RECREATION POTENTIALS OF THE ISLANDS AND MARSHES

ADJACENT TO THE

by

LINDA LOUISE BURGESS

A RESEARCH PAPER

submitted to

THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPI( OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

June 1970

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT ...... 1

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY . . . . , . . , . 2 ROUTEOFTHEWATERWAY ...... 5

Barrier Islands and Marsh Formation . . . 5 Atlantic Section ...... 6 GulfSection ...... 10

RECREATION ATTRACTIONS ...... 12

BioticResources 12 Historical Sites ...... 15

Cultural Attractions ...... ,. 16 National Seashores ...... 18

Educational Benefits ...... 19

ADVERSE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTSOFTHEWATERWAY . . 21

CONCLUS ION ...... 23

MAPS ...... 25

FOOTNOTES ...... 59 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 62 LIST OF MAPS

Figure Page

1. The Intracoastal Waterway . . . 25

2. -Rhode Island ...... 26

3. Connecticut-Long Island ...... 27

4 New York . , , 28

5. Trenton, -Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . . . . , . 29

6. ChesapeakeBay . . . . , ...... 30

7 New Jersey ...... 31

8. Virginia- ...... 32

9. Dismal Swamp-Albemarle Sound, NorthCarolina33

10. Pamlico Sound, North Carolina . . . 34

11. WilmIngton, North Carolina . . . . 35

12. Georgetown, South Carolina . . . . . 36

13. Charleston, South Carolina ...... 37

14. Sea Islands, Georgia ...... 38

15. Jacksonville-Cape Kennedy, . . . 39

16. Palm Beach, Florida . . . . . 40

17. Miami Beach, Florida . . . . . 41

18. Florida Keys ...... 42

19. Fort:iMyers,Sarasota, Florida . . . . 43

20. Sarasota-Anclote River, Florida . . 44

21. Anclote River-Indian Bay, Florida . . . 45

22. Yankeetown-St. Marks, Florida . . . . . 46 LIST OF MAPS (continued)

Figure Page

23. Apalachee Bay-Apalachicola Bay,Florida . . 47

24. Panama City-Pensacola, Florida ...... 48

25. Alabama ...... 49

26. Mississippi-New Orleans, Louisiana . . . . 50

27. New Orleans, Louisiana ...... 51

28. Mississippi River-Atchafalaya River, 52: Louisiana ......

29. Morgan City, Louisiana ...... 53

30. Port Arthur, Texas ...... 54

31. Galveston Bay, Texas ...... 55

32. Freeport, Texas ...... 56

33. Corpus Christi. Bay, Texas ...... a 57

34. Brownsville, Texas ...... 58 RECREATION POTENTIALS OF THE ISLANDS AND MARSHES

ADJACENT TO THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY

ABSTRACT: Few Americans are aware -of the tremendous recreation potentials along the banks of the Intra- coastal Waterway, mainly because they are unaware of the existence and extent-of the toll-free Waterway. This study attempts to categorize and locate some of the attractions that can be explored along the two thousand miles of islands and coastal marahes that line the channel of the Waterway from Massachusetts to the Mexican border.

INTRODUCTION

I can't help feeling that in this country the Waterway is taken for granted by those who knuw of it, yet if it were somewhere in Europe these same people would travel thousands of miles to cruise on it. Of course,: only an infinitesimal percentage of people in the United States even know it exists.1 -Slade Dale, Captain of the Coastal Queen The Intracoastal Waterway and the two thousand miles of islands and marshes that line its banks from

Massachusetts to the Mexican border provide potential

recreation attractions for pleasure- boaters, nature

lovers, and history buffs that are unknown to the majority of Americans. 2

The purposes of this study are: 1) to examine the character and distribution of these attractions, and 2) to provide a useful categorization. A major value of the study is the section maps that show the route of the Waterway and the location of the various recreat1on attributes. Although some areas of rec- reation potential can be reached by land connections, the Intracoastal Waterway provides toll-free access to all, and provides the opportunity to view the total as a unique, linear, geographic entity.

THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY

The stimulus for the development of the Intra- coastal Waterway was the stimulation of commerce among the coastal states. Development has been in a pièce- meal fashion. The earliest local improvement was the digging of a canal from Ipswich Bay to Gloucester Bay,

Massachusetts, in 1643. Numerous other projects were undertaken, including a survey made by George Washington for the Dismal Swamp Canal in Virginia in 1755 (see map, p.32). The concept of an intracoastal waterway for the promotion of commerce among the states was suggested to the Senate of the United States in 1808 by Albert

Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury. In 1828, Congress began appropriating money for Federal construction of 3 projects on both Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and since

that year, all improvements have been carried out by

the Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. The Corps of

Engineers' job has been that of providing a protected coastal waterway route for commercial tows and other light-draft vessels not suited to navigating long

stretches of open ocean so that safe passage can be made between all coastal points between Massachusetts

and the Mexican border.2

By improving and interconnecting the many natural coastal waterways, such a waterway is now available, except for a few gaps, from Boston,

Massachusetts, to the Florida Keys, and along the

Gulf coast from the below Fort

Myers, Florida, to Brownsville, Texas (see map, p. 25). The only open water reach of substantial distance along the Waterway is 177 miles in the Gulf of Mexico from the Anclote River north of Tarpon Springs, Florida, to the mouth of the St. Marks River in Apalachee Bay, Florida (see map, pp. 45, 46).

The authorized minimum dimensions of the Waterway are twelve feet in depth, and 125 feet in width. These dimensions have been obtained in all but a few locations.

The major exceptiofl is from Florida Bay to Key West, where a Federal project has been authorized, but no work ri

hasbegun.3Congress has also authorized the con- structiori of a barge canal across northern Florida between the St. Johns River at Palatka and the

Withiacoochee River at Yankeetown (see map, pp. 39,

46).as a connecting link between the Atlantic and

Gulf Waterways.4 The Waterway carries substantial tonnage by barge. The biggest tonnage consists of crude oil, gasoline, fuel oil, jet fuel, kerosene, and other

petroleum products moving from Texas and Louisiana to refineries, distributors, and customers. Other bulk commodities moving in quantity include iron and steel, limestone, sand and gravel, timber products, grains, oyster shells, and fertilizer materials. Coal is transported from northern Alabama, industrial chem- icals from Texas, Louisiana, and the Midwest, sulphur from Texas and Louisiana, and grain from the Midwest. Missiles and space vehicles are also moved to and from space installations along the Gulf coast.5 The multi-purpose use of the Waterway has become increasingly evident only in recent years. The increase in personal disposable income and leisure time has made the transient Waterway traveler the substantial bene- ficiary of the non-reimbursable project. 5

ROUTE OF TBE WATERWAY

Barrier Islands and Marsh Formation

The islands and marshes that line the route of

the Waterway came Into existence as the result of wave

action and siltation. Along the southern Atlantic and

Gulf coasts of the United States, the offshore barrier bars are unusually well-developed, and are not far from

beingcontinuous.6 In such a situation, the barrier beach first develops as a barrier bar when large waves

meet a shelving, sandy floor, and spend their energy

where they break, usually some distance offshore. The

rush of the surf stirs the wasteon the bottom, carries

It forward a little way, and then drops it. By this

process, a low ridge Is raised from the bottom, is built at length above the water, and may be broadened by the

addition of material deposited against its outer slope.7

The quiet water on the land side Is known as a

lagoon. These receive fresh water and mud from the

land. Gradually, a lagoon becomes filled to the level of high tide, and a tidal marsh or salt marsh

replaces the open water of the lagoon. In time, a lagoon becomes silted up and becomes land.8 In many

places, the Waterway is the only separation between

the barrier beaches and marshes and the mainland. In areas where the bottom of the Waterway is prone to silt and shift, the Corps of Engineers is continually

measuring the depth and the course of the channel, and

supervising dredging to maintain the channel at es-

tablished depths.

Atlantic Section

The Atlantic section of the Waterway (see map, pp. 26-42) has its northernmost terminus at the Annisquam

River and Blynmen Canal in Massachusetts about twenty- three miles northeast of Boston. This Canal exteids across the base of Cape Ann from Ipswich Bay on the north to Goihcester Harbor on the south. From Gloucester Harbor, the route traverses the open waters of Massa- chusetts Bay to Boston. Southeast of Boston Bay, the route crosses Massachusetts Bay to the Atlantic Ocean, and then Cape Cod Bay to the Cape Cod Canal. Southward from the Canal, the Waterway enters the ad of Buzzards Bay, the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and then intO Block Island Sound off the Rhode Island coast.

