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Front Matter Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism Eighth Edition An Offi cial Publication of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism Eighth Edition Editor-in-Chief Clifford J. Rosen , MD Senior Associate Editors Roger Bouillon , MD, PhD, FRCP Juliet E. Compston , MD, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci Vicki Rosen , PhD Associate Editors Douglas C. Bauer , MD Marie Demay , MD Theresa A. Guise , MD Suzanne M. Jan de Beur , MD Richard W. Keen , MD, PhD Karen M. Lyons , PhD Laurie K. McCauley , DDS, MS, PhD Paul D. Miller , MD, FACP Socrates E. Papapoulos , MD, PhD Ego Seeman , BSc, MBBS, FRACP, MD Rajesh V. Thakker , MD, ScD, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci Mone Zaidi , MBBS, PhD A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication This edition fi rst published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2013 by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research First Edition published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research © 1990 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Second Edition published by Raven Press, Ltd. © 1993 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Third Edition published by Lippincott-Raven Publishers © 1996 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Fourth Edition published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins © 1999 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Fifth Edition published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research © 2003 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Sixth Edition published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research © 2006 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Seventh Edition published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research © 2008 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Editorial offi ces: 1606 Golden Aspen Drive, Suites 103 and 104, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specifi c clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: 978-1-1184-5388-9/2013. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. 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The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, the author, editors, and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifi cally disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fi tness for a particular purpose. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifi cations, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant fl ow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, the author, editors, nor John Wiley & Sons, Inc. shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. – 8th ed. / editor-in-chief, Clifford J. Rosen; senior associate editors, Roger Bouillon, Juliet E. Compston, Vicki Rosen; associate editors, Douglas C. Bauer . [et al.]. p. ; cm. Previous editions published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-45388-9 (softback : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-45389-6 (eMobi) – ISBN 978-1-118-45390-2 (ePDF) – ISBN 978-1-118-45391-9 (ePub) – ISBN 978-1-118-45392-6 I. Rosen, Clifford J. II. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. [DNLM: 1. Bone Diseases, Metabolic. 2. Bone and Bones–metabolism. 3. Minerals–metabolism. WE 250] RC931.M45 616.7'16–dc23 2013002831 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover image: Copyright Tobi Kahn, NEBILA, 1990, Acrylic on canvas over wood, 70 × 24 inches. Cover design by Nicole Teut Set in 9.5/11 pt Trump Mediaeval by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2013 Contents Contributors x 10 Neuronal Regulation of Bone Remodeling 82 Primer Corporate Sponsors xxii Florent Elefteriou and Gerard Karsenty Preface to the Eighth Edition of the Primer: Clifford J. Rosen xxiii 11 Skeletal Healing 90 About ASBMR xxiv Michael J. Zuscik President’s Preface: Lynda F. Bonewald xxv About the Companion Website xxvi 12 Biomechanics of Fracture Healing 99 Elise F. Morgan and Thomas A. Einhorn Section I: Molecular, Cellular, and Genetic 13 Human Genome-Wide Association (GWA) Determinants of Bone Structure and Formation 1 Studies 106 Section Editor Karen M. Lyons Douglas P. Kiel 1 Skeletal Morphogenesis and Embryonic 14 Circulating Osteogenic Cells 111 Development 3 Robert J. Pignolo and Moustapha Kassem Yingzi Yang 2 Signal Transduction Cascades Controlling Osteoblast Differentiation 15 Section II: Skeletal Physiology 119 David J.J. de Gorter and Peter ten Dijke Section Editor Ego Seeman 3 Osteoclast Biology and Bone Resorption 25 15 Human Fetal and Neonatal Bone F. Patrick Ross Development 121 Tao Yang, Monica Grover, Kyu Sang Joeng, and Brendan Lee 4 Osteocytes 34 Lynda F. Bonewald 16 Skeletal Growth and Peak Bone Strength 127 5 Connective Tissue Pathways That Regulate Qingju Wang and Ego Seeman Growth Factors 42 Gerhard Sengle and Lynn Y. Sakai 17 Ethnic Differences in Bone Acquisition 135 Shane A. Norris, Lisa K. Micklesfi eld, 6 The Composition of Bone 49 and John M. Pettifor Adele L. Boskey and Pamela Gehron Robey 18 Calcium and Other Nutrients 7 Assessment of Bone Mass and Microarchitecture During Growth 142 in Rodents 59 Tania Winzenberg and Graeme Jones Blaine A. Christiansen 19 Growing a Healthy Skeleton: The Importance 8 Animal Models: Genetic Manipulation 69 of Mechanical Loading 149 Karen M. Lyons Mark R. Forwood 9 Animal Models: Allelic Determinants for BMD 76 20 Pregnancy and Lactation 156 Robert D. Blank Christopher S. Kovacs and Henry M. Kronenberg v vi Contents 21 Menopause 165 34 FRAX®: Assessment of Fracture Risk 289 Ian R. Reid John A Kanis 35 Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Section III: Mineral Homeostasis 171 Osteoporosis 297 Section Editor Ego Seeman Pawel Szulc, Douglas C. Bauer, and Richard Eastell 22 Regulation of Calcium and Magnesium 173 Murray J. Favus and David Goltzman 36 Bone Biopsy and Histomorphometry in Clinical Practice 307 Robert R. Recker 23 Fetal Calcium Metabolism 180 Christopher S. Kovacs 37 Diagnosis and Classifi cation of Vertebral Fracture 317 24 Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF23) 188 James F. Griffi th, Judith E. Adams, Kenneth E. White and Michael J. Econs and Harry K. Genant 25 Gonadal Steroids 195 38 Approaches to Genetic Testing 336 Stavros C. Manolagas, Maria Almeida, Christina Jacobsen, Yiping Shen, and Robert L. Jilka and Ingrid A. Holm 26 Parathyroid Hormone 208 Robert A. Nissenson and Harald Jüppner Section V: Osteoporosis 343 Section Editors Paul D. Miller and Socrates E. Papapoulos 27 Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein 215 John J. Wysolmerski 39 Osteoporosis Overview 345 Michael Kleerekoper 28 Ca2+-Sensing Receptor 224 Edward M. Brown 40 The Epidemiology of Osteoporotic Fractures 348 Nicholas Harvey, Elaine Dennison, 29 Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism, Mechanism and Cyrus Cooper of Action, and Clinical Requirements 235 Daniel Bikle, John S. Adams, and Sylvia Christakos 41 Overview of Pathogenesis 357 Ian R. Reid Section IV: Investigation of Metabolic 42 Nutrition and Osteoporosis 361 Bone Diseases 249 Connie M. Weaver and Robert P. Heaney Section Editor Douglas C. Bauer 43 The Role of Sex Steroids in the Pathogenesis 30 DXA in Adults and Children 251 of Osteoporosis 367 Glen Blake, Judith E. Adams, and Nick Bishop Matthew T. Drake and Sundeep Khosla 31 Quantitative Computed Tomography in Children 44 Translational Genetics of Osteoporosis: and Adults 264 From Population Association to Individualized C.C.
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