South Africa

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Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021

SOUTH AFRICA

Overall risk level

Extreme Defer non-essential travel

Extremely dangerous and presents unpredictable security risks

Chaotic; travel impossible Overview

Emergency Numbers

Medical 112

Upcoming Events

09 September 2021 - 10 September 2021 Medium risk: Zuma trial to resume on 9 September - Update Tight security and protests are widely expected to take place near the High Court in Johannesburg on 9 September when the trial of former president, Jacob Zuma, which triggered deadly unrest, is set to resume. Zuma was sentenced to 15 months in prison for contempt for the court for refusing to attend an inquiry into official corruption. Zuma will attend in person.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 2 Travel Advisories

Extreme risk: Protests over arrest and jailing of former president Zuma Defer non-essential travel to Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces in the near-term due to violent protests and riots over the arrest and sentencing of former president Jacob Zuma.

On 29 June, former president Jacob Zuma was sentenced to 15 months in prison after he refused to attend a corruption inquiry. He was subsequently arrested on 9 July, triggering widespread protests by his supporters, which included incidents of looting and arson attacks on businesses, including hotels. Resulting stampedes and clashes with security forces killed at least 212 people and caused damages estimated at SAR100 million (USD7 million) across Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, including in Soweto and other parts of Johannesburg, Pretoria, Daveyton and Durban, where public transport was also suspended due to the unrest. The military deployed about 25,000 troops to both provinces as of 18 July; at least 3,000 people have been arrested. Protesters have also blocked major highways in the affected areas, including the N3, and targeted communication facilities and numerous malls, including Pavilion shopping centre in Westville, Durban; Ndofaya Mall, Meadowlands, in Soweto; and Mamelodi mall in Pretoria. The authorities called up reservists as the looting has triggered food and fuel shortages; such mobilisation is the first of its kind since the abolition of apartheid in 1994. The worst-hit areas in Gauteng include Evaton, Sebokeng, Vanderbijlpark, Heidleberg, Thembisa, Katlehong, Soweto, Johannesburg and Pretoria, while the most affected ones in KwaZulu-Natal are Durban, Lamont, Port Shepstone, Pietermaritzburg, KwaDukuza and Port Edward. State Security officers are currently investigating reports of attacks on foreigners, particularly those of Indian origin, and possible incidents of xenophobic and ethnic violence in the affected areas, particularly in KwaZulu- Natal. Authorities and businesses in other provinces, including Western Cape, are also on high alert for any potential spillover from the ongoing unrest.

President Zuma has long been a highly polarising political figure in the country. His presidency from 2009-2018 was plagued by major corruption allegations, which he denied and denounced as politically motivated attacks orchestrated by Western powers. He maintains a large base of support, especially among conservative and working-class South Africans, as he fought the apartheid system in the country for 10 years before going into exile and returning to take office. His son, Edward Zuma, is among those leading the protests for his release and he previously said that there would be "blood on the floor" for his father's arrests. The unrest is likely to continue despite the increased security presence and may spread to other provinces.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 3 In-country travellers are advised to limit outdoor movement due to the risk of incidental harm from ongoing violent protest clashes. Xenophobic attacks on foreign nationals are possible. Anticipate robust security and disruptions to overland travel, communications and services across Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces in the near-term. Avoid concentrations of security forces and all demonstrations as police will use heavy-handed measures and arrests to quell dissent. Seek shelter or leave the affected area during unrest. Follow all emergency directives. Review evacuation plans and register all travel details with local embassies; track local media for situational updates.

Moderate risk: Seasonal influenza in the Southern Hemisphere Seasonal influenza occurs in the Southern Hemisphere from May through October, peaking around August. Unvaccinated elderly adults, young children and people with chronic health conditions are at greatest risk. Travellers should ensure they have an up-to-date flu vaccine before departure.

Seasonal influenza is an infectious disease with mostly respiratory symptoms caused by several different influenza viruses, with types A and B causing seasonal epidemics. It is easily transmitted, predominantly via droplet and contact routes and by indirect spread from respiratory secretions on hands, tissues, etc. Infectious aerosols may also play a role in influenza transmission. The incubation period ranges from one to four days, usually being around two days. The symptoms include a sudden onset of fever, cough (usually dry), headache, muscle and joint pain, severe feeling of unwell-being, sore throat and a runny nose. Children may also present symptoms of vomiting or diarrhea. While most people suffer mild illness and recover from fever and other symptoms within a few days to a week or two without requiring medical attention, people of high-risk groups, including pregnant women, children under five years, individuals of age 65 years or older and individuals with chronic or immunosuppressive medical conditions, may suffer from severe illness or death.

Annual influenza epidemics are estimated to cause from three to five million cases of severe illness globally, and around 290,000 to 650,000 respiratory fatalities. However, up to 75 percent of the infections are estimated to be asymptomatic. In temperate climates, which in the Southern Hemiphere includes Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru and other countries, the seasonal flu is most prevalent from May through October. In tropical regions, influenza may occur throughout the year. The influenza activity in the southern hemisphere in 2020 was reported at lower levels than expected for the season, due to social distancing and other measures implemented to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Sporadic influenza detections were reported including in some South American countries including Chile and Paraguay with seasonal influenza B viruses accounting for the majority of infections globally.

