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Small Millets in Global Agriculture
SMALL MILLETS IN GLOBAL AGRICULTURE Proceedings of the First International Small Millets Workshop Bangalore, India, October 29-November 2, 1986 Editors: A. Seetharam K. W. Riley G. Harinarayana 41- OXFORD & IBH PUBLISHING CO. PVT. LTD. New Delhi Bombay Calcutta © 1989 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE ISBN 81-204-0434-3 Published in India by Mohan Primlani for Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 66 Janpath, New Delhi 110 001, typeset by Composers and printed at Pauls Press, Okhla Industrial Area, New Delhi 110 020. 1-S9-11 L CONTENTS Editor's Preface vii Inaugural Address : M. V. Rao ix Workshop Participants and Authors I : OVERVIEW AND TAXONOMY 1. Small Millets-A Selective Overview 3 Hugh Doggett 2. Origin, Evolution and Systematics of Minor Cereals 19 J.M.J. de Wet 11 : IMPORTANCE, GERMPLASM AND VARIETAL IMPROVEMENT IN ASIA 3. Small Millets in Indian Agriculture 33 T. V. Sampath, S.M. Razvi, D. N. Singh and K. V. Bondale 4. Genetic Resources of Small Millets in India 45 A. Seetharam 5. Breeding and Varietal Improvement of Small Millets in India 59 G. Harinarayana 6. Importance, Genetic Resources and Breeding of Small 71 Millets in Bangladesh M.A. Majid, M.A. Hamid and Mannujan 7. Importance, Genetic Resources and Breeding of Small 77 Millets in Sri Lanka S. Ponnuthurai 8. Importance, Genetic Resources and Varietal Improvement 85 of Finger Millet in Nepal Kishor Sherchan 9. Importance and Genetic Resources of Small Millets with 93 Emphasis on Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) in China Chen Jiaju iv 10. Breeding and Varietal Improvement of Foxtail Millet in 101 China Chen Jiaju 11. -
The Story of Millets
The Story of Millets Millets were the first crops Millets are the future crops Published by: Karnataka State Department of Agriculture, Bengaluru, India with ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad, India This document is for educational and awareness purpose only and not for profit or business publicity purposes 2018 Compiled and edited by: B Venkatesh Bhat, B Dayakar Rao and Vilas A Tonapi ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad Inputs from: Prabhakar, B.Boraiah and Prabhu C. Ganiger (All Indian Coordinated Research Project on Small Millets, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India) Disclaimer The document is a compilation of information from reputed and some popular sources for educational purposes only. The authors do not claim ownership or credit for any content which may be a part of copyrighted material or otherwise. In many cases the sources of content have not been quoted for the sake of lucid reading for educational purposes, but that does not imply authors have claim to the same. Sources of illustrations and photographs have been cited where available and authors do not claim credit for any of the copy righted or third party material. G. Sathish, IFS, Commissioner for Agriculture, Department of Agriculture Government of Karnataka Foreword Millets are the ancient crops of the mankind and are important for rainfed agriculture. They are nutritionally rich and provide number of health benefits to the consumers. With Karnataka being a leading state in millets production and promotion, the government is keen on supporting the farmers and consumers to realize the full potential of these crops. On the occasion of International Organics and Millets Fair, 2018, we are planning before you a story on millets to provide a complete historic global perspective of journey of millets, their health benefits, utilization, current status and future prospects, in association with our knowledge partner ICAR - Indian Institute of Millets Research, with specific inputs from the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru. -
Sorghum & Pearl Millet in Zambia: Production Guide, [2006]
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln International Sorghum and Millet Collaborative INTSORMIL Scientific Publications Research Support Program (INTSORMIL CRSP) 9-30-2008 Sorghum & Pearl Millet in Zambia: Production Guide, [2006] Kimberley Christiansen INTSORMIL Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/intsormilpubs Part of the Agricultural and Resource Economics Commons, Agriculture Commons, Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, and the Sales and Merchandising Commons Christiansen, Kimberley, "Sorghum & Pearl Millet in Zambia: Production Guide, [2006]" (2008). INTSORMIL Scientific Publications. 1. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/intsormilpubs/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the International Sorghum and Millet Collaborative Research Support Program (INTSORMIL CRSP) at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in INTSORMIL Scientific Publications yb an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Production Guide Sorghum & Pearl Millet in Zambia Foreword .................................................................................. I Acknowledgements ................................................................ II Introduction ........................................................................... III Chapter One: Sorghum ............................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................... -
Improving Millet/Cowpea Intercropping in the Semi-Arid Zone of Mali
