cm wide, of the ovaries make it difficult to envisage apex rounded to sub-acute, base decur­ a close relationship. The lack of pistillo­ rent, 6-8 primary lateral veins per side, des, the ovate-elliptic, long-petiolate margins smooth, lamina mid-green. Inflo­ leaves and slightly inflated spathe tube rescence emerging in winter; peduncle 2- support a link to B. hovei or B. kotschyi. 5 cm X 3-4 mm diam., off-white, intensely foul smelling of horse dung. Spathe 8.5- 19. Biarum ditschianum Bogner & 17 cm long; spathe limb lanceolate to nar­ Boyce in Willdenowia 18(2): 409 rowly lanceolate, 9-13 X 1-3 cm, apex (1989). Type: TURKEY, Antalya, Xan­ acute to rather acuminate, exterior green­ thos hill; in holes and crevices in ish white, interior paler; spathe tube nar­ limestone, 30 m, 24 April 1988, Ko­ rowly cylindric, wider at the mouth, slight­ enen Bonn 22592 (holotype K; iso­ ly inflated in the mid-region, 2-3 cm X 8-- types B, BONN, K, M). 13 mm, margins connate for ca. ¥.J their length, exterior pale green, interior pale Tuber depressed-globular to sub-glob­ green distally, deep purple proximally. ular, 2.5-3 X 1. 5-2 cm, light brown. Roots Spadix sub-equal to shorter than the 1.4-2 mm in diam. Leaves 2-3, rarely up spathe limb, 7.5-14 cm long; spadix ap­ to 5, hysteranthous, long petiolate, bases pendix slender fusiform to fusiform, 5.5- partly encased by several 5-10 cm long, 10.2 cm X 2-7 mm, sub-sessile to briefly membranaceous, whitish cataphylls; peti­ stipitate, yellow. Staminate flowers in a ole 8--20 cm X 1.5-3 mm diam., chan­ zone 18--22mm long and 3-3.25 mm diam, nelled, laterally compressed, mid-green, cream. Interstice 8--11 X ca. 1.5 mm in sometimes reddish tinged distally; leaf wide, cream. Staminodes absent. Pistil­ lamina oblanceolate early in the season, late flowers in a hemispherical cluster 3- subsequent leaves linear, narrowly-elliptic 5 X 6-8 mm; ovaries globose, 1.5 X 1.5 or lanceolate, 6-15(-20) X 0.6-3(-3.5) cm, mm, cream, style ca. 1 X 1.25 mm, purple, base cuneate, decurrent, apex acute to ob­ stigma ca. 0.5 mm in diam., purple. In- tuse, 4-7 primary lateral veins on each Jructescence known only from immature side, leaf lamina mid-green, veins paler. material, consisting of ca. 35 globose ber­ Inflorescence appearing in spring, smell­ ries in a globose cluster; berries sub-glo­ ing strongly foetid, base enclosed by 5--6 bose, 2-3 X 1.5-3 mm, dull purple. Seed cataphylls, these at first membranaceous, (immature) spherical, ca. 2 mm in diam., whitish, soon withering to become papery testa reticulate, mid-brown. Chromosome and brown, 1.5--6(-7) X ca. 1.5 cm, the number not recorded. longest equalling the spathe; peduncle subterranean, 2-5 cm X 3.5-5 mm diam., Distribution-SW Syria, known only whitish. Spathe 4-5 cm long, spathe limb from the type locality. much reduced, 1.8--2 X ca. 2 cm diam., Ecology-Open hillslopes and fields in sub-triangular, terminating in a ca. 2 mm stiff clay-like volcanic soils. mucro, exterior greenish to light green, sometimes with a reddish tinge, interior Etymology-Named after the ancient re­ purplish-red, spathe tube ca. 3 X 1.8--2 gion of Aurantis in southern Syria. The cm, margins connate proximally for ca. 2.5 town of Sanamein, close to the