Warhol Live : L'« Exposition-Spectacle » Et Ses Logiques Médiatiques

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Warhol Live : L'« Exposition-Spectacle » Et Ses Logiques Médiatiques Warhol Live : l’« exposition-spectacle » et ses logiques médiatiques1 SOPHIE MORAND Depuis les années 1990, marquées par le développement fulgurant des technologies numériques, professionnels et muséologues s’interrogent sur la crise identitaire du musée. Plusieurs fois menacé – par la photographie, la multiplication des lieux d’exposition, et plus récemment par les NTIC (nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication) –, le musée explore de nouvelles pratiques de présentation pour affirmer ses particularités et attirer un plus large public. L’exposition se fait alors événement et s’efforce de moderniser son espace grâce à l’introduction d’autres médias afin de séduire une société de l’écran désormais habituée aux joies de l’entrecroisement médiatique. Cela même participe à la spectacularisation de la présentation muséale sous-entendue dans l’expression « exposition-spectacle ». Mais en quoi consiste précisément cette spectacularisation et quelles en sont les implications ? La mise en relation des termes « exposition » et « spectacle » nous incite à penser cette nouvelle tendance selon une approche intermédiale. Ce choix d’analyse pose alors une première et inévitable question : le musée, ou plus précisément l’exposition muséale est- 1 Mes remerciements les plus sincères à Emma Lavigne (conservatrice du Musée national d’art moderne, Centre Pompidou, commissaire de l’exposition Warhol Live avec Stéphane Aquin et Matt Wrbican, chargée de la conception générale des environnements sonores), pour les précieuses informations et précisions techniques qu’elle a apportées concernant l’exposition (plans, playlist et systèmes de sonorisation). 1 elle à considérer comme un média ? Si les définitions2 courantes n’en font pas mention, les écrits de Jean Davallon3 ont contribué à la démocratisation de cette idée auprès de nombreux autres professionnels et muséologues4. Dans les pages qui suivent, nous décrypterons les enjeux scénographiques des expositions actuelles avec, à l’appui, l’exemple emblématique de l’exposition Warhol Live tout en procédant à une lecture transversale de l’ouvrage écrit par Bolter et Grusin, Remediation : Understanding New Media5. Exposer Warhol Andy Warhol, artiste pop des années 1960-1980, est certainement l’une des personnalités artistiques les plus exposées à travers le monde. Alors que l’exposition Warhol Live du Musée des beaux-arts de Montréal s’achève le 18 janvier 2009, pour se poursuivre à San Francisco6 et se terminer au Andy Warhol Museum de Pittsburgh7, le Grand Palais (Paris) propose, du 18 mars au 13 juillet 2009, une rétrospective des 2 Nous référons ici aux définitions proposées par François Mairesse et André Desvallées (dir.), Vers une redéfinition du musée ?, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2007. Les textes qui y sont réunis sont le fruit d’un colloque organisé par l’IFOCOM à Calgary en 2005 dont l’objectif était de réfléchir aux problèmes identitaires actuels du musée et d’en proposer une nouvelle définition. 3 Voir notamment les articles : Jean Davallon, « Le musée est-il vraiment un média ? », Publics et Musées, n° 2, décembre 1992, p. 99-123 ; « Réflexion sur la notion de médiation muséale », dans Catherine Perret (dir.), L’art contemporain et son exposition, tome 1, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2002, p. 54-61 ; « Pourquoi considérer l’exposition comme un média ? », Médiamorphoses, n° 9, novembre 2003, p. 27-30. 4 En 2003, pour son neuvième numéro, la revue Médiamorphoses propose, en effet, un dossier spécial intitulé « L’exposition, un média » réunissant entre autres les textes de Jean Davallon, Raymond Montpetit, Jean-Paul Natali, Annette Viel ou encore Florence Belaën. 5 Jay David Bolter et Richard Grusin, Remediation : Understanding New Media, Cambridge (Mass.), MIT Press, 1999. 6 Warhol Live, Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, du 14 février au 17 mai 2009, San Francisco. 7 Warhol Live, Andy Warhol Museum, du 10 juin au 15 septembre 2009, Pittsburgh. 