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Some Effects of Twist on Stress-Strain Relationships of Yarns Produced from Cotton-Polyester Fiber Blends

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Some Effects of Twist on Stress-Strain Relationships of Yarns Produced from Cotton-Polyester Fiber Blends SOME EFFECTS OF TWIST ON STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS OF YARNS PRODUCED FROM COTTON-POLYESTER FIBER BLENDS A THESIS Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate Division by Yuksel Yesiltepe In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Textile Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology February, 1965 GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY Regulations for the Use of Theses Unpublished theses submitted for the Master's and Doctor's degrees and deposited in the Georgia Institute of Technology Library are open for inspection and consultation, but must be used with due regard for the rights of the authors. Passages may be copied only with permission of the authors, and proper credit must be given in subsequent written or published work. Extensive copying or publication of the thesis in whole or in part requires the consent of the Dean of the Graduate Division of the Georgia Institute of Technology. This thesis by YUKSEL YESILTEPE has been used by the following persons, whose signatures attest their acceptance of the above restrictions. A library which borrows this thesis for use by its patrons is expected to secure the signature of each user. ^RROWTNG LTRRARV QATE Mr-n '^0 ^-7-^3 ^i^' **,* SOME EFFECTS OF TWIST ON STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS OF YARNS PRODUCED FROM COTTON-POLYESTER FIBER BLENDS Approved: t .nairTnan ' !L Q \ Date Approved by Chairman ^'2^'o5 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author extends his sincere appreciation to Professor R. K. Flege and Professor R. C. Lathem, both of the A. French Textile School, for their valuable guidance and assistance. He is grateful to Siimerbank of Turkey for the fellowship which made this study possible Special thanks are given to Dr. Joseph Krol of the School of In­ dustrial Engineering for his assistance and suggestions regarding the overall thesis subject matter. In addition, the author extends his thanks to Mr. R.C. Freeman, and Mrs. J. B. Lesher, technicians of the A. French Textile School, for their assistance. Finally, the author is greatly indebted to the Professors of the A. French Textile School. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ^^ LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS V SUMMARY ^^ CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 Statement of the Problem II. INSTRUMENTATION AND EQUIPMENT 10 Raw Materials Used Processing Equipment Physical Testing Equipment m. PROCEDURE 18 Preparation of Materials Physical Tests for Breaking Strength and Elonga­ tion of Yarn IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 26 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 35 Conclusions Recommendations APPENDIX 37 BIBLIOGRAPHY 41 IV LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Operating Data for H & B Revolving Flat Card 12 2. Operating Data for Saco-Lowell Roller Top Card 13 3. Operating Data for Saco-Lowell 4 over 5, DS-4 Drawing Frame 14 4. Operating Data for Saco-Lowell Roving Frame FS-2 .... 15 5. Operating Data for Saco-Lowell Spinning Frame Z-2 .... 16 6. Operating Data for Uster Automatic Yarn Strength Tester . 17 7. Organization of Twist Multipliers and Twist Gears 24 8. Organization of Drafts and Draft Gears 25 9. Average Breaking Strength in Grams, Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation for 15's, 20's, 25's and 30's Yarns with Different Twist Multipliers 33 10. Average Per Cent Elongation, Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation for 15's, 20's, 25's and 30's Yarns with Different Twist Multipliers 34 11. Fiber Fineness Test Using Sheffield Micronaire, Fiber Fineness Expressed in Micrograms per Inch 38 12. Fiber Strength Test Using Pressley Tester (1/8" Gauge). 39 13. Fiber Length Analysis Using Servo-Fibrograph 40 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. A Ring, Traveller, Bobbin and Yarn 3 2. A Typical Twist-Strength Curve 5 3. A Hypothetical Yarn Made From Two Parallel Fibers .... 5 4. The Development of the Twist-Strength Curve 6 5. The Twist-Angle of the Fibers in a Yarn 6 6. Sequence of Operations 19 7. Sketch Sho-wing Effects of Yarn Contraction, Traveller Lag and Tape Slippage 27 8. Effect of Twist in Cotton Yarn 29 9. Effect of Twist on Per Cent Elongation of Dacron-Cotton Blend Yarn 30 10. Effect of Twist on Strength of Dacron-Cotton Blend Yarn . 