type local­ cm, exterior whitish, sometimes slightly ity, being in this area. reddish tinged, interior reddish purple. Biarum auraniticum is unique in pos­ Spadix exceeding the spathe, 7-8 cm sessing a white spathe limb. There is no long; spadix appendix elongate-conoid to doubt that this is a most singular species, somewhat sub-cylindric, shortly stipitate, not only from the inflorescence coloration 4-4.5 cm X 7-11 mm, apex obtuse, base 32 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29 rounded, the basal 7-10 mm furnished specimens were made and used to pre­ with reflexed, filiform, acuminate, 1-2.5 X pare a description of the plant (Bogner & 0.1-0.25 mm, transparent white 'hairs', ap­ Boyce, 1989). pendix dark yellow except for the reddish Biarum ditscbianum has an extraordi­ purple basal 7-10 mm; stipe 5-6 X 3-4 nary appearance in flower compared with mm, cream. Staminate flowers arranged most other Biarum species. The spathe in an oblong zone 5-6 ,x 7-9mm, stamens limb is reduced to a narrow rim on the sub-sessile, yellow proximally, purple-red spathe tube and the most notable feature distally, occasionally entirely yellow. Pol­ is the relatively massive, dark yellow spa­ len extruded in strands. Interstice 1.3-3.5 dix appendix. Two other Biarum species cm X 2.5-3.5(-4) mm diam., light purple, have unusual inflorescences. Biarum dav­ fading to creamy white apically purple. isii (Turrill, 1938; Boyce, 1987) has pinkish Staminodes absent. PistiUate flowers white spathes, a purple spadix appendix arranged in a 2-2.5 mm high hemispheri­ and produces a sweet, not foul, odour at cal cluster; ovary bottle-shaped, ca. 1 mm anthesis. Biarum auraniticum (Mouterde, in diam., purplish red, occasionally pale 1966) has a greenish white spathe and a cream, styles and stigmas curved out­ yellow spadix; the odour produced by the wards, style 1.2-1.3 X ca. 0.4 m, purplish, inflorescence is unknown. Both species colour intensifying towards the ovary, oc­ lack a zone of sterile flowers (staminodes) casionally cream, stigma sub-capitate, 0.5- on the interstice separating the male and 0.6 mm in diam., yellow. Infructescence female flower zones, a feature also seen in depressed-globular, 3-3.5 X ca. 2 cm, con­ B. ditscbianum. sisting of ca. 50 berries; berries obovoid, Perhaps the most unusual feature of B. 6-10 X 4-7 mm, whitish, sometimes with ditscbianum is the presence of hair-like a very slight reddish tinge proximally, seed processes on the base of the spadix ap­ obovoid, 5.5-7.5 X 4-5.5 mm; testa with pendix. Such structures are otherwise un­ the upper part very slightly irregular-retic­ known in the genus and are uncommon ulate, lower part smooth. 2n = 26 (Peter­ in the Araceae. Their function is not clear, sen 1989). although it is possible that they playa role Distribution-SW Turkey. in pollination. The inflorescence of B. ditscbianum is Ecology-Low to middle-high garigue, also notable for being exceptionally foul partly loam-filled chimneys or crevices in smelling and produces a powerful odour limestone. Alt. 30-120 m. of carrion and excrement which attracts carrion flies. Experiments undertaken in Etymology-Named in honour of Fried­ Bonn have shown that the spadix appen­ rich Ditsch, the original