Improving millet/cowpea intercropping in the semi-arid zone of Mali * The original French paper 'Possibilites d'amelioration de 1'association culturale mil- niébé en zones semi-arides au Mali' is an updated version of a paper published in Haque et al (1986). H. HULET The Sahel Programme ILCA, P.O.Box 60, Bamako, Mali SUMMARY THE MILLET/COWPEA intercropping system used in the semi-arid zone of Mali is on the decline. ILCA's studies of the system during 1981-85 showed that grain and biomass yields can be improved by manipulating the planting date, pattern, and density of the crops and by rotating sole millet with millet/cowpea intercrops. Sowing millet and cowpea in separate holes on a ridge or on alternate ridges decreased millet grain yields less than when both crops were planted in the same hole. The optimum proportion of cowpea in the mixture was 15% without fertilizer and 45% when rock phosphate was applied. Rotating millet/cowpea intercrops with sole millet increased the grain yield of sole millet by 30%. Delayed sowing of the legume reduced interspecies competition, resulting in good grain and biomass yields. Cowpea proved to be more competitive than millet under dry conditions, while millet benefitted from intercropping in higher-rainfall areas. INTRODUCTION Millet (Pennisetum americanum) is intercropped with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) on about 60% of the plots cultivated in semi-arid Mali (Diallo et al, 1985). Millet provides 70–90% of the food energy of the human population, and in some cases as much as 95% (Martin, 1985). Cowpea grain, which contains 20–25% protein, is valued as human food (Pugliese, 1984), and its haulms (14–30% net protein) are grazed by cattle during the dry season (Göh1, 1981; Skerman, 1982). -
Panicum Sumatrense)
Nutritional and functional properties of popped little millet (Panicum sumatrense) PRIYANKA KAPOOR Department of Bioresource Engineering Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences McGill University Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada April, 2013. A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Bioresource Engineering © 2013 Priyanka Kapoor i Nutritional and functional properties of popped little millet (Panicum sumatrense) ABSTRACT Food industries are focusing energies towards the development of functional foods and food ingredients. Several ancient grains are being used as a source of functional nutrients. Millets are minor cereals which have high nutritional value, are non-glutinous and are easily digestible. In spite of this, their consumption is limited. This could be attributed to their non-availability in ready-to-eat and ready-to-use foods. Processing of millets to incorporate them in ready-to-eat foods can increase their nutritional value, availability and economic value. Thermal processing can improve the bioavailability of certain vitamins and minerals and can also help in lowering the water activity thus, preventing the growth of microorganisms. Thermally processed foods also have better organoleptic properties. One interesting method of thermal processing is popping. Popping enhances the carbohydrate and protein digestibility by inactivating some of the enzymes and enzyme inhibitors. Popping also improves the color, appearance, aroma and taste of the processed food commodity. In the present study, the popping quality of little millet (Panicum sumatrense) and the effects of popping on the nutrient composition and the functional properties of the millet were studied. The popping quality of little millet was optimized with respect to the temperature of the particulate medium and the moisture content of the millet, both of which were found to determine the yield of popping. -
On-Farm Evaluation on Yield and Economic Performance of Cereal-Cowpea Intercropping to Support the Smallholder Farming System in the Soudano-Sahelian Zone of Mali
agriculture Article On-Farm Evaluation on Yield and Economic Performance of Cereal-Cowpea Intercropping to Support the Smallholder Farming System in the Soudano-Sahelian Zone of Mali Bougouna Sogoba 1,2,* , Bouba Traoré 3,4 , Abdelmounaime Safia 1, Oumar Baba Samaké 2, Gilbert Dembélé 2, Sory Diallo 4, Roger Kaboré 2, Goze Bertin Benié 1, Robert B. Zougmoré 5 and Kalifa Goïta 1 1 Centre D’Applications et de Recherches en TéléDétection (CARTEL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; abdelmounaime.a.safi[email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (G.B.B.); [email protected] (K.G.) 2 ONG AMEDD (Association Malienne d’Éveil au Développement Durable) Darsalam II-Route de Ségou, Rue 316 porte 79, BP 212 Koutiala, Mali; [email protected] (O.B.S.); [email protected] (G.D.); [email protected] (R.K.) 3 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT-Niger), BP 12404 Niamey, Niger; [email protected] 4 Institut D’Economie Rurale (IER)-Mali, BP 438 Bamako, Mali; [email protected] 5 CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), ICRISAT West and Central Africa Office, BP 320 Bamako, Mali; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 April 2020; Accepted: 6 June 2020; Published: 9 June 2020 Abstract: Cereal-cowpea intercropping has become an integral part of the farming system in Mali. Still, information is lacking regarding integrated benefits of the whole system, including valuing of the biomass for facing the constraints of animal feedings. We used farmers’ learning networks to evaluate performance of intercropping systems of millet-cowpea and sorghum-cowpea in southern Mali. -
