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Anatomy and Physiology of Hair
Chapter 2 Provisional chapter Anatomy and Physiology of Hair Anatomy and Physiology of Hair Bilgen Erdoğan ğ AdditionalBilgen Erdo informationan is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/67269 Abstract Hair is one of the characteristic features of mammals and has various functions such as protection against external factors; producing sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones; impact on social and sexual interactions; thermoregulation and being a resource for stem cells. Hair is a derivative of the epidermis and consists of two distinct parts: the follicle and the hair shaft. The follicle is the essential unit for the generation of hair. The hair shaft consists of a cortex and cuticle cells, and a medulla for some types of hairs. Hair follicle has a continuous growth and rest sequence named hair cycle. The duration of growth and rest cycles is coordinated by many endocrine, vascular and neural stimuli and depends not only on localization of the hair but also on various factors, like age and nutritional habits. Distinctive anatomy and physiology of hair follicle are presented in this chapter. Extensive knowledge on anatomical and physiological aspects of hair can contribute to understand and heal different hair disorders. Keywords: hair, follicle, anatomy, physiology, shaft 1. Introduction The hair follicle is one of the characteristic features of mammals serves as a unique miniorgan (Figure 1). In humans, hair has various functions such as protection against external factors, sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones production and thermoregulation. The hair also plays important roles for the individual’s social and sexual interaction [1, 2]. -
(PRP) Treatment for Female Androgenetic Alopecia: Review of the Literature
medicina Review Investigating the Safety and Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Treatment for Female Androgenetic Alopecia: Review of the Literature Santo Raffaele Mercuri 1, Giovanni Paolino 1, Matteo Riccardo Di Nicola 1,* and Laura Vollono 2 1 Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy; [email protected] (S.R.M.); [email protected] (G.P.) 2 Via Po 102, 00198 Rome, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Background: female androgenetic alopecia (FAGA) is a common cause of non-scarring alopecia in women, affecting approximately 40% of women by age 50, bearing a significant psy- chosocial burden on affected patients. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been widely investigated as a potential effective treatment for several dermatological conditions, including male androgenetic alopecia (MAGA). However, few studies have been conducted focusing on the use of PRP in FAGA. The aim of this review was to identify reports that investigated the use of PRP for the treatment of FAGA. Methods: Electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) from inception to September 2020 have been searched using different combinations of the following terms: “androgenetic alopecia,” “FAGA,” “female pattern hair loss,” “platelet-rich fibrin,” “platelet-rich plasma,” and “PRP”. Results and conclusions: Eight (n = 8) clinical studies consistent with our research were identified. A total of 197 subjects has been enrolled in the included studies. All of them were adult female patients (mean age: 38.9) affected by female Citation: Mercuri, S.R.; Paolino, G.; Di Nicola, M.R.; Vollono, L. -
Eyebrow Transplant
Case Report J Cosmet Med 2020;4(1):46-50 https://doi.org/10.25056/JCM.2020.4.1.46 pISSN 2508-8831, eISSN 2586-0585 Eyebrow transplant Viroj Vong, MD H.H.H. Hair Transplant Center, Bangkok, Thailand Eyebrow compose of very unique characteristics hair. Only hair from lower nape of occipital scalp or very light pubic hair can match loosely as donor hair. Blonde hair or light color hair give better result. Black Asian hair is more difficult because of the contrast between skin and hair. Design eyebrow follow natural pattern, gender, direction within normal variation is very important to make it look natural. Donor hair can be done by 2 methods. Common one is H.H.H. FUE. FUE is done by extract each unit of hair follicle out from occipital scalp then transplant to eyebrow. Second is Strip harvesting by remove a piece of occipital scalp divide to follicular unit. Then transplant this unit to eyebrow. FUE produce no scar at the occipital scalp (Donor site). Strip harvesting produce a linear scar at the donor site (occipital scalp). Keywords: eyebrow; hair transplant Introduction tion and blood test. He consulted his gastrointestinal specialist in Britain, who confirmed that he was safe to undergo hair The patient was white, male, and 75 years old. He was not transplantation. His vital signs and blood test results for human happy with his eyebrows and thought they were too thin. He immunodeficiency virus (HIV), bleeding time, and coagulation recovered from Crohn’s disease of his colon. At the time of the time were all within their normal limits. -
Diffuse Hair Loss in an Adult Female: Approach to Diagnosis and Management