The most effective way to prevent seasonal influenza is vaccination. Health authorities

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 4 recommend a yearly vaccine, particularly to high-risk groups and healthcare workers, as the immunity from vaccination wanes over time. However, the effectiveness of vaccines against seasonal influenza varies annually based on several factors, including how well the inoculation is matched with the most prevalent strain of the virus in circulation. For instance, current vaccines tend to work better against influenza B and influenza A(H1N1) than against influenza A(H3N2). The World Health Organisation (WHO) and national health authorities monitor influenza activity in order to implement timely prevention and control strategies, including vaccination campaigns, as a means to avoid overcrowding of clinics and hospitals and high levels of worker/school absenteeism and productivity losses during peak illness periods. The WHO does not recommend any unique measures for travellers or travel restrictions due to seasonal influenza.

Travellers are advised to ensure they have an up-to-date flu vaccine before departure. Adhere to general hygiene measures, such as regular hand washing with proper drying of the hands, good respiratory hygiene – covering mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, using tissues and disposing of them correctly, avoiding touching one’s eyes, nose or mouth, avoiding close contact with sick people and early self-isolation of those feeling unwell, feverish and having other symptoms of influenza to minimise the risk of infecting others in the community. Seek symptomatic treatment and additional medical attention if health deteriorates. Those at high-risk for developing severe or complicated illness are advised to seek antiviral treatment in addition to symptomatic treatment.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 5 Summary

South Africa is an Extreme Risk destination: defer non-essential travel. Extreme Risk locations are extremely dangerous and present unpredictable security risks. Travel, if possible, is likely to be chaotic.

Covid-19 Extreme Risk The emergence of a South African variant of COVID-19 has prompted other countries to implement bans on travel to and from South Africa, and while the new strain appears to be more contagious, there is no evidence that it is more deadly. A level 3 lockdown is currently in place while some 13,000 COVID-19 cases were being detected per day, as of late August 2021.

Political Instability Moderate Risk South Africa is a stable democracy. However, the country has been ruled by one party, the African National Congress (ANC), since the first general elections in 1994 after the end of apartheid. This time period has seen chronic economic mismanagement and corruption in the government, which continues to breed widespread discontent that often takes the form of protests, including in major urban centres such as Johannesburg, Pretoria and Cape Town.

Conflict Moderate Risk Despite occasionally contributing troops to conflicts on the continent, the country as a whole is not engaged in any external warfare. Domestically, the government also faces no armed insurgencies or uprisings.

Terrorism Moderate Risk There were no reported terrorist attacks in the country in 2019. However, the government acknowledged the presence of some elements of the Islamic State (IS) within the country's borders in 2016. South Africa is also home to domestic extremist organisations, including the National Christian Resistance Movement, a white supremacist group, which saw several of its members arrested on charges of plotting attacks against shopping malls and government installations in November 2019.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 6 Unrest Extreme Risk Protests are a common occurrence and often escalate into violent clashes with security forces. Most demonstrations are related to grievances against the government, including its inability to provide basic services such as reliable electricity. Xenophobic-related unrest has also broken out in major metropolitan areas, including in and around Johannesburg in September 2019, when at least ten people were killed and dozens arrested following violent anti-immigrant riots and looting. Similar incidents were also seen in Durban earlier in March 2019.

Crime High Risk Crime remains a serious issue across South Africa. Data from July 2020 indicated that the country was experiencing its highest murder rate in more than a decade. Homicide, rape and armed robbery all occur in Cape Town, Durban, Pretoria and Johannesburg, however, the majority of such violent crime is clustered in depressed economic areas such as the townships and informal settlements that ring major urban centres. Non-violent and petty crimes also increase during the 'festive' (tourism) season, which runs from November to February.

Natural and Environmental Moderate Risk Flooding occurs with some frequency in South Africa during the rainy season (May to November), and due to poor infrastructure in some parts of the country, often leads to widespread electricity cuts in affected areas. The country also experiences two wildfire seasons per year; during summer months in the Western Cape, and the winter in the rest of the country. However, these blazes rarely trigger major disruptions in South Africa's urban centres.

Health and Medical Moderate Risk South Africa possesses strong healthcare facilities in its major cities of Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Pretoria and Port Elizabeth, among others. However, infrastructure is often lacking in more rural areas. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the country remains high, at approximately 20 percent of the general population.

Local Travel Moderate Risk South Africa is home to several world-class international airports. Driving infrastructure in urban areas is generally well maintained, but the quality of roadways can deteriorate quickly upon entry into the countryside. Those travelling by vehicle should be aware that South Africa possesses one of the highest carjacking incident rates in the world, approximately half of which are believed to occur in Gauteng province. Taxi and public transportation is widely available and generally safe, however, petty crime is a danger on the country's intercity and commuter rail systems.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 7 Political Overview : Moderate Risk

Former President Thabo Mbeki governed South Africa since succeeding Nelson Mandela in 1999. Due in large part to the electoral dominance of the African National Congress (ANC) since 1994, Jacob Zuma won the 2009 national elections and secured a second term as president in the 2014 polls. Critics of the ANC have charged that Zuma and other politicians have illegally benefited from their positions in government while many South Africans live in poverty, lacking even the most basic services.

In December 2017, Cyril Ramaphosa was elected as deputy president of the ANC party, with a reformist vision centred around economic growth and the tackling of state corruption. After weeks of growing disagreements and rising popular unrest, the ANC forced Jacob Zuma to hand in his resignation ahead of a no-confidence vote over multiple corruption allegations. Cyril Ramaphosa was elected unopposed and sworn in by Parliament as the new acting president in February 2018.

He was officially re-elected as president following the ruling ANC party's win in the 8 May 2019 legislative elections with 57.5 percent of the vote, down from 62.15 percent in 2014. The elections had the worst voter turnout in the South African history since the independence, with only 65.99 percent showing up to the polls, as disillusioned voters punished the ANC over continued unemployment, poor economic performance and persisting inequality. Growing discontent with the ruling party also led to increased seats in the legislature for the opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) and Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) parties, which won 20.77 and 10.79 percent, respectively.

