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1 2 3 1.Introduction ……………………………………………… 7

2.What are fans today? ………………………………………………10 2.1 Idol 2.2 Star 2.3 Fans

3.Are fans changing the aesthetic? ………………………………………………21

4.How “cewebrity” thinks of fans culture? ………………………………………………25 4.1 Interview 4.2 The mental need of artists and fans

5. Conclusion ………………………………………………30 5.1 The influence of flux economy on artists’ creative 5.2 Solution

TABLE4 OF CONTENTS5 1. INTRODUCTION

Weibo is the Chinese version of Twitter. “Wei” means “mini” and “bo” means “blog”. I registered in 2010 and used it as a diary without noticing the characteristic of Weibo has developed into a more complicated level recently; the website wasn’t personal anymore, it became a platform for marketing, an advertising community and more. On Weibo, the word “follower” is translated to “fans”. Now, as a producer of a music story series which has over ten million views on video website, brought me nearly 30,000 fans on Weibo in the past two years. I used to post about the creating process, daily life record and my emotion on it. I was encouraged by my fans’ expecting of my new works, and their concern about my feelings of depression sometimes. When I noticed they started to focus on the social news I was posting, I got a sense of accomplishment.

6 7 Last year, I was under stress of too many things to deal with, a fan praised one of my works (which I think has a defect) through a message on Weibo. I was not so satisfied by this message, so I screenshot her words and posted it telling people I was not happy about this kind of “love”. Suddenly strangers started to criticize me like “you won’t be my idol anymore since you don’t have a grateful heart” or “how can a person have so many drama”. Some people even found my address and tried to do something to me in real life. They insist “you are a public figure, so you need to take responsibility for your negative words.”

As a creator, considering the taste and feelings of fans was Till September,2017, 376 million users were active every month and 165 never a part during my creative process. 30,000 fans is also not a useres were active every day on average. big number to me since I assume this number includes at least 15% phantom fans who are not real people. According to my observation, most affective accounts have more than 100,000 fans. I treat creative as a chip to find friends, and fame is a tool to influence this world and make it better. However, this incident showed me a reality, which entirely disobeyed my initial belief. After this incident, I was totally affected since I couldn’t stop thinking “how to make them understand” or “how to shut their mouths up” even though I don’t know who they are. The result is that I can’t focus on anything related to my creativity work, neither studying nor creating new things. So, this incident also made me start to re-locate the role of creators (artists) and fans, why artists are treated similar as entertainment stars, and how creative work changed because of fans. In this thesis, I have tried to divide what they call “public figures” into two main kinds and sum up different situations they are facing in The logo of Weibo. different countries. 8 9 Anyway , when I was a child, both “star” and “idol” were honorary titles. They are the best of their industries, who lead the mind developments and trends of beauty of the world. They all have absolute strength, personalities and charm. Especially in entertainment area, they are the bridges connecting art and real life; they deliver a sense of beauty to normal people. As they are in charge, fans are passive and small. I don’t know if I was too young or the world does change a lot, but the relationship between idols, stars and fans has changed.

2. WHAT ARE FANS TODAY ? 2.1 Idol: From charmers to costumed bottom occupation of entertainment industry What are stars? What are idols? What are fans? When I was in primary school, I understood the word “star” as “people who stand on stage and gain attention by their talent show.” They also attract fans’ attention by their personal lives off the stage because they are charming. Their behaviour will influence their fans. But actually, no Chinese call these people as “fans” as Western people do, we call these people who are obsessed in stars as Japanese newspaper reports Ririka’s shocking marriage announcement “star chasers”. I thought “star chasers” are fools because stars are 2017, June. Suto Ririka, a member of Japanese famous idol group arrogant. Star chasers are controlled by the stars. (contains more than 500 members) - AKB48, announced she will get

The meaning of “Idol” is “people who deserve being respected married in AKB48 49th singles selection general election. The whole and worshiped” in China 15 years ago. He or she can be a family Asian entertainment industry was shocked by her announcement. member, or a specialist in one area, such as Einstein or Marilyn This event led people to have different minds of value to scold each Monroe. other. The reason that most AKB48 fans can’t accept is because the

