Sobarocephala (Diptera: Clusiidae: Sobarocesphalinae)—Subgeneric Classification and Revision of the New World Species

ZOOTAXA

3370

Sobarocephala (Diptera: Clusiidae: Sobarocesphalinae)—Subgeneric classification and Revision of the New World species

OWEN LONSDALE1 & STEPHEN A. MARSHALL2 1 - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]. Corresponding author. 2 - Insect Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. E-mail: [email protected].

Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand

Accepted by D.J. Bickel: 21 Mar. 2012; published: 4 Jul. 2012 OWEN LONSDALE & STEPHEN A. MARSHALL Sobarocephala (Diptera: Clusiidae: Sobarocesphalinae)—Subgeneric classification and Revision of the New World species (Zootaxa 3370) 307 pp.; 30 cm. 4 Jul. 2012 ISBN 978-1-86977-923-8 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-924-5 (Online edition)

FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2012 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/

© 2012 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use.

ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition)

Introduction ...... 7 Biology ...... 8 Materials & methods ...... 9 Sobarocephala Czerny, 1903 [Synonymy] ...... 10 Generic diagnosis ...... 10 Generic description ...... 10 Species groups ...... 11 Key to the species groups of Sobarocephala ...... 17 Key A) Key to the species of Sobarocephala found south of the United States, excluding those of the S. flaviseta species group ...... 18 Key B) Key to the species of the Sobarocephala flaviseta species group found south of the United States ...... 30 Species descriptions of New World Sobarocephala (alphabetical within species groups): ...... 35 1) Sobarocephala archisobarocephala species group...... 35 0.1 S. archisobarocephala spec. nov. Figs 169, 180–182...... 35 0.1 S. atuberosa spec. nov. Figs 65, 186–188...... 36 0.2 S. basilobellus spec. nov. Figs 129, 183–185...... 36 0.3 S. disrupta spec. nov. Figs 118, 189–191...... 37 2) Sobarocephala flava species group ...... 38 0.1 S. affinis (Johnson, 1913) ...... 38 0.2 S. atricornis Sabrosky & Steyskal, 1974 ...... 38 0.3 S. flava Melander & Argo, 1924 Fig. 782 ...... 