Despite several years of economic growth South Africa's chronic unemployment problem continues and has further entrenched stark economic and social inequalities between social classes. This and decades of poor political leadership on HIV/AIDS and crime have earned the ruling ANC much scorn. Consequently, the government faces widespread criticism of its economic policies from various sectors of civil society, often in the form of protests and demonstrations. Social movements, such as the labour federation the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), are able to organise countrywide mass protest campaigns. In addition, South Africa's history of apartheid contributes to ongoing racial, xenophobic and ethnic tensions, which are often a source of civil unrest.

While the election of President Cyril Ramaphosa could improve the economic and political situation, his failure to push the ANC towards reforms could also prompt further discontent nationwide.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 8 Recent incidents

10 August 2021 - 11 August 2021 Medium risk: Zuma trial to resume in Johannesburg on 10 August Tight security and protests are widely expected to take place near the High Court in Johannesburg on 10 August when the trial of former president, Jacob Zuma, which triggered deadly unrest, is set to resume. Zuma was sentenced to 15 months in prison for contempt for the court for refusing to attend an inquiry into official corruption. Zuma will attend in person.

10 August 2021 - 11 August 2021 Moderate risk: Zuma trial postponed to 9 September - Update Updated reports indicated that authorities postponed the trial of former president, Jacob Zuma, which triggered deadly unrest and was due to take place today, to 9 September. Zuma was sentenced to 15 months in prison for contempt for the court for refusing to attend an inquiry into official corruption. Zuma will attend in person.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 9 Conflict : Moderate Risk

South Africa has increased its level of security along its border with Zimbabwe to try to stave off the influx of illegal immigrants from that country.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 10 Terrorism

There are no indications that South Africa is a target for international terror attacks, however foreign interests within the country are at risk of being targeted by regional or transnational terrorist organisations.

In July 2016, four South Africans were arrested on charges of planning an attack on the United States Embassy in Pretoria and on buildings owned by members of the Jewish community. The arrests came shortly after United States and United Kingdom authorities warned of an increased threat of terror attacks across upscale shopping areas and malls in Johannesburg and Cape Town, amid the Islamic State’s (IS) international call for attacks during the month of Ramadan.

South Africa is also considered a transit country and possible safe haven for members of regional (East Africa's al-Shabaab and Nigeria's Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta) and international (al-Qaeda) terrorist groups. These groups are thought to take advantage of the country's relatively open borders and pervasive corruption, however the focus of their activities remains outside South Africa.

Domestic Terrorism: The Cape Town-based Qibla and People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD) groups were listed as active during the late 1990s. Both groups are anti-American and anti-Israeli. PAGAD carried out a serious of bombings in Cape Town in the late 1990s, targeting US symbols, like the Planet Hollywood restaurant. In recent years, PAGAD and Qibla appear to be spent forces and to pose a reduced threat.

The right-wing Boeremag movement placed bombs at several sites in and around Johannesburg in 2002, killing one person. Places of worship, including a mosque and a Buddhist temple, were the intended targets.

Response Preparedness: In the event of a terror attack the South African state security and emergency services would cope fairly well. Emergency services are well organised and retain adequate resources across the country. This is particularly the case in the major metropolitan areas of Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town. Security services have a reasonable amount of training in disaster response and emergency services retain a co-ordinated structure in order to respond to possible terror attacks.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 11 Unrest : Extreme Risk

Service Delivery Protests: Protests against poor service delivery by local governments take place frequently in townships, with multiple protests taking place across the country on a weekly basis. Demonstrators often block major roads with debris or burning tyres and, on occasion, clash with police. These protests can lead to localised disruptions to travel for several hours, however they rarely last longer than a single day. Service delivery protests typically take place in low-income urban areas and townships, which are underdeveloped compared to central urban areas. Typically, service delivery protest activity decreases immediately before and after elections.

Student Protests: In the fall of 2016, a loosely organised 'Fees Must Fall' movement held a series of demonstrations both on and off university campuses across South Africa against government plans to raise tuition fees, specifically, and more generally about what they considered a "colonial" educational system. Police used force – tear gas, water canon, rubber bullets – to disperse protesters in some cases; students escalated their actions by occupying university buildings or by resorting to vandalism or arson attacks. The unrest was concentrated in several universities: Cape Town, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan, KwaZulu-Natal and Witwatersrand. The protest movement died out at the end of the school term, however similar demonstrations and unrest remain possible.

Strikes: The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and other labour unions stage strikes and have the capability to organise mass protests in major cities, especially during the "strike season", which typically starts in March and lasts several weeks to months as various labour unions enter into negotiations for higher wages.

Visitors should anticipate disruption to services, including public transport, during labour actions and avoid associated demonstrations.

Tensions were very high between employers and mineworkers, as well as between members of the rival Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union (AMCU) and (NUM) unions, between 2012 and 2014. In a particularly violent episode, at least 44 people were killed in clashes between NUM, AMCU and responding riot police at Lonmin's Marikana platinum mine, 100km (60 miles) north west of Johannesburg in North West Province in August 2012. While labour relations in the mining industry have improved since this period, strikes and demonstrations by miners continue to take place.

Visitors are advised to exercise cautionary travel to local townships near mining areas across South Africa. Gold, platinum and other metal mines are concentrated in rural areas of Limpopo, North West and Gauteng provinces, however mining sites, including those for coal and diamonds, are found throughout South Africa.

