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Crushed Rock in Worcestershire Worcestershire Minerals Local Plan Background Document Crushed Rock in Worcestershire Background Document September 2018 Minerals Planning Policy Worcestershire County Council Economy and Infrastructure County Hall Worcester WR5 2NP Email: [email protected] Tel: 01905 766374 1 1. Executive summary 1.1. Minerals can only be extracted where they are found. Geological features that contain high-quality hard rock deposits are often co-located with designated landscapes1. In Worcestershire, most of our hard rock deposits are located within the boundaries of the Cotswolds and Malvern Hills Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, with some limited outcrops extending north from the Malvern Hills to the Abberley Hills, and in the Lickey Hills. 1.2. There are not currently any active crushed rock quarries in the county. This means we are failing to meet our apportionment for crushed rock production, and we are not maintaining a 10-year landbank as required by national policy. The latest Local Aggregates Assessment for 2 Worcestershire , provides a detailed examination of the implications of these issues. 1.3. Nationally, crushed rock aggregates are essential for the construction industry and for large infrastructure projects, contributing to the country's economic well-being. 1.4. Crushed rock quarries often operate at a large scale, and the magnitude of potential impacts is correspondingly large. However, the potential for achieving multiple benefits through appropriate restoration plans is also substantial. 1 British Geological Survey (June 2013) Construction Aggregates Minerals Planning Factsheet. 2 Worcestershire County Council (July 2018) Local Aggregates Assessment: Data covering the period up to 31/12/2016 [online] Available on the Worcestershire County Council website at: www.worcestershire.gov.uk/amr [Accessed 12.10.2018]. 2 2. Contents 1. Executive summary ....................................................................................... 2 2. Contents ........................................................................................................ 3 3. Introduction to crushed rock .......................................................................... 4 Crushed rock in the UK ........................................................................... 4 Economics of crushed rock ..................................................................... 5 Crushed rock extraction .......................................................................... 7 4. Crushed rock resources in Worcestershire .................................................... 9 Geological context .................................................................................. 9 History of crushed rock extraction in Worcestershire ............................ 14 Local economic context ........................................................................ 14 5. Policy context for crushed rock extraction ................................................... 16 National Planning Policy Framework ..................................................... 16 Planning Practice Guidance .................................................................. 16 Local planning policies .......................................................................... 17 Other local policies ................................................................................ 18 Regulatory framework ........................................................................... 21 6. Planning issues arising from crushed rock quarrying ................................... 23 Traffic and transport .............................................................................. 24 Emissions ............................................................................................. 25 Blasting ................................................................................................. 27 Protected Sites...................................................................................... 28 Green Belt ............................................................................................. 30 Visual impacts ....................................................................................... 30 Climate change and resilience .............................................................. 32 Potential for restoration ......................................................................... 32 Safeguarding mineral deposits .............................................................. 35 7. Conclusions ................................................................................................. 37 Appendix 1: Restoration case studies ................................................................ 38 Appendix 2: Glossary ......................................................................................... 40 3 3. Introduction to crushed rock Crushed rock in the UK "Aggregates are the most commonly used construction minerals in the UK. They are widely distributed with a range of potential sources and, while a low cost product, are used in very large quantities. They are essential for constructing and maintaining what is literally the physical framework of the buildings and infrastructure on which our society depends"3 3.1. Aggregates can be defined as "hard, granular materials which are suitable for use either on their own or with the addition of cement, lime or a bituminous binder in construction"4. Aggregates are essential for the construction industry, and are used in concrete, mortar, roadstone, asphalt, railway ballast, bulk fill, and many other uses. 3.2. Quarrying aggregates is a localised activity: you can only extract minerals from where they occur naturally due to the underlying geology. However, aggregates are widely distributed across the country, and can be won from various sources. Hard rock deposits are extensive, with outcrops located nationwide. 3.3. Primary aggregates are those "produced from naturally occurring mineral deposits, extracted specifically for use as aggregate and used for the first 5 time" . These fall into two categories: aggregate obtained by crushing stone quarried from hard, strong rock formations into appropriate sizes (crushed 6 rock) or by extracting stone from "naturally occurring particulate deposits" (sand and gravel). 3.4. Though the term 'aggregates' can also include sand and gravel, this background paper primarily focuses on crushed rock. Despite some similarities in end use, sand and gravel and crushed rock workings can operate very differently and have dramatically different landscape impacts. Sand and gravel extraction is dealt with in a separate background paper. 3.5. Secondary and recycled aggregates are also produced in the UK. These include material obtained as a by-product of other extractive industries or industrial processes, and from demolition and other construction works. Secondary and recycled aggregates will also be addressed in a separate background paper. Some information regarding recycled aggregates can be found in the Waste Core Strategy for Worcestershire. 3.6. Aggregates can be sub-divided as follows: 3 British Geological Survey (2013) Construction Aggregates Minerals Planning Factsheet. 4 British Geological Survey (2013) Construction Aggregates Minerals Planning Factsheet. 5 British Geological Survey (2013) Construction Aggregates Minerals Planning Factsheet. 6 British Geological Survey (2013) Construction Aggregates Minerals Planning Factsheet. 4 Figure 1: Categories of Construction Aggregates Construction Aggregates Recycled or Primary Secondary Aggregates Aggregates Sand and Crushed Rock Gravel Marine Land-won extraction extraction /dredging 3.7. Crushed rock extraction normally takes place in dry workings. This is explained in more detail in the 'Crushed rock extraction' section below. Economics of crushed rock 3.8. Crushed rock represents approximately 640 of the UK's total primary 7 aggregate sales in 2014 . The main sources of crushed rock aggregate are limestone/dolomite, igneous rock, and sandstone. 110,300,000 tonnes of 8 crushed rock were produced in the UK in 2014 . 9 3.9. The latest British Geological Society Aggregate Minerals Survey states that sales of crushed rock increased 17% between 2009 and 2014, from 70.7 Mt to 82.5 Mt, respectively. 3.10. The UK is a net exporter of crushed rock. However, there is also a small market for imported crushed rock, mainly for specialised uses that are not able to be supplied domestically. 3.11. There are about 600 crushed rock quarries in the UK. Although these are distributed across the country, there are large regional imbalances in both supply and demand. This means that there is also significant internal movement of aggregates around the country. 3.12. The industry is dominated by several large producers who operate sand and gravel and crushed rock quarries. In 2011, Anglo American and Lafarge announced their intentions to form a joint venture which would combine their operations. The proposal was investigated by the Competition Commission, and in order for the proposal to proceed, both 7 British Geological Society (2016) Aggregate Minerals Survey, England and Wales 2014. 8 British Geological Survey (2016) United Kingdom Minerals Yearbook 2015. 9 British Geological Society (2016) Aggregate Minerals Survey, England and Wales 2014. 5 companies were required to divest several assets including quarries. These divested assets were purchased by Mittal Investments which formed a new company, now called Hope Cement. 3.13. The Mineral Products
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