From Block Island Sot1id, two routes are available. The one generally used passes through Long Island Sound, the , Upper and Lower New York Bays, and thence into the Atlantic Ocean along the New Jersey shore. Long Island, lying off and nearly the length 7

of the Connecticut coast, provides the main protection

for the passageway. T1ie alternate route is provided

by the Long Island Intracoastal. Waterway, which leaves

the main route in Block Island Sound, passes through Gardiners Bay, Shelter Island Sound, and Little and

Great Peconic Bays, crosses the protected shallow bays along the south shore of the Long Island to East Rock-

away Inlet, and then crosses open waters to rejoin the main route in the open ocean off Sandy Hook south

to Manasquan Inlet.

From Manasquan Inlet, New Jersey, south, the route follows the New Jersey Intracoastal Waterway, and then through the Canal into . One route passes through Delaware Bay and River to Reedy

Point, Delaware, about forty miles below Philadelphia, where the route enters the Chesapeake and Delaware

Canal. From Trenton, New Jersey, the Waterway extends south through the Delaware River to the Chesapeake and

Delaware Canal. The route then traverses the waters of Chesapeake Bay, crossing over the underwater Chesapeake Bay-Bridge Tunnel, to Hampton Roads,

Virginia. The alternate route extends along the

Delaware coast south from Cape Henlopen, southwest of Cape May, New Jersey, past the Delaware-Maryland border, past Assateaque Island National Seashore, until the two waterways join at the southern end of

Chesapeake Bay near Hampton Road, Virginia. From Hampton Roads, Virginia, the Waterway continues generally southerly through Hampton Roads, Elizabeth River, and the Southern Branch of Elizabeth River, these waters successively serving the ports of

Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, and Portsmouth. From the Southern Branch, two routes extend south, these being the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal Route and the Dismal Swamp Canal Route. They follow the natural waterways and land cuts into Albemarle Sound, where they intersect southeast of Wade Point Lighthouse at the mouth of the Pasquotank River. From that intersection, the first route continues southward via Alligator River and a land cut into Pungo River, across Pamlico River and Pamlico Sound at the mouth of Neuse River, and then onward to Bea&ort, North Carolina. The second route continues southerly by a more easterly route through

Croatan Sound and Panilico Sound, and the mouth of Neuse River, where it rejoins the other route. From Beaufort, North Carolina, the Waterway follows the sounds, streams, and marine marshes along the coast, enters Cape Fear River below Wilmington, and follows that river downstream to Southport. Fro Southport, the route extends to a point south of

Little River, South Carolina. At Little River, where the Waterway connects by a land cut with Waccamaw

River at Enterprise, it follows that river downstream to Winyab Bay. Leaving Winyah Bay via the Estherville- Minin Canal, the Waterway passes directly by Charleston,

Beaufort, and Parris Island, South Carolina.

The Waterway crossest the Savannah River below

Savannah, Georgia, and enters the St. Johns River below

Jacksonville, Florida. Georgia, like the other coastal states, as what amounts to two coasts: an outer one made up of eight large islands known at the Sea Islands

(see map, p. 38)--Cumberland, Jekyll, St. Simons,

Sapelo, St. Catherines, Ossabaw, Skidaway, and Tybee, and an inner coast which is the mainland itself. The

Waterway enters the St. Johns River south of Jacksonville, Florida, and follows that river upstream to the mouth of the Okiawaha River. It then flows southerly, para- lelling the barrier beaches of the east coast of Florida until it reaches Miami on Biscayne Bay. From Miami to Key West, the project has not yet been completed to its auth- orized dimensions. The authorized Cross-Florida Barge Canal will, wnen completed, carry the route across the state from Palatka to Yankeetown (see map, pp. 39, 46) to connect the Gulf and Atlantic sections. 10

Gulf Section

The Gulf section of the Waterway (see map, pp. 43-58) begins at Fort Myers on the west coast of

Florida. The Waterway extends from the mouth of the Caloosahatchee River below Fort Myers to the Ariclote

River north of Tarpon Springs. From the Anclote River, there is no Federal project for 177 miles until Apalachee

Bay, where the St. Marks River enters the Gulf of

Mexico at St. Marks, Florida. From the latter, the Waterway follows land cuts and protected routes uiti1 the Alabama border is reached. In Alabama, the route extends from Perdido Bay at the Florida border through Bay Lanche, Wolf Bay, a land cut, and Bon

Secour Bay into Mobile Bay. A channel through Pass aux Herons connects Mobile Bay with Mississippi Sound,

In Mississippi, the Waterway passes tnrough Mississippi

Sound and Grand 131e Pass to Lake Borgnë7in Louisiana. The twenty-eight mile stretch of man-made white sand beaches and the few offshore islands constitute Miss- issippi's portion of the Intracoastal Waterway.

From Lake Borgne, where the channel enters Louisiana from the east, it follows a land cut to the Inner Harbor

Navigation Canal, becoming a part of the newly completed

Mississippi River-Gulf outlet. At New Orleans, traffic 11 can follow the Mississippi River from the Inner

Harbor Navigation Canal Lock, the Harvey Lock, or a more southerly route around the city using Algiers

Lock. An alternate, connection from the Mississippi

River at Port Allen, opposite Baton Rouge, to Morgan

City, Louisiana, is also available. Between the

Atchafalaya River near Morgan City and the Sabine River,

the channel follows a progression of bayous and land

cuts along a route north of West Cote Blanche Bay,

Verinillion Bay, and Grand and Calcasieu Lakes.

In Texas, the Waterway traverses a portion of the

Sabine-Neches Waterway to West Port Arthur, then followsland cuts and a portion of East Bay to Gal-

veston Bay. At Port Bolivar, the Waterway crosses Galveston Bay to the Galveston-Ibuston Ship Channel,

and from that point, one alternate channel extends through Galveston Channel to West Bay, and the main

channel extends on a direct westerly route to West Bay. The main channel of the Waterway extends across and follows West Bay, Chocolate Bay, and land cuts to the north shore of Matagorda Bay. It then follows a course across Maagorda Bay to Port O'Connor, and through

Espiritu Santo and San Antonio Bays into Aransas Bay.

From Aransas Bay, one route leads southward through 12

the Lydia Ann Channel to Port Aransas, where it joins

the Port Aransas-Corpus Christi Ship Channel, and

another leads directly along the mainland part of the

city of Aransas Pass to the Port Aransas-Corpus Christi

Channel near Port Ingleside. From this point, the

Waterway leads southward through Corpus Christi Bay

to the Laguna Madre, which it follows to its terminus

in the port of Brownsville.

RECREATION ATTRACTIONS

Biotic Resources

The traveler on the Waterway will pass an endless variety of vegetation and wildlife along the banks.

In North Carolina on the Outer Banks (see map, pp. 32-

35), the Atlantic Ocean is visible beyond the low marshes and sand dunes. From South Carolina to

Florida, the banks are heavily tree-lined with such varieties a palm, pine, yucca, and hugecypress.9From North Carolina to northern Florida, there extends a continuous area of vast tidal marshes, usually covered with cordgrass (Spartiria alternifolia) growing In

"pluff" mud. The tides come and go, alternately dis- closing the hiding sand bars and the marine life that flourishes In the mud. Clapper rails, eagles, inergansers, 13 black-and-white oystercatchers, and pelicans can be observed anywhere along these tidal reaches. The

Great Dismal Swamp, through which the Great Dismal Swamp

Canal passes in Virginia, is what scientists call a

"relict area," a completely natural and undisturbed paint community. The trees and bush crowd in on both sides of the Canal--Southern pine, cypress, black gum,

Virginia creeper, wild cherry, mimosa and misletoe, among which the wildcat, weasel, raccoon, otter, muskrat, and mink may beseen.1°Jekyll Island, one of the Sea Islands of Georgia (see map, p. 38), attracts large numbers of giant seaturtles.0 Along the Gulf coast, the Waterway banks are lined with ancient, gnarled oaks with branches heavy with gossamer moss, cypress with knee-like trunks showing above the water, magnolias, and red-berried holly and misletoe high in the trees of Texas and

Mississippi.12 Shore birds are a common sight along both coasts. Numerous Federal and state waterfowl refuges dot the banks of the Waterway, as they provide winter homes for the thousands of waterfowl that migrate along the

Atlantic and Mississippi flyways. Some of the more well-known Federal refuges include Bombay Hook in

Delaware (see map, p. 31), Chincoteaque on the Mary- 14 land-Virginia border (see map, p. 31), Back Bay and Mackay Island in Virginia (see map, p. 32), Swanquarter in North Carolina (see map, p. 32), Cape

Romain in South Carolina (see map, p. 36), Tybee,

Harris Neck, Blackbeard Island, and Wolf Island in

Georgia (see map, p. 38), refuges too numerous to mention in Florida, a continuous line of refuges in

Louisiana, and Aransas and Laguna Atascosa in Texas

(see map, pp. 57, 58). Wildlife in danger of extinction also finds sanctuary in the land bordering the Waterway. The channel passes the only winter refuge of the rare

Whooping Crane at Aransas National Wildlife Refuge in Texas (see map, p. 57). The Waterway extends along the FlGrida Keys, which are the habitat of the only remaining tiny Key Deer (see map, p.42).l3 On

