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A Revised Taxonomic Account of Paspalum L. (Poaceae) in Thailand

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A Revised Taxonomic Account of Paspalum L. (Poaceae) in Thailand The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 8(2): 99-119, October 2008 ©2008 by Chulalongkorn University A Revised Taxonomic Account of Paspalum L. (Poaceae) in Thailand MONTHON NORSAENGSRI1 AND PRANOM CHANTARANOTHAI2* 1Northeastern Region Plant Collection Center, Khon Kaen Province, Botanic Garden Organization, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 40120, Thailand. 2Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ABSTRACT.– A taxonomic account of Paspalum L. in Thailand is provided. Ten species and four varieties are recognized. Keys, descriptions and illustrations of the species are presented. Paspalum canarae var. fimbriatum is a new record for Thailand. KEY WORDS: Paspalum; Poaceae; Revision; Thailand 1986). An account of this genus in Southeast INTRODUCTION Asia including Thailand was treated by Lazarides (1980) with 11 species. The main Paspalum, a large genus in the family aim of this manuscript is to provide an Poaceae, is currently comprised of some updated taxonomic account of Paspalum in 320 species (Watson and Dallwitz, 1992) Thailand based on a large number of recent and is chiefly distributed in the tropical and collections and the authors’ own fieldwork, temperate regions of the New World. The which has permitted both the reinterpre- genus was established by Linnaeus (1759) tation of many species and the discovery of based on Panicum dissectum, belonging to a new record for Thailand. A taxonomic the tribe Paniceae. It is readily recognized account of Paspalum in Thailand is provided by its inflorescent which is spike-like either with an identification key, descriptions and single or digitate, or racemosely arranged. synonymy, and illustrations. The spikelets are secund, solitary or paired, alternate on either side of the midrib, with 2-4 rows and are usually plano-convex in MATERIALS AND METHODS cross-section, often with a hemispherical or oblong shape. (Clayton and Renvoize, Specimens were examined from Thailand and surrounding countries by obtaining herbarium collections from AAU, *Corresponding author: Tel: (6643)-342-908 BK, BKF, BM, C, K, KKU, L, P, PSU, Fax: (6643)-364-169 QBG and TCD (Holmgren and Holmgren, E-mail: [email protected] 100 NAT. HIST. J. CHULALONGKORN UNIV. 8(2), OCTOBER 2008 1998). Fieldwork was also carried out to Müll., Stuttg. Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 19(44): collect fertile materials in different parts of 326. 1861, nom. ill. — Dimorphostachys E. the country. Geographical data from Foum., Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. herbarium specimens have revealed a Sci. 80: 441. 1875. — Wirtgenia Döll, Fl. number of localities in Thailand. Bras. 2(2): 40. 1877, nom. nud. — Morphological observations together with Paspalum subsect. Anachyris (Nees) Benth. habitat-associated species and ecological and Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3(2): 1097. 1883. — conditions were documented. Specimens Paspalum subsect. Pseudoceresia Benth. were collected using standard procedures for and Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3(2): 1098. 1883. — herbarium materials. Paspalum sect. Ceresia (Pers.) Benth. and Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3(2): 1098. 1883. — Paspalum subgen. Anachyris A. Chase, SYSTEMATICS Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24(8): 435. 1927. — Paspalum sect. Anachyris (Nees) Pilg., Family Poaceae Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 26(7): 229. Genus Paspalum L. 1929. — Paspalum sect. Ceresia (Pers.) Pilg., Repert. Spec. Nov., Regni Veg. 26 Paspalum L., Syst. Nat. 10(2): 855. (15): 230. 1929. 1759.— Digitaria Heist. ex Fabr., Enum. 207. 1759. —Sabsab Adams, Fam. Pl. 2: Annual or perennial. Culms tufted, 31, 599. 1763, nom. ill. superfl. —Cleachne intravaginal branching at base, erect, rhizo- Roland ex Rottb., Acta Lit. Univ. Hafn. 1: matous, stoloniferous, decumbent; nodes 285. 1778. — Ceresia Pers, Syn. Pl. 1: 85. glabrous or rarely pilose; internodes solid to 1805. —Reimaria Humb., Bonpl. ex hollow, glaucous. Sheaths slightly comp- Flüggé, Gram. Monogr., Paspalum: 213. ressed, glabrous or hairy. Blades ovate- 1810. —Panicum sect. Paspalum (L.) Trin., lanceolate or linear, with hairs at base, apex Panic.: 49, 87. 1826. — Paspalum sect. acuminate. Ligules membranous or a fringe Ceresia (Pers.) Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. of hairs, apex truncate or rounded, glabrous 2(1): 76. 1829. — Paspalanthium Desv., or hairy. Inflorescences with 1 to several Mem. Soc. Agric. Angers 1: 163. 1831. — spicate racemes; main axis subterete to Moenchlia Wander. ex Steud., Nomencl. distinctly winged; rachis triquetrous or Bot. 2(2): 153. 1841. — Anachyris Nees, flattened, spikelets attached by short stalks, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 103. single or in pairs, alternately to the sides of 1850. —Maizilla Schltdl., Bot. Zeitung the ridge. Spikelets all alike in secund (Berlin) 8: 601, 605. 