10 11 gimmick of AKB48 is “Shiroto Kaihatsu”, which means girls in the trainees fight in a prescribed route. Korean fans are not that sensitive group are all ordinary people before they participate in AKB48. They about their idols having a relationship as Japanese fans, but each side need to prove their popularity to the company by attracting fans of the relationship is often attacked by fans from the other side. to spend money on them, so they can get more exposure and film/ Some fans think he or she doesn’t deserve to fall in love with their tv resources to become more famous. So, “love banned” becomes a idols. At the same time, these fans will criticize idols on tiny things, default rule in Japanese idol industry (also for male idols). It is also such as smoking or being too close with the staff. a service that idols provide to fans. That’s why what Ririka said is In these two countries, “Idol” has become a specific occupation considered as “betraying the terms of service.” Even idols who have in the past years. The word is used to refer the artists who are not transformed into actors or singers, they still can’t get rid of this so professional, emphasis on singing and dancing or a variety of negative influence. When Fukuyama Masaharu, a 50 years old famous shows. Some fans don’t like idols who have been already trained, artist, announced he was going to get married, he was also attacked they favour ordinary people. They like to see these “shiroto” growing by public opinion. The stock of his agency fell a lot. up from an ordinary person to a famous guy. They call it “guard her In Korea, there is a trainee system. Japanese entertainment growth”. managers don’t ask every “shiroto” idol to be the elite of singing and dancing but in Korea they do. Simply put, Japanese people enjoy watching shiroto fight in their own way,Korean people prefer to see

PRODUCE 1O1 - A Popular talent show of Korea. There are girls version and boys version. It is about choosing 9-11 members to build a new idol team from 101 trainees comes from different companies. Fans need to "pick “Akushukai” -Handshake meeting with idols, a routine event in AKB48 to up" their favourite trainees and vote them. The ranke of each member is show your support and favour to idols totally depends on the weekly voting result.

12 13 A part of ranking result of AKB48's general election on 2013 Members of I.O.I - the team consists the winners of PRODUCE 1O1

14 15 2.2 Star: Outdated opinion leaders 2.3 From Ignorant chasers to arrogant investors and money machine without authority anymore In my memory, people know little things about how entertainment industry works. They don’t know how to shoot According to the standard of Korea and photos with good quality, how newspapers control public opinion Japan, there is no mature professional idol in and how agency companies train the artists. Fans did believe their China. People are not sensitive to the types of favourite stars were born to be special. So did I. artists either. “Star” may mean singers, actors However, since the idol concept and talent shows became and musicians, etc. Chinese fans are tolerant popular, people started to know the common procedure of to artists’ personal lives, which is totally “producing a star”. They realized how companies decide the image of different from fans in Japan and Korea. a star, how a star obtains resource from companies, what is “Crisis However, people in China are still influenced by our neighbour PR”, “Hunger marketing” and “Hyping”. The most important thing is countries, they start to chase artists who have a beautiful face and —they realized they come into an era in which they can determine have more pop news. In this situation, the quality of all creative the fate of artists by using their money. Talent isn’t the standard products decline very fast. Some producers even start writing the for companies to allocate resources anymore, the ability of earning script after they find the actors and actresses, or allow substitutes to money is. play the whole drama by wearing a face mask of the actor who has a huge amount of fans. So fans start to show their support to the star or idol by “Star” seems only about spending money, or retweet many times to tell companies “every being famous. In another way, “all one is discussing the star I like.” In AKB48 singles selection, fans need stars are famous as soon as they to get voting tickets by buying CDs, so every year, they buy but later debut.” Every agency company throw away huge mount of CDs as trash and only keep the tickets. is bluffing about how many fans They treat these idols as their daughters, they want to see their idol their artist has, the propaganda to success from parents’ point of view. methods also become more exaggerated. Masters and specialists Professional fans also appear. [1]They have a professional attitude disappeared. Every star can be a hot topic, but no one stands out or and use professional methods to organize funding activities, airport lasts for a long time. Bingbing Fan, whom is recognized as the famous pick-up activities,[2][3] manage fans’ images and behaviours. Sometimes topic queen in China, is also using her current influence to do traffic they even question and doubt decisions of the agency companies. monetization by attending in the makeup industry.

16 17 Couple fans: Also called "combination fans". Who imagine two stars (most of time in same gender) having a relationship.

Anti fans: Fans who borders artists’ lives. They stalk, threat or harm artists.