2 nombreux portraits qu’il réalisa entre 1967 et 1987, dénommée Le grand monde d’Andy Warhol. Artiste des médias et personnage médiatisé, représentant de la société de consommation des sixties, Warhol est devenu lui-même l’emblème de la consommation artistique : produits dérivés, monographies, films et reportages, expositions, etc. Exposer Warhol, c’est donc bien sûr s’assurer d’un grand nombre d’entrées et de ventes associées, mais c’est aussi redécouvrir les multiples facettes de l’œuvre d’un artiste pour qui tous « les médias sont de l’art8». Né en 1928, Warhol est le contemporain de nombreuses innovations et avancées technologiques (synchronisation du son et de l’image au cinéma, magnétophone portatif, walkman, électrophone, télévision, vidéo, etc.) qui exercent sur lui une véritable fascination et influencent ses créations. Il entame sa carrière dans la publicité comme illustrateur de magazines jusqu’à sa consécration en 1962, fonde le premier art band en 1963 sous le nom de The Druds, devient producteur du groupe Velvet Underground (1965), réalise des films et des vidéos tels que Empire (1963) et Sleep (1964), fonde la revue Inter/VIEW : A Monthly Film Journal en 1969, rebaptisée Andy Warhol’s Interview en 1972, et lance sa propre émission télévisée : The Andy Warhol’s TV à partir de 1980. Exposer Andy Warhol devient aussi prétexte à l’entrecroisement médiatique, au cœur des enjeux artistiques et scénographiques actuels. C’est ainsi que Warhol Live, l’exposition temporaire et itinérante que présente le Musée des beaux-arts de Montréal du 25 septembre 2008 au 18 janvier 2009, permet de redécouvrir les productions d’Andy Warhol à travers l’influence de la musique et, dans une moindre mesure, de la danse. C’est une exposition constituée de douze salles 8 Citation d’Andy Warhol affichée sur l’un des murs de l’exposition. 3 articulées chronologiquement autour de quatre thèmes : « Tuning In », « Sound and vision », « Producer » et « Fame ». Tandis que « Tuning-In » et « Sound and vision » témoignent de la culture musicale personnelle d’Andy Warhol et de l’influence de celle- ci sur ses premières productions, les deux autres placent l’artiste au cœur de la production musicale de son époque. Remediation : « hypermédiateté » (hypermediacy) et « immediateté » (immediacy) À en croire les auteurs de Remediation, Understanding New Media9, tout média remédie. À travers ce phénomène de remédiation, les auteurs identifient deux logiques contradictoires inhérentes : l’hypermédiateté et l’immédiateté. Comme son étymologie le suggère, l’hypermédiateté renvoie à l’hybridation de différents médias, l’exemple le plus frappant étant aujourd’hui l’ordinateur qui réunit, entre autres, son, vidéo et photo. Elle réfère aussi, comme le soulignent Bolter et Grusin, à l’opacité du média lui-même face à son utilisateur, qui constitue un heurt entre deux entités où l’utilisateur prend conscience de la réalité10 du média. Cette même machine informatique, par exemple, peut sembler de prime abord compliquée et éveille une crainte chez certains : peur de ne pas savoir s’en servir, peur d’appuyer sur une mauvaise touche. De même, pour l’utilisateur plus averti, un changement de clavier ou de logiciel peut nécessiter un temps d’adaptation. Inversement, l’immédiateté peut indiquer l’instantanéité de la réception entre l’utilisateur et la réalité remédiée, ou l’immédiateté dialogique entre l’utilisateur et le média alors transparent. 9 Bolter et Grusin, 1999. 10 « Media have the same claim to reality as more tangible cultural artifacts ; photographs, films, and computer applications are as real as airplanes and buildings », ibid., p. 19. 4 L’hypermédiateté offre dès lors une nouvelle grille de lecture pour mieux comprendre les tendances muséales actuelles. Le musée, lieu institutionnel dédié à la collection, la conservation et la diffusion d’œuvres et d’objets inscrits ou à inscrire dans notre patrimoine culturel, serait davantage à concevoir comme un « hypermédia » au sens où l’entend Chiel Kattenbelt, c’est-à-dire comme un média constitué d’autres médias dont il préserve l’intégrité et, d’une certaine façon, l’autonomie11. S’y côtoient objets du quotidien (poteries, meubles, outils, ustensiles), écrits (lettres, partitions, articles, revues), œuvres d’art visuelles (sculptures, peintures, dessins, photographies) et audiovisuelles (films, vidéos, émissions télévisées). Cependant, si le musée a toujours incorporé sans concessions une multitude d’objets et de médias, force est de constater qu’il ne se limite désormais plus à leur simple présence et monstration en remédiant les arts du spectacle, créant ainsi des espaces hypermédiatiques (au sens premier du terme). Qui n’a encore pu constater, au détour d’une exposition, sa théâtralisation ? En témoigne le regard porté par Johanne Lamoureux sur l’exposition Marie-Antoinette12 du Grand Palais (Paris). C’est également un fait illustré par l’exposition Warhol Live, qui retrace la vie de l’artiste à travers un parcours décomposé en quatre univers, séparés par des rideaux de velours noir, dont certaines salles sont agrémentées d’éléments de décor, indépendants des œuvres de Warhol. On remarque depuis une bonne vingtaine d’années déjà le souci et l’intérêt portés par les commissaires à la mise en scène dans le cadre d’expositions temporaires thématiques, et ces nouveaux 11 Freda Chapple et Chiel Kattenbelt, Intermediality in Theatre and Performance, Amsterdam et New York, Rodopi, 2006, p. 37. 12 Johanne Lamoureux, « L’exposition comme produit dérivé. Marie-Antoinette au Grand Palais », Intermédialités, n° 15, « Exposer », printemps
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