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A New Stratigraphic Framework and Constraints for the Position of the Paleocene–Eocene Boundary in the Rapidly Subsiding

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A New Stratigraphic Framework and Constraints for the Position of the Paleocene–Eocene Boundary in the Rapidly Subsiding Research Paper GEOSPHERE A new stratigraphic framework and constraints for the position of the Paleocene–Eocene boundary in the rapidly subsiding GEOSPHERE, v. 16, no. 2 Hanna Basin, Wyoming https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02118.1 Marieke Dechesne1, Ellen D. Currano2, Regan E. Dunn3,4, Pennilyn Higgins5, Joseph H. Hartman6, Kevin R. Chamberlain7, and Christopher S. Holm-Denoma8 13 figures; 1 table; 1 set of supplemental files 1U.S. Geological Survey, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Box 25046, MS 980, Denver, Colorado 80225, USA 2Departments of Botany and Geology & Geophysics, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA CORRESPONDENCE: [email protected] 3Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA 4Natural History Museums of Los Angeles County, La Brea Tar Pits & Museum, 5801 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90036, USA 5 CITATION: Dechesne, M., Currano, E.D., Dunn, R.E., University of Rochester, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 120 Trustee Road, Room 227, Rochester, New York 14627, USA 6 Higgins, P., Hartman, J.H., Chamberlain, K.R., and Harold Hamm School of Geology & Geological Engineering, University of North Dakota, 83 Cornell Drive, Stop 8358, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA 7 Holm- Denoma, C.S., 2020, A new stratigraphic frame- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, and Faculty of Geology and Geography, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia 8 work and constraints for the position of the Paleocene– U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center, Box 25046, MS 973, Denver, Colorado 80225, USA Eocene boundary in the rapidly subsiding Hanna Ba- sin, Wyoming: Geosphere, v. 16, no. 2, p. 594– 618, https://doi.org /10.1130 /GES02118.1. ABSTRACT Laramide foreland (Fig. 1; Roberts and Kirschbaum, 1995; Wroblewski, 2002; Jones et al., 2011). As a result, a thick, relatively continuous succession of shallow Science Editor: David E. Fastovsky The Paleocene–Eocene strata of the rapidly subsiding Hanna Basin give marine, fluvial, paludal and lacustrine strata is preserved in the center of the insights in sedimentation patterns and regional paleogeography during the basin. This thick and continuous record allows to fill gaps in understanding the Received 1 February 2019 Laramide orogeny and across the climatic event at the Paleocene–Eocene Ther- regional paleogeography and basin-fill history of nearby Laramide basins, such Revision received 1 October 2019 Accepted 9 December 2019 mal Maximum (PETM). Abundant coalbeds and carbonaceous shales of the as the Denver Basin and North Park–Middle Park Basin, where sections are not as fluvial, paludal, and lacustrine strata of the Hanna Formation offer a different complete, and hiatuses are well documented within the section (Raynolds and Published online 16 January 2020 depositional setting than PETM sections described in the nearby Piceance and Johnson, 2003; Cole et al., 2010; Dechesne et al., 2013). Earliest work focused on Bighorn Basins, and the uniquely high sediment accumulation rates give an coal resources in the area (Veatch, 1907; Dobbin et al., 1929, Glass, 1980; Glass expanded and near-complete record across this interval. Stratigraphic sections and Roberts, 1984; Flores et al., 1999a, 1999b) and showed either short sections were measured for an ~1250 m interval spanning the Paleocene–Eocene bound- for individual coal beds or generalized stratigraphic sections. The extensive work ary across the northeastern syncline of the basin, documenting depositional of Lillegraven (1994), Lillegraven and Snoke (1996), and Lillegraven et al. (2004) changes between axial fluvial sandstones, basin margin, paludal, floodplain, mostly focused on vertebrate occurrences and structure in The Breaks area and and lacustrine deposits. Leaf macrofossils, palynology, mollusks, δ13C isotopes the northern basin margin. The occurrence of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal of bulk organic matter, and zircon sample locations were integrated within the Maximum (PETM, 56 Ma; Jaramillo et al., 2010) within the Hanna Basin had stratigraphic framework and refined the position of the PETM. As observed in only generally been identified via mollusks, palynology, and isotopes (Kirschner, other basins of the same age, an interval of coarse, amalgamated sandstones 1984; Flores et al.,1999a, 1999b; Higgins, 2012; Pew, 2014). occurs as a response to the PETM. Although this pulse of relatively coarser It has been hypothesized that climate change across the PETM caused sediment appears related to climate change at the PETM, it