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Volume 2 Sockeye Salmon Studies on the Nechako

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Volume 2 Sockeye Salmon Studies on the Nechako VOLUME 2 SOCKEYE SALMON STUDIES ON THE NECHAKO RIVER RELATIVE TO THE POTENTIAL KEMANO I1 POWER DEVELOPMENT. INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES COMMISSION NEW WESTMINSTER, B.C. FEBRIJAKY , 1979 Although the major part of the funding for these studies was provided by the Bitish Columbia Hydro and Power Authority, the findings and opinions expressed wihin the report are solely those of the author agency. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction Nechako River Sockeye Salmon Populations Effect of Low Flow on Transportation of Adult Sockeye Effects of High Water Temperatures on Migrating Adult Sockeye Observed High Water Temperatures and Sockeye Mortalities Predicted Effect of Kemano I1 on Water Temperatures Measurement of Physical Data Method of Calculated Water Temperatures Predicted Water Temperatures for Extreme Weather Conditions Cooling Water Discharge Required for Temperature Control Predicted Effect of Kemano I1 on Dissolved Gas Concentration Volume of Water Required for Transportation Flow Possible Downstream Effects of Flow Diversion Conclusions Literature Cited Appendis . , . Tables A-1 to A-11, Figures A-1 to A-18 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Timing of adult sockeye migrations in 5 Nechako River. Table 2. Sockeye salmon spawning populations in 6 Nechako River tributaries. Table 3. Annual commercial catch of sockeye 7 produced from Nechako River tributaries. Table 4. Annual Indian food fishery catch of sockeye produced from Nechako River tributaries. Table 5. Monthly mean air temperatures at Fort 19 St. James, in OF. Table 6. Mean monthly maximum air temperatures 20 at Fort St. James, in 0 F. Table 7. Maximum air temperatures at Fort St. 2 1 James, in 0 F. Table 8. Highest mean daily water temperature in 22 Nechako and Stuart Rivers at their confluence, July 20 to August 31, and frequency of temperatures higher than 68'5' and 70'~. Table 9. Difference between mean daily water temperatures in Nechako and Stuart Rivers at their confluence. Table 10. Success of spawning of Early Stuart sockeye. Table 11. Success of spawning of Early Nadina sockeye for years when mean daily temperatures in Nechako River were above 70'~. Table 12. Nechako River and tributary discharge stations operated by Inland Waters Directorate, Department of Environment. LIST OF TABLES (Cont'd) Page Table 13. Average discharges of Nechako, Nautley 34 and Stuart Rivers for July, August and September, in cfs. Table 14. Mean daily discharges at Skins Lake spillway for July, August and September, 1974 and 1975, in cfs. Table 15. Mean daily discharges of Nechako River above Twin Creek near Irvines for July, August and September, 1974, in cfs. Table 16. Mean daily discharges of Nechako River below Greer Creek for July, August and September, 1974, in cfs. Table 17. Mean daily discharges of Nechako River at Fort Fraser for July, August and September, 1974 and 1975, in cfs. Table 18. Mean daily discharges of Nautley River for July, August and September, 1974 and 1975, in cfs. Table 19. Mean daily discharges of Nechako River 40 at Vanderhoof for July, August and September, 1974 and 1975, in cfs. Table 20. Mean daily discharges of Stuart River 41 near Fort St. James for July, August and September, 1974 and 1975, in cfs. Table 21. Water temperature recording stations 42 in the study area. Table 22. Summary of physical data for Nechako 50 River at selected discharges. Table 23. Comparison of measured and calculated 56 hourly temperatures for different solar radiation coefficients. LIST OF TABLES (Cont'd) Page Table 24. Mean difference between measured and 58 calculated temperatures. Table 25. Travel time of Nechako River in hours, 59 Cheslatta-to-Nautley and Nautley-to- Stuart reaches. Table 26. Computed temperatures of Nechako 61 River above Stuart for 1974 weather conditions and assumed river flows at Cheslatta compared to recorded temperatures for the actual discharge. Table 27. Temperatures and discharges in Nechako 62 River for the days of highest mean daily water temperature in 1951, 1971, 1974 and 1975. Table 28. Maximum air temperatures at Vanderhoof, 63 in 0 F. Table 29. Comparison of calculated and measured 65 mean daily water temperatures of Nechako River above Stuart River in 1971, using simulated extreme weather data. Table 30. Bathythermograph readings in Nechako 72 reservoir near Kenney Dam, in 0 F. Table 31. Oxygen and nitrogen concentrations in 74 Nechako reservoir near Kenney Dam. Table 32. Oxygen and nitrogen concentrations in 75 the upper Nechako River on August 22, 1974. Table 33. Oxygen and nitrogen concentrations in 76 the lower Nechako, Nautley and Stuart Rivers on August 12-14, 1975. Table 34. Calculated values of reaeration 77 coefficient in the upper Nechako River. LIST OF TABLES (Cont'd) Page Table 35. Calculated concentration of 77 dissolved oxygen and nitrogen in Nechako River above Stuart