Chincoteaque Island, Virginia (see map, p. 31), a National Wildlife Refuge protects the only existing herd of wild poMes in America. The northern continuation of Chincoteaque Island is Assateaque Island National Seashore off the Maryland coast, and it provides home to a rare herd of Sikadeer.14 15

Historical Sites

One recreation potential of the Waterway is the great number of historic sites along the banks that. can be explored by the history buff. Boston Bay's twenty-odd islands are replete with history (see map, p.26), and all werertif led at one time or another. For example, Fort Warren, a Civil War prison on

George's Island, was where "Jokui Brown's Body" was written.15 The Dismal Swamp Canal in Virginia (see map, p. 32), was originally surveyed by George

Washington, and today is one of the oldest surviving artificial waterways in thecountry.16 The islands of the Outer Banks of North Carolina (see map, p. 32), were the site of Roanoke, the first English settlement in Aiierlca, and Kitty Hawk, where the Wright Brothers made the first successful airplaneflight.17

The Sea Islands of Georgia (see ma'i, p. 38), in the process of becoming state parks and oceanfront campgrounds, were once the privately-owned winter playgrounds of millionaires such as Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Harriman, Lorillard, Pulitzer, Morgan, and Carnegie. Many of their former residences are open to the public. Fort Frederica, a national monu- 16 ment located on St. Simons Island, was built by James Oglethorpe to defend the coastal colonies against 18 Spain.

Along the Gulf coast channel is Santa Rosa Island

(see map,p.48), which guards the entrance toPen- sacola Bay, Florida, and the site of the first settle-

ment attempt on the North American continent by the

Spaniard Don Tristan in 1559.19Dauphin Island in Alabama (see map, p. 49) is the site of Fort Gaines

State Monument, a major stronghold in the War Between

the States.2°Ship Island off the Mississippi coast

(see map, p. 50) houses Fort Massachusettswhere a British armada attempted the capture of New Orleans

in the War of 18l2. In Texas, Padre Nicholas Balli, confessor to a Spanish king, made the first

white settlement on the island (seemap, p. 58) over 16Q yearsago.22These few places and events only

scratch the surface of the rich and varied historicalsites to be found along the route of the Waterway.

Cultural Attractions

Many cultural attractions are found along

the banks of the Waterway. First and foremost are the highly-developed resorts on the barrierbeaches of Atlantic City (see map, p. 31), Miami (seemap, p. 41), 17

Palm Beach (see map, p. 40), and the "Miracle Strip" of

Pensacola (see map, p. 48), The waters of Block Island

Sound (see map, p. 26) are the site of competition among sailing yachts for the America's Cup trophy.

Portsmouth Island on the Outer Banks of North

Carolina (see map, p. 34) is a rare discovery for the

traveler, for it is a deserted island. The village of

Portsmouth was once thriving on the sea trade of the 1700's, but the currents of the dangerous Diamond shoals, just off

the Outer Banks, are the meeting place for the warm Gulf and cold Labrador currents, and the Inlet eventually

shoaled up so ships could no longer pass through. The

island is included in the plans for Cape Lookout

National Seashore. On Pawley's Island off the coast of

South Carolina (see map, p. 36) is found the unique art

of weaving rope hammocks which was learned over 200 years ago from Portuguese sailorswho made nearby Georgetown

a port ofcall.24: AU along the Gulf coast Waterway beach combers search the sand and shallow waters for treasure from

wrecked Spanish galleons. The barrier islands of western Florida, especially Sanibel, Captiva, and

Marco (see map, p. 43), are some of the finest shelling

beaches in the world.25As with historical sites, the cultural attractions of the coastal Waterway are numerous, and directly accessible to the Waterway traveler.

National Seashores

The linear character of the islands and marshes adjacent to the Waterway would appear to present the opportunity to view these areas as a political unit, and to suggest the possibility of a Federally-adminis- tered island policy for their future developniant.

Howeveç, this has not been the case. Representative Wayne Aspinall, Chairman of the House Committee on

Interior and Insular Affairs, states that, "it seems unlikely that an overall plan would be practical with respect to all island groups."With certain exceptions, the offshore islands are not under Federal jurisdiction, but rather, they are under the jurisdiction of the states. Representative Aspinall continues: Neither this Committee nor the Congress has considered any legislation involving all island groups . . . as a geographicentity. It should be noted that this Committee has, from time to time, considered and recommended legislation involving particular areas along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. For example, the Congress approved the Assateaque Island National Seashore and the Padre Island National Seashore. We are also considering legislation authorizing the Gulf Islands National Seashore.26 19

In the last twenty years, along with the movement to preserve what wildiands remain in this country, the

National Seashore acquisition program has been pro- gressing. National Seashores established include Cape Cod in Massachusetts (see map, p. 26), Fire Island in New York (see map, p. 27), Cape Hatteras in North

Carolina (see map, pp. 32, 34), Padre Island in Texas(see map, p. 58), and Assateaque Island off theMaryland- Virginia coast (see map, p. 31), which was saved from development into thousands of seaside cottage lots only by the disastrous storm of March,1962.27 Cape Lookout National Seashore in North Carolina is in the process of land acquisition(see map, p. 34), legislation on Gulf Islands(see map, p. 49) is under consideration by Congress, and Cumberland Island, Georgia (see map, p.38), owned by heirs of the Carnegie family, has also been recommended by the National Park Service as a National

Seashore.

Educational Benefits

Both the general citizen and the scientist can learn a great deal from any "in length" travel on the

Waterway. The alert traveler will take notice of the changes in climatic zones, biotic provinces, and coast- line types, as his journey progresses along the channel. 20 The scientist, behe a botanist, or zoologist, or a specialist in bottom soils, will have endless oppor- tunity for scientific investigation.

At any point along the Waterway, those traveler$ with an Innate awareness have the opportunity to com- prehend and appreciate the beauty of wildlife and vegetation of the remaining coastal wilderness. Perhaps this is best expressed in the following poem, written on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, one July day:

The School

The tranquil sun slopes easy in the east, Leveling its blue rays over the salt marshes Along the silver tidal pond, etching a string of Ducks In black, Beyond,

The mare's tails stream along the sky, soft bands f ultramarine. Hypnotized by the eye of God I Lean against the stone bridge's balustrade, and Mean and mean.

Full tide of silver metaphysics brims my skull. For me the disoriented sun has realized the World. At last I stand ready to believe what my Whiskey teachers thought absurd:

Beauty is its own excuse for meaning. Ineffable, I drown In the salty air, turn bellyp and float On the sliding tide. But suddenly, and while I stand in pride,

Staring at the diselike pool, the ducks break rank With an awkward squawk and climb the agitated Air. As slow as they are fast, a scaly fin, Huge as houses are,

Rises from the pond. The final sun glints on The emerging scales which shed their water like a Tern. Slowly the monstrous fin sinks down again And I learn and learn.

-Carl Bbde28 21 ADVERSE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE WATERWAY

Despite the tremendous value of the Waterway as

an artery of commerce, and the value of the recreation potential along its banks, the Waterway has had some

deleterious effects on the marine ecosystem. The

Fish and Wildlife Servioe of the Department of Interior

proffers the following general opinion:

Effects of the project on marine habitat range from very little to locally disastrous. Dredging of the channel itself destroys a narrow strip of habitat. In some cases, the channel may cause changes in salinity distribution and current patterns, but whether such changes are beneficial, damaging, or of no apparent consequence depends on local circumstances. Disposal of spoil from the dredging is usuaUy of more consequence than dredging itself. Here again, however, the effects of spoil disposal depend on local circum- stances. Some areas, such as Lemon Bay on the west coast of Florida, have been severly damaged by the covering of extensive areas of nursery habitat. Conversely, spoil islands in some areas of the on the east ooast of Florida have proven beneficial in that they provide both additional littoral zone and nesting habitat for birds. Dredging and spoiling from the Waterway in North Carolina sounds caused extensive damage to oyster beds through turbidity and sedimentation.

The Corps of Engineers claims that close cooperation is maintained with state fish and game commissions and the Department of Interior's Fish and Wildlife

Service on the disposal of dredging spoils. The spoils are deposited, as closely as can be economically just- ified, in accordance with the ideas of those authorities 22

to prevent damage to the natural fish and wildlife

resources. This, generally, is done by staggerin the

spoil banks on opposite sides of the channel to permit

circulation of water In the channel.3° The Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries

recognizes that man's encroachment on coastal wetlands

has destroyed or severely damaged the nursery grounds

of many fish. These nursery areas no longer serve as

suppliers of Important nutrients for the marine eco-

system. Sport fishermen, commercial fishermen, boating

enthusiasts, developers, and industrialists are all

involved in the over-exploitation of these irreplacable

wetlands.31 A grim reminder of the watchfulness that must be practiced Ia the current plan to dredge up 50,000,000 cubic yards of sand and gravel fill from

four valuable sites along the Waterway on the Mass-

achusetts coast. The fill would be used to extend a

runway of Boston's Logan Airport into Boston Harbor to accommodate the new generation of commercial jet

aircraft. The dredging plan is stalled for the moment on the desk of the Massachusetts Department of Natural Resources which is refusing to give approval to the

Corps of Engineers until It has made its own study of

the possible damage to the marine life balance, and 23 and especially to valuable fish and shellfish crop- 32 lands.