Review DDiffuseiffuse hhairair llossoss iinn aann aadultdult ffemale:emale: AApproachpproach ttoo Article ddiagnosisiagnosis andand managementmanagement SShyamhyam BBehariehari SShrivastavahrivastava Department of Dermatology ABSTRACT Venereology and Leprosy, Dr Baba Sahib Ambedkar Telogen efß uvium (TE) is the most common cause of diffuse hair loss in adult females. TE, Hospital, Delhi, India along with female pattern hair loss (FPHL) and chronic telogen efß uvium (CTE), accounts for the majority of diffuse alopecia cases. Abrupt, rapid, generalized shedding of normal AAddressddress forfor ccorrespondence:orrespondence: Dr. Shyam Behari club hairs, 2–3 months after a triggering event like parturition, high fever, major surgery, etc. Shrivastava, Department of indicates TE, while gradual diffuse hair loss with thinning of central scalp/widening of central Dermatology Venereology parting line/frontotemporal recession indicates FPHL. Excessive, alarming diffuse shedding and Leprosy, Dr Baba Sahib coming from a normal looking head with plenty of hairs and without an obvious cause is the Ambedkar Hospital, hallmark of CTE, which is a distinct entity different from TE and FPHL. Apart from complete Delhi, India. E-mail: drshrivastavasb@ blood count and routine urine examination, levels of serum ferritin and T3, T4, and TSH should yahoo.com be checked in all cases of diffuse hair loss without a discernable cause, as iron deÞ ciency and thyroid hormone disorders are the two common conditions often associated with diffuse hair loss, and most of the time, there are no apparent clinical features to suggest them. CTE is often confused with FPHL and can be reliably differentiated from it through biopsy which shows a normal histology in CTE and miniaturization with signiÞ cant reduction of terminal to vellus hair ratio (T:V < 4:1) in FPHL. -
What Can Complex Dietary Supplements Do for Hair Loss and How Can It Be Validly Measured—A Review
applied sciences Review What Can Complex Dietary Supplements Do for Hair Loss and How Can It Be Validly Measured—A Review Nicole Braun * and Ulrike Heinrich DermaTronnier GmbH & Co. KG, Institute for Experimental Dermatology at Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 44, 58455 Witten, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 9 June 2020; Accepted: 17 July 2020; Published: 21 July 2020 Abstract: Hair plays a major role in perception within a society. It provides information about gender, age, health, and social status. It is therefore not surprising that those affected are exposed to great suffering due to the widespread occurrence of hair loss. As a result, the demand for new products to remedy this problem is not diminishing. Hair grows in cycles, and a hair follicle goes through several phases called the hair cycle. The active growth phase (anagen phase) lasts 2–6 years. In this state a hair follicle shows a growth of about 1 cm per month. In order to improve the existing hair status, hair should be kept in the active anagen phase as long as possible, or the transition to anagen should be stimulated. A number of reviews already describe the influence of individual active ingredients on hair growth. However, the following review describes existing studies of complex dietary supplements with their experimental weaknesses and strengths and their influence on hair loss. Also, for the determination of hair loss, it is important to use a valid method with high acceptance by the test persons. In this context, the TrichoScale® is a validated and non-invasive tool for quantifying hair loss/hair growth. -
Facial Eruptive Vellus Hair Cysts Occurred After 3% Minoxidil Application
Brief Report mycosis fungoides in Asians. Photodermatol Photoimmunol laser in the treatment of mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Photomed 2012;28:181-186. Dermatol 2014;70:1058-1060. 3. Kanokrungsee S, Rajatanavin N, Rutnin S, Vachiramon V. 5. Jang YH, Jung SE, Shin J, Kang HY. Triple combination of Efficacy of narrowband ultraviolet B twice weekly for hypo- systemic corticosteroids, excimer laser, and topical tacrolimus pigmented mycosis fungoides in Asians. Clin Exp Dermatol in the treatment of recently developed localized vitiligo. 2012;37:149-152. Ann Dermatol 2015;27:104-107. 4. Deaver D, Cauthen A, Cohen G, Sokol L, Glass F. Excimer https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2018.30.1.95 Facial Eruptive Vellus Hair Cysts Occurred after 3% Minoxidil Application Dong Hyuk Eun, Seok Min Kim, Yong Hyun Jang, Seok-Jong Lee, Do Won Kim, Weon Ju Lee Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea Dear Editor: 3% minoxidil application. On histopathological examina- Minoxidil is an antihypertensive agent. Recently, it has been used to treat male pattern hair loss and alopecia areata multiplex1. It is generally well tolerated, but com- mon adverse events include irritation, pruritus, dryness, scaling and unwanted hair growth2. In addition, exacer- bation of hair loss, weight gain, facial swelling, and chest pain have been reported. We report a case with facial eruptive vellus hair cysts caused by the application of 3% minoxidil solution on the scalp for the treatment of hair loss. A 34-year-old woman presented with numerous pinhead- to matchhead-sized papules and vellus hair growth on the entire face, especially on the forehead (Fig. -
Prepubertal Hypertrichosis: Normal Or Abnormal?
Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.63.6.666 on 1 June 1988. Downloaded from 666 Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1988, 63 equation increased r to 0(79. Age added little more a threefold increase of insulin dosage to maintain (r=080). euglycaemia and an acceptable growth spurt. As growth hormone secretion decreases after puberty it Discussion is possible that insulin requirements will also fall in adulthood. These data show a simple linear relation between height velocity and fasting serum insulin concentra- tion. This association is probably indirect and References secondary to changes in IPirart J. Dilabctcs ilcilittis and its dcgcncrativc complications: a circulating growth hormone propcctivc study ol 4 400 patients observed betwccn 1947 and concentration. Growth in mid childhood is growth 1973. Diabetes Care 1978X:1:6-1 883252-63. hormone dependent while that of puberty results I Iiiilndiirsh P. Sillth PJ, Brook CGD. Matthiews DR. The from synergism between growth hormone and cir- relationship betwcen hcight velocity and growthi hormilone sex sccrction in short prcpubcrtal childrcn. Clin LEdaocrinol (Ox]') culating steroids.2 -High circulating concentra- 1987 ;27:58 1-9 1. tions of growth hormone are known to increase 3 Brook CGD. Growth ars.sessmenit in childhood a1t(1 adlolescence. fasting insulin concentrations and to promote insulin Oxford: Blackwcl SciCiltific PuLblications. 1982. resistance at peripheral tissues.' Morgan CR. Lazarow A. Imimiunoassav of insuilin: two aintibody The model proposed supports systciem. Diabetes 1963:12:115-216. the observation of Mauras N. Blizzard IRM. Link K. Johnson ML. Roi,ol AD. an increase in serum insulin concentrations associ- VcidhuLis JD. -
Hormonal Effects on Hair Follicles
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Hormonal Effects on Hair Follicles 1, 1, 2 2 Monika Grymowicz y , Ewa Rudnicka y , Agnieszka Podfigurna , Paulina Napierala , Roman Smolarczyk 1, Katarzyna Smolarczyk 3,* and Blazej Meczekalski 2,* 1 Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 4822 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (E.R.); [email protected] (R.S.) 2 Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4861 Poznan, Poland; agnieszkapodfi[email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (P.N.) 3 Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, 4822 Warsaw, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] (B.M.); Tel.: +48-607243963 (K.S.); +48-504245093 (B.M.) These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 16 July 2020; Accepted: 24 July 2020; Published: 28 July 2020 Abstract: The hair cycle and hair follicle structure are highly affected by various hormones. Androgens—such as testosterone (T); dihydrotestosterone (DHT); and their prohormones, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and androstendione (A)—are the key factors in terminal hair growth. They act on sex-specific areas of the body, converting small, straight, fair vellus hairs into larger darker terminal hairs. They bind to intracellular androgen receptors in the dermal papilla cells of the hair follicle. The majority of hair follicles also require the intracellular enzyme 5-alpha reductase to convert testosterone into DHT. Apart from androgens, the role of other hormones is also currently being researched—e.g., estradiol can significantly alter the hair follicle growth and cycle by binding to estrogen receptors and influencing aromatase activity, which is responsible for converting androgen into estrogen (E2). -
Hypertricosis Not Uncommon After Laser Removal of Facial Hair
48 Dermatologic Surgery S KIN & ALLERGY N EWS • June 2007 Hypertricosis Not Uncommon For Hidradenitis After Laser Removal of Facial Hair Suppurativa, Hair Removal Aids Tx ARTICLES BY laser or intense pulsed light. They re- Several dermatologists who heard MITCHEL L. ZOLER ceived 3-23 treatments. the report at the meeting said that G RAPEVINE, TEX — Hair removal by intense Philadelphia Bureau At follow-up, an average of 10% of their own anecdotal experience con- pulsed light is a useful adjunctive treatment for re- the women had increased facial hair, firmed Dr. Willey’s report. fractory hidradenitis suppurativa, based on experi- G RAPEVINE, TEX. — Facial-hair 8% had no change, 78% had reduced “You can predict which women will ence with 10 patients at one center. removal with laser energy can back- hair growth, and 3% had complete have this. They all have fine, almost Five of the treated patients had clear improvement fire and trigger hypertrichosis if the hair removal. The remaining 1% had downy hair on dark skin that is type in their clinical status after 3-4 hair-removal treat- regimen is not optimized, Dr. An- incomplete information and weren’t III or higher,” said Dr. Jeffrey S. Dover, ments, with reduced or resolved lesions in the treat- drea Willey said at the annual meet- included in the analysis. a dermatologist in private practice in ed area. The remaining five patients had improvement ing of the American Society for Laser Women with hypertrichosis after Chestnut Hill, Mass. after four to eight treatments, Dr. Agneta Troilius said Medicine and Surgery. -
Eruptive Vellus Hair Cysts: Is It a Disease Or a Phenomenon?