Xenophobic Violence: Surges of communal violence in the townships of South Africa's major

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 12 metropolitan areas of Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town have been characterised by xenophobia. Nigerian, Somali, Mozambican, Zimbabwean, Malawian, Ethiopian and Pakistani nationals have been violently attacked and forced out of these low income, high-density areas. Waves of xenophobic violence take place in cities across South Africa on a near-annual basis, with mobs looting foreign-owned business and, in some cases, attacking the proprietors. In August 2018, at least three people were shot dead, several injured and dozens arrested amid xenophobic attacks involving the looting of multiple foreign-owned shops in Soweto and Krugersdorp near Johannesburg, Gauteng province, and in Newlands West near Durban in KwaZulu-Natal province. In early September 2019, at least ten people were killed and over 189 others were detained following violent anti-immigrant riots and looting in and around Johannesburg, particularly in the Alexandra township, as well as in Pretoria.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 13 Recent incidents

25 August 2021 - 26 August 2021 Moderate risk: Members of NUMSA carry out ongoing march in central Pretoria Local sources indicated that members of the National Union of Metal Workers in South Africa (NUMSA) were carrying out an ongoing march in central Pretoria in the direction of the Unemployment Insurance Fund office as of early afternoon hours local time to demand outstanding COVID-19 Temporary Employer-Employee Relief Scheme (TERS) payments. No clashes or arrests were immediately reported.

24 August 2021 - 25 August 2021 Moderate risk: NEHAWU to protest in Pretoria and Johannesburg on 24 August Members of the National Education, Health and Allied Workers' Union (NEHAWU) will rally outside the National Treasury building and at Batho Pele House in Pretoria from 10:00 local time (08:00 GMT) to demand a salary increase, among other issues. A similar rally is also planned outside the Constitutional Court in Johannesburg.

24 August 2021 - 25 August 2021 Moderate risk: Taxi drivers' protest underway in Plettenberg Bay, Western Cape province Local sources reported that protesting taxi drivers were blocking several roads, including the N2 highway near Shell Ultra City, Plettenberg Bay, Western Cape province, from around 06:50 local time (04:50 GMT); the protest action is expected to continue all day. No further details were immediately available.

23 August 2021 - 24 August 2021 Moderate risk: Planned unrest reported likely in Durban on 23 August Authorities announced that a planned 'shut down' was called on 23 August across Durban due to likely extreme unrest and demonstrations throughout the day. An increase in police and security forces was reportedly called for, should the unrest and demonstrations eventuate on 23 August.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 14 Crime : High Risk

Violent Crime: So-called 'contact crimes' – when the victim is the target or is in the vicinity during the commission of a crime – have been on the rise since 2017, according to SAPS statistics released in 2018. Violent crime rates are shockingly high in Gauteng province, home to the capital Johannesburg, where most crimes take place along, with Dobsonville’s Soweto area, and followed by the Nyan****ga, Mitchells Plain, Khayelitsha and Delft areas of Cape Town in Western Cape province, and Umlazi and Inanda in KwaZulu-Natal province. Murders are most frequently associated with aggravated robberies in public places, alcohol- or drug-related incidents near drinking places and violent unrest.

Sexual Assault: Despite some reduction to rates of violent crimes, police have been unable to reduce the risk of sexual assault across South Africa. The country has a very high rate of rapes. While foreigners are not specifically targeted, they remain at risk.

Credit Card Fraud: Victims are often approached at ATMs and distracted by one individual, while another makes a 'swop' of the victim's bank card. Always refuse unsolicited assistance while at an ATM, and avoid ATMs other than at malls and banks. When paying with a credit card, always ensure that you receive a receipt and check the amount to be correct. Often cashiers will also 'swop' you credit card for another, thus always insist that transactions are done in front of you when paying at restaurants and stores.

Vehicle Theft/Break-in: Residential break-ins, home invasions and theft from/of vehicles is common. 'Smash and Grab' incidents, where criminals smash the passenger window and grab valuables, are very common at traffic stops and while exiting/entering parking lots. Never leave valuables on the seat or in sight and lock all doors and have windows rolled up whilst driving and especially when parked. Avoid renting vehicles with visible sound systems and always ensure they have alarm/immobiliser systems. Avoid parking in the street overnight, rather use guarded parking bays.

Hijacking: There is a risk of carjacking when exiting/entering parking areas, at traffic stops and especially at stops on the exits of national highways such as the N1, N2 and N3. With almost 10,000 cases of carjacking a year nationally, Johannesburg is a notorious hotspot – particularly in the areas of Johannesburg Central Business District (CBD), Booysens, Jeppestown, Ivory Park, Dobsonville, Moffat View and Honeydew – as well as in the city of Durban. While carjackings can take place in any location at any time of day, statistics show that more than half take place in Gauteng province and, to a lesser extent, in KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape provinces, with the majority committed between 04:00-08:00 and 16:00-20:00 local time, and Friday being the day of the week when most carjackings occur.

Always lock all doors and ensure a safe 'getaway distance' between yours and the car in front of

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 15 you at traffic stops. If you are being followed, drive to the nearest police station or public area. Highjackers often conduct thorough investigations of their victims' routines and whereabouts prior to an attack. Avoid leaving or returning to your place of work or residence at the same time every day. Vehicles equipped with a coded key or a key fob tend to be increasingly targeted as they make it easier to hijack with jamming devices. Highjackers also tend to stage breakdowns, flagging victims for assistance. Once the victim stops, an armed group of men will emerge from a hiding place. Two cars are often used to 'box' the victim in and force them to stop. Never offer resistance to criminals, as hijackers are often the most violent criminals in South Africa. Stay calm and move slowly and exit your vehicle avoiding eye contact with the assailants. Keep your hands in clear sight at all times.