Oil pollution is extremely harmful to the en- vironment wherever it occurs. Fortunately, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife reports that in its region that encompasses the Waterway from Louisiana to Maryland, that there have not been many spills on the Waterway.33

concern for ecology has already forced Secretary Hickel of the Department of Interior to promise a review of the Cross-Florida Barge Canal.pian.Floridians complain that flooding of the Okiawaha River basin has already inundated 13,000 acres of forest, and that the Canal would flood out the homes of rare alligators, paflthers, and wild turkeys.34

CONCLUSION

The water route through two thousand miles of islands and marshes, preserved by the dredging of the Intracoastal Waterway, has formed a unique, linear entity on the

American coastal landscape. The Waterway itself can be used for boating on a placid, protected channel from

Massachusetts to the Mexican border, but along the banks 24

of the Waterway is found the greater recreation

potential. Innumerable forms of wildlife and vege-

tation, historical sites, areas of cultural interest, and an outdoor laboratory for the sightseer and the scientist may be viewed and explored from the direct

access allowed by the Waterway. The Intracoastal

Waterway should be included in the "Discover America"

promotion, especially since it is so unknown to a majority of Americans, and because it offers one of

the longest toll-free recreation potentials in

America. THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY 25

ORPS OF ENGINEERS II c AAv

DES MOINES 0 ) ON

K0 COLB LINCOLN N NO ANAU5 OR

PRINGFIELO TOP(4 5INGT RI .0 - / __

\ OKL005MA COLUBIA

I:. LITTLE ROCK 4 S0 \ O\ 0 0 Porl I çporl*SIOO J'- '-,---- "__i_ 0 B,rmln000m *

0 ;

Mob.IO ;TLLAHASSEE

AUSTIN 0?LO0LI0. Hoo*Ifl

0

Chrot, CROSS_FTOIpA1 AGE CAN GULF off

WeNt

THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY

0NI AND LEGEND PRINCIPAL CONNECTING INLAND WATERWAYS IMPROVED INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY '0 OPEN BAY WATER STATUTE MILES 0 AUTHORIZED FOR IMPROVEMENT 100 50 0 00 200 N PRINCIPAL IMPROVED CONNECTING WATERWAYS 300 000 '0 F 0 I

.:::r.:. .-:- V V - V-V-

MASSACHUSETTS-RHODE ISLAND 26 U. S. ARMY

N - :. M A S S A C H V S ( r T

- TONT BAY ISLANDS 5'-

V V A,rhor,ed OrplU 8 A Y ,L:-._-.--=y===4f-- A,thor,ed Depth CAPE COD NATIONiL 3A / A ' EASHORE / 212 1.1 IlUrd

BROCUTON CAPE COD ______/

- A I"WO2flcI A H ____- V ,, YMourN

AflIeboro TAUN1ON M,ddibo I i PAWTUCKET 3 44 4 2 ,-. CAPE COD A I 44 6 0' 28 /7 B A V PR0VtDElC( 5 Yl I i -'

LRIVER

I N A NTUCKEr

U N 0

MART1IAS

50UN° / 1I WOtch1111ND

IlII ISL

'S UP RACES BLOCK I

POINT C

II

THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY ii. ATLANTIC SECTION STATUTE MILES 0 2 0 10 20 30 40

I I CORPS OF ENGINEERS

72

CHART NO. I CONNECTICUT-LONG ISLAND 27 CORPS OF ENGINEERS

LEGEND The Intracoostal Waterway (Completed)______The Intracoostol Woterway (Authoriaed but nat Depth Authorizyd Depth Completed) ______8 U2J Outside Routes ------Mileage------250 M. Principal Improved Harbors or Ecieting Depth Authorl ed Depth Deep Water Channels------26 - - - - - Principal Improved Connecting E,iet,n Depth Waterways Or Channels ...... Authord Depth Paints of Historical Interest------

Note All mileage based an zero at Trenton,N.J.

HARTFORDJ eeANcrr5sTER 40 ; 0Et

Alt4

5 l

WATERBURY MlO ch No?

,ltord nYbr 50uN) Watchhill t5LAN0

lEi1

ThuRPOtNT

0 /nfeU N N

0. a, Q a)

'0 FIRISLAND NATIONAL SEASIIE 0

I'- '0 0

)0 NEW YORK U. S. ARMY

F

CHART NO. 2 TRENTON, NEW JERSEY_PHILADELPIIIA,.

PENNSYLVANIA 29

CORPS OF ENGINEERS

LEGEND The lnlrocpostol Waterway (Completed) ------PENN.1 NVa,d The Intracoostal Waterway (Aathor,zed but not NestinG Depth Osthorta.d Depth 0 H 10 A necuronC 8 Completed) ------______Outside Routes------rt/w. Mileage ------2 50 Mi. - I EaOeI.M5t0, 'L0a4ltJ Ea,.trnq Depth Satharleed Depth I Principal 'lanproaed tIarbars or KY. Deep Water Channels ------!.- - - - - Principal Improved connecting EsI.tlng Depth Aathoriu Depth Waterways or Channels ...... TEN0 Points of lIist''ricat Interest------NoteAll mileage based on zero at Trenton, N.J.

"a SC. GA

SnnT CaIN

&e..ussth LEGEND r. Ifltr0000.taI WOttC*Oy OChSOfllIO OH. 7 ICompI.I.4) ------Intras003tol Wat.rag N - tlnaompl.t.)__- - . G ' Outside Rout. ----- CatS

o Yompe C, PLO.

"5 CaIN 0" Mmmi INDEX MAP StaturE MILES 00 0 00 200 CH.I0 CHESAPEAKE BI! 30 CORPS OF ENGINEERS

77 HI V 'WESTUINST'ER II AIR

4 REISTERSTOWN PENN OHIO N P:iHeI::A I&.e. L H 2 12B,goe ,\ J,ç'.6 VA. DEL BA!ORE "y V_C. K 3 '4 3 C, J \ V ij.. _. N.foIk H H'0 ir'i'

31 I T TEN , J/ '1 NC. 'L - . ' J fr .I LAS RE L,

': j4 CR6Iflt0C40W.I.r.Oy WASH)NGTON" (AN 7' 1

b 00 3 RoIl / r okn F,erckobAO5 ., FREOERICKSHURG 7'\ . 7 0 . 7 6 fId M N / \

200M 4 3

12' :'\ 8 \ ' I04, ' th I2' Gr..n \_.N ____.0___.__ 6 ' Csf.Id

'3 P 8'

C

'CL0: ' . -c -, rLç..n. 0 z

N N

0.

C) 5 '3

'0 0 N '0 N 0 NEW JERSEY S. ARM1

SALEM IJ I 1 /

\iN(L i\ \

0 L A W A R E AY N

"-\ .. ..:. CAPE MAY IS

7 'BOMBAY O MIGRAORY N 3 WATERWL REFUGE w HENLOPEN

5 ;t

\

Seatoed .. ,l,R,.'., '\ \ C, :\ S AQUE ISLAND NATIO1 AL LO,eI SEA O JIKA DEER

SALI000RY.. 213

(e.snng Depth AueflOre.d Depth 2 (Acthorzed but .5Paaar.;k. /

Oat ------0 25OMt MIleage------....e.....e.4w...... Cemtng Depth Aotto,,eeIt Depth 1.ITC' , Principal Improved Harbors or Deep Water Channels ------I Autflo,Ized Depth Principal Improved Connecting E usong Depth Waterways or Channels ...... /-, Points of Historical Interest ------A Nate All nmileage based on zero of Trenton N.J . ( WILD P IE

THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY ATLANTIC SECTION STATUTE MILES 0 5 0 .0 20L___J1TiTTJ30 40 LITTLE PIACH/PONGO INLET CORPS OF ENGINEERS F CHART NO. 3 VIRGINIA-NORTH CAROLINA 32 Ii E Al

c/rILE MACH/PONO INLET

° ,I I

22 / N

N

CAPE CHARLES

L /

c.) - CAPE HENRY 1 BA4 NATNAL WILD: IFE REFUGE ANO '1MACKAYSLAND NATIONAWILDLIFE RE UGE /5M,4L 5' sc"- /PISMAL WAMP CANAL _ /UTER B NKS \JKIrn I W4 M P .1- 11TH 5/ILLS L ROANOK

] t5 NATIONAL SEASHO zAen CAPE

ompteled) ______he Intracoostol Woterway , Deleting Depth Anthariced Depth (Authorized bat not 8' SOU Conrpleted) t.6EM

2' I Dea,I hIll Nati Ontside Routes ------.- 250 Mi. Ft. Mileage------E.,st,nO.pth Autfla,iZ.dDepin S Principal Im ned Harbors or Deep tec Channels ------CiCting Deptn Anihori Princi Improved Connecting Depth oterways Or Channels ------' 9 PINof Historical Interest A

Note oh mileage based an zero atTrenton, NJ. y N) LI)0C LaP.

THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY :: ATLANTIC SECTION Fo,ct,.tS STATUTE MILES 10 3 0 10 20 30 40 I -1 CORPS OF ENGINEERS

CHART NO. 4 DISMAL SWAMP-ALBEMARLE SOUND,

NORTH CAROLINA 33 CORPS OF ENGINEERS

C)

C

1 PNP4. 0 H I 0 /1 YO\ I N

L j

TEN N. ' c

S C C5 ca

CH6

--- I .4 y4K L8KMARLE AND N : U NBW SLIFFOLU CR(A B I INDEX MAP DISM.2L COCK 5 O STATUrESL(5 U.y

2 SWAMP C/,LL

32

U \ TInder ) ELIZBNETH/ CITY'

/ 8EMN SOUyVD iJt____ - - CITY MC

T3ITT8QR2TC -A./-\ 1

SOL

I- PAMLICO SOUND, NORTH CAROLINA 34 li S. ARMY

MArT4MUSOdET -,,

It

Me.iSi:'t r2 - N p AM HATTE 3O7 I0.

0t,..ttol

ORTSMOUTHIS]AND SWANQUATER NATIONALw:,DLI REFUGE

CAPE HATTERASNATIONAL SEA- H0RE 1/ LEGEND The Intrococotol Waterway (Completed) ------CA E LOOKOUT The IntraCoostal Waterway Editing Depth AathOriz Depth (Anthorized bat not 8 12 NATIONAL SEA- Completed) ------Ootside Rootes ------Mileage ------Eaist.n0 Depth Principal Improved Harbors or Authnrr:Ddrth Deep Water Channels ------I .i.tirg 9crt fl PuthOrt Depth Prtnctpvl Improved Cnnnecttng 9 Waterways or Channels 5...... Points of Historical Interest ------£

Not,All mileage based on zero at Trenton N.J

THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY ATLANTIC SECTION STATUTE MILES p.

0 3 0 '0 20 30 40 CORPS OF ENGINEERS

1. CHART No. 5 WIL}.IINGTON, NORTH..CAROLINA 35 mont' tr .. ... IS.)

°'° JL I WVAjL

TOIl

I E N N. NC. -.

*TLANT",, GOLUS,fl %;C CM5 GA.

CHG : LEGEND r

IC.. MIII 111 ' Jk

i 0 PLO CA INDEX MAP ?. M,o,n, SIATUIC MILCS I IC., WIIIC_ CM 10

6'

Woctomaw

3,

CAPE PEAR

L

.4

pI

£ GEORGETOWN, SOUTH CAROLINA U.S. AI-MY

VWTIOKINGSIREE

1

TOWN A S IS LAND

_r ,.J ..) \

: / / MCCI.IlonvJte

c3 CAPE ROMA MIGRAE7ORY REFUGE / N 0 Sc,.

HARLESrON HARBOR

1\

THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY ATLANTIC SECTION STATUTE MILES 10 5 0 tO 20 30 40 CORPS OF ENGINEERS

CHART N

I

-. C

CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA a: c.nppc nF Ir.itc-

C,, LEGEND The Introcoasfot Waterway I (Completed) ______The Introcoostat Waterway ExistinG DepIn Authorized X.pltr (Authorized but not 8 ______ii octo Completed) ------.J Outside Routes 250Mi 1L 11 Mitea9e------Exist ing Depth Autflor i led Dept ,ru,o;;1'wvvry"' Pr,ncrpat Improved Harbors or Deep Water Channels ------.....2.._ - Os Ihoriz.d Depth . C sistina D.ptfl Prsncspat- tnrproued Connectsng Waterways or Channels ------, _...... Points of Historical Interest ------£ TENS. Note: All sniteage based on zero at Trenton, N.J.

SC GA mCer. 0 1Sarrah Cv 6 LEGEND Dr.,z,zlt

'I I ICx:,00:.t. It ------

JaCksvle' CM 7 ':i_...... Cr0- So,ins \?P/NOPOI SoIlOurrl.t:.d S:Ie 0,,ts.d. 60,?.------

FLu - CR9 5._ Toil S Czvt,ll 1 INDEX MAP C0 MiO' Statut( MILlS o 560 0 00 100 KeWcejpj

L" Boypt Purl Royal ST. HELENA SOUND

I°

2sutttan ..lIrvfl 5'JQNT ROYAc 'SOUND Onod I. \l I, -

\ 't. $AVCNtAr. FPuRskiNorl Mun: :'T'\3&S Soh- , oV 0581. to SEA ISLANDS, GOERGIA 38 U.s. AKMY 80______sic / Puoti Nori Mon. 'BEE NATIONAL VILDTTFF0.... ?.EFIJG.E

SO SeOoN SooyI w5 W SOUNO I)

8AIVSUNO

No.

P ST. ATH(R £ SOil 'kA N CK NATNAL WILDLI REF[J( E

'7 0 cc) SAP 050

95 : A D IAND NATIONAL WI DLIFE .EFUG

II OBOY SOUND OL D NATIONAL WILDLIFE RUGE ALTAMAMA SOUND

PS roeMD (JATIONAL MONUMENT

TSIMON SOUND SEA ISLANDS

ST ANDREW SOUND PS

FRLNDSLAND PROPOSED NATiONAL SEASHO1E

Id II i

_4'l. MARTS ENTRANCE Chflofl 4.5.4

FERNANDINA

NASSAU SOUND

I NeptuneB000fl

JACKSONVILLE

THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY 5. ATLANTIC SECTION STATUTE MILES 30 40 0 5 0 0 20 CORPS OF ENGINEERS I

F CHART NO. -i '--.--..--.- .---.-.-. C .

JACKSONVILLE-CAPE KENNEDY, FLORIDA 39 II C fcDRAV 81______

Mow. L'JAOVLLE 34JO,j Noptane Beach SAL N 4,N JACI(SQNVILLE BEACH

AVG AIR STATION

2 AlA Oronge Pork 2

in / GREEN \ OVE SPRINGS ______

,o Ft Marion 0011Mw,

ST AUGUSTISE Sr AUGUSFINE 00* HARBOR

\M4;S SSFLORIDA BARGE PAL A CAAL

C JOH2OS LOCH (' B ,V.9DU' j 0MM 00

LJREHA LOCH A 0.... ANOO4M .;__\

2' MEflRITT ISAND, CAPE KF EDY 4 I II

DAYTONA BEACH 'BIN ' c / ObOr

L.Bryc'cf Ora'w'L r 2 \ILr PSCEOELEON 40 New

00 LI',, D'OA - 0 LITi'i,, 0' IN9 w "_(,Ec \ B (° I :.. NO L\\ /

LaCe

ApnpkC f.,,,

R1 121 HE INTRAGOASTAL WATERWAY ) S B ATLANTIC SECTION / f STATUTE MILES 271 _O CORPS OF ENGINEERS

CHART NO. 8

- '.- -i PALM BEACH, FLORIDA 40

U.S. ARMY

N4

8I

THE INTRACOASTALWATERWAY ATLANTIC SECTION STtTUTE MILES 0 5 0 10 20 30 40 CORPS OF ENGINEERS

CHART NO.9 -

MIAMI BEACH, FLORIDA II0

.' FT. LAUDERDALE e4

SOWI hEW RzVER c.occa PORY HARBOR lonood

N 'V BEAC H

i / lb tIone51eod /

LEGEND The Introcoastal Waterway (Corepleted) ______

The r?:1 II0terWQY (.1.1 Depth acrhoyePlh C. Outside Routes ------Mileage ------Priocipal lrnprooed Harbors or Deep Water Channels ------Author Depth Principal Improved Connecting Exictinc pepih Waterways or Channels ...... Points of Historical Interest ------£

Note: All mileage based on zero at Trenton, N.J. ___-

THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY ATLANTIC SECTION I. STATUTE MILES 0 5 0 0 20 30 40 CORPS OF ENGINEERS

CHART NO.10 FLORIDA KEYS 42 CORPS r

I)

NoVita Sprng BIG CYPRESS Sa$AP H F 0 R I' II NOPI.. [ 0 BaIl. Miod.