1850, nom. ill. superfl. racemes with 1 perfect floret, plano-convex, —Dichromus Schltdl., Stuttg. Bot. Zeitung ovate, broadly obovate, elliptic, orbicular or (Berlin) 10: 17. 1852, nom. nud. — oblong. Lower glumes usually absent or Cymatochloa Schltdl., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) membranous, nerveless or 1-nerved. Upper 12(47): 817, 821. 1854. — Paspalum sect. glumes membranous, 3–7-nerved, glabrous Cymatochloa (Schltdl.) Müll., Stuttg. Bot. or hirsute, as long as spikelet. Florets 2. Zeitung (Berlin) 12(47): 817. 821. 1854. — Lower floret sterile; lemma membranous, 3- Paspalum sect. Ceresia (Pers.) Schltdl. ex 5-nerved, as long as upper glume, margin NORSAENGSRI AND CHANTARANOTHAI – TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT OF PASPALUM 101 hairy or glabrous. Upper floret hermaphrodite; Paspalum canarae (Steud.) var. fimbriatum lemma chartaceous to coriaceous, with (Bor) Veldk. inconspicuous, 3–5 nerves, glabrous, with Figure 1 strongly incurved margin; palea indurate, margin membranous, involute, indurate, Paspalum canarae (Steud.) var. brownish black. Lodicules 2, cuneate, fimbriatum (Bor) Veldk., Blumea 21(1): 72. nerveless, glabrous. Stigmas divided. 1973. — Panicum canarae (Steud.) var. Stamens 3, yellow to purplish black. fimbriatum Bor, Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, Caryopsis biconvex; embryo 1/3–1/4 as India and Pakistan: 336. 1960. Type: India, long as caryopsis. 320 species, pantropics, Bombay, P.V. Bole 305, K!. 10 species and 14 taxa in Thailand. Annual, aquatic grass. Culms Key to the species decumbent or ascending to 22–30 cm tall; node swollen, glabrous; internodes 1a Annual; Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate….. glabrous, 1.8–5 by 1–1.2 cm. Sheaths …….…….. P. canarae var. frimbriatum chartaceous-coriaceous, 1.6–4 cm long, 1b Perennial; Leaf-blades linear…………. 2 distinctly keeled, villous on nerves, both 2a Spikelets ovate, broadly ovate, elliptic surfaces villous, margin membranous, or orbicular…..………..……….………. 3 connected the leaf blade margins. Blades 2b Spikelet obovate or oblong-lanceolate ... chartaceous, ovate, 2.5–3.5 by 0.8–1.1 cm, …………………………………………….. 8 margins pectinate with bulbous-based hairs. 3a Spikelet single…….…………………….. 4 Ligules a fringe of setose hairs. Inflores- 3b Spikelets paired, with one rudiment … 6 cence racemose, 1.8–5 cm long; main axis 4a Plants rhizomatous…..…….. P. notatum 3–10 cm long, angular, scabrous, along the 4b Plants stoloniferous or decumbent.….. 5 edge, 14–20-racemose, glabrous; peduncles 5a Upper glume ciliate……. P. conjugatum terete, glabrous; rachis flattened, margin 5b Upper glume glabrous……………………. pectinate. Spikelets solitary, ovate to elliptic, …………………………. P. scrobiculatum 1.3–1.5 by 1 mm, glabrous, purple, apex 6a Spikelet glabrous………….. P. dilatatum acute. Lower glume absent. Upper glumes 6b Spikelet pilose……........................ 7 membranous, elliptic, 1.3–1.4 mm long, 5- 7a Rachis more than 3.5 mm wide……….… nerved; lateral nerves setose, apex acute. ………………….………… P. longifolium Lower floret sterile; lemma ovate, membra- 7b Rachis less than 3 mm wide…………… nous, 3-nerved, 1–1.2 mm long, lateral ……………..………………. P. orbiculare nerves setose, margin membranous, 8a Inflorescence with more than 4 racemes glabrous. Upper floret hermaphrodite; ………….………..……..... P. plicatulum lemma indurate or crustaceous, elliptic, 1– 8b Inflorescence with 2 or rarely 3 racemes 1.3 mm long, glabrous, margin inrolled, …….….………………………..………… 9 obscurely 5-nerved, apex acute; palea 9a Lower glume scale-like… P. districhium crustaceous, elliptic, 1–1.3 mm long, 2- 9b Lower glume absent…..… P. vaginatum nerved, glabrous, margin enrolled, apex acute. Lodicules 2, cuneate. Stamens 2, yellow; anthers 0.5–0.7 mm long. Caryopsis 102 NAT. HIST. J. CHULALONGKORN UNIV. 8(2), OCTOBER 2008 FIGURE 1. Paspalum canarae var. fimbriatum (a) habit, (b1)-(b2) part of raceme, (b1) adaxial view, (b2) abaxial view, (c1)-(c2) spikelet, two views, (d) upper glume, (e) lower lemma, (f1)-(f2) upper floret, (f1) upper lemma, (f2) upper palea, (g) caryopsis. elliptic, brown, 1–1.2 mm long; embryo 1/4 Ecology. – Open areas, in swampy as long as the caryopsis. places, alt. 1,200–1,800 m. Thailand. – EASTERN: Nakhon Ratcha- Specimens examined. – C. Charoenphol sima; SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi. et al. 4228 (L); M. Norsaengsri 2171 (K, Distribution. – India, Myanmar. KKU); T. Smitinand et al. s.n. (K). NORSAENGSRI AND CHANTARANOTHAI – TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT OF PASPALUM 103 Note. – The Paspalum canarae var. glumes absent. Upper glumes hyaline to fimbriatum differs form the typical variety membranous, elliptic, 1.2–1.3 mm long, by its a fringe of setae along the lateral obscurely 1-nerved, glabrous except mar- nerves of the upper glume and upper gins with finely silky white hairs, apex lemma. acute. Lower floret sterile; lemma hyaline
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