DOCSLIB.ORG

St'át'imc Legal Traditions Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
St'át'imc Legal Traditions Report REVITALIZING INDIGENOUS LAW FOR LAND, AIR AND WATER St’át’imc Legal Traditions Report St’át’imc elders at a St’át’imc RELAW story workshop on August 4th, 2016 in T’ít’q’et. Clockwise from top left: Yvonne Scotchman, Linda Redan, Ida Mary Peter, Marie Barney, Doreen Copeland, Albert Joseph Revitalizing Indigenous Law for Land, Air and Water St’át’imc Legal Traditions Report This report on St’át’imc legal traditions related to land, resources and environmental decision-making was developed as part of the RELAW (Revitalizing Indigenous Law for Land, Air and Water) project, under the direction of the St’át’imc Chiefs Council (SCC). It was made possible through a Learning Partnership Agreement between the SCC and the West Coast Environmental Law Research Foundation (WCEL), a non-profit environmental law organization. RELAW is a project of WCEL, supported and advised by the University of Victoria Faculty of Law’s Indigenous Law Research Unit. St’át’imc RELAW Team Members: Lindsay Borrows (WCEL), Helen Copeland (SCC), Jessica Clogg (WCEL), Dean Billy (SCC) Acknowledgements: We express deep gratitude to the almost 300 Úcwalmicw (citizens of the St’át’imc Nation) who were involved in the St’át’imc RELAW Project over the course of one year from June 2016 to May 2017. People generously attended workshops, shared their insights into the stories and St’át’imc law, and gave input on how the project should be conducted. The St’át’imc RELAW project brought together people young and old, from all parts of the territory, to work towards a common cause. We especially thank the elders who shared their wisdom and knowledge with us. Transformers once walked and travelled by water through St’át’imc territory making the land habitable and good. We hope these materials provide Page 2 of 203 information about St’át’imc law so that the land and water can continue to be cared for in a good way. Traditions are for the living. As people see fit over time, this summary of St’át’imc legal principles could be discussed, changed, and supplemented in accordance with St’át’imc processes and procedures. The laws contained herein are meant to live and breathe in people, not simply exist on paper. Funding for the St’át’imc RELAW Project was generously provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the SCC. _______________________________________ This report was produced for educational purposes and to deepen understanding of St’át’imc law amongst all peoples. It is a contribution to the ongoing process of learning and revitalizing St’át’imc legal traditions and does not purport to be comprehensive or conclusive. The copyright of this report is held by the St’át’imc Chiefs Council in trust for all St’át’imc. The information contained herein is available for non- commercial use by any St’át’imc person. It may be cited for academic purposes. The St’át’imc Nation and the Elders and knowledge holders quoted herein maintain intellectual property rights in the oral histories and cultural information contained in this report, which are protected by international human rights law. This report may not be reproduced or copied in whole or in part for commercial use or profit except with their written permission. In particular, this report or any oral histories or cultural information shared in it may not be relied on by non-St’át’imc in any negotiation, or legal or administrative proceeding, without the prior, written permission from the St’át’imc Chiefs Council. _______________________________________ St’át’imc Chiefs Council West Coast Environmental Law P.O. Box 1420 200-2006 West 10th Ave. Lillooet, BC V0K 1V0 Vancouver, BC V6J 2B3 Tel: (250) 256-7523 Tel: (604) 684-7378 www.statimc.ca www.wcel.org Page 3 of 203 ST’ÁT’IMC TERRITORY Page 4 of 203 THE ST’ÁT’IMC NATION - INTRODUCTION We are St’át’imc. We speak St’át’imcets.1 Created by the Transformers, our home is situated at an intersection of deep gorges in the lee of the Northwest Coast Mountains now referred to as British Columbia. We have been placed here by the Creator to live and be stewards of this land. Our inherent responsibility is to live in mutual accord with all, to care for, protect and honor all living beings here. To us, this is ‘Nxekmenlhkálha’ (our ways/our laws). Since contact, our way of life has been altered forever. Within just a little over a century: our people have been