Truck jackings: Attacks on trucks by groups of individuals are on the rise since 2000, including hijacking, petrol bomb attacks, arson and looting of merchandise, especially along national highways such as the N1, N2, N3, N10 highways, and particularly in the vicinity of Durban, Mooi River, Estcourt in KwaZulu-Natal province, and across Western Cape or Eastern Cape provinces.

Attacks have concurrently evolved from simple and mostly random product-focused attacks, limited to cash-in-transit operations, electronics and valuable goods, to more complex attacks targeting type-specific vehicles. While the motives behind these attacks remain unclear, they could be linked with growing popular discontent regarding the employment of foreign staff by local merchandise transport companies.

Recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 16 Law

South African law is a combination of Roman-Dutch law and English common law. Institutionally the judiciary is independent and powerful, but is relatively efficient and suffers from corruption at lower levels.

Photography is generally unrestricted throughout South Africa. While homosexuality is legal, South Africans are generally conservative on the matter, particularly outside of major cities.

Drugs and Alcohol: You must be 18 years or over to purchase alcohol, including beer, wine and spirits. The legal limit for driving is 0.05. Although many motorists ignore it, this is strictly enforced when offenders are caught by police. Offenders are usually arrested, have their car confiscated, and are subject to a fine and a night in jail. If you are arrested on a Friday you will only be released on Monday morning. It is illegal to buy or sell alcohol on Sundays.

Weapon possession: You need to be 21 and in possession of a license to carry a firearm. Hunting is a popular activity in South Africa and such trips should always be organised via reputable tourist companies. Illegal gun possession is major problem in South Africa, contributing to most violent crime. Penalties are harsh when found in possession of a fire arm without a license. Always keep firearms in a safe and out of sight. Criminals often break into homes and cars in search of firearms. Never attempt to use a firearm in self defense in South Africa as many criminals are armed with automatic weapons.

Traffic infractions and speeding: Speeding is a common cause of motor accidents in South Africa. However, speed enforcement by police is negligible at night and on weekends. Cameras are common in major cities and fines are effectively enforced. Reckless driving and poor vehicle maintenance are a constant threat and travellers should avoid driving at night.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 17 Corruption

However, the incidence of low-level corruption, particularly within the government service, is high. Anti-corruption legislation is extensive and advanced, however enforcement is negligible and very few prosecutions are brought to the courts. Travellers should avoid involvement in corrupt activities to avoid arrest and prosecution.

Travellers: Foreign nationals can often be solicited for bribes by public officials, especially the police, Home Affairs and border/customs officials. Bribery is illegal in South Africa and travellers should never offer bribes to any officials to avoid arrest and prosecution.

Residents: The Home Affairs Department is considered the most corrupt in the public service. When applying for Visas, work/residency permits it is common to be offered 'efficient' service in exchange for a bribe. Using a relocation agency/lawyer is a useful alternative to avoid these situations. Traffic police might demand 'on the spot fines' for supposed infringements. This is illegal and should be refused and reported at a police station.

Business: Corporate corruption is common in South Africa and a highly politicised issue. When applying for government tenders, especially, businesses should avoid offering 'incentives/commissions' to officials involved in tendering processes. The South African Corrupt Activities Act is extensive and covers all forms of petty and grand corruption. Penalties are quite draconian, sometimes including life imprisonment for grand corruption. The Act also extends into foreign countries holding all South African companies/citizens accountable. However, enforcement is highly dependant on whistle-blowing.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 18 Security Services

The South African Police Service (SAPS) has undergone a process of transformation since South Africa's democratic transition in 1994. The SAPS suffers a lack of legitimacy across South African society. Between 1994 and 1998/1999 attempts to combat this legacy and establish Community policing failed to stem the rising tide of crime during the 1990s. The current high levels of crime, especially violent crime, in South Africa have led to renewed efforts by government to bolster the SAPS in its functions and duties, though the effects remain to be seen. The military (South African National Defense Force) are not deployed internally at present, and foreign nationals are unlikely to encounter their members.

Efficiency: The SAPS are often slow to respond to emergencies, which in rural areas can often be up to several hours. The SAPS prioritises murder, rape and armed robbery as priority crimes. Response times are significantly speedier, though not acceptable according to international standards. Complaints of theft, burglary and assault are not prioritised, and thus it is not uncommon to receive slow service at charges offices or to telephonic complaints.

Professionalism: Members are fairly professional, especially relative to their African counterparts. However, service is unlike that found in North America and Western Europe. The SAPS is commonly perceived as having high levels of corruption. Though an exaggerated perception, there is a significant level of corruption across all levels. Most corruption is related to organised crime, but there are many instances of petty corruption. It is highly inadvisable to offer any bribes to SAPS members. It is a criminal offence and foreign nationals are likely to be made examples of in this regard. Foreign nationals' experience with SAPS may indeed be more positive than that of South Africans. However this is determined by the gravity of their complaints. Media attention tends to inspire greater urgency in the investigation of cases as well as the involvement of the local Consulate or Embassy. Thus, travellers should always contact their Embassy/Consulate when arrested/detained by or lodging a complaint with SAPS.

Abuses: Given its history under Apartheid, the SAPS struggles with a culture of violence which has not been completely reformed in the face of steady levels of violent crime. When called out to disband illegal protest/demonstrations, which are a common sight in urban areas, the service is quite heavy handed at times in it public order policing duties. Many complaints are lodged against Service members for harassment, assault and unlawful arrest. If you are the victim of such behavior, complaints can be lodged with the Independent Complaints Directorate (ICD).