38 0.4 S. latifrons (Loew, 1860) ...... 38 0.5 S. lobillis spec. nov. Figs 71, 192–194...... 38 0.6 S. muesebecki Sabrosky & Steyskal, 1974 ...... 39 0.7 S. pengellyi Lonsdale & Marshall, 2007b ...... 39 0.8 S. wirthi Lonsdale & Marshall, 2007b ...... 40 3) Sobarocephala latipennis species group ...... 40 0.1 S. apophysis spec. nov. Figs 201–203...... 40 0.2 S. araguamyia spec. nov. Figs 102, 213–215...... 40 0.3 S. bucki spec. nov. Figs 107, 216–218...... 41 0.4 S. dimidiata (Hennig, 1938) Figs 100, 219–221...... 42 0.5 S. emarginata spec. nov. Figs 109, 207–209...... 43 0.6 S. epeira spec. nov. Figs 111, 112, 231–236...... 43 0.7 S. latipennis Melander & Argo, 1924 Figs 42, 114, 228–230...... 44 0.8 S. liturata Melander & Argo, 1924 Figs 98, 225–227...... 45 0.9 S. palpata spec. nov. Fig. 104 ...... 47 0.10 S. paripollicis spec. nov. Figs 96, 195–197...... 48 0.11 S. patina spec. nov. Figs 105, 198–200...... 49 0.12 S. peruana Soós, 1965 status nov. Fig. 90 ...... 49 0.13 S. plumatella Melander & Argo, 1924 Figs 106, 210–212...... 50 0.14 S. sinuata spec. nov. Fig. 113 ...... 51 0.15 S. spinaria spec. nov. Figs 143, 222–224...... 52 0.16 S. tschirnhausi spec. nov. Figs 108, 204–206...... 52 4) Sobarocephala ruebsaameni species group ...... 53 0.1 S. cacumen spec. nov. Figs 33, 55, 246–248...... 53 0.2 S. compta spec. nov. Figs 35, 53...... 54 0.3 S. finnilaei Frey, 1918 Figs 31, 57, 243–245...... 55 0.4 S. nebrias spec. nov. Figs 32, 54, 249–251...... 55 0.5 S. notabina spec. nov. Fig. 52 ...... 56 0.6 S. notalis spec. nov. Figs 37, 58...... 57 0.7 S. parrhasios spec. nov. Figs 39, 167, 240–242...... 57 0.8 S. reducta spec. nov. Figs 36, 59, 255–257...... 58 0.9 S. ruebsaameni Czerny, 1903 Figs 13, 25, 34, 60, 252–254...... 59 0.10 S. speciosa spec. nov. Fig. 56 ...... 61 0.11 S. zeuxis spec. nov. Figs 168, 237–239...... 61 5) Sobarocephala erwini species group ...... 62 0.1 S. aprica spec. nov. Figs 261–263...... 62 0.2 S. erwini spec. nov. Figs 40, 267–269...... 63 0.3 S. virgulatissimus spec. nov. Figs 130, 264–266...... 63 6) Sobarocephala setulocetra – unplaced ...... 64 0.1 S. setulocetra spec. nov. Figs 84, 258–260...... 64 7) Sobarocephala isla species group ...... 65