devastated by disease; our land has been under constant threat of theft; we have been designated as being wards of the Canadian government; and our people were exiled to reserves. Forbidden through Canadian legislation to practice our beliefs and speak our language, we were stripped of the fundamentals of our culture. Racism and abuse became the norm for us, as generations of St’át’imc children were stolen and placed in residential schools (government sanctioned institutions) where being terrorized and abused was the standard. In sum, we have been the victims to a system of cultural genocide. The past century has been devastating and tragic, not only for us but other first peoples across Canada. The truth is told. However, this portion of history is not our future. We are survivors! We are the epitome of cultural strength and perseverance. The Canadian government has attempted to extinguish us (our title and rights), to sever our obligations to the land, the plants, the animals, the medicines and ties to one another. No more! We rise above in unity and embrace sovereignty and the right to self-determination. We embrace our inherent duties, responsibilities, philosophies, jurisdictions and authorities whole-heartedly. We will continue to embrace the unwritten systems of governance. Our Indigenous governance institutions and our cultural practices are integral parts that strengthen our relationship with nature, the environment and the ecosystems of our people. Even the practices of fishing, hunting, gathering and trading have a fundamental role that helps create the foundation of St’át’imc sovereignty and self- 1 Also referred to as Ucwalmícwts – the language of the people. Page 5 of 203 determination, by showing us that culture and biodiversity –the human and the natural world –are not separate. In fact, they are interdependent and constitute the reality of our world: A unified world, whose existence depends on the exercise of our self-determination. Therefore, we rectify the imbalance that has been created. Our first and foremost priority is to collectively embrace our culture and nurture our ties to one another and to the land. Our second priority is to collectively ensure continuity, exercising and asserting our title and rights. This will be accomplished through a unified vision of a St’át’imc government. Our model of government is based on indigenous accountability and St’át’imc law. According to Tom Mexsis Happynook, indigenous accountability “is being accountable to the universe, the earth, the lands, the waters, air and natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable.” Accountability is also “to our ancestors, histories, societies, cultures, spirituality, belief systems, customary life ways, communities, extended families and families.” Accountability means maintenance – as Indigenous peoples “we must maintain all that is important to us and be accountable to self-determination,” to ensure our voices are heard, our wishes are acknowledged and abided by as it relates to ourselves and this territory.2 Our strength is in our voice. Establishing and maintaining a strong St’át’imc government and revitalizing our laws will strengthen St’át’imc self- determination and provide certainty that the natural order of things is our inherent responsibility bestowed upon us by the Creator. With an established St’át’imc government, what occurs on our lands and in our territory will be at our discretion and under our protection and responsibility. Our Legal Tradition Before contact, the St’át’imc had a system of governance that was unwritten. Its foundation was based on our relationships with one another, our culture and our intrinsic connection to nature and Mother Earth. Our history and laws are written on the land and have been shared through oral tradition for generations. 