Volume 1 1994 ARITA: of Japan 69

HOLARCTIC , 1: 69-81 THE CLEARWING OF JAPAN (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE)

YUTAKA ARITA

Zoological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468 Japan

ABSTRACT.- The clearwing moths recorded for Japan total 39 (including one subspecies): all species are figured, and their life history, distribution and hostplants are discussed.

KEY WORDS: Aceraceae, Betulaceae, Castanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Ebenaceae, Fagaceae, hostplant, Juglandaceae, Macroscelesia, , , Okinawa, Oriental, Palearctic, , Paranthrenopsis, , , Rubiaceae, Russia, Ryukyu Is., Salicaceae, Scalarignathia, , , Similipepsis, , Taiwan, , Tinthiinae, , Trichocerota, Vitaceae.

The clearwing moths, Sesiidae, number 39 species in COMMENTS: Alar expanse 20.5-29.0mm. This species is easily Japan. Approximately 45 hostplants have been recorded for 26 separable from the other species of clearwings by the brownish species and one subspecies in Japan, but the life histories of these ground color of the forewing and by the presence of long clearwings is imperfectly known. The remaining 12 species have yellowish setaceous scale tufts laterally on the metathorax. no information about hostplants or biology. LIFE HISTORY: Adults are collected in May to July and September. Larvae bore in the pith of stems of the hostplant and emerge from Trichocerota constricta (Butler, 1878) Fig. 1 stems at a height of 60-90cm above ground level. There is no gall JAPANESE NAME: Munabuto-hime-sukasiba. former by larvae and no cocoon for pupation. COMMENTS: Alar expanse 14.5-22.0mm. This is the smallest DISTRIBUTION: Ryukyu Is. (Amami-Ohshima Id. and Okinawa- clearwing in Japan. honto Id.) and Izu-shoto Is. (Hachijyqjima Id. and Hachijyo- LIFE HISTORY: Adults emerge from June to July, and ever so often kojima Id.). rest on flowers of Cayratia japonlca, Vitaceae. Eggs are laid HOSTPLANTS: Stems of wild raspberry ( grayanus, Rosace- singly on the foliage, sometimes on the top of stem of the ae). hostplant. The young larvae bore into the shoots, and probably hibernate as last instar larvae in the bored stems. Paranthrenopsis editha (Butler, 1878) Fig. 4 DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Honshu and Kyushu) and Korea. JAPANESE NAME: Shirahoshi-hime-sukasiba. HOSTPLANTS: Stems of wild rose (Rosa multiflora, Rosaceae) and COMMENTS: Alar expanse 21.0-26.5mm. This small dark brown cultivated rose. clearwing has a long longitudinal hyaline blotch on the apical half of the forewing cell. Trichocerota yakushimaensis Arita, 1993 Fig. 2 LIFE HISTORY: Very little is known about the life history. Adults JAPANESE NAME: Yakushima-hime-sukashiba. are collected from late July through August each year. COMMENTS: Alar expanse 19.0-26.0mm. This is very similar in DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Tsu-shima maculation to Trichocerota constricta from Honshu and Kyushu. Id., Far East of Russia (Vladivostok)). The forewing of the male has the external hyaline stripes as three HOSTPLANTS: Unknown. instead of four. The female forewing external hyaline stripes are variable: one or two. assimilis Arita, 1992 Fig. 5 LIFE HISTORY: Eggs are laid on undersides of leaves or the JAPANESE NAME: Hime-sesuji-sukasiba. surface of stems of the hostplant, and larvae bore in stems in COMMENTS: Alar expanse 21.0-29.0mm. This widely distributed September. Pupation occurs in the next summer, August, and Palearctic species is known as subspecies P. h. assimilis from adults emerge by September in Yakushima Id. northern Japan (Hokkaido); distinguished by the entirely blackish DISTRIBUTION: Known only from southern Kyushu, Yakushima Id. anal tufts. HOSTPLANTS: Stems of wild raspberry (Rubus sieboldii, Rosace- LIFE HISTORY: Adults emerge from the end of July to August. ae). Larvae bore in the pith of stems of wild raspberry in Hokkaido. DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido). Trichocerota esakii (Yano, 1960) Fig. 3 HOSTPLANTS: Stems of wild raspberry ( var. acule- JAPANESE NAME: Esaki-hime-sukasiba. atissimus, Rosaceae). It