NEW WORLD SOBAROCEPHALA (DIPTERA: CLUSIIDAE) Zootaxa 3370 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 3 0.1 S. amniocolis spec. nov. Figs 81, 309–311...... 65 0.2 S. aquilonaria spec. nov. Figs 151, 297–299...... 65 0.3 S. dorsoplicella spec. nov. Figs 1, 128, 330–332...... 66 0.4 S. epraka spec. nov. Figs 2, 131, 291–293...... 67 0.5 S. eukteana spec. nov. Figs 9, 149, 294–296...... 68 0.6 S. fissura spec. nov. Figs 144, 270–272...... 69 0.7 S. freidbergi spec. nov. Figs 171, 306–308...... 70 0.8 S. furviala spec. nov. Figs 103, 333–335...... 70 0.9 S. guianica Curran, 1934 Fig. 123 ...... 71 0.10 S. heteroseta spec. nov. Figs 92, 273–275...... 72 0.11 S. hispidifunda spec. nov. Figs 8, 166, 303–305...... 72 0.12 S. hyalina spec. nov. Figs 68, 288–290...... 73 0.13 S. isla Curran, 1939 Figs 48c, 115, 179, 336–338...... 74 0.14 S. jatunsacha spec. nov. Figs 4, 117, 282–284...... 76 0.15 S. lanei Curran, 1939 Figs 48b, 73, 74, 315–320...... 77 0.16 S. mexicana spec. nov. Figs 150, 300–302...... 78 0.17 S. minthomyia spec. nov. Figs 110, 276–278...... 79 0.18 S. pilata spec. nov. Figs 69, 285–287...... 80 0.19 S. prolixa spec. nov. Figs 132, 321–323...... 80 0.20 S. quadratus spec. nov. Figs 127, 279–281...... 81 0.21 S. quadrivittata Czerny, 1929 Figs 72, 312–314...... 82 0.22 S. sectilis spec. nov. Figs 140, 327–329...... 82 0.23 S. soosi Steyskal, 1973 ...... 83 0.24 S. tecta spec. nov. Figs 133, 324–326...... 84 0.25 S. vittatifrons Hennig, 1938 Fig. 89 ...... 84 8) Sobarocephala interrupta species group (excluding the S. pectinaria subgroup) ...... 84 0.1 S. adelphodasys spec. nov. Figs 101, 176, 339–341...... 85 0.2 S. anthracina spec. nov. Figs 88, 387–389...... 86 0.3 S. colima spec. nov. Figs 76, 369–371...... 86 0.4 S. dichotomos spec. nov. Figs 87, 378–380...... 87 0.5 S. dikros spec. nov. Figs 63, 384–386...... 89 0.6 S. horizontalis spec. nov. Figs 152, 360–362...... 90 0.7 S. howdenorum spec. nov. Fig. 78 ...... 90 0.8 S. interrupta Sabrosky & Steyskal, 1974 Fig. 17 ...... 91 0.9 S. jaliscana spec. nov. Figs 348–350...... 91 0.10 S. lucibilis spec. nov. Figs 61, 375–377...... 92 0.11 S. maquipucuna spec. nov. Figs 342–344...... 92 0.12 S. minima spec. nov. Figs 345–347...... 94 0.13 S. pubens spec. nov. Figs 351–353...... 94 0.14 S. quadristylus spec. nov. Figs 83, 357–359...... 95 0.15 S. schildimyia spec. nov. Figs 77, 372–374...... 96 0.16 S. schistos spec. nov. Figs 64, 178, 381–383...... 96 0.17 S. serpentina spec. nov. Figs 11, 80, 363–365...... 97 0.18 S. surinamensis spec. nov. Figs 70, 366–368...... 98 0.19 S. theiodes spec. nov. Figs 354–356...... 99 0.20 S. verticalis spec. nov. Fig. 75 ...... 99 9) Sobarocephala interrupta species group, S. pectinaria subgroup...... 100 0.1 S. angulata spec. nov. Figs 5, 6, 119, 545–547...... 100 0.2 S. ankistrion spec. nov. Figs 450–452...... 102 0.3 S. annulata Melander & Argo, 1924 Figs 125, 405–407...... 103 0.4 S. biovata spec. nov. Figs 62, 459–461...... 104 0.5 S. bistrigata (Kertesz, 1903) Figs 154, 464–466...... 105 0.6 S. bivittata Melander & Argo, 1924 Figs 41, 44, 85, 548–550...... 106 0.7 S. bulbipenis spec. nov. Figs 86, 530–532...... 107 0.8 S. bulbosus spec. nov. Figs 126, 177, 467–469...... 110 0.9 S. carina spec. nov. Figs 456–458...... 110 0.10 S. centrella spec. nov. Figs 145, 566–568...... 111 0.11 S. conciliata spec. nov. Figs 147, 554–556...... 112 0.12 S. daidaleos spec. nov. Figs 26–30, 93, 408–410...... 113 0.13 S. dorsata Czerny, 1903 Figs 43, 121, 429–431...... 114 0.14 S. dreisbachi Sabrosky & Steyskal, 1974 ...... 115 0.15 S. echinata spec. nov. Figs 48a, 170, 435–437...... 115 0.16 S. elegans Czerny, 1929 Fig. 148 ...... 116 0.17 S. epitriangulina spec. nov. Figs 66, 473–475...... 117

