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Transylvania and Romania in Scholarly Editions of Bram Stoker's

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Transylvania and Romania in Scholarly Editions of Bram Stoker's Transylvania and Romania in Scholarly Editions of Bram Stoker’s Dracula Thèse Cristina Artenie Doctorat en littérature d’expression anglaise Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) Québec, Canada © Cristina Artenie, 2015 Résumé À partir des années 1970, le roman Dracula de Bram Stoker (1897) a connu une série inattendue d’éditions critiques, qui ont contribué en même temps à la canonisation d’une œuvre de fiction considérée auparavant comme dédaignable et à la perpétuation des points de vue du roman sur la Transylvanie et la Roumanie. En général, les éditeurs suivent le principe selon lequel les annotations doivent permettre au public d’aujourd’hui d’avoir une expérience de lecture similaire à celle des premiers lecteurs et aussi proche de l’intention de l’auteur que possible. Dans le cas de Dracula, cela présuppose que beaucoup des choix idéologiques de Stoker restent inexpliqués et indisputés, tandis que ses représentations des peuples et des lieux “lointains” sont soutenues par l’usage que font les éditeurs des notes de travail du romancier. Stoker a pris note, en les modifiant, des centaines de citations de différentes sources qu’il a ensuite incorporées dans le texte du roman. Les éditeurs de Dracula se fient à ces notes, sans prendre en compte les changements opérés par le romancier, les passages qu’il a utilisés mais qui n’apparaissent pas dans les notes, ou le fait que les sources sont souvent biaisées ou simplement érronées. Ainsi, les éditions critiques du roman de Stoker préservent et même contribuent au processus d’altérisation commencé par l’auteur de Dracula. L’analyse du discours d’altérisation est directement liée à la discussion du contexte historique du roman, c’est-à-dire le statut néo-colonial de la Roumanie, abordé dans la deuxième partie de cette étude. Les faits qui y sont mis en valeur montrent que ce que Stoker savait et ceux qu’il connaissait ont influencé ses choix d’endroits, de personnages et d’intrigue. L’implication de la Grande Bretagne dans l’économie et la politique de la region, avant et après la Guerre de Crimée, attestée par la iii présence des aventuriers coloniaux britaniques et par celle de la marine militaire anglaise sur le Danube, n’a guère était étudiée par les historiens. Le même peut être dit de l’implication de Londres au sein de la Commission Européenne du Danube. La présente étude pourrait aussi être utile aux spécialistes du postcolonialisme, de la mondialisation ou à ceux qui s’intéressent aux transformations apportées par le capitalisme dans le Bas Danube et à l’intégration des principautés roumains dans le marché économique mondial. Stoker a trouvé ses sources parmi les écrits des voyageurs en Transylvanie et Roumanie qui se préoccupaient des avantages économiques offerts par ces pays. Leurs écrits ont d’abord stimulé et ensuite soutenu l’implication de la Grande Bretagne dans l’économie de la région. La présente thèse va au-delà d’une autre frontière, en passant des études littéraires à l’anthropologie. Les anthropologues culturels peuvent trouver utile la discussion du temps et de la différence dans le roman de Stoker et dans les annotations des éditeurs. Dans les deux cas, il s’agit de la collection et de la manipulation des données concernant une région européenne « lointaine ». La (non)existence des croyances aux vampires est une situation qui peut fournir un aperçu des pratiques traditionnelles mais aussi, ce qui est plus important, des conséquences profondes du travail anthropologique du dix-neuvième siècle. Bien qu’elle soit un examen des éditions les plus richement annotées du roman de Bram Stoker, la présente étude est interdisciplinaire. Elle utilise des théories et des conceptes de plusieurs domaines, tout en attirant l’attention sur les liens complexes entre la culture, l’histoire, la politique et l’économie. Ce que cette étude montre surtout, c’est le lien étroit entre l’objet littéraire et le contexte dans lequel il a été produit. iv Abstract Since the 1970s, Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897) has gone through an unexpectedly long series of scholarly editions, which has contributed both to the canonisation of a work of fiction previously considered undeserving and to the perpetuation of the novel’s views on Transylvania and Romania. As a rule, editors follow the principle according to which their annotations should allow today’s audience a reading experience similar to that of the original reader and as close to the author’s intention as possible. In Dracula’s case, this means that much of Stoker’s ideological choices remain unexplained and unchallenged, while his representations of “remote” people and places are supported by the editors’ use of the writer’s working notes. Stoker took down, in altered form, hundreds of quotes from several sources that he incorporated into the text of the novel. The editors of Dracula rely heavily on these notes, without taking into account the changes brought by the novelist, the passages that he used but do not appear in the notes, and the fact that the sources were often biased or simply wrong. Thus, the many scholarly editions of Stoker’s novel preserve and even enhance its original process of othering. The analysis of the othering discourse is closely linked to the discussion of the historical context of the novel, that is, to the neo- colonial status of Romania, examined in the second part of this study. The information unearthed here shows that who and what Stoker knew influenced his choice of place, plot and character, which can provide a new line of inquiry for both literary critics and historians. The involvement of Great Britain in the economy and politics of the region, v before and after the Crimean War, attested by the presence of British colonial adventurers and by that of the British navy on the river Danube, has only been marginally studied by historians, and the same is true about the study of the British involvement in the European Commission of the Danube. The present study can be equally useful to scholars engaged with postcolonialism, globalisation, and the transformations brought about by capitalism in the Lower Danube region and by the integration of the Romanian principalities into the world market economy. Stoker’s sources were travellers to Transylvania and Romania who were preoccupied with the economic advantages those countries had to offer. Their writings both stimulated and, later, supported the British involvement in the economy of the region. This dissertation crosses yet another boundary, from literary studies into anthropology. Cultural anthropologists can find useful the discussion of time and difference in Stoker’s novel and in the annotations of the editors, both of which involve the collection and manipulation of data from a “remote” European region. In the case of Dracula, the (non)existence of vampire beliefs is an interesting case study which provides insight into the practice but, more importantly, into the far-reaching consequences of nineteenth- century anthropological work. Although an examination of the most heavily annotated scholarly editions of Bram Stoker’s vampire novel, the present study is interdisciplinary. It employs theories and concepts from several fields, thus bringing to the fore the intricate links between culture, history, politics and economy. What this study shows, more importantly, is the close link between the literary object and the context in which it was produced. vi Table of Contents Résumé .................................................................................................................................. iii Abstract ................................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. vii List of figures ......................................................................................................................... ix Note on Quotations ................................................................................................................ xi Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 Part I Dracula and Editorial Theory ...................................................................................... 17 Chapter 1 Footnotes, Endnotes, Lateral Notes ..................................................................... 19 1.1 The Editor as Mediator ............................................................................................... 28 1.2 The Politics of Annotation .......................................................................................... 33 1.3 Types of Annotation ................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 2 The Fight for a Masterpiece ................................................................................. 47 2.1 Leonard Wolf: The Annotated Dracula (1975) .......................................................... 48 2.2 Raymond McNally and Radu Florescu: The Essential Dracula (1979) ..................... 52 2.3 Leonard Wolf: The Essential Dracula (1993) ............................................................ 54 2.4 Clive Leatherdale: Dracula Unearthed (1998) ........................................................... 57 2.5 Robert Eighteen-Bisang and Elizabeth Miller: Bram Stoker’s Notes for Dracula (2008) ...............................................................................................................................
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