must be noted changes in basin sedimentation by increased seasonal differences that pro- that several very similar sandstone bodies occur with the Hanna Formation. duced larger flood events (Foreman et al., 2012; Foreman, 2014; Plink-Björklund, These sandstones occur in regular intervals and have an apparent cyclic pat- 2015). Terrestrial PETM sections in nearby Laramide basins (Foreman et al., tern; however, age control is not sufficient yet to address the origin of the 2012; Foreman, 2014) and in the Spanish Pyrenees (Colombera et al., 2017) cyclicity. Signs of increased ponding and lake expansion upward in the sec- have all been associated with amalgamated sheet sandstones. However, the tion appear to be a response to basin isolation by emerging Laramide uplifts. Paleocene–Eocene deposits of the nearby Piceance and Bighorn Basins include predominantly fluvial deposits and floodplains with abundant paleosols (Fore- man et al., 2012; Foreman, 2014; Kraus et al., 2015). Background sedimentation ■ INTRODUCTION in the Hanna Basin is typified by a more ponded, fluvial to shallow lacustrine environment, thus allowing comparison and determination as to whether a This paper is published under the terms of the From the latest Cretaceous through early Eocene, the Hanna Basin in similar sedimentation response is present across the PETM in a generally CC-BY-NC license. south-central Wyoming was one of the most rapidly subsiding basins of the wetter depositional environment. © 2020 The Authors GEOSPHERE | Volume 16 | Number 2 Dechesne et al. | Stratigraphic framework and paleogeography to constrain the Paleocene–Eocene boundary, Hanna Basin, Wyoming Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/16/2/594/4968827/594.pdf 594 by guest on 30 September 2021 Research Paper ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 45°N ( ( ( Big Horn ( ( ( ( Big Basin ( ( ( Horn ( ( ( Mtns ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Powder ( ( ( ( ( ( River ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Basin ( ( Wind Wind River ( ( ( ( ( River Basin Figure 1. (A) Location map of the Hanna Basin with surrounding basins of the ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Laramide foreland outlined. Thick contour lines indicate depth to basement in ( ( Range ( ( ( ( ( Granite - ( 1500 m (5000 ft) intervals; thin contours are 300 m (1000 ft); base data from Rocky ( ( ( (Semino ( ( Shirley Mountain Association of Geologists (RMAG, 2014), tectonic GIS data from the Geo- ( ( ( Laramie logic Atlas of the Rocky Mountain Region (RMAG, 2014). Note depth to basement ( ( Basin Range ( ( ‘Greater Green River’ between Hanna Basin and surrounding basins. Red outline indicates study area Sevier Basin ( ( Fig 1b ( Hanna ( and outline of Figure 1B. (B) Map of Paleocene–Eocene Hanna Formation outcrops thrust belt Bridger (brown) and structural features (modified after Blackstone, 1993). Study area of ( ( Basin ( Basin ( ( Washakie Laramie Figure 3 indicated with white box; geologic unit contacts are generalized; plunging ( ( ( ( ( Basin ( ( ( ( ( ( ( anticline (heavy gray arrow) represents uplift of Freezeout Mountains. The western ( Med. Basin ( ( ( ( Sierra ( ( ( Bow margin of the Rawlins uplift separates the Hanna Basin from the Greater Green ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Madre ( ( ( ( River Basin (Fig. 1A); the northern limit is the Sweetwater arch; the Simpson Ridge ( ( ( Sand Wash ( ( Basin ( anticline forms the east boundary, and the Medicine Bow Mountains and Sierra ( Uinta Park ( ( Range ( Madre are the southern boundaries. 40°N( Basin ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Thrust fault Piceance ( 40°N Fault Basin ( Front Contour line ( Denver ( (5000ft) Range ( Topographic ( Basin ( ( ( ( high Í ( ( ( Volcanic field ( ( ( ( 110°W 105°W ( A ( ( ( 107°W 106°W SHIRLEY BASIN Laramie Range Sweetwater Arch Twr C Twr amp Shirley Mts Creek Syncline Seminoe Mts Freezout Twr Twr Seminoe Reservoir Mts Northeast 287 42°N Kmb HANNA BASIN syncline UFF Kmv BL Rawlins O ALBANY COUNTY ALBANY M Uplift Th CO Fig. 3 COUNTY CARBON Medicine Bow KTf Hanna CARBON 30 BASIN Kmb Pass Creek Ridge syncline Rawlins Sinclair Hanna Kmv Wolcott Simpson Ridge 80 Junction Th Rock River KINDT BASIN Elk Mountain Th Kmv Kmb Th Elk 30 Mt COOPER Explanation Th Arlington LAKE Medecine Bow Th Kmb Twr Wind River Fm. Twr Fm. BASIN 130 Th Bosler Kmv Mesaverde Gp. Th Hanna Fm. Th Precambrian KTf Ferris Fm. Th Basement Medicine Bow Saratoga Kennaday Mountains Í Peak Th Th Reverse Normal Anticline Syncline fault fault 80 Kmv Sierra Madre 130 Centennial B 107°W 106°W GEOSPHERE | Volume 16 | Number 2 Dechesne et al. | Stratigraphic framework and paleogeography to constrain the Paleocene–Eocene boundary Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/16/2/594/4968827/594.pdf 595 by guest on 30 September 2021 Research Paper Geologic Setting Hyracotherium (this study) (this name name Sandbody Sandbody Coalbed Zircon Coal
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