A 2015 report by the South Africa Institute of Race Relations found that police officers were involved in 36 murder cases, 21 armed robberies and 27 rapes over a three-year period. A spokesman for the national police service said the force was taking steps to reduce criminality within its ranks and pointed out that more than 750 officers had been relieved of duty between October 2014 and early 2015.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 19 Political/Religious/Ethnic Sensitivities: The SAPS is a non-partisan police force. The Apartheid legacy has left political scars on SAPS in the sense that they have low levels of trust and legitimacy across society. Steady levels of high crime have not helped in this regard. However, the SAPS represents South Africa's diversity which ensures against preferential treatment of certain groups over others; there have been complaints of racism and gender discrimination perpetrated both within and by the service. Women travellers should note that many charge offices/police stations are not adequately equipped to deal with complaints of sexual assault or rape.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 20 Natural Risks : Moderate Risk

Flooding occurs with some frequency in South Africa during the rainy season (May to November), and due to poor infrastructure in some parts of the country, often leads to widespread electricity cuts in affected areas. The country also experiences two wildfire seasons per year; during summer months in the Western Cape, and the winter in the rest of the country. However, these blazes rarely trigger major disruptions in South Africa's urban centres.

Flooding

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. It is normally triggered by an extended period of heavy rainfall and can be exarcebated by poor drainage systems in the affected area.

Flooding is common across the country during the rainy season which runs from May to November. The country has a good flood warning system. However, rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape, Gauteng and Eastern Cape provinces experience flash floods every year due to poor drainage systems; worst-affected areas usually included rural parts of Durban, Pretoria, Johannesburg and Cape Town.

If instructed of the possibility that flash-flooding may affect the area you are in, monitor local updates and move immediately to higher ground away from rivers, streams, creeks and storm drains. Though flash-flooding is commonly attributable to excess upstream precipitation, be aware that flooding can occur without typical warning signs of rain clouds or heavy rain. This is especially true near streams, drainage channels, canyons and other areas known to flood suddenly. If you happen across a flooded road in your car, turn around and drive in the opposite direction. When trapped on a flooded road, vacate your vehicle immediately and climb to higher ground.

Wildfires

A wildfire is a fire that breaks out in an area of combustible vegetation, normally located in the countryside or rural areas.

The threat of wildfires in South Africa is highest during the dry summer months in Western Cape and the dry winter months in the rest of the country. Up to 70 per cent of the country is 'fire adapted', meaning that burning helps maintain the ecosystem. Building in these ecosystems, as well as the introduction of alien vegetation, has increased the risk of fires. In June 2017, at least

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 21 nine people were killed and 10,000 people displaced from Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces, particularly in Knysna, Port Elizabeth and Cape Town, in one of the worst wildfires in the country in a decade.

In areas under wildfire threat, stay indoors at a relatively safe distance from the blaze and limit your exposure to smoke by closing all windows and doors. The fresh-air intake on air- conditioners should be shut. If your place of residence is threatened, select a direct route that leads you away from fire hazards, complying with all directives, including evacuation orders, from emergency management officials. Watch for changes in the speed and direction of the fire and wear protective clothing: sturdy shoes, cotton or wool pants, a long-sleeved shirt, gloves and a handkerchief to protect your face.

Drought

A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in the water supply. Droughts can have a substantial impact on the agriculture and ecosystem of the respective region, triggering food shortages as well. Extended periods of drought may contribute to social unrest, malnutrition, dehydration and possible famine.

Drought usually occurs in the southern and western regions of the country, namely the Western Cape, Eastern Cape and Northern Cape provinces. In 2015, drought conditions triggered a severe water shortage in Cape Town which prompted four million residents to halve their daily water usage for over a year. Food and water shortages triggered by droughts have the potential to cause unrest and malnutrition.

Anticipate severe shortages to water supplies in drought-affected areas. Tap water may not be safe to drink and is likely to require treatment for purposes of consumption. Consult closely with your country's consulate or designated representative to develop plans for emergency extraction.

Dangerous wildlife

The territory houses some of the most venomous snakes in the world, such as the Black Mamba, Forest Cobra and the Puff Adder; these snakes are usually found in sparsely populated areas of Gauteng, North West, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and Northern KwaZulu-Natal provinces.

Exercise caution when travelling to regions with dangerous wildlife and familiarise yourself with local hazardous animals before departure. Avoid close proximity with wild animals. Ensure that you are vaccinated against rabies in the event of being bitten by a rabid animal. Seek immediate medical help if you are bitten.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 22 Recent incidents

28 August 2021 - 29 August 2021 Moderate risk: Weather warnings issued in Eastern Cape Officials issued a Level 4 warning for snowfall across parts of Eastern Cape, including Inxuba Yethemba/Cradock and Raymond Mhlaba/Adelaide, effective until at least 23:59 local time (21:59 GMT). A Level 2 warning for heavy rainfall was also issued in Nyandeni/Libode and Intsika Yethu/Cofimvaba.

26 August 2021 - 27 August 2021 Moderate risk: Authorities issue heavy rainfall warnings in Cape Town and Grabouw, Western Cape province Authorities issued level 6 heavy rainfall warnings for a high likelihood of significant, the second-highest level, impact across Cape Town, as well as Grabouw, Theewaterskloof municipality, Western Cape province, for afternoon hours local time until evening hours local time on 27 August. Potential traffic, water and electricity disruptions were expected due to likely floods.