discoverer of the dix absorbs UV light, suggesting that it species. contrasts well against the surrounding Biarum ditscbianum was first collected limestone in habitat. Carrion flies are in spring 1987 in southwestern Turkey by known to perceive mainly UV light and it Friedrich Ditsch, a student at Bonn Uni­ versity, Germany. A single tuber was is possible that the appendix is the most grown on at Bonn by him and flowered in visible part of the inflorescence to this May that year. Unfortunately the plant died type of fly. soon after flowering and no voucher spec­ imen was preserved. However, colour 20. Biarum davisii Turrill in The Gard. photographs of the plant were made. At­ Chron. ser.3, 104:437 (938); Rix, The tempts to recollect the species in October Bulb Book 185 (981). Type: CRETE, 1987 failed but in April 1988 Manfred Ko­ above and north-east of Sphakia, enen of the Bonn Botanical Garden suc­ amid rocks and amongst semi-scree, ceeded in recollecting it. Plants flowered 23 April 1938, Davis 114 (holotype K; at Bonn in May 1988. Herbarium and spirit isotype E). PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 33

Tuber globose to rather hemispheric

ing virtually indistinguishable morpholog­ 30 berries; berries 3.5-4 X 3-4 mm, dirty ically. white when ripe, seed ovoid, 3-4 mm in diam., testa slightly reticulate, pale brown. 21. Biarum marmarisense (P.c. Boyce) 2n = 22, 24 (Gill, 1988). P.c. Boyce stat. nov. Basionym: Bia­ Distribution-SW Turkey, Greece (Simi rum davisii marmarisense P.c. Boyce Island.) in Aroideana 10(4):14 (1987) ("mar­ marisensi~l'). Type: TURKEY, Mugla, Ecology-Limestone garigue, frequently Marmaris, Bozburun, Taslica Ki.)yli, in heavy red limestone-derived clays. Sea­ T.Baytop et al (holotype EGE (acces­ level-ISO mas!. sion no. EGE 8796); isotypes E, K). Etymology-Coming from the Marmaris Peninsula of southwestern Turkey. Tuber globose to rather hemispherical, Gill (1988) in an exhaustive study of B. 1.5-3 X 1-2.5 cm. Leaves 5-9, hyster­ davisii concluded that there were suffi­ anthous, long petiolate, petiole bases cient grounds for the recognition of the encased by numerous linear-Ianceolate Simi population as a variety of B. mar­ cataphylls, these 3-9 cm X 7.5-15 mm; marisense, using characters similar to petiole 7-11 cm X 1-2.5 mm, pale to mid­ those used to distinguish B. marmarisense green; leaf lamina ovate to ovate-spathu­ from B. davisii. My own view is that more late, elliptic ovate or elliptic, 1.5-6.5 X 1- research into the Turkish populations is re­ 3 cm, apex obtuse to sub-acute, base cu­ quired to evaluate the characters before neate to slightly cordate, ca. 6-9 primary such a move is made. lateral veins per side, margins smooth to somewhat crispulate, lamina mid to dark LITERATURE CITED green. Inflorescence appearing in au­ tumn, strongly and sweetly scented, pe­ AI-Eisawi, D. M. 1981. Studies on the flora duncle 2-11 cm X 3-7 mm, dirty white, of Jordan 12. Monocotyledons new to clothed with numerous cataphylls. Spathe Jordan, with notes on some interest­ 7-11 cm long; spathe limb narrowly lan­ ing species. Kew Bull. 41(2): 349-357. ceolate, 3-5 cm X 5-10 mm wide, strongly Athanasiou, K. (unpub!.). A cytotaxonomic cucullate, the margins recurved, apex study of the genus Biarum Schott in acute, interior and exterior pale greenish Greece. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Patras. white spotted and mottled pale purple; Banks, J. & D. C. Solander. 1794. Russell, spathe tube ellipsoid, 2-4.5 cm X 1-2.25 A., The Natural History ofAleppo, 2nd cm wide, the margins fused for their entire ed. 2. London. length, interior and exterior pale greenish Barclay, C. 1986. A checklist of the plants white ± mottled with pinkish purple, the of Crete. Englera 6:1-38. rim of opening stained purple-pink. Spa­ Blume, C. L. von 1836 '1835'. Rumphia 1: dix shorter than to sub-equal to the 27. Leiden & Amsterdam. spathe, 3.5-9 cm long, appendix sessile, Bogner, J. & P. Boyce. 1989. A remarkable slender cylindric to filiform, 3-7 cm X 0.5- new Biarum (Araceae) from Turkey. 2.5 mm, dull reddish brown, dark red to Willdenowia 18(2):409-417. purple-red towards the apex. Staminate Boissier, P. E. 1853. Diagnoses plantarum flowers in a cylindrical zone 15-16 X 2- orientalium nova/um 13:5-10. Ge­ 3 mm diam., anthers cream. Interstice 5- neva. 11 X 0.5-2 mm, cream. Staminodes usu­ Boyce, P. C. 1987. A new subspecies of ally absent. Pistillate flowers in a hemi­ Biarum davisii Turrill from Turkey. spherical cluster 1-2.5 X 2-4 mm; ovaries Aroideana 10(4):14-15. oblong-ovoid, 1-1.25 X 0.5 mm, pale ---& K. Athanasiou. 1991. A new sub­ green, stigma sessile, sub-capitate, 0.25 species of Biarum tenuifolium from mm in diam., pale green. Infructescence Crete. Flora Med. 1:5-13. globose, 2-3 cm in diam., consisting of ca. Bunge, A. A. von 1851. Beitrage zur PETER C. BOYCE, 2006 35

Kenntniss der Flora Russlands, 327. Mouterde, P. 1966. Nouvelle Flore du Li­ St. Petersburg. ban et de la Syrie 1:182-94. Beirut. Chiappini, M. & A. Scrugli. 1972. Numeri Nicolson, D. H. 1967. Selection of lecto­ cromosomici per la flora Italiana. In! type species for genera of the family Bot. Ital. 4(2):130-133. Araceae. Taxon 16(6):514-519. Clusius, C. 1601. Rariorum plantarum his­ Palomeque Messia, T. & M. Ruiz Rejon. toria. Antwerp. 1976. In A. Love (ed.), IOPB chro­ Del Caldo, L. 1971. Numeri cromosomici mosome number repOlts: LI. Taxon per la flora Italiana. In! Bot. Ital. 3: 25(1): 155-164. 71-71. Parsa, A. 1949. New species and varieties Elena, ]. A. & F. Galego. 1984. Estudios of the Persian flora III. Kew. Bull. cariol6gicos sobre algunas plantas ex­ 4(1):33-36. tremadurenses. Stud. Bot. (Salaman­ Petersen, G. 1989. Cytology and system­ ca) 3: 325-327. atics of Araceae. Nord. j. Bot. 9(2): Engler, H. G. A. 1879. InA. & c. DC., Mon­ 119-167. ographiae Phanerogamarum 2:571- Popova, M. T. & I. V. Ceschmedjiev. 1978. 80. Paris. IOPB chromosome number repOlts: Fernandez Casas, J., S. Pajar6n & M. L. LXI. In A. LOve (ed.), Taxon 27(4): Rodriguez Pascual 1978. Nos 60-65. 375-392. Nllmeros cromosomicos para la flora Prime, C. T. & D. A. Webb. 1980. In T. G. espanola. Lagasca/ia 8(1): 109-112. Tutin et al. (eds.), Flora Europaea 5. Fernandez Piqueras, J. & M. Ruiz Rejon. Cambridge. 1976. Estudios cariol6gicos sobre la Riedl, H. 1963. In K. H. Rechinger (ed.), flora espanola. Bot. Soc. Brot. 50:5- Flora Iranica 1-10. Graz. 13. ---. 