Neobuxbaumia Macrocephala

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T152178A606332

Neobuxbaumia macrocephala

Assessment by: Arias, S., Zavala-Hurtado, A. & Valverde, T.

View on www.iucnredlist.org

Citation: Arias, S., Zavala-Hurtado, A. & Valverde, T. 2013. Neobuxbaumia macrocephala. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T152178A606332. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013- 1.RLTS.T152178A606332.en

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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Plantae Tracheophyta Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Cactaceae

Taxon Name: Neobuxbaumia macrocephala (F.A.C.Weber ex K.Schum.) E.Y.Dawson

Synonym(s): • Pilocereus macrocephalus F.A.C.Weber ex K.Schum.

Taxonomic Source(s): Hunt, D., Taylor, N. and Charles, G. (compilers and editors). 2006. The New Cactus Lexicon. dh Books, Milborne Port, UK. Assessment Information

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1

Year Published: 2013

Date Assessed: April 29, 2009

Justification: Neobuxbaumia macrocephala is listed as Least Concern, however, it is very likely that the subpopulations outside the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán reserve are affected by the expansion of urban areas. Monitoring is suggested for these subpopulations. Geographic Range

Range Description: This species is endemic to the Tehuacán region in the Mexican States of Oaxaca and Puebla, where it occurs at elevations of 1,600 to 2,300 m asl (Arias et al. 1997). The species is known from 12 sites and has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 5,000 km2. In terms of abundance and distribution range, Neobuxbaumia macrocepahla is the rarest of the Neobuxbaumias that occur in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán region (Ruedas et al. 2006).

Country Occurrence: Native: Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla)

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Neobuxbaumia macrocephala – published in 2013. 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T152178A606332.en Population An estimated density of ca 130–200 plants/hectare was reported for one subpopulation of this species (Esparza-Olguín et al. 2002). The subpopulation is not decreasing and seedling establishment is one of the aspects of the life cycle that could limit population growth (Ruedas et al. 2006). It has been estimated that N. macrocephala individuals may reach a maximum age of approximately 200 years, and the age at first reproduction may be close to 93 years (Vilchis-Anaya 2000). Current Population Trend: Unknown

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) The species grows in tropical deciduous forest and xerophyllous scrub on calcareous soils (Arias et al. 1997).

Systems: Terrestrial

Use and Trade (see Appendix for additional information) The stems are cut for goats to drink, which is a threat to the species because the plants die. There is no known trade.

Threats (see Appendix for additional information) The stems are cut for goats to drink, resulting in the death of the plant. Land use change for agriculture and urbanization, mainly outside the reserve, are a major threat for the species. The range of this species has been predicted to be reduced by up to 50% under climate change scenarios in which temperature was increased by 2°C and the precipitation decreased by 15% with respect to current climate conditions (approximately between year 2060 and year 2100; Téllez-Valdés and Dávila 2003).

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) The species occurs within the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve (Arias et al. 1997). Studies on the population dynamics of this species suggest that if conservation actions are performed, special attention is needed in the early stages of the species life cycle, given the intrinsic limitations for population growth by low seedling recruitment (Esparza-Olguín et al. 2002). Credits

Assessor(s): Arias, S., Zavala-Hurtado, A. & Valverde, T.

Reviewer(s): Superina, M. & Goettsch, B.K.

Facilitators(s) and Goettsch, B.K. Compiler(s):

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Neobuxbaumia macrocephala – published in 2013. 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T152178A606332.en Bibliography Arias, M.S., Gama, S. and Guzmán, U. 1997. Flora del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán. Fasículo 14. Cactaceae A.L. Juss. Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Mexico.

Esparza-Olguín, L., T. Valverde, E. Vilchis-Anaya. 2002. Demographic analysis of a rare columnar cactus (Neobuxbaumia macrocephala) in the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico. Biological Conservation 103: 349–359.

IUCN. 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2013.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 12 June 2013).

Ruedas, M., T. Valverde, J.A. Zavala-Hurtado. 2006. Analysis of the factors that affect the distribution and abundance of three Neobuxbaumia species (Cactaceae) that differ in their degree of rarity. Acta Oecologica 29: 155-164.

Téllez-Valdés, O. and P. Dávila. 2003. Protected areas and climate change: a case study of the cacti of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán biosphere reserve. Conservation Biology 17(3): 846-853.

Vilchis-Anaya, E. 2000. Estudio poblacional por edades de Neobuxbaumia macrocephala (Cactaceae) en Zapotitl'an Salinas, Puebla. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Citation Arias, S., Zavala-Hurtado, A. & Valverde, T. 2013. Neobuxbaumia macrocephala. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T152178A606332. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013- 1.RLTS.T152178A606332.en

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Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Major Season Suitability Habitat Importance? 1. Forest -> 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry Resident Suitable Yes

3. Shrubland -> 3.5. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry Resident Suitable Yes

Use and Trade (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

End Use Local National International Food - animal Yes No No

Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1. Ongoing - - - Housing & urban areas Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming Ongoing - - - & ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance

Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Occur in at least one PA: Yes

In-Place Education

Included in international legislation: Yes

Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Neobuxbaumia macrocephala – published in 2013. 4 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T152178A606332.en Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Research Needed 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends

Additional Data Fields

Distribution Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 5000

Lower elevation limit (m): 1600

Upper elevation limit (m): 2300

Population Population severely fragmented: No

Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Neobuxbaumia macrocephala – published in 2013. 5 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T152178A606332.en The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T152178A606332

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