32 VI SUMIvlARY In the past few decades, there has been an increased interest in the blending of synthetic fibers with cotton. This study attempted to es­ tablish the optimum twist multiplier for maximum yarn breaking strength by using Kochlin's formula, developed for cotton, which is based on the relationship between twist multiplier and yarn number. This investiga­ tion covered the effects of turns per inch on yarn properties in the yarn nuinber range 15, 20, 25, and 30 where different twist multipliers were used for producing yarns of cotton-Dacron polyester fiber blends. In this investigation Good Middling Grade American Upland cotton (one and one quarter inches staple length) and DuPont's polyester fiber Dacron (one and one half inches staple length and three denier) were se­ lected. In the laboratory, yarns were produced with various twist mul­ tipliers. The range of twist multipliers were between 2. 75 and 5. 75. The yarn specimens obtained were subjected to stress-strain analyses and the data were recorded. The results of data obtained combined with those from results of previous work have shown that the optimum twist multiplier for cotton Dacron blend yarns (1. 25" staple length) are 4. 00 where optimum twist multiplier for cotton yarns with same staple length are 4. 40. The breaking strength (in grams) for cotton yarns are greater than that of Vll cotton-Dacron blend yarns with the same yarn number. For the same yarn nuinber, the elongation of cotton-Dacron blend yarns at the breaking point is greater than the elongation of cotton yarns. The data obtained were fed to the computer in order to determine average values, standard deviations, and coefficient of variations. These results from the computer showed that low turns per inch were responsi­ ble for unevenness in the yarn. The average breaking and average per cent elongation were plotted to illustrate the relationship of the variables under study. After an analysis of this graphical presentation, the fol­ lowing conclusions were reached: 1. The strength of a cotton-Dacron blend yarn is inversely re­ lated with elongation of the yarn. 2. The strength versus twist multiplier curve follows a concave down parabolic path. 3. The elongation versus twist multiplier curve follows a con­ cave up parabolic path. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION It has been established that the strength of a cotton yarn is in­ fluenced by the number of turns in a given section of that yarn. As the turns in the yarn increase, the strength of the yarn increases, and after reaching a certain maximum limit the strength begins to decline. The rule stated above has long been used for yarns spun from cotton fibers. It is the purpose of this study to determine if the same rule (with some modifications) is applicable for cotton blended yarns. For a fibrous yarn to have strength, the fibers must be entangled and somehow be held closely together. The holding together is accom­ plished by twisting the yarn. A force is exerted perpendicular to the yarn axis when the twisted yarn is put under tension. It is this force which causes the fibers to press against one another. There are two basic methods of investigating the yarn strength as a function of the twist, empirical and theoretical. The completely theoretical approach is best exemplified by the works of R. R. Sullivan (l). The purely empirical approach has been applied by Brown and Fiori (2). Before proceeding further it is in order to define the term "twist". "Twist" is referred to as being either nominal or actual. Nominal, or mechanical twist, is the revolutions per niinute of the bobbin divided by the inches of yarn delivered at the front rolls of the spinning frame in one minute. As it is rather difficult to define actual twist, the writer has chosen to describe it by way of an exannple. Figure 1 is a sketch of a bobbin, ring, traveller, and yarn. The bob­ bin is such that the circumference is exactly 1.00 inches. Now, when the bobbin turns while holding the yarn, at point A, assuming that there is no yarn contraction due to the twisting action, the traveller will make one revolution for each revolution of the bobbin. Since no yarn is fed, none can be wound up. Now let the bobbin be rotated 100 times and at the same time let the yarn move uniformly from A to B, a distance of ten inches. Because the distance around the bobbin is one inch the traveller must make one revolution around the bobbin in order to wind up one inch of yarn. Thus, while the bobbin is making the 100 revolutions, the traveler must make only 90, Because the yarn turns around its axis once for each revolution of the traveller around the ring, there will be 90 turns in the ten inches of yarn. The actual twist per inch in the yarn on the bobbin is therefore 90 turns divided by ten inches and equals nine turns per inch. The mechanical or nominal twist of course is 100 turns divided by ten inches equalling ten turns per inch, a dif­ ference of ten per cent, more than the actual turns in the yarn on the bobbin. In reality, the difference in the mechanical twist and the Traveler Ring Figure 1. A Ring, Traveler, Bobbin, and Yarn. 'Source: Landstreet, C. B. , 'Problem of Yarn Strength", Textile Mercury and Argus, February, 1957, p. 321. actual twist in the yarn on the bobbin is in the neighborhood of two per cent, and depends in part upon the particular diameter about which the yarn in question is wound.
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