Fans of who are doubting if the manager had arranged the job for their in the right way on Weibo. The idol himself (YI Xiangqianxi) has 30 millions followers on Weibo. Fans culture occurs. Chasing a star becomes ritual. Fans are divided into different types:

Reasonable fans: Rare species. Never fall in deep. My own definition to fans culture is: fans will relate every behavior of idols or stars to their careers, and also ask idols and Moron fans: Supporting their idols’ behaviours without a reason, stars to be loyal to their career. They emphasize the “pay and return” such as fans of Justin Bieber in America and fans of Ming Xi and PG- system and used to enlarge their own existence.[4] ONE in China. After Ming fell down in Victoria Secret Show 2017, This fans culture spreads fast even outside of the entertainment her fans kept comforting her by saying “you are the best”, cause industry. As long as there is a “fans group”, people who have the other people to feel disgusting. PG-ONE’s fans questioned police same topics will automatically follow this culture. For instance, in “you don’t have the right to against his drug abuse” which eventually China, couple fans of Captain America - Iron Man and fans of Captain caused the blocking of his songs by the government. - Winter Solider hate each other, they curse the actors to have bad luck. Once in a Comic show, one fan hide a needle in cookies and Weifan: “Wei” means only. Weifan means a fan who only obsess in send it to another fan, a painter from the other side. The needle one star (especially one member of the group). They don’t like this made a hole on the painter’s tongue, she became disappointed about star having contact with any other artists, even his or her teammates. Marvel fan group and reduced posting drawings.It is common that They also don’t like new fans. fans think they have rights to do anything in the term of “love”. Even

18 19 passers by start to agree that, people can attack every part of one thing they have paid for - if they think they are not satisfied. A friend of mine once gave a good comments after reading the book Psychologie des Foules: “Bigger the groups are, lower the bottom line is.” It is really suitable to describe this situation.

Artist’s works were the bridge to connect fans and artists before. But now, every one focuses on money, good impression and pop news. Idols need to satisfy the imagination of fans, earn more favour by being obedient. Stars need to satisfy the curiosities of fans, earn attention and 3. ARE FANS CHANGING flow by creating topics. THE AESTHEITIC? Fans act as artists’ managers. They know the rules above well, they require stars and agency companies to be careful and smart on Before 2009, the Victoria’s Secret fashion show was called “war the business. They also ask themselves to show a good image to the of goddesses” by some audiences, because the professional models world, they want to make sure passers by have good impression of and the non-repeating outfits are intoxicating. People thought the star they like. If the star has a scandal, the fans will attack each VS show is a successful example of a good combination of being person who keeps different opinions or change non-fans’ idea by a aesthetic and being commercial. Then, the organizer changed their nice attitude. These fans also remove aliens from time to time. strategy; more attention was put on lights and guest performance. All the changes originate from the changing of the right to speak. I‘m not meaning to say that things should never change, but it shows Fans start to be in control. They aren’t satisfied with looking up the intention of the organizer —increasing the attractiveness by anymore, they are trying to control others’ fate and customize a lowering the position of show itself, because potential consumers shining person. The most boring thing is, all of them know this is a will be attracted by celebrity guests and the luxurious stage first. The game of benefits. joining of “cewebrity” models such as Gigi Hadid and Kendall Jenner also proves that. Lots of people think they shouldn’t be called “super model” because of their horrible catwalk ability. People analyse that they can be on VS stage is only because they have fans, not talents. In

