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Ghana-Cote D'ivoire Relations in Post Itlos Maritime Boundary Judgement

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Ghana-Cote D'ivoire Relations in Post Itlos Maritime Boundary Judgement University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LEGON CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AND DIPLOMACY LECIAD) UNIVERSITY OF GHANA GHANA-COTE D’IVOIRE RELATIONS IN POST ITLOS MARITIME BOUNDARY JUDGEMENT BY GERTRUDE ADZO MANSA KUMORDZIE NARH (10695459) THIS DISSERTATION IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LEGON JULY 2019 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I hereby declare that, this study is the result of an original research conducted by me under the supervision of Dr. Ken Ahorsu and all the sources, both primary and secondary sources, referred to in this study have been duly cited. This research has not been presented either in part or in whole for any other purpose. GERTRUDE ADZO MANSA KUMORDZIE NARH DR. KEN AHORSU (STUDENT) (SUPERVISOR) DATE: 4TH SEPTEMBER, 2020 DATE: 4TH SEPTEMBER, 2020 i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my family especially my mother, Selina A. Tordzro and father, Emmanuel M. Kumordzie. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to first and foremost thank the almighty God for his guidance and mercies in the course of this study. My sincere thanks go to my supervisor Dr. Ken Ahorsu for his advice, guidance and astounding capacity for long hours to read through the work. To my husband Frederick and my son Jerrell, I hope to make it up to you all the time I stole from you to pursue this program. The following officials helped immensely by providing the relevant information on Ghana-Cote d’Ivoire Relations in Post ITLOS Judgment. Ambassador Albert Francis Yankey (Chief Director, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration); Mrs. Audrey Abayena (Director Legal and Consular Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration); Mr. Nana Adusei Poku (Geomatic Engineer, Ghana National Petroleum Company, GNPC and Technical committee member for Ghana Cote d’Ivoire case); Dr. Godwin Djokoto (Ghana Law School, University of Ghana Legon and a Technical committee member for Ghana Cote d’Ivoire case); Dr. Yao Gebe (LECIAD, University of Ghana); Prof. Makina, (University of Geneva). I would like to also acknowledge the assistance rendered by Mr. Charles Kluche, the Director and the entire staff of LECIAD for their various contributions. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AU - African Union Bp - Boundary Pillar BP - British Petroleum CCC - Le Conseil du Café-Cacao CLCS - Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf CNRA - National Center of Agronomic Research COCOBOD - Ghana Cocoa Board CRIG - Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana CS - Continental Shelf CZ - Contiguous Zone DRC - Democratic Republic of Congo ECAS - European Conference on African Studies ECJ - European Court of Justice ECOWAS - Economic Community of West African States ECPF - ECOWAS Conflict Prevention Framework EEZ - Exclusive Economic Zone GATT - General Agreement on Tariff GIS - Geographic Information System ICJ - International Court of Justice IMF - International Monetary Fund ITLOS - International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea IW - International Waters iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LOS - Law of Sea MOU - Memorandum of Understanding NBI - Nile Basin Initiative NM - Nautical Miles OAU - Organization of African Unity PCA - Permanent Court of Arbitration PCIJ - Permanent Court of International Justice PGMs - Platinum group metals PNDC - Provisional National Defence Council SPA - Strategic Partnership Agreement TEN - Tweneboa-Enyenra-Ntomme Fields TS - Territorial Sea UN - United Nations UNCLOS - United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea WTO - World Trade Organisation WWII - World War II v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. ix ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Statement of the Research Problem .............................................................................................. 7 1.2 Research Questions ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Research Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Scope of Research ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.5 Rationale of the Study ................................................................................................................ 10 1.6 Theoretical Framework .............................................................................................................. 11 1.7 Literature Review ...................................................................................................................... 14 1.8 Sources of Data and Research Methodology ............................................................................... 27 1.8.1 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................... 27 1.8.2 Research Design..................................................................................................................... 28 1.8.3 Study population and Sampling methodology ......................................................................... 28 1.8.4 Analysis and Discussion ......................................................................................................... 30 1.8.5 Limitation and De-Limitation of Study ................................................................................... 30 1.9 Arrangement of Chapters ........................................................................................................... 31 REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................................................. 35 AN OVERVIEW OF NATURAL RESOURCE (BOUNDARY) CONFLICTS IN AFRICA ........... 35 2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 35 2.1 Resource-Based Conflicts ......................................................................................................... 36 2.2 Natural Resource Boundary Conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa ..................................................... 38 2.2.1 The Nile Basin ....................................................................................................................... 39 vi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2.2.2 Malawi-Tanzania Lake Nyasa (Malawi) Conflict .................................................................... 40 2.2.3 Great Lakes Region ................................................................................................................ 43 2.3 Ghana-Cote d’Ivoire Maritime Boundary Dispute ...................................................................... 44 2.3.1 Ghana's Position ........................................................................................................................... 51 2.3.2 Côte d'Ivoire's Position ........................................................................................................... 52 2.4 The Judgement ........................................................................................................................... 53 2.5 The Main Items of the Judgements ............................................................................................. 55 2.5.1 The Jurisdiction of the Special Chamber ....................................................................................... 55 2.5.2 Tacit Agreement..................................................................................................................... 56 2.5.3 Estoppel ................................................................................................................................
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