2 Online at: http://www.turtleisland.org/news/news-happynook.htm. Page 6 of 203 Our stories are significant because they remind us where we came from and anchor us to the land, our culture, and to one another. They remind us of our spiritual and cultural connection to this territory. They embody our laws. For example, the Transformer stories tell of the time when the Transformers came through our territory to set things right and give the knowledge of how to live in the St’át’imc way. In this ancient time, the land and water were shaped by the Transformers to make them habitable for the St’át’imc. Other stories tell of our ancestors surviving a great flood on a raft lashed to Nsteks Mountain, and how they brought the animals and birds back to the land and water after the flood. These and other stories contain important legal principles that can assist the St’át’imc in responding to contemporary environmental challenges. The Declaration of the Lillooet Tribe is also an important and symbolic document in the history of relations between the St’át’imc and the governments of Canada and British Columbia. The Declaration was signed at a gathering in Spences Bridge on May 10, 1911 by seventeen St’át’imc chiefs on behalf of all St’át’imc people. Today the St’át’imc Chiefs Council (SCC) is entrusted to collectively ensure title and rights of the St’át’imc are never extinguished, and that territorial and cultural integrity are honored, respected and protected as stated in the Declaration.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flooding the Border: Development, Politics, and Environmental Controversy in the Canadian-U.S
    FLOODING THE BORDER: DEVELOPMENT, POLITICS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROVERSY IN THE CANADIAN-U.S. SKAGIT VALLEY by Philip Van Huizen A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) June 2013 © Philip Van Huizen, 2013 Abstract This dissertation is a case study of the 1926 to 1984 High Ross Dam Controversy, one of the longest cross-border disputes between Canada and the United States. The controversy can be divided into two parts. The first, which lasted until the early 1960s, revolved around Seattle’s attempts to build the High Ross Dam and flood nearly twenty kilometres into British Columbia’s Skagit River Valley. British Columbia favoured Seattle’s plan but competing priorities repeatedly delayed the province’s agreement. The city was forced to build a lower, 540-foot version of the Ross Dam instead, to the immense frustration of Seattle officials. British Columbia eventually agreed to let Seattle raise the Ross Dam by 122.5 feet in 1967. Following the agreement, however, activists from Vancouver and Seattle, joined later by the Upper Skagit, Sauk-Suiattle, and Swinomish Tribal Communities in Washington, organized a massive environmental protest against the plan, causing a second phase of controversy that lasted into the 1980s. Canadian and U.S. diplomats and politicians finally resolved the dispute with the 1984 Skagit River Treaty. British Columbia agreed to sell Seattle power produced in other areas of the province, which, ironically, required raising a different dam on the Pend d’Oreille River in exchange for not raising the Ross Dam.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Power for Vancouver Island
    NUCLEAR POWER FOR VANCOUVER ISLAND i •• • .. •. ;^ ; At the requc Canada limited generation of m NUCLEAR POWER FOR VANCOUVER ISLAND At the request of the Greater Nanaimo Chamber of Commerce, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited has been most happy to prepare these notes on many aspects of the generation of nuclear power on Vancouver Island. The 23 topics are as listed in the letter of Mr. David D. Hart, President of the Chamber, which is reproduced herewith. ; Our study shows that Vancouver Island is a logical area for the application of nuclear power. - . • We would be glad to try to answer any questions arising from these notes, or to refer . those interested to AECL or other publications giving more detailed information on specific subjects. •- - Ji. Gray President Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, • - ,275 Slater Street, . ; , - Ottawa; Ontario . ' -'-.,',' Í K1A0S4 , ,'•'••• • ? fii 2nd edition Covtr photo show« th« Douglw Point N,icl»ar Ganaiiting Station which i« part of tha Bruca Nuclaar Pcwyar Daválopmant on Laka - Huron.-' ,•'*•• '• " ~•-, > . ° I • ".'. ,,\ % INDEX List of Illustrations 2 Summary 3 Explanatory Notes and Abbreviations 4 How a Nuclear Plant Works .: 5 Letter from Mr. David D. Hart 8 Topics Suggested by Greater Nanaimo Chamber of Commerce 9 ILLUSTRATIONS i i;i Fig. No. Page I ii 1 Comparison of Nuclear with Conventional Power 5 I 2 Flow diagram of Nuclear Power Plant 5 !| 3, 540 MW Turbo-Generator. 5 I - 4 Pickering Nuclear Generating Station 6 )| , 5 Douglas Point Nuclear Generating Station 6 if 6 . Map showing Canadian Atomic Energy Establishments 7 I •-"-"• p. 7 Burrard Thermal Generating Plant 7 I 8 Ontario Hydro's Nuclear Training Centre for Operators 15 9 NPD Generating Station • • • I6 -' ' 10 Effects of Inflation on Power Costs 18 11 Fuel Bundle;.