20 21 In fact, fans do pay for them. keep the fans is following the trend and doing what the fans expect What happens to this fact? you to do. If you have different tastes on clothes, then you’d better Similarities. have the same pose; if you have different favour in music, then you’d better recommend healthy recipe as other cewebrity do; if your makeup is different, then you’d better remember political correctness as other else do. People’s lives become delicate but no one cares about individuals anymore. Even people need to express their opinions, they choose a famous guy to be their representation. This phenomenon is more obvious when compared to the history. Fans gain identities by taking sides but ignore the event itself and famous people’s feelings. It is rough to express opinion by simply taking sides. “Yes” or “no” replace the position of thinking. Since the frames of “good guy” Chinese famous international super model Ming XI, who was criticized that filled her face are also set by fans. Not only the appearance, but also behaviours by surgery, lost her high end feeling just for ingratiate Chinese fans' "cute and young" taste. of famous people will be judged and tagged. It is common to see Artificial Intelligence filters data and gives feedback to the people judging one’s morality by the way they wear or speak more stars. They will repeat the good pattern, which attracts attention. than ever. Any behaviour can cause troubles, so “captions” starts Producers copy these patterns, too, such as outfits, makeups, music, to limit creativity. In the past, critique is the job of reviewers with TV serious, talk show, etc. Even photo styles and life concepts can be professional knowledge, now it is a right that belongs to everyone, imitated as long as they have a business value. the standard of judgement is - personal feeling, or worse, false Due to the popularity of smart-phones and social networks, it sentiment! Smart artists begin to manage their “character settings”. is getting easier to be a “cewebrity”; the letter L was replaced by W Naughty, high end, advanced, sexy... Their jobs change from showing to show the meaning of “celebrity on the web”. It can be known as talents to playing a role game. The people who are also behind fans a new species in famous people family. Its definition is even messier business are promoting products with similar tags, including people than today’s stars and idols since it is thought of as a lower version and work, concepts and cultures. Even the complicated words like of registered stars or idols but inherit all troubles they have without “flux economy” and “fans culture” are parts of the promotion cut down. strategies used to convince investors. Every one can have their own fans because of their talents, Flux economy, also called flow economy, is a concept which appearance or even only their sense of humour. The best way to emphasize keep 22 23 emphasizes that huge flow (stream) of data can also be resources. A good platform or talented person can create benefit from these flows, and these flows will also generate attention from other flows, then there comes a good recycle of money. In this case, “fans” means the same as purchasing power, so quantities of fans means a huge flow of money. More fans, more potentials, more returns. In order to make money, no wonder investors and creators all tend to choose a conservative routine. Flux economy is actually the core of today’s fans culture: it is giving a strong signal to the fans, when they are chasing idols and stars, they are also producing and helping their celebrities. 4. HOW “CEWEBRITY” THINKS OF FANS CULTURE?

4.1 Interview

I knew Nadia in fashion week, she is a fashion blogger comes from Brazil and lives in Amsterdam. When I met her at the first time, she was doing preparation for her Instagram photos. She changed two outfits for photo-shooting in the exhibition to “show them I was here.” After that, she changed her clothes about every fifteen Fan made promoting videos are thought to be a way to attract potential new fans. minutes with her high-heel sandals in zero degree. My photographer friend told me that she was doing a free promoting for a brand - a win-win event. When I came to Nadia’s hotel, I found she had at least four other baggage full of clothes. When the day was finished, she picked photos with photographers and checked her insgram at the same time 24 25 time. She wasn’t so happy about the amount of “like”, it was only I need to manage my image.” about 300, which means she didn’t catch people’s attention. She also When I ask Nadia if she thinks the relationship between complained that the brand account mentioned themselves too much “cewebrity” and their “fans” will change the mainstream aesthetic, in comments and destroy the traveling atmosphere of the photos. she said “no” from her perspective. “I separate fashion, trend and On the second day, it took her long time again to read and reply the style clearly, style means who I am. I don’t treat myself as a cewebrity comments and messages from followers. She also needs to deal with but a blogger, a content producer (I think the function of it is as same the jealous from other bloggers. as artist). What I do is offering options to the followers. I inspire people, it is different from influencing them, even though there are I was lucky to make an interview with Nadia when she was back brands and other cewebrities earning money in this way. Brands are to Amsterdam. She told me that it was her friend to suggest her not people, they have their own pace, and they are made for people. start writing blogs about fashion. She didn’t treat it as a “job” in the Of course people’s taste will reflect on the choices of brands and beginning, either. “Do you know that many people organize gangs to cewebrities, I call it as ‘fashion marketing manipulation’. It should be leave comments and likes under posts of each other? It helps them a commercial relationship, but the companies create an illusion that pretend they have many fans. I didn’t join, so it was hard for me to there is deeper relationship between followers and cewebrities just run the website before.” She show me the comments under one for selling the product better. ” post, “it is easy to recognize which are not real. Those are not helpful at all, I want to see useful feedback.” Then she followed some people 4.2 The mental need of artists and fans who leave long reply. “These people are real, their works relate to fashion and they have followers more than 10,000. It is more efficient I was impressed by the word “illusion”. That seems to be a to interact with them, since brands are also care about your social good explanation to this situation. According to a psychological network.” theory, projection effect, [5] people are tend to project their own unconscious qualities onto others. Once they confirm a superior Nadia starts from a blog with 2000 followers, now she is artist has similarities subconsciously, they take follower position running Instagram with 28,000 followers as well and planning to be for themselves and ask the chosen one to be their spokesperson. a youtuber. She admits that once you become famous, it is hard to On the surface, they enjoy the process of giving decisions to idols. keep your personality, even people are attracted by your personality However, they are expecting the perfect version of themselves to at the beginning. Nadia isn’t as thin as other fashion bloggers are but make the choices which make them feel comfortable. To promote she has her own temperament. However, she still decide to loose this substituting roles game, they don’t hesitate to pay by physical weight. “I know the trend and style, but other people know that too. and mental power.