» DX /olume 1 1994 ARITA: Sesiidae of Japan 71

14b

Fig. 8-14. Adults of clearwing moths of Japan: 8. Pennisetia insulicola, a) cC, b) ?; 9. Similipepsis takizawai, a) d", b) ?; 10. Sesia okinawana, a) cC [?], b) ? [holotype]; 11. Sesia rhynchioides, a)

Fig. 1-7. Adults of clearwing moths of Japan: 1. Trichocerota constricta, a) cC, b) ¥; 2. Trichocerota yakushimaensis, a) d1, b) ¥, c) ¥, d) 9; 3. Trichocerota esakii, a) c?, b) 9; 4. Paranthrenopsis editha, a) cC, b) 9; 5. Pennisetia hylaeiformis assimilis, a) tf, b) ¥; 6. Pennisetia fixseni ftxseni, a) d1, b) ¥, c)

Pennisetia flxseni fixseni (Leech, 1889) Fig. 6 in very thin twigs of hostplants. Pupation occurs in the early JAPANESE NAME: Sesuji-sukasiba summer of the second year. COMMENTS: Alar expanse 30.0-44.Omm. This large-sized raspber- DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu). ry borer has an orange form in both sexes; the costal and dorsal HOSTPLANTS: Twigs of birches (Betula platyphylla var. japonica margin, and apical area being reddish brown. The posterior and B. ermanii, Betulaceae). orange bands on the 3rd-6th segments are broader than those of the typical from. A strongly orange color form is also known. Sesia okinawana (Matsumura, 1931) Fig. 10 LIFE HISTORY: The adults emerge during the end of August JAPANESE NAME: Okinawa-sukasiba. through early October, from the base of the stem just above COMMENTS: Alar expanse: 39.5mm (holotype ?). The female ground level. The eggs are laid singly on the underside of foliage holotype is damaged and in very bad condition (Fig. lOb) and it of the hostplant. The larger larvae bore in the roots mainly, rarely is difficult to identify the species by external characters. The male in the pith of stems. In the case of large-sized raspberry stems, from Iriomote-jima Id., as figured, shall probably match with the a gall is formed. female of Sesia okinawana (Fig. lOa). DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Honshu and Kyushu). LIFE HISTORY: The life cycle is poorly known, but adults were HOSTPLANTS: Stems and roots of wild raspberry (Rubus cratae- collected on June 30 from the southern Ryukyu Islands (Iriomote- gifolius, Rosaceae). jima Id.). DISTRIBUTION: Ryukyu Is. (Okinawa-honto Id.). Pennisetia fixseni admirabilis Arita, 1992 Fig. 7 HOSTPLANTS: Unknown. JAPANESE NAME: Ezo-sesuji-sukasiba. COMMENTS: Alar expanse 23.0-33.0mm. This medium-sized Sesia rhynchioides (Butler, 1881) Fig. 11 raspberry borer, known from nothern Japan (Hokkaido), is distin- JAPANESE NAME: Kasiwa-sukasiba. guished from the nominotypical subspecies by its small size and COMMENTS: Alar expanse 29.0-40.0mm. This highly distinct, by the yellower abdominal segmental bands. There also is a sexually dimorphic species, is a well-known pest of cultivated yellowish form in both sexes, having broader yellow bands on the chestnut. abdomen, and the 6th and 7th abdominal segments are entirely LIFE HISTORY: Adults emerge in the early morning, from the yellow, with the anal tuft orange. middle of September to early October. The hibernating young LIFE HISTORY: The adults emerge the