S B/C MARCO PASS ' 0 00%?%

I LI

v >°'o 1- I I'\7 I Vt. ,>J

Pbopi P Coal, Ba)

C-) GA CAPE

r ..... °'.'" 1' LEGEND - I S.'' nl,050a,tal wal.r000 tCapl.t.d )_.. _____ % lOtracoottol Wat.o, C' " \. tlncompl.tO ------' Oat..d. Bas .____._.

INDEX MAP PLO a, 0 BYATUTI MILES o. Tl 0 fl.,° COb z .

P4

0. Sf

C, 0 WA (SOS , 18 KEYV$ 0 '0 c../ 0 I N '0 DEER 0P4 L

810 '4,

FORT MYERS-SARASOTA FLORIDA 43 ,.. (C\DDc- ,-r-LI5'.ttILL1.J 1'? 26° 2' I /±-- - 4,' South Bay -----:::--T- - / __ _-.------:.-.T c' 1.1k E okEE(:1IoB\E :', --j-::.L1 _:_ q----: \ CIEWI --a': ----2T' / LI :Q' --- : -- ,./ )CJ' - ---.- Co -----, JJ__'_' - }i) MooreHa; ''i±_=- - :_------'-'v A ..:_T -- 7 ------°------ci Laepn'tç '\ N_-i _ __-' -- -) _T --.L.--- -- L------(- --4::_--- \ ''' _. I itJ'TaB:hte - TRORl ------HI -- _------\ ,. o o _ ------. - -. - - - - _=,,*4 - I --- 0. --

a / O1B : ..Lènita Spongs a )'\ *1 , .° Estero NAPLES 0° Bajshore FORT MYERS ;;2/ F-i _\ o8L0i'LU1 ANIBE 0 Bok'' '' APTI1., MARCCi SHELLI G ISLAND 7\ ,fr,HA Cap - .t\ nrrta.0Port Boca Grande C-'- rir rp, $. 32 77 '\,//'(niWOQd 0707000 J

.:'-______,075n , LEGEND 0' - Intracoastat Waterway completed

0 .- z Intracoastal Waterway authorized but not completed - Outsde Routes......

Miles from New Orleans, La. (Harney Lock) . . N Connecting or attennatise channels in bays,

harbors and streams other than Intracoastal - . ----- 0. Coonechng navigable waterways, not Intra- ti coastal Waterway, under construction...... A - a Points01Inistoocal interest...... Z 6 F.rrn tenth IStt7o.rtrd Depth...... l] '0 NOTEAUmrleage basedonzero at New Orleans (Harney Lock) 0 C'0 N

27° 26° SARASOTA-ANCLOTE RIVER, FLORIDA 44 CORPS OF FN(FFPS

82° 52

çco8 alk City

LEGEND The Intraconstol Waterway (Completed) ______The I ntracoastal Waterway Ousting Depth Authorized Depth (Authorized but not Completed) ______Outside Routes------250 Mi.

MileagO______Eistlng Death Author:. d DoOm PrincipalDeep lrrrpraued Water Harbors an Channels ------Existing O,prh Principal lnsprooed Connecting Authorized Depth Waterways or Channels ......

S 4 02 5004 Paints of Historical Intere ------Nate: All mileage based an Peru at Trenton, N.J.

Q w o a

C4SEYS PASS /

( ) F L -/ ( 0

o \4 -tb)-_-

\OGardo y

u0lo,j \

BonoSrnrne n;- ,g 8

0' 0 z LEGEND - ifl\t N -f T' ) N Iet,O,00irOt Wut.rwoy .,...,I I (Corrz'.r.dl _____ C. as 0 OR C) A 0 .rn: '0 ts : CrPP(S5 0 N SW44 rON 0 Dl

'ft 82° ANCLOTE RIVERINDIAN BAY, FLORIDA 45 LJS ARMY

PLANTCITY ° I i, \4MYakkaCity DADECITY 0

- C 00 O___ ye na e° ,. I, - A

E Tampa 64 BSQOKSVl-5' !. a, , ° 700 - 3 PARISH :Ea a- - ustsn

I ' 0 -- _'I- 41 Piney 3yytve SARA OTA 0 TAMPA , So PoyamPa\ .. Point - - fl Weekiwychee 1I_ Springs BRADINT A a I ' / '' e,,/ " 0 ,TPET SB1" , HudsOn \ Port RIchep

PON SPRINGS t Anna Maria ln,,-r

vol. Indian RockS_

Co 0 F MEX I

LEGEND

Intracoastat Waterway completed Outsidetntracoastal Waterway Routes authorized but not ...... completed Miles from New Orleans, La. (Harvey Lock) . . . . 0 S.0 Connecting or alternative channels in bays, 6 . Charleston harbors and streams other than Intracoastal . - Connecting navigable waterways, not Intra- coastal Waterway, under construction ...... Sauan,.ah Points of historical interest ...... £ "0 EnissIret Ropth ...... 6 1 Aoskorle..d Pepth ...... :i; Alt mileage based on zero at New Orleans I'f- NOTE: '.0 't (Harvey Lock)

'C Si. Aogsst.p THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY GULF SECTION

snarare MILES

0 5 0 tO 20 30

6- CORPS OF ENGINEERS

CH.e Jeey1Wesi

CHART N7j

2L0 YAI'TKEETOWN-ST. LTARKS, FLORIDA 46 CORPS OF ENGINEERS

300 29°

LcRllyI\°'

Putom Hall

- °' 0 P - WILDW000

' ReIlev,ew = S4VPI yR L. C,tra - - STARKE- LOCH1)I w'%o. Bushnell /

oflasGr S - 0CA Rutlad Waldo ''' ;cto, 0

0 / Lake Butler 0 , INVERNESS GAINESVIL12c :.: S 0 L4. Romeo UNNELLON ALACHUA 54 4. °° Spr'ngs - "Ne 0 Crystal R'er HIGH P INGS

I 4CL 00 Newberry CITY ' B onso 0 IrI 2i. S. .00.rwo, \' I0 Yankeetown ooj ',i. E,O' 0 . Otter Cree "- -. . 00005ASSA ISLANDS 30 o jn. Trentoa -' 0 , -.

Bran or rem ::dfIand

Old Tows - - _SS_ - Cedar Key C . - , 105 : _ _Qc3 sos 5,

, DernoryHll

.W0RSESII0EJ' o 4 0( / Clara F C u L - StelnNatchee ,,, sb ' c ,pP4031t'.o - /.4 "CROSS-FLORIDA I ORGE CANA D°0 / PERRY/ a

OKLA. I '\ ,003 oent.un ARK.". \I /1 \ 10

0 z

N

0.

U I- chno/ GULF OF ME. IC 0 °OILEDS1RC1 /

.0 / +----- /coastaIWateomyEompted INDEX MAP 0 - letracoastal Waterway Incomplete -.0tJTS IDE ROUTE ME X. STDTOO MILES .0 "s' I N'0 CROSS-FLORI 13 RGI°1iAL 0

- 290 -

- APALACHEE BAY-APALACHICOLA BAY, FLORIDA 47 U.S. ARMY

.1 PANAMA CITY-PENSACOLA, FLORIDA 48 .1

4(.,INLLJ

De Forliak SprIngs '8

);r(lII ' Il8," Harold S Mrltofl 0 cc o \.

Portland ,) NceoilIe '8 0

I I Volpasso 12' L.arim, 98 In(n,nO. \ / 2 83 Iblj.Ij/ / 85 duocr4trII CI CI'? Ill? 2.. FERRY 3It IA s 1(1)1.4I) I) Santa Rosa ENSACOI.A 9 D" l4Sr / -°rt WstBay I 31 '1j::<'' .rCHEE8A'9' 9 HOCTAWY SECTION j CHQ7 st. A jews PEM48MlL.ES PANAMA('TY

ora008rw .. '0 94? C$4NN(L ' 34San Bias P SACOLA "MIRACLE STRIP" /

, T

I St

''J ARK

2

9 '8 N. 6K.? llII.

2. GULF OFMEXICO

H,.rn, '3 I / LEGEND a. r. /9rI,.o,rIWtraaj Coorpleted INDEX MAP tnCOn5plete OH. B Kny West

'8 S in ALABAJiA - /19

( Mne2e( I A,.