26 August 2021 - 27 August 2021 Moderate risk: Authorities warn of potential wildfires in Northern Cape province Authorities issued level 10 warnings, the highest level, for conditions conducive for wildfires across Dawid Kruiper municipality’s Upington and Twee, Kai ǃGarib municipality’s Augrabies Falls, !Kheis municipality’s Groblershoop, and Gamagara municipality’s Kathu in Northern Cape province until evening hours local time.

20 August 2021 - 21 August 2021 Moderate risk: Authorities issue wildfire warnings in some areas of North West province The South African Weather Service issued Level 10 red alerts, the highest level of warning, for wildfire conditions across Ratlou and Ventersdorp municipalities, as well as Mahikeng in North West province, valid until 18:59 local time (16:59 GMT).

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 23 Health and Medical: Moderate Risk

Overview

South Africa possesses strong healthcare facilities in its major cities of Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Pretoria and Port Elizabeth, among others. However, infrastructure is often lacking in more rural areas. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the country remains high, at approximately 20 percent of the general population.

Before you travel

Consult your doctor or a healthcare provider who specialises in travel medicine at least six weeks before your departure. If you have a medical condition, you should also share your travel plans with your doctor.

Note: Requirements and recommendations for vaccines and other medicines are based on guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Documentation requirements are based on World Health Organisation guidelines.

Outbreaks

Malaria

Areas with Malaria: Present along the border with Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Specifically in Mopani, Vhembe, and Waterberg district municipalities of Limpopo Province; Ehlanzeni district municipality in Mpumalanga Province; and Umknanyakude in Kwazulu-Natal Province. Present in Kruger National Park.

Recommended chemoprophylaxis: Areas in Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and Kwazulu-Natal Provinces with malaria: Atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, mefloquine, or tafenoquine.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 24 Yellow Fever

There is no risk of Yellow Fever infection.

Vaccine requirement: Required if traveling from a country with risk of YF virus transmission and ≥1 year of age, including transit >12 hours in an airport located in a country with risk of YF virus transmission.

Vaccine recommendation: None

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Recommended for all travellers

Measles

Infants (6 through 11 months old): 1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine before travel. This dose does not count as the first dose in the routine childhood vaccination series. People 12 months old or older, with no evidence of immunity or no written documentation of any doses: 2 doses of MMR vaccine before travel. The 2 doses must be given 28 days apart. People 12 months old or older who have written documentation of 1 dose and no other evidence of immunity: 1 additional dose before travel, at least 28 days after the previous dose.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 25 Recommended for most travellers

Hepatitis A

CDC recommends this vaccine because you can get hepatitis A through contaminated food or water in South Africa, regardless of where you are eating or staying.

Recommended for some travellers

Hepatitis B

You can get hepatitis B through sexual contact, contaminated needles, and blood products, so CDC recommends this vaccine if you might have sex with a new partner, get a tattoo or piercing, or have any medical procedures.

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Required documentation

Yellow Fever entry requirement: A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers aged 1 year or over arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited for more than 12 hours through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.

Other entry requirements: None

Note: Documentation requirements are subject to change. Consult your destination embassy or consulate prior to departure for confirmation.

While you are there

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 26 Emergency Numbers

Medical: 112

Emergency services

Emergency services are available in all major urban centres, although access to townships can be limited. Response times in rural areas are long, and some remote areas may not be serviced by ambulances.

Evacuation

Medical evacuation is unlikely to be required.

Routine care

Health facilities in major city centres such as Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban are excellent. Smaller cities such as Pietermaritzburg, Bloemfontein, Pretoria, and Port Elizabeth also have good medical infrastructure. Remote rural areas however, have limited medical facilities. Doctors and medical staff are well-trained and professional.

Medicine

Pharmacies across South Africa are well-stocked. Travellers are nonetheless advised to bring enough prescription and essential medicines to last the duration of their trip, especially if travelling to rural areas or on safari.

Payment

Travellers are likely may be required to provide upfront payment for treatment and medication.

Ailments

Traveller's diarrhoea (TD)

Traveller's diarrhoea (TD) is a catch-all term for a number of minor or moderate bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, generally transmitted through infected food or water. In the majority

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 27 of cases antibiotics or anti-diarrhoeal medication is unnecessary; travellers experiencing TD should ensure that they remain hydrated and well rested until their symptoms dissipate. Most cases of TD last less than three days; if diarrhoea continues for longer periods, travellers should consider consulting a medical professional.

Tuberculosis (TB)

There is a high rate of tuberculosis infection in South Africa. TB is problematic in urban areas of South Africa's cities, especially high density townships.

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection transmitted via the coughing and sneezing of infected persons. Symptoms – which may take years to develop if a person has latent TB – include fever, night sweats, chest pain, coughing up blood, weight loss and fatigue. TB can be treated with a course of antibiotics; the length of treatment is significantly longer once the disease becomes active and is no longer latent.

HIV/AIDS

South Africa has one of the highest HIV/AIDS infection rates in the world.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that induces Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and is transmitted through contact with the blood, sexual and rectal fluids of an infected person, usually via sexual intercourse. AIDS weakens the body's immune system, making the body susceptible to numerous other diseases and ailments. There is no cure for AIDS or HIV.

Cholera

There have been occasional outbreaks of cholera in South Africa. Water supplies in South Africa are not consistently free of disease-causing micro-organisms, especially in townships. Outbreaks usually follow heavy rains.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 28 Cholera is a bacterial infection transmitted through contact with infected food or water – usually by infected faeces – and is most prevalent in areas with poor sanitary standards. Symptoms include heavy, watery diarrhoea, vomiting and muscle cramps. If left untreated, cholera can rapidly become fatal. Cholera can be treated with a course of rehydration and antibiotics.