with only Nautley River inflow and assumed near extreme weather and initial saturation levels. Table 36. Calculated nitrogen and oxygen 7 8 concentration at maximum daily water temperature in a cooling water flow of 4,500 cfs at 45'~from Nechako reservoir under near-extreme weather conditions. Table 37. Calculated nitrogen and oxygen 79 concentration at maximum daily water temperature in a cooling water flow of 4,500 cfs of 45'~from Nechako reservoir under near-extreme weather conditions with aeration at point of release to equilibrate with air. Table 38. Minimum daily discharge of Nautley 82 River from July 20 to September 30, for 1950 to 1975, in cfs. Table 39. Quantity of water in acre-feet required 83 to maintain 1,000 cfs in the Nechako River below Nautley in the period July 20 to September 30, assuming no inflow from the upper Nechako. LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Nechako River watershed, showing the 2 existing hydroelectric diversion to Kemano . Figure 2. Temperature of Stuart River at the 26 confluence with the Nechako from July 10 to August 31, and numbers of sockeye taken in the Indian food fishery at Fort St. James 2 days later. Figure 3. Temperature of Nechako River above the Stuart confluence from July 20 to August 31, and numbers of sockeye taken in the Indian food fishery at Nautley River 2 days later. Figure 4. Nechako River temperature study area. 3 2 Figure 5. Mean daily water temperature, Nechako River at Fort Fraser, 1950-58 and 1974-75. Figure 6. Mean daily water temperature, Nechako 44 River above Stuart, 1950-75. Figure 7. Mean daily water temperature, Nautley 46 River, 1950-75. Figure 8. Mean daily water temperature, Stuart 4 7 River above Nechako, 1950-51, 1953-75. Figure 9. Hourly water temperatures of Nechako 5 7 River above Stuart in the test period August 11-14 and September 3, 1975. Figure 10. Effect of release of cooling water 6 7 from Nechako reservoir on temperatures of the Nechako River above Stuart, July 31, 1960. Figure 11. Effect of release of cooling water 68 from Nechako reservoir on temperatures of the Nechako River above Stuart, July 31, 1971. INTRODUCTION The B. C. Energy Board (1972) has recommended a second stage of development of the Nechako-Kemano project. The Kemano I project ylas built by the Aluminum Company of Canada and produced irs first power in 1957. The water supply for the existing Kemat~o plant comes from impoundment of the natural drainage in the Upper Nechako River basin now stored behind Kenney Dam constructed on the Upper Nechako River at Grand Canyon. From October 1952 until June 1955 no water entered the Nechako River from above the dam. Controlled flows of up to 600 cfs from Cheslatta Lake provided transportation water for salmon migr'ition, spawning and incubation downstream from the dam. In 1956 the first spill from Nechako reservoir was released through rhe Skins Lake spillway and routed down the Cheslatta system. The 1956 spills were intermittent and small and were partly detained in Cheslatta Lake for build-up of its natural storage. In January, 1957, the Nechako reservoir reached its maximum design elevation and since that time larger flows have been released from the Skins Lake spillway. Figure 1 shows the Nechako River watershed and the Kemano 1 development The Kemano 11 project would require an additional tunnel through the Coast Range to divert a greater portion of the flow of Nechako River above Kenney Dam. The proposed addi- tional diversion would result in greatly reduced flows in the Nechako River, which ~~ouldcorrespond to the conditions pre- viously examined by the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Com- mission and the Canada Department of Fisheries (1951, 1952, 1953). These earlier studies concluded that protection of the sockeye runs to the Nechako K~versystem would require provision of cold ORT ST. JANES SCALE - NILES Figure 1. Nechako River watershed, showing the existing hydroelectric diversion to Kemano. I I water from Nechako reservoir for control of water temperature in the residual Nechako River below Kenney Dam. The facilities needed for this purpose were not provided. The earlier studies also established a transportation flow requirement in the portion of Nechako River between the Nautley and Stuart Rivers. Biological and physical data have been collected in the Nechako region since completion of Kenney Dam in 1952. In 1974 and 1975, British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority paid the costs of a field program for collection of addition- al data required for further investigation of changes in water temperatures and dissolved gas concentrations in the residual Nechako River. This report reviews biological as well as physical data now available and presents conclu- sions based on this review. NECHAKO RIVER SOCKEYE SALMON POPULATIONS Sockeye salmon migrate up Nechako River from the Fraser River each year in the period July 10 to October 5 (Table I), en route to spawning grounds in the Stuart and Nautley River tributary systems.
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