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República De Ghana OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Ghana República de Ghana La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios, no defendiendo posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. MARZO 2019 1. DATOS BÁSICOS Ghana 1.1. Características generales BURKINA FASO Nombre oficial: República de Ghana (Republic of Ghana) Superficie: 238.538 Km2 Bolgatanga Límites: Ghana está situada en el Golfo de Guinea, en la costa occidental de África, entre los 3º 45’ y los 11º 11’ latitud Norte, limitando al Oeste con BENÍN Costa de Marfil, al Este con Togo y al Norte con Burkina Faso. Gushiago Población: 28.400.000 habitantes. Capital: Accra (2.270.000 habitantes). Yendi Otras ciudades: Kumasi (1.468.609), Tamale (360.579), Takoradi (268.000), Cape Coast (227.000), Tema (162.000), Obuasi (180.000) y Tamale Bole Sekondi (147.000). Datos de 2018. Bimbila Idiomas: Inglés (oficial). Entre las lenguas locales, destacan el Twi, Ewe, Ga (hablada en la capital), Dagbani, Hausa, y otras (Gonja, Kasem y Nzima). Moneda: Cedi: 100 pesewas. 1$= 4,70USD $ (cambio medio de 2018) TOGO COSTA Religión: Cristianos (aprox. 50%, de los que un 17% son católicos); animis- DE MARFIL Salaga tas (30%); musulmanes (20%) Forma de Estado: República presidencialista División Administrativa: Ghana está organizada en 16 regiones, a su vez sub- divididas en distritos cuya composición está pendiente de confirmación tras Sunyani Mampong el referéndum celebrado en diciembre de 2018. 1.2. Geografía Kumasi Lago Volta Ho Ghana está formada por una llanura poco elevada que se extiende por gran parte de la superficie del país. El resto del territorio se despliega sobre una Obuasi extensa zona llamada cuenca del Volta. En 1963 se inauguró la gran presa Koforidua de Akosombo, que facilitó la creación de uno de los lagos artificiales más grandes del mundo. ACCRA Winneba El clima es tropical con dos estaciones húmedas, de abril a junio y de sep- Cape Coast tiembre a noviembre. Desde este punto de vista, existen importantes varia- Takoradi Golfo de Guinea ciones de sur a norte. En las zonas más septentrionales del país se reciben Océano Atlántico las masas de aire caliente y seco procedentes del N a través del Sahara, por © Ocina de Información Diplomática. lo que las precipitaciones son mucho más escasas que en las áreas meridio- Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. nales. En el S, por el contrario, se alcanzan los 1.143 y 1.200 mm anuales debido a las masas marítimas que llegan del Atlántico. Las temperaturas oscilan entre los 26 ºC en la costa y los 29 ºC en el inte- rior, donde durante los meses de enero y febrero sopla el harmattan, viento continental seco. 2 FICHA PAÍS GHANA 1.3. Indicadores sociales que se sucedieron en las políticas monetarias de los países desarrollados, especialmente en Estado Unidos. Por tanto, la situación a mitad de 2014 Renta per cápita: 1.811€ (2017) era insostenible lo que llevó a firmar un Programa con el Fondo Monetario Índice de Gini: 0,42 (UNDP 2013) Internacional en abril del 2015 a 3 años con un desembolso cerca de 920 Esperanza de vida (2017): 62,74 millones de dólares. Crecimiento de la población % (2012-2016): 9,8% (EIU 2016) IDH (Valor numérico/nº de orden mundial): 0,592 / 140 (UNDP 2017) Se consensuó con el nuevo Gobierno del NPP prorrogarlo hasta abril de Ránking de la Brecha de Género: 89 (2018) 2019, si bien finalmente el programa se cerró técnicamente en diciembre Porcentaje de población bajo el umbral de la pobreza extrema (menos de 1 2018. La visita a mediados de diciembre de 2018 de Christine Lagarde ha USD al día): 9,9% en 2013 (18,2% en 2006) significado la escenificación del apoyo al país si bien resaltó que a pesar Porcentaje de población bajo el umbral de la pobreza moderada (menos de 2 de algunos logros macroeconómicos aún persisten varios “desafíos” como USD al día): 24,2% en 2013 (28,5% en 2006) el elevado nivel de deuda, la reducida base fiscal, la fragilidad del sistema Fuente: UNDP, UNICEF, Banco Mundial, EIU financiero y un nivel relativamente bajo de reservas. 