end of June through July larvae tunnel in wood of the host trunk or branches, and pupation and August in nothern Japan, Hokkaido. The larvae bore in roots takes place in the larval tunnel. Mating behavior has been and adults emerge from extruded pupae at the base of stems. observed on the leaves of the hostplant just before sunset and DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido). after sunset. HOSTPLANTS: Stems and roots of wild raspberry (Rubus idaeus DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Honshu) and China. var. aculeatissimus, Rosaceae). HOSTPLANTS: Trunks and branches of cultivated chestnut (Casta- nea crenata, Fagaceae). Pennisetia insulicola Arita, 1992 Fig. 8 JAPANESE NAME: Minami-sesuji-sukasiba. Sesia scribai (Bartel, 1912) Fig. 12 COMMENTS: Alar expanse 27.0-48.0mm. This large-sized raspber- JAPANESE NAME: Kosiaka-sukashiba ry borer from the Ryukyu Islands is unique, differing from the COMMENTS: Alar expanse 26.5-43.0mm. This yellowish - other Pennisetia species by its anal tufts of males being brighter like moth is one of the common species in Japan. The adults and reddish brown, and the 3rd and 4th abdominal segments of larvae frequently are observed at the city shrine of Nagoya. females being broadly orange-sided. LIFE HISTORY: Adults emerge from the end of August to Septem- LIFE HISTORY: This is the latest clearwing to emerge in Japan ber. It is occasionally observed that 30-45 adults emerge from a (October in Amami Ohshima Id. and Tokuno-shima Id.). The single trunk of an oak tree, Quercus myrsinaefolia. The larvae larvae bore in the pith of stems of large raspberry (Rubus grayan- bore and make irregular galleries between the bark and wood of us), and usually bore in the base of stems and roots of smaller the trunk of the hostplant. Pupation takes place in the cocoon raspberry species (Rubus gravanus and Rubus croceacanthus). close to or in the larval gallery in August. DISTRIBUTION: Ryukyu Is. (Amami-Ohshima Id. and Tokuno- DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Honshu and Kyushu). shima Id.). HOSTPLANTS: Trunks of various species of oak trees (Quercus HOSTPLANTS: Stems and roots of wild raspberries (Rubus sessilifolia. Q. acutissima. Q. serrata. Q. myrsinaefolia, Faga- grayanus and R. croceacanthus, Rosaceae). ceae), cultivated chestnut (Costarica crenata, Fagaceae), and pecan (Carya illinoensis, Juglandaceae). Similipepsis takizawai Arita & Spatenka, 1989 Fig. 9 JAPANESE NAME: Koshiboso-sukasiba. Sesia yezoensis (Hampson, 1919) Fig. 13 COMMENTS: Alar expanse 18.0-20.0mm. This -like waisted JAPANESE NAME: Kita-sukasiba. clearwing moth is a good mimic of . This species is easily COMMENTS: Alar expanse 35.0-52.0mm. This conspicuous determined from the other clearwings in Japan by the extremely hornet-like moth is one of of the larger clearwings in Japan. narrowed 2nd abdominal segment. LIFE HISTORY: Adults emerge July and early August; the female LIFE HISTORY: Adults emerge in July and August. Larvae tunnel adults fly actively around trunks of the hostplant. Eggs are Volume 1 1994 ARITA: Sesiidae of Japan 73