Journal of Clinical and Cosmetic Dermatology SciO p Forschene n HUB for Sc i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h ISSN 2576-2826 | Open Access CASE SERIES Volume 2 - Issue 2 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16966/2576-2826.127 Eruptive Vellus Hair Cysts: Is it a Disease or a Phenomenon? Al-Mahmoud BE*, Almaslamani HA, and Al Hayki NA Department of Dermatology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar *Corresponding author: Al-Mahmoud BE, Department of Dermatology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar, Tel: +974 55866615; E-mail: [email protected] Received: 12 Feb, 2018 | Accepted: 23 Mar, 2018 | Published: 28 Mar, 2018 Introduction Eruptive vellus hair cyst (EVHC) is a term proposed Citation: Al-Mahmoud BE, Almaslamani HA, Al Hayki NA (2018) and published for the first time by Esterly et al. [1] in 1977; Eruptive Vellus Hair Cysts: Is it a Disease or a Phenomenon? J Clin describing hyperpigmented monomorphic papular eruption Cosmet Dermatol 2(2): dx.doi.org/10.16966/2576-2826.127 in two children. Since then, many publications have reported Copyright: © 2018 Al-Mahmoud BE, et al. This is an open-access EVHC cases with a broad range of clinical features, such as the article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons cystic lesion, rice grain-like lesions, yellow brown and yellow Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, red or blue papules, papulocystic, and as bluish-gray facial and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author discoloration. EVHC may also appear as persistent acniform and source are credited. -
The Eyebrow Shaving Myth
EMERGENCY MEDICINE ISSN 2379-4046 Open Journal http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/EMOJ-1-107 Review Debunking Medical Myths: The Eyebrow *Corresponding author Shaving Myth Thomas White, DO Senior Resident of Emergency Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine 1* 2 Georgia Regents Medical Center Thomas White and Larry B. Mellick Georgia Regents University Augusta, GA, USA 1 E-mail: [email protected] Senior Resident of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgia Re- gents Medical Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA 2Professor of Emergency Medicine, Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Emergency Medi- Volume 1 : Issue 2 cine, Georgia Regents Medical Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA Article Ref. #: 1000EMOJ1107 Article History ABSTRACT Received: April 16th, 2015 Accepted: May 23rd, 2015 The shaving of eyebrows has long been a clinical taboo. When a patient has a facial Published: May 26th, 2015 laceration or some other facial trauma involving or near the eyebrow, clinicians have classically been taught not to shave the eyebrow for fear that the hair will not grow back or will grow back abnormally. And, the fact that the eyebrow is so important for facial expressions and aesthet- Citation ics further amplifies this concern. In this article, we briefly discuss the problem of perpetuated White T, Mellick LB. Debunking medi- cal myths: the eyebrow shaving myth. medical myths and discussed the outcomes of our review of the literature concerning the belief Emerg Med Open J. 2015; 1(2): 31- that eyebrows should never be shaved. We did not find a single article supporting this teaching 33. doi: 10.17140/EMOJ-1-107 in our review of the literature. -
Human Hair Morphology: a Scanning Electron Microscopy Study on a Male Caucasoid and a Computerized Classification of Regional Differences
Scanning Microscopy Volume 4 Number 2 Article 16 6-1-1990 Human Hair Morphology: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study on a Male Caucasoid and a Computerized Classification of Regional Differences W. M. Hess Brigham Young University R. E. Seegmiller Brigham Young University J. S. Gardner Brigham Young University J. V. Allen Brigham Young University Susan Barendregt Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy Part of the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Hess, W. M.; Seegmiller, R. E.; Gardner, J. S.; Allen, J. V.; and Barendregt, Susan (1990) "Human Hair Morphology: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study on a Male Caucasoid and a Computerized Classification of Regional Differences," Scanning Microscopy: Vol. 4 : No. 2 , Article 16. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy/vol4/iss2/16 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scanning Microscopy by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scanning Microscopy, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1990 (Pages 375-386) 0891 - 7035/90$3.00+.00 Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago (AMF O'Hare) , IL 60666 USA HUMAN HAIR MORPHOLOGY: A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDY ON A MALE CAUCASOID AND A COMPUTERIZED CLASSIFICATION OF REGIONAL DIFFERENCES W. M. Hess, R. E. Seegmiller', J. S. Gardner, J. V. Allen, and Susan Barendregt2 Department of Botany and Range Science, 'Department of Zoology, 2Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 (Received for publication October 16 , 1989, and in revised form June 1, 1990) Abstract Introduction The present study was performed to provide Biologists who summarized early hair studies a better understanding of the morphological (Braun-Falco, 1958; Parakkal, 1969) and used variations of mammalian hair.