    [Show full text]
  • Vancouver, B.C. May 11, 1976 Volume 50
    MACKENZIE VALLEY PIPELINE INQUIRY IN THE MATTER OF THE APPLICATIONS BY EACH OF (a) CANADIAN ARCTIC GAS PIPELINE LIMITED FOR A RIGHT-OF-WAY THAT MIGHT BE GRANTED ACROSS CROWN LANDS WITHIN THE YUKON TERRITORY AND THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, and (b) FOOTHILLS PIPE LINES LTD. FOR A RIGHT-OF-WAY THAT MIGHT BE GRANTED ACROSS CROWN LANDS WITHIN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES FOR THE PURPOSE OF A PROPOSED MACKENZIE VALLEY PIPELINE and IN THE MATTER OF THE SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT REGIONALLY OF THE CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND SUBSEQUENT ABANDONMENT OF THE ABOVE PROPOSED PIPELINE (Before the Honourable Mr. Justice Berger, Commissioner) Vancouver, B.C. May 11, 1976 PROCEEDINGS AT COMMUNITY HEARING Volume 50 The 2003 electronic version prepared from the original transcripts by Allwest Reporting Ltd. Vancouver, B.C. V6B 3A7 Canada Ph: 604-683-4774 Fax: 604-683-9378 www.allwestbc.com APPEARANCES Mr. Ian G. Scott, Q.C. Mr. Ian Waddell, and Mr. Ian Roland for Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry Mr. Piere Genest, Q.C. and Mr. Darryl Carter, for Canadian Arctic Gas Pipeline Lim- ited; Mr. Alan Hollingworth and Mr. John W. Lutes for Foothills Pipe- lines Ltd.; Mr. Russell Anthony and pro. Alastair Lucas for Canadian Arctic Resources Committee Mr. Glen Bell, for Northwest Territo- ries Indian Brotherhood, and Metis Association of the Northwest Territories. INDEX Page WITNESSES: Gilbert COOK, Steve CARPENTER, Lonnie HINDLE 4853 Daniel O'BRIEN 4854 Peter B. HOLMES 4860 Bernard GILLIE and Mrs. Mavis GILLIE 4864 Douglas DOBYNS 4874 Rev. Jack SHAVER and Rev. Art ANDERSON 4880 Richard STACE-SMITH 4885 Philip PAUL 4897 John DALY 4904 John LITTLEDALE 4908 Douglas PIMLOTT 4911 Miss Celia KOVAL 4915 Harry BURROW, Joan ST.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Literature Related to Movements of Adult Salmon and Steelhead Past Dams and Through Reservoirs in the Lower Snake River
    i'i US Army Corps of Engineers Walla Walla District A Review of Literature Related to Movements of Adult Salmon and Steelhead Past Dams and Through Reservoirs in the Lower Snake River T.C. Bjornn and C.A. Peery U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit 19970403 014 October 1992 mm QUAIIST? rsagwEBD i Technical Report 92-1 A REVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATED TO MOVEMENTS OF ADULT SALMON AND STEELHEAD PAST DAMS AND THROUGH RESERVOIRS IN THE LOWER SNAKE RIVER T.C. Bjornn and C.A. Peery U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843 for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Walla Walla District April 1992 Table of Contents Abstract Introduction 1 Study Area and Fish of Concern 1 Factors Influencing Migrations 5 Migration in Natural Rivers 7 Migration Past Dams ■) 5 Entry Into Fishways 16 Tailrace flow patterns 17 Powerhouse discharges 18 Power peaking 20 Spillway discharge patterns 21 Fishway entrances 24 Migration Through Fishways 25 Passage Through the Navigation Locks 30 Fallback At Dams 30 Migration In Reservoirs 38 Flows 42 Temperatures 44 Turbidity 44 Nitrogen Supersaturation 45 Other Factors 46 "Losses" During Migration 48 Discussion 5-) Literature Cited 55 Additional Related Literature 67 Abstract A synthesis of published and unpublished literature on the upstream migration of adult salmon and steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss, with particular reference to passage through reservoirs and over dams, was prepared as part of an evaluation of fish passage through the lower Snake River. Most of the information on adult migrations in the Snake and Columbia rivers was collected on chinook salmon O.