(. V I )_/ MOBI t \/ % 1L1) POm4JJ oleY 'V 7J,.,4 bo\aFCOlR\ecourj 7 ' '' °'OVERl-ltOfl 30 1121 II I --. .. CROSSImO _' (551mGGulf Beach 2 \s

' ..,, \ AP20 ''Ffl0 loIs I3I ' 115L050

I T.GAN SNATIONAL O , VAR BETWE 46MILE GU ION AL SEAS HO plGOL MEXIc0

ATLANTAS RK \L(\

:N D

ot completed THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY GULF SECTION 000 ays 6 tracoastal . STATurE MILES tea' tO 5 0-=-- _____TIC 20 30 On ...... A CORPS OF ENGINEERS

r Orleans CHART NO.5 MISSISSIPPI-NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA CORPS OF ENGINEERS

\ ( U N\ (\ FroLnV Crby J f\ \

I (ScnIonO ' Bogalusa fr

io M S S

CAYUNE

GULF

L.tF /

a orra 5pIL. SOu'ESarEAD CROSSrNG /' ' '&" u"tCm (, --...NEVORLEAIS )NS I \ 1I _iitr1'1 J

RQSS NOS )Ivt. Grvsuav/

lI.f A!)I

\Nsw.Larose a7 j c$'/ '' I j ' t" '\ Bnhrojay /GRO'SD GOSR 1.- cf aA' 4 5RErON SOUND

7?2 CTIO 1MISSISSIPPI RIVER-ATCHAFALAYA R yEW SE 4 a 25,, 95.SMILES .arn jprjrr \ 1<. ven,ce Leev,lle

/ I *ATE+4'Eslr'( Tilts-I/ICR IC LI F MIX/c ) °' LEG

enm' o lntracoastal Waterway completed 1? LAST WIT 0 i Path Intracoastat Watecway authorized but C' (' 7, r j L1' Outside Routes ...... Miles from New Orleans, La. (Harvey Burrwond Connecting or alternative channels in harbors and streams other than I Connecting navigable waterways, not I coastal Waterway, under construc FORT MASSACH SETTS, WAR OF 1812 Depth NOTE:All milvage based on zero at (Harvey Lock)

890 + NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA 51 II MMV 89

N N

I CHAVD 1E )r.

BRETON .4ISLAND NEW ORLEANS AND VICINITY SOUND SCALE IN 14O%2QO' IRETON MILES LT - 4 I CEP"'Of- pe;;:Z I Ye Ice ,4 \\

Port Eads 4 04.TP.4) CT

Boerwood

V

END THE

tcprteJ INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY GULF SECTION

ntracoastal . 6 Intra. ion. STATUTE MILES TO 00 30

: CORPS OF ENGINEERS w ria CHART NO.4 1.. MISSISSTPTRRATC1FALAYA RIVER, LOUISIANA 52 CORPS OF ENGINEERS

910 900

E4/5Oft82.. s_UT / NEW ORLEANS V.VI;.,____ 3 OVERHEAD CROSSINO \_,,,,, ox y..Ur',oçerH irs' wNapOle0n0ille' InTt? ;VV.,V Wea, ,4,oao,4 :" .2

!-.. I TE ':s 8V(YLa)57(2AZ5 UE0S 75 r W4'ER0s1.1'J / 2 OVEN/SEAD 0800$/S/OS 8c?ankun % VVVVVVV.VV 0 - Thibodauo OVERHrV0O _VVVVI AO5NG 8 lOA7POI 0CT I MORGAN cirç Racelarrd [SALVADOR .11/ u " 00 1 a A Vo OVERHEAOVV-_V/ , , SOVCNHS 4 .01%. 15y ER/SC ROSS/N Lockport CR055INOSJ HoUrna V 4 \4q9 'h \ VTGV/5'V I, , w L0C4 75,/C \ < V Larose S0 V PERth Sat 12

,c (1 V fN 2 .1 j DthR1IR!4 /

fed A Leeville IQU I S L I ,,4 ° / ( TAXRFROS SE C0 - BAY 0 -.

UIU0 I' !_GULF oF RIVER SECTION ARK, \LZ.AITAS.J GA

UI

0 z LEG! N Intracoastat Waterway completed

0, IntrocOastal Waterway authorized but C, Outside Routes ...... C, Miles from New Orleans, La. (Harvey Connecting or alternative channels in harbors and streams other than Connecting navigable waterways, not '0 /.?1PUECrTSO 'Y GULF OF MEXICO /I-' Coastal Waterway, under coostra Points of historical interest V 0 LEGEND CosIng depth V '0 V lntracoastal Waterway Completed Authorized depth UI S(V$0I INDEX MAP V V N Inlracoastal Waterway Incomplete NOTE: HEX. VVVVVVVVV STATUTE MILES All mileage based on zero at OeTs,dePout. _ we CH (Harvey Loch) UI MORGAN CITY, LOUISIANA 53 U.S. ARMY

N R&: oro:tuir IoRoror r o BU} * oss so (\Lr C NY :5OVEHCA N A A S::'._.7

I S L A II S COTE 814 XCIII. _..../ ./ 1luIuI' Li 841

oke '

/ JIIL(m

/'N I:;;

o

C 0 ______--

THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY GULF SECTION

-1. STATUTE MILES 0 6 10 5 0 10 00 30 - - F I CORPS OF ENGINEERS A

CHART NO. 3 91° PORTARTFIUR,TEXAS 54

L.''flI%J 'flL..I'..)j3MLL.F\_) ffBessma. lço] )

Sulphur L

5AINEPA5S - -

N

NTAURIVE

G U L r op AlE

OATNTA\S AR \L7\ -'.i NIPS.' . $ M001GOMC$ \ ;ACeSONI

z r END N : )n&acoasl Wateocay compI

p3. V U O(

'0

0 /'oacuastaIWaterwayCompted_____ INDEX MAP '0 ytravuastal Waterway In.omplete...... soTuof aue ::: '0 e;h: : S Route a CH. e dKey Weut N [floutsae NOTE:A)) mileage based en zero at New Orleans 0 -.--.-.-.------_--, (Harvey Lock) 930 GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS 55

U.S. ARMY

950 31° LIoIngStan .1 Spniog_" ,X,. 1 I arn''m ) Y //050V drIch / Hampt

abAse v. Vota 2 Eastot: yiHll ster V.,, warren \agg {7 D F Cayton % Vdlae MIlls °' HardIn HoneylsIa1J f

reek r/\ Coce aT e

Anahoac Name T°° Fletcher OU Buns IC S ChIna Evadale Bessmay V th

ad BEA: cit OVERHEAD CROSSIT.G °° 'ç, 2 0, °° VA6 h '°& Ma rca II LemonyrII: 2 DeweYvIil/ Ter Hartburg Grafls Nederland'ortNeches- - /

05 I ARTHUR

C

v,arce /

CC D I / CC 0 ::: 04 the Intracoastal ' L A.

CACCASSEUSHE 2

) t I1,I 27

. . YG

astat 6' CALCASIELJ PASS Cameron

A 's' 25 6° 02 o:ns / V NTRACOASTAL WATERWAY VC C" GULF SECTION STATUTE MILES S 0 10 20 30 *0-

CORPS OF ENGINEERS

CHART *

7

FREEPORT, TEXAS 56 a CORPS OF ENGINEERS

29° 96° 4 Ganado 30° ''\/Gtlora Bernard K Louise 'hard Fuishear

Elcampo ' Taoener 'Vanderbilt 3n Whart,cn Hungertcird °. Pierce K delton I Clodine La Ward Beasley wFairbank

Abet Francitas laid" e ago S,ugartand un a ç1 / / Baling( Needville Cane Junction Midfield Booth Missouri City 0j.nia Newgulf Blessing Magnet Lnng Point )c7 60 Markham .a'' Pledger 'a TV \ Thompsons 0 amon Buckeye . .1 Bay City 7 Almeda Ashmood . HO

s ,h 6 / 35O .IS IS I L V1T06 j V, G GALVESTON

1/ I £p ?$.C? O\p

/ NOTE:

Ietracoastat Waterway Completed \ Intracoastal Waterway authorized but not . O KA Outside Routes...... J ( \ S.0 Mites from New Orleans. La. (If arney Loc _.,__..__... A B K. \ J fi Brrnina1 CflaiimIon1 I' * Connecting or atternatlue Channelsin ba

13 harbors and streams other than tntra ALA. . F'ok0 Cnonecbng

0 z zero atNe N

0.

a) (I THE

'0

0 '0 .7 '0 rcfnit;I:T N 0r

280 . 940 . / ,EcSTrnTTCI ftiDTOPT tftV 9'TIYAS 57 3. S. PJ

aft

4t 4 AveryPt. Gregory USTI Lavac Portnd 0 Austwell [ Long Mott ken ngIeyrdo 5,ROCkPOrt_ / SI' 4j\ B.4_ INTRA WoS If to; o Goad ft

4 GO

Portdonnor pORT O'CONNORc

5.2 MILtS M E c /f

4ANSASNATIONAL WILDLIFEREFbq 'JL .LJLl .flL4GA /

ARX \L' \

THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY GULF SECTION

STATUTE MILES tO 5 0 tO 20 On r CORPS OF ENGINEERS

CHART NO. I j 27° BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS 58 rr'tPPc nr r'J?zINrrPc

270 980 _/ ) ) Dniscoll' ownr Faifurnas \ KINGSVILLE hop "I' o Cladvwo d

// S Rachu! CORPUSC RIviera Hartlanci Enclno

vu' °_ Santa Chapman Ranch

D p 8 ' 19 Pi 0'.l.VflI 1' - Lnn : . A:mstrong

Lacoma

Nonias 4

EDINBURG HargIlI S - - 0 Rudolph 01,1 asara Alamo Elsa MUFtf Yturria Donna Raymondvllle La VUa

Santa Ma'ganita WESLACO Lytord 2'

San

Old2 Mana HARLINGEN \ Santa Monica ... "'o' 1 A / Los lndios 16 -'..,__, SS 0nI Landru --RIO undo"_ -

SAN BENITO ' (5 Paloma.r LaLeona Caoazos o/ 0/"

Sr 650 J Olmito AD E ISLAJiTiATIONAL SEASHOE

BROWNVftLE WILDL E

:2'

1RNrN a BaSIN Isabel

Southmost "%RAzO5 SANTIAGO PASS

ENDC ToNmsTRlCT iIII:iIii'

N 0 z LEGEND lotracoastal Waterway completed...... N intracoastal Waterway authorized but not completed Outside Routes 0......