4 · Zootaxa 3370 © 2012 Magnolia Press LONSDALE & MARSHALL 0.18 S. falcata spec. nov. Figs 136, 482–484...... 118 0.19 S. ferruginea Czerny, 1903 Figs 414–416...... 118 0.20 S. fritilla spec. nov. Figs 38, 124...... 119 0.21 S. fuscina spec. nov. Figs 122, 432–434...... 120 0.22 S. ganodes spec. nov. Figs 447–449...... 121 0.23 S. gorgopenis spec. nov. Figs 488–490...... 121 0.24 S. gigantigena spec. nov Figs 494–496...... 122 0.25 S. grammula spec. nov. Figs 142, 506–508...... 123 0.26 S. grimaldii spec. nov. Fig. 157 ...... 123 0.27 S. hypopygialis Melander & Argo, 1924 Figs 82, 485–487...... 124 0.28 S. idiogenes spec. nov. Figs 137, 533–535...... 125 0.29 S. incompta spec. nov. Figs 479–481...... 125 0.30 S. infuscata spec. nov. Figs 134, 411–413...... 126 0.31 S. lachnosternum Melander & Argo, 1924 ...... 127 0.32 S. lineola spec. nov. Figs 172, 426–428...... 127 0.33 S. lita spec. nov. Figs 497–499...... 128 0.34 S. longipollex spec. nov. Figs 155, 518–520...... 129 0.35 S. lumbalis (Williston, 1896) Figs 116, 417–419...... 129 0.36 S. maculata spec. nov. Figs 156, 527–529...... 130 0.37 S. malleata spec. nov. Figs 491–493...... 131 0.38 S. melanothrix spec. nov. Figs 163, 524–526...... 131 0.39 S. nigronota Melander & Argo, 1924 Figs 95, 557–559...... 132 0.40 S. ochroapicalis spec. nov. Figs 164, 438–440...... 133 0.41 S. oculata spec. nov. Figs 165, 515–517...... 134 0.42 S. ovata spec. nov. Figs 173, 462–463...... 134 0.43 S. pectinaria spec. nov. Figs 10, 162, 390–392...... 135 0.44 S. periglenes spec. nov. Figs 453–455...... 137 0.45 S. phimosis spec. nov. Figs 138, 500–502...... 137 0.46 S. plaumanni spec. nov...... 138 0.47 S. polypectica spec. nov. Figs 120, 542–544...... 138 0.48 S. protea spec. nov. Figs 160, 423–425...... 139 0.49 S. pseudotuberculata spec. nov. Figs 509–514...... 141 0.50 S. setipes Melander & Argo, 1924 Fig. 18 ...... 142 0.51 S. spatulata spec. nov. Figs 14, 94, 97, 402–404...... 142 0.52 S. subapiculata spec. nov. Figs 141, 393–395...... 143 0.53 S. subsolana spec. nov. Figs 91, 396–401...... 144 0.54 S. subtriangulina spec. nov. Figs 67, 470–472...... 145 0.55 S. synapta spec. nov. Figs 161, 551–553...... 145 0.56 S. texensis Sabrosky & Steyskal, 1974 ...... 146 0.57 S. thrinax spec. nov. Figs 135, 441–443...... 146 0.58 S. thysania spec. nov. Figs 146, 563–565...... 148 0.59 S. tibialis spec. nov. Figs 79, 536–538...... 148 0.60 S. tridentata spec. nov. Figs 139, 476–478...... 149 0.61 S. valida (Williston, 1896) Figs 153, 444–446...... 150 0.62 S. vestigialis spec. nov. Figs 174, 420–422...... 151 0.63 S. virilipeza spec. nov. Figs 45, 175, 503–505...... 151 0.64 S. vulgaris spec. nov. Figs 12, 24, 158, 521–523...... 152 0.65 S. xanthomelana Melander & Argo, 1924 Figs 99, 560–562...... 155 0.66 S. xanthotibialis spec. nov. Figs 159, 539–541...... 156 10) Sobarocephala flaviseta group – S. humeralis grade ...... 157 0.1 S. abaca spec. nov. Figs 586, 689–691...... 157 0.2 S. alajuela spec. nov. Figs 589, 668–670...... 158 0.3 S. albomaculata Soós, 1965 Figs 578, 665–667...... 159 0.4 S. atrifacies Sabrosky & Steyskal, 1974 Fig. 577 ...... 161 0.5 S. aurulenta spec. nov. Figs 656–658...... 161 0.6 S. brasiliensis spec. nov. Figs 585, 677–679...... 161 0.7 S. carelessi spec. nov. Figs 573, 659–661...... 162 0.8 S. distincta spec. nov. Fig. 592 ...... 163 0.9 S. diversa spec. nov. Figs 591, 686–688...... 164 0.10 S. dives Czerny, 1929 stat. reinst. Figs 588, 674–676...... 165 0.11 S. fascipennis Melander & Argo, 1924 Figs 590, 695–697...... 166 0.12 S. flaviseta (Johnson, 1913) Figs 19, 50, 570...... 167 0.13 S. gaimarii spec. nov...... 167 0.14 S. hastata spec. nov. Fig. 572 ...... 168