1980a. On two aroids described in Gill, I. S. 1988. The taxonomy and distri­ Russell's Natural History of Aleppo bution of Biarum davisii Turrill. (1794). Aroideana 3(1): 19-23. M.Sc.(Hons) Thesis, Univ. Reading. ---. 1980b. Tentative keys for the iden­ Greuter, W. 1973. Additions to the flora of tification of species in Biarum and Crete. Ann. Mus. Goulandris 1:15-83. Eminium, with notes on some taxa in­ Koach. ]. 1988. Araceae in Israel. Rotem: cluded in Biarum. Aroideana 3(1):24- 26:5-36 (in Hebrew). 31. ---& D. N. Feinbrun. 1986 In D. N. ---. 1985. In C. C. Townsend et al. Feinbrun (ed.), Flora Palaestina 4: (eds.), Flora of Iraq 8:185-203. Bagh­ 330--40. Jerusalem. dad. Kuntze. O. 1891. Revisio Generum Plan­ ---& C. Riedl-Dorn. 1988. Heinrich tarum 738--743. WOrzburg. Wilhelm Schott's botanical collections Lamarck, J-B. P. A.de M. 1789. Encyclope­ at the Vienna Natural History Museum die Methodique Botanique 3:6-15. (W). Taxon 37(4):846-854. Marchant, c.]. 1972. Chromosome varia­ Schott, H. W. 1829a. FOr Liebhaber der Bo­ tion in Araceae: 4. Areae. Kew Bull. tanik. Wiener Zeitschr. Kunst, Lit., 26(3):395- 404. Theater und Mode 1829(3):752. Mathew, B. 1987. The Smaller Bulbs. Lon­ ---. 1829b. FOr Liebhaber der Botanik. don. Wiener Zeitschr. Kunst, Lit., Theater Mayo, S. ]. 1980. Biarums for pleasure. und Mode 1829(3):779-780. Aroideana 3(1):32-35. ---. 1829c. FUr Liebhaber der Botanik. Mill, R. R. 1984. In P. H. Davis (ed.), Flora Wiener Zeitschr. Kunst, Lit., Theater qf Turkey 8:41-63. Edinburgh. und Mode 1829(3):803. Monti, G. & F. Gabari. 1974. Appunti ci­ ---. 1829d. FUr Liebhaber der Botanik. totassonomici sui genere Biarum Wiener Zeitschr. Kunst, Lit., Theater Schott (Araceae). ltalia. Giorn. Bot. und Mode1829(3):828. ItaI108(1-2):19-26. ---. 182ge. FOr Liebhaber der Botanik. 36 AROIDEANA, Vol. 29

Wiener Zeitschr. Kunst, Lit., Theater 1832. In H. W. Schott & S. F. L. und Mode 1829(3):892. Endlicher, (eds.), Meletemata Botani­ ---. 1829f. Fur Liebhaber der Botanik. ca 17. Vienna. Wiener Zeitschr. Kunst, Lit., Theater ---. 1856. Synopsis Aroideana 6--8. Vi­ und Mode1829( 4): 1180. enna. ---. 1829g. FOr Liebhaber der Botanik. ---. 1858. Genera Aroidearum t.7-10. Wiener Zeitschr. Kunst, Lit., Theater Vienna. und Mode 1829(4):1280. . ---. 1860. Prodromus Systematis Aro­ ---. 1830a. Fur Liebhaber der Botanik. ideana. 60-70. Vienna. Wiener Zeitschr. Kunst, Lit., Theater ---& T. Kotschy 1854. Ischarum exi­ und Mode1830(2):344. mium. Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4:8--82. ---. 1830b. Fur Liebhaber der Botanik. Sprengel, c. P. J. 1826. Systema Vegetabi­ Wiener Zeitschr. Kunst, Lit., Theater lium, 16th ed. 3:768-770. Gottingen. und Mode1830(3):771-772. Talavera, S. 1976. Revision de las especies ---. 1830c. FOr Liebhaber der Botanik. Wiener Zeitschr. Kunst, Lit., Theater Espaiiolas del genera Biarum Schott. und Mode1830(4):956. Lagascalia 6(2):275-296. ---. 1830d. FOr Liebhaber der Botanik. Turrill, W. B. 1938. Plants new or note­ Wiener Zeitschr. Kunst, Lit., Theater worthy. Gardeners' Chronicle ser.3 und Mode1830(4):1208. 104:437. ---. 1830e. Fur Liebhaber der Botanik. Willkomm, H. M. 1847. Biarum haenseleri Wiener Zeitschr. Kunst, Lit., Theater eine neue Pflanze aus der Familie de und Mode1830(4):1216. Aroideen. Bot. Zeit. 5:49-50.