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Xavier MESMIN 15 Juin 2018 RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT La régulation naturelle des insectes ravageurs des cultures légu- Pest natural regulation in vegetable crops and its consequences on mières et ses conséquences sur la production : quantifi cation du ser- crop production: quantifi cation of the service and investigation of vice fourni et recherche de leviers pour son intensifi cation levers for its intensifi cation Le développement d’une agriculture moins dépendante des Developping farming systems that use less pesticides is partly pesticides repose en partie sur la maximisation des services based on the intensifi cation of ecosystem services. The main aim écosystémiques. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de quan- of this thesis was to quantify the insect pest regulation service pro- tifi er le service de régulation des insectes ravageurs par leurs vided by their natural enemies, both in experimental plots and in ennemis naturels, en conditions expérimentales et en situation farmers fi elds. We worked on brassicaceous vegetables that are de production. Le travail a porté sur les brassicacées légumières confronted to pest attacks on above- and belowground organs soumises aux attaques de ravageurs aériens et souterrains (pu- (aphids and the cabbage root fl y). We assessed their harmfulness, cerons et mouche du chou). Nous avons évalué leur nuisibilité in order to quantify the injuries and damage these pests can infl ict pour quantifi er les dégâts et dommages qu’ils peuvent générer. to plants. Our results confi rm that aphids are less harmful than Nos résultats confi rment la moindre nuisibilité des pucerons par the cabbage root fl y. On fl ower vegetables, the latter not only leads rapport à celle de la mouche du chou. Pour celle-ci, la nuisibi- to plant mortality but can also slow plant development. We also lité sur légume-fl eur s’exprime non seulement par la mortalité showed that ground dwelling predators signifi cantly reduce the po- des plants mais aussi par un effet sur leur développement. Nous pulations of both pests, leading, for the cabbage root fl y, to a strong avons également montré que les prédateurs épigés réduisaient decrease in plant mortality rate. Finally, simplifying soil tillage in signifi cativement les populations des deux ravageurs, ce qui, the spring did not favor ground dwelling predators overwintering pour la mouche du chou, conduit à une baisse conséquente inside the fi eld and neither did it increase natural regulation ser- de la mortalité des plants. Enfi n, simplifi er le travail du sol au vice in the short term. However, early ground dwelling predators printemps n’a pas permis de favoriser les prédateurs hivernant are fundamental and must be favored by tailored practices both dans la parcelle, ni d’augmenter le service de régulation à court inside and around the fi elds. The knowledge gained in the present terme. Cependant les prédateurs précoces sont déterminants et thesis show the potential of conservation biological control for the doivent être favorisés par des pratiques intra- et péri-parcellaires agroecological management of insect pest populations ciblées. Les connaissances acquises dans ce travail démontrent le potentiel de la lutte biologique par conservation pour une ges- Keywords: natural regulation; ecosystem services; conservation bio- tion agro-écologique effi cace des insectes ravageurs. logical control; cabbage root fl y; aphids; brassicaceous vegetables Mots-clefs : régulation naturelle ; services écosystémiques ; lutte biologique par conservation ; mouche du chou ; pucerons ; brassi- Xavier MESMIN • 15 juin 2018 cacées légumières Thèse AGROCAMPUS OUEST ÉCOLE DOCTORALE • Écologie, Géosciences, Agronomie et sous le label de l’Université Bretagne Loire Alimentation (EGAAL) pour obtenir le grade de LABORATOIRE D’ACCUEIL • UMR INRA / AGROCAMPUS OUEST / DOCTEUR D’AGROCAMPUS OUEST Université de Rennes 1, Institut de génétique, environnement et La régulation naturelle des insectes ravageurs des cultures légumières et ses conséquences sur la production : la production sur conséquences ses et cultures légumières des ravageurs des insectes naturelle La régulation cation intensifi son pour de leviers recherche cation du service et fourni quantifi Spécialité Sciences agronomiques protection des plantes (IGEPP) Philippe LETERME La régulation naturelle des Professeur émérite AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR SAS / président AGROCAMPUS OUEST • Institut supérieur des sciences agronomiques, Isabelle BADENHAUSSER agroalimentaires, horticoles et du paysage insectes ravageurs des Ingénieure de recherche, UMR CEBC / rapporteure 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc – CS84215 – F-35042 Rennes Cedex Jean-Noël AUBERTOT Tél. : 02 23 48 50 00 Directeur de recherche, UMR AGIR / rapporteur