NEW WORLD SOBAROCEPHALA (DIPTERA: CLUSIIDAE) Zootaxa 3370 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 5 0.15 S. heredia spec. nov. Figs 584, 698–700...... 168 0.16 S. humeralis Melander & Argo, 1924 Fig. 594 ...... 169 0.17 S. latifacies Sabrosky & Steyskal, 1974 Fig. 571 ...... 170 0.18 S. melanderi spec. nov. Figs 587, 680–682...... 170 0.19 S. melanopyga Czerny, 1929 Figs 583, 683–685...... 171 0.20 S. nigroantenna Soós, 1962 Figs 575, 650–652...... 172 0.21 S. nigropilosa spec. nov. Figs 576, 653–655...... 173 0.22 S. opposita spec. nov. Fig. 574 ...... 175 0.23 S. panamaensis Soós, 1965 Fig. 579 ...... 175 0.24 S. pedicellus spec. nov. Figs 580, 662–664...... 177 0.25 S. puntarenas spec. nov. Figs 593, 692–694...... 177 0.26 S. rincon spec. nov. Figs 581, 671–673...... 178 0.27 S. uberis spec. nov. Figs 49, 582...... 178 11) Sobarocephala flaviseta group – Sobarocephala plumata clade ...... 180 11.1 S. acinaca spec. nov. Figs 629, 732–734...... 180 11.2 S. barberi spec. nov. Fig. 633 ...... 181 11.3 S. beckeri Hennig, 1938 Fig. 598 ...... 182 11.4 S. bicolor spec. nov. Fig. 600 ...... 182 11.5 S. boliviana Soós, 1963 Fig. 622 ...... 183 11.6 S. clarendonensis spec. nov. Figs 637, 741–743...... 183 11.7 S. columbiensis Soós, 1962 Fig. 626 ...... 184 11.8 S. coracina spec. nov. Fig. 596 ...... 184 11.9 S. cruciata spec. nov. Figs 639, 738–740...... 185 11.10 S. cruciger Sabrosky & Steyskal, 1974 Figs 646, 747–749...... 186 11.11 S. depauloi spec. nov. Fig. 640 ...... 187 11.12 S. discolor (Soós, 1964a) Fig. 630 ...... 187 11.13 S. douglasae spec. nov. Figs 597, 701–703...... 188 11.14 S. dudichi Soós, 1963 Figs 634, 753–755...... 189 11.15 S. festiva Czerny, 1929 Figs 612, 717–719...... 189 11.16 S. fumipennis Soós, 1963 Fig. 645 ...... 190 11.17 S. geranokalia spec. nov. Figs 641, 723–725...... 191 11.18 S. hansoni spec. nov. Fig. 736 ...... 192 11.19 S. horologium spec. nov. Figs 621, 774, 775...... 192 11.20 S. inflata spec. nov. Fig. 609 ...... 193 11.21 S. leptolineata spec. nov. Figs 614, 756–758...... 194 11.22 S. macalpinei Soós, 1964b Figs 46, 47, 631...... 195 11.23 S. mathisi spec. nov. Figs 620, 759–761...... 195 11.24 S. medinai Steyskal, 1973 Fig. 635 ...... 196 11.25 S. megatuberosa spec. nov. Figs 623, 778, 779...... 196 11.26 S. merzi spec. nov. Figs 627, 768, 769...... 197 11.27 S. monolineata spec. nov. Fig. 613 ...... 197 11.28 S. naranjo spec. nov. Figs 615, 616...... 198 11.29 S. nigrofacies Soós, 1962 Figs 606, 713–715...... 199 11.30 S. nigrohumeralis Curran, 1928 Figs 618, 762–764...... 200 11.31 S. nivea spec. nov. Figs 744–746...... 200 11.32 S. paieroi spec. nov. Fig. 619 ...... 201 11.33 S. pakitza spec. nov. Figs 603, 707–709...... 202 11.34 S. pallida spec. nov...... 202 11.35 S. parallela spec. nov. Figs 628, 776, 777, 780...... 203 11.36 S. parkeri spec. nov. Figs 643, 644, 737...... 204 11.37 S. picta Hennig, 1938 Figs 21, 569, 735...... 204 11.38 S. pictipennis (Kertesz, 1903) Fig. 649 ...... 206 11.39 S. pictofacies spec. nov. Fig. 601 ...... 206 11.40 S. pilosipes spec. nov. Figs 632, 729–731...... 207 11.41 S. plumata Melander & Argo, 1924 Figs 617, 772, 773...... 208 11.42 S. pruinosa Soós, 1962 Figs 647, 750–752...... 208 11.43 S. quadrimaculata Soós, 1963 Figs 22, 25, 770, 771, 781, 783...... 209 11.44 S. rafaeli spec. nov. Fig. 624 ...... 209 11.45 S. robusta spec. nov. Fig. 595 ...... 210 11.46 S. sabroskyi Soós, 1963 Fig. 602 ...... 211 11.47 S. sexvittata Soós, 1964b Fig. 648 ...... 211 11.48 S. silvana spec. nov. Figs 726–728...... 212 11.49 S. spica spec. nov. Fig. 642 ...... 212 11.50 S. styskali Soós, 1963 Figs 611, 720–722...... 213