MItes from New Orleans, Lu. (Harvey Lock) . . . U Connecting or alternative channels in bays, 000 (0

harbors and Streams Other than tntracoastal . , Connecting navigable waterways, not Intra coastal Waterway, under construction 0 ...... Pointsofhistorical wrteeest...... a EortrngDepth ...... 0 AsthanizedDepth...... NOTEr All '0 milage based on zero at New Orleans N (Harvey Lockt 0

In 260 96° 59

FOOTNOTES

1. Slade Dale, President of Dale Boat Lines., Inc., of Bay Head, New Jersey, and captain of the Coastal Queen, one of the few commercial passenger vesselS operating on the Waterway, as quoted by Anthony Bailey, "Inside with the Coastal Queen," New Yorker, Ot. 31, 1964, p. 142.

2. U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, The Intracoastal Waterway GulfSection(Washington, D.C.:: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961), pp. 1-2; U.S,. Army, Corps of Engineers, The Intracoastal Water- way Atlantic Section (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Prinin Office, 1961), pp. 1-2.

3. U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,Condition of Channels, Jacksonville, Florida, Oct., 1969, C 3. I-i.

4. Lbid., p. IV-1. 5.U.S. Army, Corps ofEngineers, Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, pamphlet, Dec., 1964.

6. Glenn Trewartha, Arthur Robinson, and Edwin Hammond, Fundamentals of Physical Geography (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1961), p. 127.

7. R. Kay Gresswell, Physical Geography (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), pp. 351-352.

8. Arthur Strahler, Physical Geography (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1960), p. 423.

9.EstherNewinark,"Eventide ofthe East Coast," Yachting, Oct., 1969, p. 70.

10. Richard Bissell, "Down the Big Ditch," Holiday, Oct., 1968, pp. 52-55.

11. RobertMartinHodesh, "The Golden Isles of Georgia," Ford Times, Vol.57, No.3 (March, 1964), pp. 2-7.

12. Henry and Vera Bradshaw, "The Gulf Coast," Better Homes & Gardens, Nov., 1959, p. 176. FOOTNOTES (continued)

13. Lawrence Dame, "The Many Sides of Florida," Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 11 (Nov.,1968), p. 8.

14. Lew Dietz, "Assateaque," Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 7 (July, 1968), pp. 59-63.

15. Edward F. Quarrington, "Boston's Seaward Look," Ford Times, Vol. 58, No. 10 (Oct., 1965), pp. 4-6.

16. U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Atlantic Intra- coastal Waterway Dismal Swamp Canal Route, January 9, 1969, pp. 1-2.

17. Leslie Rich, "Escape to the Outer Banks " Ford TImes, Vol. 60, No. 3 (March,19675,pp. 12-14.

18. Robert Martin Ibdesh, "The Golden Isles of Georgia," Ford Times, Vol. 6, No. 3 (March, 1964), pp. 2-?.

19. Roy J. Forrest, tyJoridats Miracle Strip," Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 5 (May, 1968), p. 38.

20. 1969 Official Alabama State Map.

21. Bern Keating, "Playground on the Gulf Coast," Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 3 (March, 1968), p. 4.

22. Frank X. Tolbert, "The Wild Charm of Padre Island," Ford Times, Vol. 5?, No. 11 (Nov., 1964), pp. 31-32.

23. Mary Sheppard,"Outpost of Serenity," Ford Times, Vol. 63, No. 3 (March, 1970), pp. 40-45.

24. Don Brown, "Pawley's Island," Ford Times, Vol. 56, No. 9 (Sept., 1963), pp. 60-63.

25. Wyatt Blassingame, "My Favorite Florida Beaches," Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 11 (Nov., 1968), pp. 17-21.

26. Letter from Wayne Aspinall, Chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Houseof Representatives, Washington, D.C., March 23, 1970.

27. Lew Dietz, "Assateaque," Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 7 (July, 1968), pp. 59-63. 61 FOOTNOTES (continued)

28. Carl Bode, "The School," New Republic, March 21, 1970, p. 33.

29. Letter from W.L. Towns, Acting Regional Director, Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, At1anta, Georgia, April 2, 1970.

30. U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Economics of Improving the Gull' Intracoastal Waterway in Texas, pamphlet, Galveston, Texas,p. 7. 31. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Massachusetts Marine Fishing Guide for 1969.

32. "The Mayflower and dredging barges," Christian Science Monitor, 28, 1969, p. Bl6.

33. Letter from W.L. Towns, Acting Regional Director, Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Atlanta, Georgia, April 2, 1970.

34. "Cloudy Sunshine State," Time, April 13, 1970, pp. 48-49. 62

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Gresswell, R. Kay. Physical Geography. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967.

Strahler, Arthur. Physical Geography. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1960.

Trewartha, Glenn; Robinson, Arthur; and Hammond, Edwin. Fundmenta1s of Physical Geography. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1961.

Government Publications

U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. Atlantic Intra- coastal Waterway Dismal Swamp Canal Route. January 9, 1970.

U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. Condition of Channels. Jacksonville, Florida, Oct., 1969.

U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. ImDrovinthe Gulf Intracc veston, Texas.

U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. Gulf Intracoasta]. Waterway. Dec., 1964.

U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. The Intracoastal Waterway Atlantic Section. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961.

U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. The Intracoastal Waterway Gulf Section. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961. 63

BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)

Letters

Letter from W.L. Towns, Acting Regional Director, Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Atlanta, Georgia, April 2, 1970.

Letter from Wayne Aspinall, Chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C., Warch 23, 1970.

Maps

1969 Official Alabama State Map.

Newspapers

"The Mayflower and dredging barges." Christian Science Monitor, Noy., 28, 1969, p. Bl6.

Pamphlet*

MOMDtUsetts Marine Fishing Guide for 1969.

Periodicals

Bailey, Anthony. "Inside with the Coastal Queen." New Yorker, 0ct., 31, 1964, pp. 141-193.

Bissell, Richard. "Down, the Big Ditch." Holiday, Oct., 1968, pp.52-55.

Blassingame, Wyatt. "My Favorite Florida Beaches." Ford Times, Vol. 61. No. 11 (Nov., 1968), pp. 17-21. BIBLIOGRAPflY (continued)

Bode, Carl. "The School." New Republic, March 21, 1970, p. 33. Bradshaw, Inry and Vera. "The Gulf Coast." Better Homes & Gardens, Nov., 1959, pp. 60-61.

Brown, Don. "Pawley's Island." Ford Times, Vol. 56, No. 9 (Sept., 1963), pp. 60-63.

"Cloudy Sunshine State." Tiuie, April 13, 1970, pp. 48-49.

Dame, Lawrence. "The Many Sides of Florida." POrd Times, Vol. 61, No. 11 (Nov., 1968), pp. 3-13.

Dietz, Lew. "Assateaque."Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 7 (July, 1968), pp. 59-63.

Forrest, Roy 3. "Florida's Miracle Strip." Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 5((May, 1968), pp. 37-41. Hodesh, Robert Martin. "The Golden Isles of Georgia." Ford Times, Vol. 57, No. 3 (March, 1964), pp. 2-7. Keating, Bern. "Playground on the Gulf Coast." Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 3(March, 1968), pp. 2-7.

Newinark, Esther. "eventide on the East Coast." Yachting, Oct., 1969, pp. 68-70. Quarrington, Edward F. "Boston's Seaward Look." Ford Times, Vol. 58, No. 10 (Oct., 1965), pp. 2-6. Rich, Leslie. Escape to the Outer Banks." Ford Times, Vol. 60, No. 3 (March, 1967), pp. 12-16. Sheppard, Mary. "Outpost of Serenity." Ford Times, Vol. 63, No. 3 (March, 1970), pp. 40-45.

Tolbert, Frank X. "The Wild Charm of Padre Island." Ford Times, Vol. 57, No. 11 (Nov., 1964), pp. 30-34.