26 27 In the examples of Japan and Korea idol industry, they were rich understanding, fame or money), you owe the fans and need to repay. countries at the end of last century, but economic crisis had changed How can artists play the role game well to earn their lives without everything. The social classes become hard to break, so the feeling loosing their dignity and artistic integrity? of confusion pushes the lost people to relate themselves with those shirotos and trainees fighting in entertainment elections. They are kind of give their own fight and transfer their hope onto idols and stars. In China, people haven’t got used to consuming on cultural lives, so poorer people prefer chasing cewebrities who grow up in countryside but get success by selling knock-off products or vulgar songs. Cewebrities show them a better life template. Also, based on social psychology, why fans enjoy the projections and illusions is because “the masses have never thirsted after the truth. Whoever can supply them with illusions is easily their master.”[6]

Compare to these complex needs from fans, appeals from artists are much simpler. To be famous, or to be understood. Most of time artists seek for real understanding from people have same languages. Which means they treat their works as a secret signal in crowd to attract comrades. It can’t simply be replaced by praises. Wrong praises may cause anxiety and self doubting, because they worry if they have spread correct information. In this case, understanding means the sense of security to artists. Creativity is an independent work, but there are too few options to respond to the voices of followers. “To be friendly and polite” can be a choice, but it is far away from artists’ real jobs. It is an impact, which limits artists to decide the next step. The logic nowadays is: spreading your opinion and gaining attention is an exchange, once you show your work and get benefit from it (no matter understanding 28 29 shocking title, and I know it is only a miniature of the whole environment. Since we upload our music on a specific sub culture video website, we normally make music videos to give the songs better interpretations. A good video can fascinate more people as well. I usually start by making character settings. When I was designing cooperating with painters to do a new character design, we can’t stop arguing if audience can accept the clothing, which tend to be concise. Twenty years ago, the famous Japanese manga Sailor Moon made characters in Dior’s designs, but today, people prefer characters in exaggerated costume or clothes with are sexually suggestive. Twenty years ago, manga author group CLAMP surprised the world with their work CLOVER. It revolutionized the concept 5. CONCLUSION of manga composition language. Today, digital comics simplify the 5.1 The influence of flux economy on artists’ layering and storyboard feeling to adapt fast-food reading. Same thing creative happens in another art area: music. The aesthetic of audio mixing was to be natural, but now people prefer loud reverberation, which I instinctively feel pessimistic about the current situation, but lost lots of sound details. on the other side, I know all of these will end soon because when a thing reaches its extreme level, it reverses. It is still hard to say which kind of emotion gains the upper hand in my head. I believe that flow economy and fan culture is strangling the diversity of beauty and destroying the creativity of creators. The example of marvel fans I mentioned before is very typical example Left: Illustrator of Princess Serenity that how fans culture influence on creator’s creating. I still remember from Sailor Moon, by Takeuchi Naoko when I started to post my music online, even only a few hundreds of “likes” can make my work appear on the homepage, but now every Right: Palladio dress of Dior, 1992 by thing has changed. A trash thing can grab more attention with a Gianfranco Ferre shocking 30 31 Character design and illustration of Godness Artemis from Fate Grand Order, 2016

CLOVER, 1999, by CLAMP

Audio mixing mode that musicians prefered before

Audio mixing mode that audiences prefer now My brother has some problems in his brain,