usually deposited singly (rarely in clusters), in crevices, in cracks Macroscelesia japona (Hampson. 1919) Fig. 17 or on the surface of the lower part of the trunk of the hostplant. JAPANESE NAME: Momobuto-sukasiba. Larvae make irregular galleries between the bark and wood in the COMMENTS: Alar expanse 18.0-29.0mm. A blackish little clear- lower part of the trunk or into the thick roots near the surface of wing that is rather common in Japan, and evidently different from the ground. The elongate-oval cocoon, constructed by small Macroscelesia longipes yamatoensis in having moderately long pieces of wood chips and lined with tough silk, is placed in the hindlegs. larval gallery close to the bark. LIFE HISTORY: Adults fly June to August in central Honshu. Eggs DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), Far East of Russia are laid singly on the tendrils, vines or undersides of leaves of the (Primorie, Sakhalin). hostplant. Larvae produce linear-oblong galls on lower parts of HOSTPLANTS: Trunks and thick roots of (Salix sachalinen- the stem. The full grown larvae hibernate in galls and pupate in sis, Salicaceae), and cultivated poplar ( nigra, Salicaceae). the following early summer, without cocoons. DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and Tsu-shima Melittia formosana Matsumura, 1911 Fig. 14 Id.), Ryukyu Is. (Amami-Ohshima Id.). JAPANESE NAME: Taiwan-momobuto-sukasiba HOSTPLANTS: Stems of five-leaf gynostemma (Gynostemma COMMENTS: Alar expanse 35.0-38.0mm. The blackish with bluish pentaphyllum, Cucurbitaceae). iridescence, makes this stout clearwing quite different from the other clearwing species in Japan. Macroscelesia longipes yamatoensis Arita, 1992 Fig. 18 LIFE HISTORY: The life cycle is poorly known. Adults are JAPANESE NAME: Asinaga-momobuto-sukasiba. collected in June from Amami-Ohshima Id. COMMENTS: Alar expanse 18.0-28.0mm. This is the most DISTRIBUTION: Ryukyu Is. (Amami-Ohshima Id.) and Taiwan. imposing species living in Japan, due to the long hindlegs. HOSTPLANTS: Unknown. LIFE HISTORY: Adults are collected during the end of June through September. Eggs are laid singly on the leaves, fruits and vines of Melittia inouei Arita & Yata, 1987 Fig. 15 the hostplant. The linear-oblong gall is formed from larval boring. Japanese-name: Shitaki-momobuto-sukasiba. Other behavior is very similar to Macroscelesia japona. COMMENTS: Alar expanse 30.5-36.0mm. This yellowish stout DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Honshu and Kyushu). clearwing is distinguished by the brush-like yellow and black tufts HOSTPLANTS: Stems of lobed actinostemma (Actinostemma of the hindlegs. lobatum, Cucurbitaceae). Life history: The life cycle is partly known. Adults emerge in July and early August. Larvae are gall makers on stems of snake Nokona feralis (Leech, 1889) Fig. 19 gourds, and full grown larvae hibernate in earthen cocoons which JAPANESE NAME: Kikubi-sukasiba. are found together with those of Melittia sangaika nipponica in COMMENTS: Alar expanse 38.0-45.0mm. This is one of the largest soil close to the hostplants. and rarest of the clearwings in Japan. DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu). LIFE HISTORY: The life cycle is poorly known. Adults are HOSTPLANTS: Stems of snake gourd, Trichosanthes kirilowii var. collected from the end of July to early September. japonica and T. cucumeroides (Cucurbitaceae). DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu and Kyushu). HOSTPLANTS: Unknown. Melittia sangaika nipponica Arita & Yata, 1987 Fig. 16 JAPANESE NAME: Oo-momobuto-sukashiba. Nokona pernix (Leech, 1889) Fig. 20 COMMENTS: Alar expanse 36.0-41.Omm. This yellowish stout JAPANESE NAME: Himeato-sukasiba. clearwing is very similar to Melittia inouei in external coloration, COMMENTS: Alar expanse 19.5-30.0mm. This rather small but is quite separable from it by the following points: the black clearwing is almost entirely covered with blackish-brown scales discal-spot on the forewing has a very short longitudinal black on the forewing, and has two yellow bands on the abdomen. line from the middle of the anterior margin in M. inouei, but M. LIFE HISTORY: Adults emerge during June and July. The larvae sangaika nipponica is distinctly longer; the dorsal part of the are gall makers. The gall is 8-15mm in width and 25-30mm in hindwing cilia is finely yellow in M. inouei, but dark grey in M. length. The full-grown hibernates in a very tough blackish sangaika nipponica. cocoon in the larval gall and pupates the following May. LIFE HISTORY: Adults emerge from July to August. Eggs are laid DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu) and China. on the stems or vines of hostplants. Larva bore into the main HOSTPLANTS: Stems and vines of fevervine (Paederia scandens stem and produce elongated galls, rarely an enormous gall is var. mairei, Rubiaceae); only one recorded from Boston ivy formed near the ground by a group of ten or more larvae. The (Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Vitaceae). full grown larvae make earthen cocoons in the soil and hibernate, pupating in following June before emergence. Nokona rubra Tosevski & Arita, 1992 Fig. 21 DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu). JAPANESE NAME: Aka-sukasiba. HOSTPLANTS: Stem of snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii var. COMMENTS: Alar expanse 31.0mm. This lovely reddish clearwing japonica and T. cucumeroides, Cucurbitaceae). seems to be a very rare species and has been known from only one male holotype and two female paratypes. LIFE HISTORY: Very little is known about the life history of this 74 ARITA: Sesiidae of Japan HOLARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA

22 b

Fig. 15-22. Adults of clearwing moths of Japan: 15. Melittia inouei. a) insect pest of cultivated grapevines in Japan. This species is JAPANESE NAME: Ki-ko-sukasiba. similar to Nokona purpurea in maculation, but is easily separable COMMENTS: Alar expanse 25.0mm. This very rare clearwing, with from it by the reddish-brown color of the forewings. red anal tufts, is known only from the female holotype from LIFE HISTORY: Adults emerge during the end of April to June. Okinawa-jima Id. Eggs are laid singly on foliage, the bases of sprouts or petioles of LIFE HISTORY: The only known collecting date is 19th of May. hostplants. The larvae are gall makers of cultivated and wild DISTRIBUTION: Ryukyu Is. (Okinawa-honto Id.). grapevines. The gall is 8-20mm in width and 50-70mm in length, HOSTPLANTS: Unknown. sometimes there are two, rarely five galls, joined together. The full grown larvae hibernate in the larval gall and pupate in the Synanthedon fukuzumii Spatenka & Arita, 1992 Fig. 28 larval gall without a cocoon, from April to May. JAPANESE NAME: Fukuzumi-ko-sukasiba. DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu), COMMENTS: Alar expanse 21.0-23.Omm. This marvelous clear- Korea and China. wing, with an orange-red band on the 4th abdominal segment, is HOSTPLANTS: Vines of cultivated grapes (Vitis vinifera, Vitaceae) seen very rarely. and wild vines (Vitis coignetiae and V. ficifolia, Vitaceae). LIFE HISTORY: The life cycle is partly known. Adults emerge in May, July and August from Salix sp. (Rottemburg, 1775) Fig. 24 DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Honshu and Kyushu). JAPANESE NAME: Birodo-sukasiba. HOSTPLANTS: Trunks of low-growing shrubby (Salix sp., COMMENTS: Alar expanse 23.0-30.Omm. The dusky clearwing, a Salicaceae). widely distributed Holarctic species, was discovered in 1989 in northern Japan (Hokkaido), on Salix sp. Synanthedon hector (Butler, 1878) Fig. 29 LIFE HISTORY: The life history is partly known in Japan. Adults JAPANESE NAME: Ko-sukasiba. emerge from the middle of July to early August. The larvae COMMENTS: Alar expanse 20.0-31.5mm. This species is abundant tunnel in the stems of low-growing shrubby willows. Sometimes in streets and orchards where the hostplants occur; a very the stems tunneled by larvae are swollen. Pupation takes place in important insect pest of cultivated cherry trees, peaches, plums, the larval tunnel without a cocoon. apricots, and Japanese apricots. DISTRIBUTION: Holarctic (known only from northen Japan, Hok- LIFE HISTORY: Adults emerge over a very long period, from the kaido). end of May through October. Eggs are laid on the bark of HOSTPLANTS: Trunk of low-growing willows (Salix spp., Salica- hostplants. Larvae bore and make an irregular gallery between ceae); poplar (Populus spp., Salicaceae) in Europe. bark and wood. Hibernation is in the larval stage, but these larvae are very variable in size. Pupation takes place in an elongated Toleria contaminata (Butler, 1878) Fig. 25 cocoon in the larval gallery just under the bark. JAPANESE NAME: Hachimachigai-sukasiba. DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu), COMMENTS: Alar expanse 31.0-40.Omm. This rare clearwing is Korea and Manchuria. easily classified by the broad yellow band on the 4th abdominal HOSTPLANTS: Trunks of various species of Prunus, cultivated and segment. wild cherry trees (Prunus x vedoensis, Prunus jamasaku.ro), LIFE HISTORY: The life cycle is little known. Adults are collected peaches (Prunus persica), Japanese apricots (Prunus mume), 76 ARITA: Sesiidae of Japan HOLARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA

24e

Fig. 23-31. Adults of clearwing moths of Japan: 23. Nokona regalis, a) plants. Korea. HOSTPLANTS: Trunks of various oak trees (Quercus acuta, Q. Synanthedon herzi Spatenka & Gorbunov, 1992 Fig. 30 serrata, Q. glauca, Shiia cuspidata, and Shiia sp., Fagaceae) and JAPANESE NAME: Akaobi-ko-sukasiba. cultivated chestnut (Castanea crenata, Fagaceae). COMMENTS: Alar expanse 15.5-24.5mm. This fantastic clearwing is peculiar for the broad vivid reddish-orange band on the 4th and Synanthedon scoliaeforme japonicum Fig. 34 5th abdominal segments in both sexes; known from Hokkaido, Spatenka & Arita, 1992 Japan. JAPANESE NAME: Futomon-ko-sukasiba. LIFE HISTORY: The life cycle is partially known in Hokkaido. COMMENTS: Alar expanse 29.0-36.5mm. This species is most Adults emerge from July to August together with Synanthedon distinctive by the large forewing discal spot. The subspecies S. multitarsus Spatenka & Arita from low-growing willows along s. japonicum from Japan differs from the nominotypical subspe- rivers. cies by its black anal tufts, instead of orange. DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido), Mongolia, Russia (Siberia). LIFE HISTORY: The life history is partly known. Adults emerge on HOSTPLANTS: Trunks of low-growing willows (Salix spp., Salica- July from base of trunk of birch. ceae) in Hokkaido, Japan. DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu). HOSTPLANTS: Trunks of birch (Betula platyhyila var. japonica, Synanthedon multitarsus Spatenka & Arita, 1992 Fig. 31 Betulaceae). JAPANESE NAME: Hitosuji-ko-sukasiba. COMMENTS: Alar expanse 15.0-25.Omm. This often tiny clearwing Synanthedon subproductum Inoue, 1982 Fig. 35 is very similar to Synanthedon unocingulatum Bartel in macula- JAPANESE NAME: Yama-ko-sukasiba. tion, but separable by the shape of the external transparent area, COMMENTS: Alar expanse 21.0mm. This clearwing moth is and by the male and female genitalia. known only from the female holotype from Hokkaido. LIFE HISTORY: Adults emerge from the middle of June to the end LIFE HISTORY: The life cycle is known only from one specimen. of August. Eggs are laid singly on the surface of trunks of The date of 3rd September is an unusually late record in Hok- shrubby willows, Salix gracilistyla, and low-growing alder, Alnus kaido, so this may represent the end of the generation period. serrulatoides. Larvae make a gallery between bark and wood, DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido) and rarely tunnel into the stem of the host. The full-grown larva HOSTPLANTS: Unknown. hibernates in a compact cocoon in the larval gallery, and pupates the end of May. Synanthedon tenue (Butler, 1878) Fig. 36 DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu). JAPANESE NAME: Hime-ko-sukasiba. HOSTPLANTS: Trunks and branches of willows (Salix gracilistyla COMMENTS: Alar expanse 14.0-21.Omm. This tiny clearwing is and Salix spp., Salicaceae) and alder (Alnus serrulatoides, Betula- one of the smallest clearwing moths in Japan. The larvae bore in ceae). cultivated persimmon and do considerable damage in orchards. LIFE HISTORY: Adults emerge from May until June. Larvae bore Synanthedon pseudoscoliaeforme Fig. 32 in forks of branches and the bases of a young shoots between the Spatenka & Arita, 1992 bark and wood. The remaining life history is similar to that of JAPANESE NAME: Futasuji-ko-sukasiba. Synanthedon hector. COMMENTS: Alar expanse 22.5mm. This unique clearwing seems DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu), to be a very rare species, known only from the female holotype Korea and Manchuria. specimen from Kyoto. HOSTPLANTS: Cultivated persimmon (Diospyros kaki, Ebenaceae). LIFE HISTORY: The life history is very poorly known. The collect- ion data is the 10th of May in Honshu. Synanthedon unocingulatum Bartel, 1912 Fig. 37 DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Honshu). JAPANESE NAME: Kiobi-ko-sukasiba. HOSTPLANTS: Unknown. COMMENTS: Alar expanse 22.0-26.5mm. This clearwing is rarely collected and only a few specimens are known from Japan. Synanthedon quercus (Matsumura, 1911) Fig. 33 LIFE HISTORY: The life cycle is poorly known, but adults are JAPANESE NAME: Kasi-ko-sukasiba. collected in June, July and September in Japan. COMMENTS: Alar expanse 19.0-34.0mm. This is the most unique DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido?, Honshu and Kyushu) and member of the Synanthedon in Japan, with its tinged Korea. HOSTPLANTS: Unknown. yellow-brown forewings, thorax and abdomen. LIFE HISTORY: Adults emerge from June through September. Eggs Synanthedon yanoi Spatenka & Arita, 1992 Fig. 38 are laid singly on cracks or scars of trunks. Larvae bore under JAPANESE NAME: Yano-ko-sukasiba. 78 ARITA: Sesiidae of Japan HOLARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA

Fig. 31-39. Adults of clearwmg moths of Japan: 31. Synanthedon inultitarsus, b) 9; 32. Synanthedon pseudoscoliaeforme, ¥; 33. Synanthedon quercus, a)

COMMENTS: Alar expanse 22.0-23.0mm. This rather small clear- Scalarignathia mantis (Leech, 1889) Fig. 39 wing is apparently a rare species, and only a few specimens are JAPANESE NAME: Misuji-sukasiba. known. This species is similar to Synanthedon hector, but COMMENTS: Alar expanse 25.0mm. This very rare clearwing was distinguished from it by the yellow distal margin on the 2nd and originally described from Oiwake [Nagano-ken], central Honshu; 4th abdominal segments. it is known only from the male holotype specimen. LIFE HISTORY: The life history is poorly known, but adults are LIFE HISTORY: Life cycle is unknown; the one adult was collected collected in early June from Kyushu and early August from in June. Hokkaido. DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Honshu). DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Hokkaido and Kyushu) HOSTPLANTS: Unknown. HOSTPLANTS: Unknown. Volume 1 1994 ARITA: Sesiidae of Japan 79

HOSTPLANT INDEX Rubus croceacanthus (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Oobara-ichigo) Pennisetia insulicola Rubus grayanus (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Ryukyu-ichigo) Acer palmatum (Aceraceae) (Japanese name: Iroha-momiji) Pennisetia insulicola Synanthedon hector Trichocerota esakii Actinosemma lobatum (Cucurbitaceae) (Japanese name: Goki-zuru) Rubus idaeus var aculeatissimus (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Ezo-ichigo) Macroscelesia longipes yamatoensis Pennisetia fixseni admirabilis Alnus serrulatoides (Betulaceae) (Japanese name: Kawara-hannoki) Pennisetia hylaeiformis assimilis Synanthedon multitarsus Rubus sieboldii (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Houroku-ichigo) Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Vitaceae) (Japanese name: No-budou) Trichocerota yakushimensis Nokona purpurea Salix gracilistyla (Salicaceae) (Japanese name: Neko-yanagi) Betula ermanii (Betulaceae) (Japanese name: Dake-kamba) Synanthedon multitarsus Similipepsis takizawai Salix sachalinensis (Salicaceae) (Japanese name: Onoe-yanagi) Betula platyphylla \ar.japonica (Betulaceae) (Japanese name: Shira-kamba) Sesia yezoensis Similipepsis takizawai Salix spp. (Salicaceae) (Japanese name: Yanagirui) Synanthedon scoliaeforme japonicum Paranthrene tabaniformis tabaniformis Carya illinoensis (Juglandaceae) (Japanese name: Pekan) Synanthedon fukuzumii Sesia scribal Synanthedon herzi Castanea crenata (Fagaceae) (Japanese name: Kuri) Synanthedon multitarsus Sesia rhynchioides Shiia cuspidata (Fagaceae) (Japanese name: Tsuburajii) Sesia scribai Synanthedon quercus Synanthedon quercus Shiia sp. (Fagaceae) (Japanese name: Shiirui) Chaenomeles sinensis (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Karin) Synanthedon quercus Synanthedon hector Trichosanthes cucumeroides (Cucurbitaceae) (Japanese name: Karasu-uri) Diospyros kaki (Ebenaceae) (Japanese name: Kakinoki) Me/ittia inouei Synanthedon hector Melittia sangaika nipponica Synanthedon