    [Show full text]
  • Historic Steelhead Abundance
    Part III. Historic Steelhead Abundance Conclusion In the attempt to piece together a history of Hoh River steelhead, it has been necessary to examine the steelhead histories of neighboring river basins of the Olympic Peninsula – the Queets, Quileute, and Quinault – as well as Puget Sound and the Stillaguamish River, in order to collect enough data to develop a regional pattern that can help to fill in the many historic blanks. The history of the harvest of sea otters was also examined. Sea otters provide the example of an animal whose original North Pacific Rim range was nearly identical to that of steelhead, whose abundance was great, and whose near extinction was strictly that of overharvest with little compromise of habitat at the time. And lastly, the example of Alaska's Situk River is examined where a steelhead population was targeted for purposeful eradication, went into great depletion, and then through management changes has made considerable progress toward steelhead recovery. The combined comparisons of these steelhead histories found there was a general pattern of great steelhead depletion that has occurred with steady progression over the past 80 to 120 years since the advent of industrial level fish harvests whose motivation was strictly immediate profit as the culmination to a human cultural/economic shift that occurred on the West Coast of North America. In some cases wild steelhead populations were targeted for harvest by the varied economic interest groups, in others they were incidentally harvested, and in at least one case wild steelhead were a perceived threat to those economic interests and were targeted instead for eradication.
    [Show full text]
  • Matrix Analytic Methods with Markov Decision Processes for Hydrological Applications
    MATRIX ANALYTIC METHODS WITH MARKOV DECISION PROCESSES FOR HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS Aiden James Fisher December 2014 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Mathematical Sciences at The University of Adelaide ÕÎêË@ ø@ QK. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the help and support of various people for all the years I was working on this thesis. My supervisors David Green and Andrew Metcalfe for all the work they did mentoring me through out the process of researching, developing and writing this thesis. The countless hours they have spent reading my work and giving me valuable feedback, for supporting me to go to conferences, giving me paid work to support myself, and most importantly, agreeing to take me on as a PhD candidate in the first place. The School of Mathematical Sciences for giving me a scholarship and support for many years. I would especially like to thank all the office staff, Di, Jan, Stephanie, Angela, Cheryl, Christine, Renee, Aleksandra, Sarah, Rachael and Hannah, for all their help with organising offices, workspaces, computers, casual work, payments, the postgraduate workshop, conference travel, or just for having a coffee and a chat. You all do a great job and don't get the recognition you all deserve. All of my fellow postgraduates. In my time as a PhD student I would have shared offices with over 20 postgraduates, but my favourite will always be the \classic line" of G23: Rongmin Lu, Brian Webby, and Jessica Kasza. I would also like to give special thanks to Nick Crouch, Kelli Francis-Staite, Alexander Hanysz, Ross McNaughtan, Susana Soto Rojo, my brot´eg´eStephen Wade, and my guide to postgraduate life Jason Whyte, for being my friends all these years.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 1976
    INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON F I S H E R I E S C o-M M I S S I O N APPOINTED UNDER A CONVENTION BETWEEN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES FOR THE PROTECTION, PRESERVATION AND EXTENSION OF THE SOCKEYE AND PINK SALMON FISHERIES IN THE FRASER RIVER SYSTEM ANNUAL REPORT 1976 COMMISSIONERS DONALD R. JOHNSON W.R. HOURSTON WILLIAM G. SALETIC RICHARD NELSON DONALD W. MOOS RODERICK HAIG-BROWN NEW WESTMINSTER CANADA 1977 INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES COMMISSION MEMBERS AND PERIOD OF SERVICE SINCE THE INCEPTION OF THE COMMISSION IN 1937 CANADA UNITED STATES William A. Found ........................... 1937-1939 Edward W. Allen ............................ 1937-1951 1957-1957 A. L. Hager ..................................... 1937-1948 B. M. Brennan ................................ 1937-1942 Senator Thomas Reid .................... 1937-1967 Charles E. Jackson ........................ 1937-1946 A. J. Whitmore ............................... 1939-1966 1968-1969 Fred J. Foster ................................. 1943-1947 Olof Hanson ................................... 1948-1952 Milo Moore .................................... 1946-1949 1957-1961 H. R. MacMillan, C.B.E., D.Sc .... 1952-1956 Albert M. Day ................................. 1947-1954 F. D. Mathers ................................. 1956-1960 Alvin Anderson ............................... 1949-1950 W.R. Hourston .............................. 1960- Robert J. Schoettler ...................... 1951-1957 Richard Nelson .............................. 1966-1976 Elton B. Jones ...............................