6 · Zootaxa 3370 © 2012 Magnolia Press LONSDALE & MARSHALL 11.51 S. strigata Hennig, 1938 Figs 605, 704–706...... 214 11.52 S. sublimita spec. nov. Fig. 599 ...... 215 11.53 S. tinctoalata spec. nov. Figs 765–767...... 215 11.54 S. tuberofacies spec. nov. Fig. 610 ...... 216 11.55 S. upala spec. nov. Fig. 638 ...... 217 11.56 S. ustulata spec. nov. Figs 607, 716...... 217 11.57 S. variegata Melander & Argo, 1924 Figs 23, 604, 710–712...... 218 11.58 S. vittatohumeralis spec. nov. Fig. 636 ...... 220 11.59 S. zeugma Hennig, 1938 Fig. 608 ...... 220 Acknowledgements ...... 221 Literature cited...... 221

Abstract

Sobarocephala Czerny is divided into nine newly erected species groups: the S. archisobarocephala (4 spp.), S. erwini (3 spp.), S. flava (8 New World spp.; 2 Old World spp.), S. flaviseta (86 New World spp.; 1 Old World sp.), S. interrupta (86 spp.), S. isla (25 spp.), S. latipennis (16 spp.), S. plumicornis (9 Old World spp.), and S. ruebsaameni (11 spp.) groups; 1 species (S. setulocetra spec. nov.) remains unplaced. There are 240 species of Sobarocephala in the New World, including 17 Nearctic (2 extend into the Neotropical Region) and 170 new species, some of which were previously considered varieties of S. humeralis Melander & Argo. The Neotropical fauna is here described, illustrated, keyed, and placed in a phy- logenetic context. Sobarocephala peruana Soós stat. nov., formerly a subspecies of S. nigronota Melander & Argo, is raised to the species level, S. imitans Curran syn. nov. and S. diversipes Curran syn. nov. are synonymized with S. liturata Melander & Argo, S. annulata albiventris Soós syn. nov. is synonymized with S. annulata Melander & Argo, S. albitarsis Czerny syn. nov. is synonymized with S. humeralis, and S. pruinosa pallidor Steyskal syn. n. is synonymized with S. pruinosa Soós. Lectotypes are designated for S. bistrigata (Kertesz) , S. lumbalis Williston, S. plumicornis Lamb and S. variegata Melander & Argo. The egg of S. uberis spec. nov. is described.

Key words: Neotropical Region, revision, 170 new species, species groups, syn. nov., stat. nov. Diptera, Clusiidae, Soba- rocephala.

Introduction

The most speciose genus in the family Clusiidae (Diptera: Schizophora) is Sobarocephala Czerny (subfamily Sobarocephalinae), an infrequently encountered but highly diverse group of flies defined by two synapomorphies of the male genitalia: an additional sclerite at the base of the distiphallus (the “basal shield”) and an accessory thumb-like structure on the paraphallus (treated as the “lateral lobe of the distiphallus” in Lonsdale & Marshall (2006a)) (Fig. 182). Although the basal shield has become secondarily fused to the distiphallus or the basiphallus in a small number of species (Fig. 365, for example), and the “thumb” is frequently modified or reduced, these two synapomorphies effectively differentiate this genus from other Clusiidae. There are no apparent non-genitalic synapomorphies for the genus, but Sobarocephala can nonetheless be diagnosed externally on the basis of the following combination of characters: the anterior fronto-orbital bristle is inclinate (reclinate in the Clusiodinae exclusive of Heteromeringia Czerny), the mid tibia has a dorsal preapical bristle (absent in Allometopon Kertész, Clusia Haliday, Heteromeringia, Melanoclusia Lonsdale & Marshall, Phylloclusia Hendel, Procerosoma Lonsdale & Marshall and Tetrameringia McAlpine) while the hind tibia does not (present in Czernyola Bezzi, Clusiodes Coquillett and Hendelia Czerny), vein R1 is bare dorsally (setose in Chaetoclusia Coquillett), there are only two dorsocentral bristles, the extension on the outer margin of the pedicel is strongly produced (not shallow as in most Clusiodinae) and the scutellum is smooth and convex (flat and wrinkled in most Clusiodinae). Cell bm is also open, as in the closely related Procerosoma, but this cell has become secondarily closed in a number of lineages, particularly within the S. flaviseta species group. There are 240 species of Sobarocephala now known from the New World, including 15 species restricted to the Nearctic and two (S. atrifacies and S. quadrimaculata) found in both the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. Of the Neotropical species revised here, 170 are described as new, including a number of former varieties described after 1960 that did not meet the requirements of the ICZN (1999), as discussed below.