Whole and Enriched Grains CACFP Reference Sheet
OSPI CNS Child and Adult Care Food Program Reference Sheet Whole and Enriched Grains Whole and enriched grains are a part of identifying Whole Grain-Rich (WGR) items. There are several methods to identify WGR items. Please view the Grain Requirements in the CACFP Reference Sheet for more information. Whole Grains: Amaranth Sprouted einkorn Amaranth flour Sprouted spelt Brown rice Sprouted whole rye Buckwheat Sprouted whole wheat Buckwheat flour Steel cut oats Buckwheat groats Teff Bulgur Teff flour Cracked wheat Triticale Graham flour Triticale flour Instant oatmeal Wheat berries Millet Wheat groats Millet flour Whole durum flour Oat groats Whole einkorn berries Old fashioned oats Whole grain corn Quick cooking oats Whole grain corn flour Quinoa Whole grain einkorn flour Rye groats Whole grain oat flour Sorghum Whole grain spelt flour Sorghum flour Whole grain wheat flakes Spelt berries Whole rye flour Sprouted brown rice Whole wheat flour Sprouted buckwheat Wild rice Whole corn Brans and Germs: Corn bran Rye bran Oat bran Wheat bran Rice bran Wheat germ Enriched Grains: Enriched bromated flour Enriched rice Enriched corn flour Enriched rice flour Enriched durum flour Enriched rye flour Enriched durum wheat Enriched wheat flour flour Enriched white flour OSPI CNS November 2018 OSPI CNS Child and Adult Care Food Program Reference Sheet Disregarded Ingredients – May be ignored (typically presented in small amounts) Corn dextrin Tapioca starch Corn starch Wheat dextrin Modified -
Processing, Nutritional Composition and Health Benefits of Finger Millet
a OSSN 0101-2061 (Print) Food Science and Technology OSSN 1678-457X (Dnline) DDO: https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.25017 Processing, nutritional composition and health benefits of finger millet in sub-saharan Africa Shonisani Eugenia RAMASHOA1*, Tonna Ashim ANYASO1, Eastonce Tend GWATA2, Stephen MEDDDWS-TAYLDR3, Afam Osrael Dbiefuna JODEANO1 Abstract Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) also known as tamba, is a staple cereal grain in some parts of the world with low income population. The grain is characterized by variations in colour (brown, white and light brown cultivars); high concentration of carbohydrates, dietary fibre, phytochemicals and essential amino acids; presence of essential minerals; as well as a gluten-free status. Finger millet (FM) in terms of nutritional composition, ranks higher than other cereal grains, though the grain is extremely neglected and widely underutilized. Nutritional configuration of FM contributes to reduced risk of diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure and gastro-intestinal tract disorder when absorbed in the body. Utilization of the grain therefore involves traditional and other processing methods such as soaking, malting, cooking, fermentation, popping and radiation. These processes are utilised to improve the dietetic and sensory properties of FM and equally assist in the reduction of anti-nutritional and inhibitory activities of phenols, phytic acids and tannins. However, with little research and innovation on FM as compared to conventional cereals, there is the need for further studies on processing methods, nutritional composition, health benefits and valorization with a view to commercialization of FM grains. Keywords: finger millet; nutritional composition; gluten-free; antioxidant properties; traditional processing; value-added products. Practical Application: Effects of processing on nutritional composition, health benefits and valorization of finger millet grains. -
Little Millets: Properties, Functions and Future Prospects
A CASE STUDY International Journal of Agricultural Engineering | Volume 11 | Sp. Issue | April, 2018 | 179-181 ISSN–0974–2662 Visit us : www.researchjournal.co.in DOI: 10.15740/HAS/IJAE/11.Sp. Issue/179-181 Little millets: Properties, functions and future prospects Shweta Saloni, Sindhu, Sujata, Sushma Kumari and Sandhya Suman Received : 10.04.2018; Accepted : 13.04.2018 See end of the Paper for Abstract : In the current scenario where the world around is facing the severe problem of climate authors’ affiliation change it is greatly impacting the agricultural sector. The farmers have a great problem of irrigation Correspondence to : because of depleting water layer. Thus millets which require less water and can easily grow in arid Shweta Saloni and semi-arid lands. Millets as a whole are highly nutritious, non-glutinous and non-acid forming Department of Food foods (FAO, 2001). Hence, they are easy to digest. Among all the grains millets are considered to Processing and Technology, be the least allergenic and most digestible grains. Also millets have low glycemic index. Millets are Bilaspur University, Bilaspur (C.G.) India particularly high in minerals like iron, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium (FAO, 2001). Little Email : shwetasaloni4@gmail. millets are good source of proteins, minerals and phytochemicals thus there is a great scope of it com in combating nutritional issues and can be helpful in providing adequate nutrition to various sections of the society. Thus in the given review paper a consolidated information regarding little millet is presented. Key words : Little millets How to cite this paper : Saloni, Shweta, Sindhu, Sujata, Kumari, Sushma and Suman, Sandhya (2018). -