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the 1972 Northeast Pacific Pink Salmon Workshop
    INFORMATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 161 PROCEED INGS OF THE 1972 NORTHEAST PAC IF IC PINK SAWON WORKSHOP Edited by: Jack E. Bailey Rapporteur - 1972 Pink Salmon Workshop National Marine Fisheries Service STATE OF ALASKA WILLIAM A. EGAN - GOVERNOR DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME SUBPORT BUILDING, JUNEAU 99801 December 1972 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1972 NORTHEAST PACIFIC PINK SALMON WORKSHOP The abstracts and talks reproduced in this report are not to be treated as published material and any reference to their contents should be approved by the author and cited as a personal communication. Edited by: Jack E . Bailey Rapporteur - 1972 Pink Salmon Workshop National Marine Fisheries Service P. 0. Box 155 Auke Bay, Alaska 99821 FOREWORD The Northeast Pacific Pink Salmon Workshops have been held biennially since 1962. The purpose of the workshops is to encourage exchange of ideas, criticisms , questions and suggestions . It is the intent that participants and respective agencies will receive maximum benefit from the meetings through the continuous correspondence long after the adjournment of the workshop. To this end, we have liberally reproduced all material made available by the panel speakers. In addition, we have added one discussion which we believe is of interest to you who attended the workshop. Panel topics were selected from a list of six suggested by the 1970 steering committee. For the first time since the inception of the workshops, two full panels were devoted to artificial propagation and multiple use of watersheds. That these topics are of major importance in the salmon industry is a matter of public record. Perhaps the 1974 steering committee will con- sider a full day devoted to environmental concerns.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Effects of Dams on Migratory Fish in the Mekong River: Lessons from Salmon in the Fraser and Columbia Rivers
    Environmental Management (2011) 47:141–159 DOI 10.1007/s00267-010-9563-6 Potential Effects of Dams on Migratory Fish in the Mekong River: Lessons from Salmon in the Fraser and Columbia Rivers John W. Ferguson • Michael Healey • Patrick Dugan • Chris Barlow Received: 17 September 2009 / Accepted: 2 September 2010 / Published online: 6 October 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC (outside the USA) 2010 Abstract We compared the effects of water resource mainstem dams. Minimizing impacts will require decades development on migratory fish in two North American to design specialized fish passage facilities, dam opera- rivers using a descriptive approach based on four high- tions, and artificial production, and is complicated by the level indicators: (1) trends in abundance of Pacific salmon, Mekong’s high diversity and productivity. Prompt action is (2) reliance on artificial production to maintain fisheries, needed by governments and fisheries managers to plan (3) proportion of adult salmon that are wild- versus Mekong water resource development wisely to prevent hatchery-origin, and (4) number of salmon populations impacts to the world’s most productive inland fisheries, and needing federal protection to avoid extinction. The two food security and employment opportunities for millions of rivers had similar biological and physical features but people in the region. radically different levels of water resource development: the Fraser River has few dams and all are located in trib- Keywords Dams Á Migratory fish Á Fish passage Á utaries, whereas the Columbia River has more than 130 Mitigation Á Fisheries large mainstem and tributary dams. Not surprisingly, we found substantial effects of development on salmon in the Columbia River.