tenue Trichosanthes kirilowii var. japonica (Cucurbitaceae) (Japanese name: Kika- Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Cucurbitaceae) (Japanese name: Amacha-zuru) rasu-uri) Macroscelesia japona Melittia inouei Malus pumila (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Seiyou-ringo) Melittia sangaika nipponica Synanthedon hector Vitis coignetiae (Vitaceae) (Japanese name: Yama-budou) Paederia scandens var. mairei (Rubiaceae) (Japanese name: Hekuso-kazura) Nokona pernix Nokona regalis Vitis ficifolia (Vitaceae) (Japanese name: Ebi-zuru) Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Vitaceae) (Japanese name: Tsuta) Nokona pernix Nokona purpurea Populus nigra (Salicaceae) (Japanese name: Seiyo-hakoyanagi) Nokona regalis Vitis vinifera (cultivated grapevine) (Vitaceae) (Japanese name: Budou) Sesia yezoensis Prunus armeniaca var. ansu (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Anzu) Nokona regalis Synanthedon hector Toleria romanovi Unknown Prunus jamasakura (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Yama-zakura) Synanthedon hector Melittia formosana Nokona feralis Prunus mume (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Ume) Nokona rubra Synanthedon hector Prunus persica (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Momo) Paranthrenopsis editha Scalarignathia mantis Synanthedon hector Prunus salicina (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Su-momo) Sesia okinawana Synanthedon esperi Synanthedon hector Synanthedon pseudoscoliaeforme Prunus x vedoensis (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Someiyoshino) Synanthedon subproductum Synanthedon hector Synanthedon unocingulatum Pyrus simonii (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Chosen-yama-nasi) Synanthedon yanoi Synanthedon hector Toleria contaminata Quercus acuta (Fagaceae) (Japanese name: Aka-gasi) Synanthedon quercus Quercus acutissima (Fagaceae) (Japanese name: Kunugi) Sesia scribai ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Quercus glauca (Fagaceae) (Japanese name: Ara-kasi) Synanthedon quercus The author wishes to thank the following colleagues for their Quercus myrsinaefolia (Fagaceae) (Japanese name: Shira-kasi) support of my clearwing moth surveying: Messrs. S. Kawahara, Sesia scribai Quercus serrata (Fagaceae) (Japanese name: Konara) T. Okuyama, I. Ohtsuka, S. Teramura; and graduates of my Sesia scribai Zoological Laboratory, Messrs./Ms. K. Fukuzumi, N. Yata, S. Synanthedon quercus Honma, K. Funahashi, K. Hirao, F. Yura, T. Toga, Y. Inoue, K. Quercus sessilifolia (Fagaceae) (Japanese name: Tsukubane-gasi) Nakano, K. Imai, H. Nakano, S. Niimi, N. Okimoto and H. Sesia scribai Yoshitomi. Rosa multiflora (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: No-ibara) Trichocerota constricta Rosa sp. (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Bara) Trichocerota constricta Rubus crataegifolius (Rosaceae) (Japanese name: Kuma-ichigo) Pennisetia fixseni fixseni 80 ARITA: Sesiidae of Japan HOLARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA

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