2017, by Lingyumo

32 33 “Flow economy” and “fans culture” are not good concepts to responsibility. I don’t think it is simply “imposter syndrome”, it is a me. Flow economy makes that the creativity industry has lost its mix of the fear of fans culture and misunderstanding. I think every soul. It quantifies everything. As for the meaning of the word ”fans”, artist hopes the fans put more attention to their works instead of it has already become a hodgepodge of “audience”,”supporter”, arguing for trivial things, but actually they are powerless to control a ”follower”,”worshipper” and “user”. It is hard to determine to which group of people who don’t have a common language at all. type of fans someone belongs, but today, companies are trying to That is why I don’t like fans culture and flux economy at all. They provide all fans with the same products and push people to accept are too artificial, putting the cart before the horse. They destroy the this chaotic situation gradually. People may totally forget what a sense appropriate distance. normal environment for creativity should be like in a few years. I know it is acceptable for brands and cewebrities to mix all 5.2 Solution the concepts into one word, ”fans”, in order to attract as many types of people as possible. However, “fans” adds too many spiritual But, people are slowly getting tired about this fans economy sustenance to simple supply and demand relationships. It is an extra pattern. Also, not every cewebrity only thinks about money. Like job for artists to deal with. It is easy to say: “be yourself”, but it is Nadia, who is insisting on her own taste of beauty, profit is only a hard to achieve. With the social network back ground, even artists part of her strategy. There are still possibilities for real creators to who really achieve that, the artificial intelligence will also block use their funds to do what they really want to create and inspire groups of people from the style they haven’t tried yet. They have their followers well, and there are already good samples of how little chances to know other kinds of beauty. business and art combine together. The Dark Knight of Christopher I had chosen non-mainstream themes as inspiration of my works, Nolan, the success of Murakami Takashi, even A Brief History of Time loneliness, seven guilty sins, paranoia, etc. To be personal, sometimes of Steven Hawking can be counted in. They didn’t loose their own I am so worried if my success is also an accident only because these styles but even open new doors to normal people to follow and themes fit the popular psychology of seeking novelty. Since my works enjoy, they created new templates of beauty. attracted numbers of teenagers I never imagined, when the editor I never mean that artists should be far away from money, time of the website came to me and asked if I can do mass production won’t stop, any changes to the original market is actually normal and to keep popularity, I am not sure if I should keep using my favourite understandable. In creative industry, beauty is an important added source of inspiration. I trust the fans have the ability to distinguish value. Money can help it to duplicate and spread the beauty, which between reality and creative, but sometimes their lack of thinking was hard to be seen for public before. Neither capital nor fans of right and wrong made me worried if I really take my social should cross the border to disturb creatives. Artists should also be responsibility clear on what to do when they are pushed into idol position. The 34 35 clear on what to do when they are pushed into idol position. The stage is charming, but not the best place to find confidants and get new inspiration. Marketing, creating, fans, all of these exist since long time ago, the only change is that artists need to think more beyond creating to prevent themselves from being hurt by unrelated things. There is one sentence of lyric I like a lot: ”some of them want to use you, and some of them want to get used by you.” (Eurythmics, Sweet Dreams are made of this) If money is the key of every thing in the 21st century, maybe what artists need to do is to use it as a tool, earning more money by their own styles and ask the market to change.

36 37 Source List

[1] 追星 2.0 时代：还以为粉丝只会无脑吹？他们的造星专业能 力超乎你想象 (Still thinking fans can only flatter whom they like? You can’t imagine how professional they are on producing idols) https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3MzQ1MzQzNA==&mid=26 56936403&idx=1&sn=83ecbaa75b2af2128ebfd5af42a86ee6&chksm= 84a7dbc6b3d052d002515c2e9c4dcc9b7ab7461bea2742a508a3e95a6 8b04847f079facb438a&mpshare=1&scene=23&srcid=0402JwwQCjX nAS9yVGq4G2mg#rd

[2]Celebrity stalker finds herself under spotlight http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1027320.shtml

[3]Is this the world's biggest superfan? Woman, 25, has met 500 A-list stars including Oprah, Cara Delevingne and Mark Wahlberg (but says Benicio Del Toro was rude) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-5526979/Worlds-biggest- superfan-Woman-25-met-500-list-stars.html

[4]14 Reasons Kids Today Don’t Stand A Chance https://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/you-are-feeding-yogurt-to-a- Written & Designed by Jiarong Du poster?utm_term=.tx5yjjV2#.tczP77xR Gerrit Rietveld Academie, Fashion Department, 2018

[5]Wade, Tavris "Psychology" Sixth Edition Prentice Hall 2000 Thesis mentor: Mo Veld Co-readers: X. Zhang, M.Zhou [6]Psychologie des Foules (The crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind) Text correcter:Mo Veld, X.Zhang

38 39 40