Utilization of Kodo Millet in Flatbread Formulation
Utilization of kodo millet in flatbread formulation Dissertation-1 Report Submitted by: Amandeep Kaur Registration no. 11707233 Program – M.sc (food technology) Section – H1730 Department of Food Science and Technology School of Agriculture Lovely professional university, Phagwara Under the guidance of Dr Navnidhi Chhikkara Assistant professor Department of food technology School of Agriculture Lovely professional university 1 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Amandeep Kaur (registration No.11707233) has personally completed M.Sc, dissertation entitled, “nutritional qualities and utilization of kodo millet” under my guidance and supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the present work is the result of her original investigation and study. No part of the dissertation has ever been submitted for any other purpose at any university. The project report is appropriate for the submission and the partial fulfilment of the condition for the evaluation leading to the award of Master of food technology. Dr. Navnidhi chikkara Assistance professor School of agriculture and food technology Lovely professional university 2 Declaration I hereby declare that the framework presented in the Thesis entitled “Nutritional qualities and utilization of kodo millet” is my own and original. The work will be carried out by me at the school of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Food Technology. Amandeep Kaur Registration No: 11707233 I certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Dr. Navnidhi chhikara Assistant professor (Food Technology) School of agriculture Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punjab, India 3 Table of contents S. -
Nutritionally Important Components of Proso Millet (Panicum Miliaceum L.)
Food ©2007 Global Science Books Nutritionally Important Components of Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Jana Kalinová Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Studentska 13, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Correspondence : [email protected] ABSTRACT Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) belongs to one of the first cultivated plants. Although the crop is traditionally grown, especially in Asia and from European countries through to Russia, nowadays it has become a new alternative crop and a new raw material for food production in many developed countries. Also changes of climatic conditions can support the growth of this drought-resistant plant. Millet products have found use in diets of patients with celiac diseases because the protein complex does not content gluten-forming proteins. While the protein is deficient in lysine like common cereals, proso millet has higher component of essential amino acids than barley, oat, rye and wheat. Therefore millet protein together with other proteins could be a basis for the development of new foods. Grains of proso millet are a rich source of starch, trace elements, dietary fibre and vitamins. Seeds also contain components with healing benefits, which decrease the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in blood and injury to the liver. Phenolic compounds like antioxidants and beta- glucans are present, too. However compounds decreasing the nutritional value of the foodstuff like tannins, phytates or oxalates are included. The allergenic responses to proso millet are rare but have also been established. This review focusses on the knowledge of the chemical composition and some characteristics important for processing millet and its utilization for new products. -
Pearl Millet, Foxtail Millet, Proso Millet, Oats, Sudangrass, Sorghum, and Sorghum-Sudan Hybrids Can Be Planted As Annual Forages
R-1016, May 1991 Kevin K. Sedivec, Extension Rangeland Management Specialist Blaine G. Schatz, Associate Agronomist, Carrington Research Center The acreage of crops planted for annual forage production in North Dakota is minor but increases dramatically at times of drought and when severe winter-kill of alfalfa occurs. Crops such as pearl millet, foxtail millet, proso millet, oats, sudangrass, sorghum, and sorghum-sudan hybrids can be planted as annual forages. Pearl millet is a relatively new forage in the northern regions of the United States. However, it has been utilized extensively as a high quality grazing forage in the southern United States. It was introduced into South Dakota in the early 1980s and has received favorable consideration as a forage crop in North Dakota recently Description Pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) is a tall, warm season, annual grass. It originated in Africa and India where it was used for both forage and grain. It was introduced into the United States in the 1850s and became established as a minor forage crop in the southeastern and Gulf Coast states. Pearl millet is also referred to as penicillaria, pencilaria, Mand's forage plant, cattail millet, bulrush millet, and candle millet. Pearl millet may grow 6 to 10 feet tall during conditions of high temperatures and favorable moisture. Improved varieties or hybrids are generally leafier and shorter than older varieties. The solid stems are often densely hairy and usually 3/8 to 3/4 inch in diameter. Leaves are long, scabrous, rather slender, and may be smooth or have hairy surfaces. Leaves, as well as stems, may vary in color from light yellowish green to deep purple.