1.4. Estructura del Producto Interior Bruto La puesta en práctica del programa ha experimentado una significativa me- jora en la economía. Especialmente en el 2017 los principales indicadores PIB POR SECTORES DE ACTIVIDAD Y POR COMPONENTES DEL GASTO (%) han conseguido significativos logros: POR SECTORES DE ORIGEN 2014 2015 2016 2017 Primario 21,5 20,2 18,9 18,3 • el crecimiento se ha recuperado de las cifras registradas en 2015 y 2016 Agricultura 16,8 15,7 14,5 14,2 de un 3,5% a un 8,4% en 2017, mucho más de las proyecciones del FMI. Ganadería 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,1 Se prevé un crecimiento del 6,3% en 2018. Pesca 1,2 1,0 1,1 1,2 Silvicultura 2,3 2,3 2,1 1,9 • el déficit fiscal ha disminuido de forma ostensible: pasando de 10,1% en Secundario 26,5 26,6 24,3 25,5 2014 a 6% en 2017 estando previsto que se reduzca al 4,5% en 2018, si Minería 8,0 5,4 4,3 5,9 bien la previsión del FMI es del 6,4%. De hecho, el fuerte ajuste fiscal de Industria manufacturera 4,9 5,1 2,1 4,5 estos años ha llevado a experimentar un superávit primario del 0,77%. Y Construcción 12,7 14,8 13,7 13,7 una caída en el ratio deuda/PIB del 73,4 registrado en 2016 a un 71,8% Electricidad 0,4 0,6 1,1 1,0 en 2017 una caída por primera vez desde 2011. Se prevé que para el Agua 0,5 0,7 0,5 0,5 2018 la deuda alcance un 70,3%, sobre todo por el incremento del deno- Terciario 52,0 53,2 56,8 56,2 minador. Finanzas 8,4 7,4 9,4 8,8 Propiedad de vivienda 3,6 4,0 4,0 4,1 • La inflación ha seguido disminuyendo desde el 15,4 en 2016 hasta el Administración pública 5,4 5,0 5,4 5,4 11,8% en diciembre de 2017, resultado de una política monetaria estricta Comercio 5,6 6,4 6,4 6,3 y del cese del recurso del Gobierno a financiar el déficit con emisión de Hoteles, bares y restaurantes 5,6 6,2 5,9 5,8 moneda. La última cifra es otra nueva disminución hasta el 10,4% en Transporte 12,3 13,0 13,3 12,8 marzo de 2018. Se prevé alcance el 8% en diciembre de 2018. Comunicaciones 2,3 2,4 3,3 3,6 Educación 3,6 3,8 4,0 4,3 • El cedi se ha depreciado sólo un 5% durante 2017, apoyado por la parti- Salud 1,1 1,1 1,4 1,5 cipación de no residentes en el mercado de emisión de bonos nacional y Otros servicios 4,1 3,9 3,7 3,5 una mejoría mayor de lo esperado en la balanza de pagos. Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 POR COMPONENTES DEL GASTO • Asimismo, un notable crecimiento de las exportaciones ha permitido una Consumo 90,7 92,8 92,7 n.D reducción del déficit por cuenta corriente a un 5,8% en 2017. El oro, el Consumo privado 81,3 83,1 83,6 n.D. cacao, y el petróleo han favorecido este resultado. Las importaciones a su Consumo público 9,4 9,7 9,1 n.D. vez, disminuyeron de forma que la balanza de pagos ha registrado un su- Formación bruta de capital fijo 17,9 14,5 13,6 n.D. perávit del 2,3%, a su vez apoyada en un las entradas de capital, lo que ha Exportaciones de bienes y servicios 39,5 45,5 41,0 n.D. permitido un crecimiento de las reservas hasta los 5.500 M$ a diciembre Importaciones de bienes y servicios 49,0 55,1 48,2 n.D. de 2017. Discrepancia estadística 0,9 2,3 0,9 n.D. Total 100,0 100,0 n.D. N.D. • Las reservas también están mejorando levemente a 3 meses de importa- Fuente: GSS ciones, acercándose a la referencia habitual de cobertura de 3 meses de Última actualización: enero de 2019 importaciones de bienes y servicios. Contando con el visto bueno del FMI, el Gobierno emitido un “eurobono” de 2.500 M$. Parte, 1.750 M$ se 1.5. Coyuntura económica dedicarán a reajustar los vencimientos de deuda, ampliando los plazos. El resto se dedicará a proyectos críticos para el plan de desarrollo del Gobier- Ghana es sin duda un referente para el continente. La primera década del no: en infraestructuras (creación de 4 líneas de ferrocarril, y carreteras), siglo XXI fue muy buena: durante 2007-2013 el PIB creció a una media del salud (hospitales), así como sanidad, agricultura y educación. 8,3%. Traspasó el umbral de la renta media-baja en 2010 (a causa del creci- miento y a causa del cambio de la contabilidad nacional al SCN-93). Cuenta La clave del desarrollo económico ghanés descansa en mantener el ajuste con una clase media formada, sus instituciones son más estables, es demo- fiscal lo que abundará en la credibilidad en la economía y permitirá seguir la crática y su índice de corrupción es más bajo que otros países de la zona.
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