    [Show full text]
  • Its, the Biological and Technical Justification for the Flow Proposal Of
    Its, Er .11,31 The Biological and Technical Justification for the Flow Proposal of the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority Prepared jointly by the members of the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority 2501 S.W. First Ave., Suite 200 Portland, Oregon 97201-4752 February, 1991 The Biological and Technical Justification for the Flow Proposal of the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority Prepared jointly by the members of the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authoritv 2501 S.W. First Ave., Suite 200 Portland, Oregon 97201-4752 Februarv, 1991 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES .................. V SUMMARY ............. .................................................. vi 1. BACKGROUND I A. Introduction 1 B. Historical Perspective 2 ..................................... ................. II. IDENTIFICATION OF THE NEED FOR FLOW 8 A- Juvenile Salmonids 8 1. Migratory Behavior 9 a. Biology ...................................................... 9 b. Control ............................................................ of Migratory Behavior 10 .......... .... .................... 2. Physiological Development @ ............................................... 12 a. Delay and Residualism 13 b. ............................................... Salinity Preference and Tolerance 15 c. "Windows" BioloQical ....................................... of Timeliness and Their Management Implications 16 ........... 3. Predation Losses and Flow 18 a. Time ............................................... Residence Effects on Predation Losses
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Climate Insurance for Pacific Northwest Salmon and Salmon Fisheries: Finding Our Way Through the Entangled Bank
    knudsen.qxp 5/27/2004 2:11 PM Page 121 American Fisheries Society Symposium 43:xx–xx, 2004 © 2004 by the American Fisheries Society Natural Climate Insurance for Pacific Northwest Salmon and Salmon Fisheries: Finding Our Way through the Entangled Bank NATHAN MANTUA1 University of Washington Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans/ School of Marine Affairs Climate Impacts Group, Box 354235 Seattle, Washington 98195-4235, USA ROBERT C. FRANCIS2 University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington 8195-5020, USA Abstract.—This essay focuses on the linkages between climate (variability and change) and sustainable salmon management policies. We show the importance of climate in its effects on salmon production as well as how unpredictable these effects are. Our assessment leads us to conclude that the treatment of environmental uncertainty poses a fundamental conflict between the kind of policies that have been traditionally used in fishery management—basically command and control policies that assume predictability and assert engineering solutions to just one or a few aspects of highly complicated problems—and what the environmental variabil- ity dictates—policies that embrace environmental variability and uncertainty and acknowl- edge a lack of predictability for salmon ecosystems. In this regard, we conclude that three things need to happen in order to integrate climate information into sustainable salmon man- agement policies: 1. De-emphasize the role of preseason run-size predictions in management activities. 2. Emphasize preseason and in-season monitoring of both the resource and its environment. 3. Focus on strategies that minimize the importance of uncertain climate variability and change scenarios to increase the resilience of short and long-term planning decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • Annualreport1971.Pdf
    PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OP RECREATION AND CONSERVATION HON, \V. K. K1J?.RNAN, h1inistcr Ll.OYD BROOKS, Aclit1$ t>cplil)' /.1itlisltr REPORT OF THE Department of Recreation and Conservation containing Jht rtp(Jrts of tire GENERAL ADMINISTRATION, FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH, PROVINCIAL PARKS BRANCH, BRITISH COLUMBIA PROVINCIAL MUSEUM, At"-'D COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BRANCH Year E11ded December 3/ 1971 Printed by K. ~1. ~iAC()ON.1.U>, Priri;cr to O>C Ql,:ecn'&bf<»t Ex«elknt ~taje.sty lA ri.&ht or the PrcwiNe of British Columbia. 1'72 \ VICTORIA, BRITISH COLUMBIA, JUN!! 30, 1972 To Colonel tire llonourable JOHN R. NICHOLSON, P.C., O.B.E., Q.C., LL.D., Lieutenam-Govemor of tire Province of British Columbia. MAY IT PLEASE YOUR HONOUR: Herewith I beg respectfully to submit the Annual Report of the Department of Recreation and Conservation for the year ended December 31, 1971. W. K. KIERNAN MiniSter of Recreation and Conservation VICTORIA, BRITISH COLllMllIA, JUNE 29, 1972 The Ho11011rable W. K. Kiema11, Mi11ister of Recreatio11 aml Conservation. Sm: I have the honour to submit the Annual Report of the Department of Recreation and Conservation for the year ended December 31, 1971. LLOYD BROOKS Acti11g Depwy Mi11ister of Recreation a11d Conservation CONTENTS ,_ Introduction by the Acting Deputy Minister of Recreation and Conservation General Administration 9 Fish and Wildlife Branch 15 Provincial Parks Branch 63 . -----------------·------ British Columbia Provincial Museum 97 Commercial Fisheries Branch 125 I ") I ! I l.I. I li.•l Report of the Department of Recreation and Conservation, 1971 LLOYD BROOKS, ACTll<O DBPUTY MINISTER ANO CoMMISSIONER OF FISHERlllS Th"TRODUCTIO ' The increased emphasis on 311 in1egxatcd approach 10 resources management throughout the Province, and the general concern over environmental quality by citizens, by industry, and by related resource agencies, Federal nod Provincial, bas added a new and demanding dimension to the work o( this Department.
    [Show full text]