www.agrocampus-ouest.fr cultures légumières et ses •MESMIN Xavier •MESMIN Françoise LESCOURET Directrice de recherche, UR PSH / examinatrice conséquences sur la production : Adrien RUSCH Chargé de recherche, UMR SAVE / examinateur quantifi cation du service fourni Anne LE RALEC Professeure AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR IGEPP / directrice de thèse Anne-Marie CORTESERO et recherche de leviers Professeure Université Rennes1, UMR IGEPP / co-directrice de thèse C-134 — 2018-11 Vincent FALOYA pour son intensifi cation Ingénieur de recherche, UMR IGEPP / co-encadrant de thèse Thèse Thèse Anaïs MASSE Ingénieure, Agrial / membre invitée THESE / AGROCAMPUS OUEST Sous le label de l’Université Bretagne Loire pour obtenir le diplôme de : DOCTEUR D’AGROCAMPUS OUEST École doctorale : Écologie, Géosciences, Agronomie et Alimentation (EGAAL) Spécialité : Sciences agronomiques présentée par : Xavier Mesmin La régulation naturelle des insectes ravageurs des cultures légumières et ses conséquences sur la production : quantification du service fourni et recherche de leviers pour son intensification Soutenue le 15/06/2018, devant le jury composé de : Isabelle Badenhausser Ingénieure de recherche, UMR CNRS-ULR CEBC / rapporteure Jean-Noël Aubertot Directeur de recherche, UMR INPT-INRA AGIR / rapporteur Françoise Lescourret Directrice de recherche, UR INRA PSH / examinatrice Adrien Rusch Chargé de recherche, UMR BSA-INRA- ISVV SAVE / examinateur Philippe Leterme Professeur émérite, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR AO-INRA SAS / examinateur Anne Le Ralec Professeure, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR AO-INRA-UR1 IGEPP / directrice de thèse Anne-Marie Cortesero Professeure, Université de Rennes 1, UMR AO-INRA-UR1 IGEPP / co-directrice de thèse Vincent Faloya Ingénieur de recherche, UMR AO-INRA-UR1 IGEPP / co-directeur de thèse Anaïs Masse Ingénieur service agronomique et protection des cultures, Agrial / membre invitée Cette œuvre est mise à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. 2 Remerciements C’est un grand plaisir que d’avoir ici l’occasion de remercier toutes les personnes qui m’ont accompagné, aidé, encadré, durant cette thèse, et sans qui ce travail n’aurait jamais pu être possible. D’abord un grand merci à Anne Le Ralec, Anne-Marie Cortesero et Vincent Faloya pour avoir écrit ce beau projet de thèse et merci également à la Chaire AEI et à la Région Bretagne d’avoir cru en l’utilité d’un tel projet en apportant leur financement. Merci de nouveau aux trois individus susnommés pour avoir relu ma prose un nombre incalculable de fois (vraiment : incalculable !). Merci d’avoir rayé, reformulé, raturé, gribouillé les différentes parties qui suivent malgré vos emplois du temps tous plus surchargés les uns que les autres. On parle beaucoup de la quantité de travail des doctorants mais j’ai été bien placé pour voir qu’une thèse représente également un investissement hors du commun du côté des encadrants. Merci particulièrement à Anne pour tes relectures conscienceuses (nous avions bien compris dès le début que rien ne partirai sans que tu l’aies relu), pour être venue de temps en temps sur le terrain, pour les séances de rédaction en commun, pour le voyage d’étude PPE, pour m’avoir donné un aperçu de ce qu’est la vie d’un enseignant-chercheur (pas toujours réjouissant, soyons honnête) et pour ton humour qui a permis de passer les périodes de turbulences en faisant un pas de côté, en prenant un peu de recul. Un merci spécial à Anne-Marie pour tes relectures et pour la forme particulièrement bien tournée de tes remarques, jamais cassantes, et constructives. Difficile en effet de faire parvenir des idées avec un ton approprié à un interlocuteur avec qui on échange presqu’exclusivement par documents Word. Merci à Vincent pour tous les conseils agronomiques sur la mise en place des essais, merci pour les nombreuses discussions sur la conception des expériences et merci d’avoir annulé un après-midi de bureau pour venir planter des choux en urgence, un jour de printemps 2016. Enfin merci à tous les trois pour avoir toujours cru qu’on allait y arriver ! Ensuite merci aux deux personnes qui m’auront le plus appris en termes pratiques et techniques durant cette thèse : merci à Marion Maret et à Loïc Daniel. Merci à la première d’avoir accueilli avec bienveillance un jeune parvenu, parachuté d’on ne sait où pour plus ou moins lui piquer son boulot. Merci de m’avoir transmis ton expérience sur les cultures légumières, sur l’entomologie, sur l’organisation d’un terrain. Et merci de t’être investie sans compter dans un essai sur lequel tu n’avais objectivement pas beaucoup d’intérêt à t’arracher. Loïc, merci pour ton aide extrêmement précieuse au champ et au laboratoire. J’espère (et je crois savoir) que nous t’avons bien accueilli dans notre équipe. J’étais aux
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