Malaria

South Africa is largely malaria free, except for the Northern Province, Mpumalanga Province, northern Kwa-Zulu Natal and the Kruger Park National Park.

Malaria is a serious parasitic infection, transmitted by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Symptoms can be flu-like and include a high fever, joint pain, anaemia, chills and headaches; if left untreated, symptoms can quickly complicate and become life-threatening. While pre- departure courses of anti-malarial prophylactics are available, these do not guarantee immunity to malaria. Caught early, malaria can be treated easily with a range of anti-malarial medications.

Hepatitis (A, B, C, D and E)

Hepatitis poses a risk to travellers in South Africa.

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. The three main variations (A, B and C) are caused by infections from parasites, bacteria or viruses, but are transmitted by different means.

Typhoid

There is a low risk of typhoid in South Africa.

Typhoid is a highly contagious bacterial infection, transmitted by the ingestion of food and

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 29 water contaminated with infected faeces. Symptoms include a high temperature, a rash made up of small red spots, headaches, stomach pain and diarrhoea; serious complications, including internal bleeding and becoming comatose, are possible. While a typhoid vaccine is available, it does not guarantee immunity.

Rabies

Rabies is present in animals in South Africa.

Rabies is a serious viral infection, transmitted through close contact with saliva from infected animals (i.e. bites, scratches or licks on broken skin and mucous membranes). Travellers who suspect they may have come into contact with a rabies-infected animal should seek immediate emergency attention: post-exposure treatment has a high success rate if administered early. Late-stage rabies (when symptoms begin to occur) is untreatable and fatal.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 30 Recent incidents

16 August 2021 - 01 September 2021 Medium risk: Peruvian officials extend travel restrictions on Brazil and other countries until 31 August - Update Peruvian authorities announced that a ban on flights from India, Brazil and South Africa, set to expire on 22 August, was extended to 31 August, to limit the spread of COVID-19 strains from those countries. All non-resident foreigners arriving from or having transited through Brazil, South Africa or India in the last 14 days are barred entry. Eligible travellers are subject to a 14-day quarantine upon arrival to Peru.

03 August 2021 - 04 August 2021 Moderate risk: Spain partially lifts Brazil, South Africa travel ban from 3 August - Update Spanish officials announced that the COVID-19 ban on entry by air from South Africa and Brazil will not be extended when it expires on 3 August. From 3 August, only Spanish students as well as nationals and long-term residents and their families will be allowed entry and must present a PCR, TMA, LAMP, NEAR test taken within 72 hours or an antigen test within 48 hours before arrival and quarantine for 10 days upon arrival.

30 July 2021 - 08 August 2021 Medium risk: Emirates extends flight suspensions to Nigeria and South Africa through 7 August - Update Dubai Airport (DXB/OMDB)-based Emirates announced flights to Abuja (ABV/DNAA) and Lagos (LOS/DNMM) airports in Nigeria and Johannesburg OR Tambo (JNB/FAOR), Cape Town (CPT/FACT) and Durban (DUR/FALE) airports in South Africa will remain suspended until at least 7 August, due to COVID-19; Emirates flight EK763 will operate daily from Dubai to Johannesburg one-way only.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 31 Covid-19: Extreme Risk

Summary

The emergence of a South African variant of COVID-19 has prompted other countries to implement bans on travel to and from South Africa, and while the new strain appears to be more contagious, there is no evidence that it is more deadly. A level 3 lockdown is currently in place while some 13,000 COVID-19 cases were being detected per day, as of late August 2021.

What is the current nationwide Policy?: Curfew

Policy starts: 29 December 2020 Policy ends: indef

Policy explanation:

Level 3 restrictions, including a curfew, are in force nationwide. A state of natural disaster is in force until 15 September.

Policy source: https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202106/44772rg11299gon565.pdf

Last update: 26 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 32 Infection

Infection Extreme Level: Infection 265.57 cases per 100k in the last 14 days rate: As of date: 22 August 2021 Hotspots: Johannesburg, Cape Town, Nelson Mandela Bay

Domestic http://covid-19-africa.sen.ovh/covid-19_SOUTH%20AFRICA.php? Infection confirmed=ok&pays=710&local=ok&tp=1&xy=- Map: 30.666/26.774&z=5&isnc=1&np=SOUTH%20AFRICA

International Travel

International Flights

Is there a ban on international commercial flights? Partial Through what date? indef

Flight Ban Explanation:

International flights were allowed to resume through Durban King Shaka (DUR/FALE), Johannesburg OR Tambo (JNB/FAOR) and Cape Town (CPT/FACT) airports. However, several countries banned flights and travel to South Africa following the discovery of a new strain of COVID-19.

Last Update: 26 August 2021

Entry and Borders

Is there a ban on entry for any travellers? No Through what date?

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 33 Travellers from where are banned?

Land border: Partially Open Maritime border: Open

Entry Rules Explanation:

International travel from all countries is permitted. Some land borders remain closed.

Entry Rules: https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/south-africa/entry-requirements Exemptions: Last Update:

Testing

Do travellers need to take a COVID-19 test Yes When? Before travel Is it mandatory or optional? Mandatory Test Type: PCR Minimum age requirement: 5 Pre-travel test validity, in hours: 72 before Departure After arrival test days:

Testing Explanation:

Travellers, including those just transiting, must provide a negative COVID-19 PCR test result not older than 72 hours prior to departure; travellers arriving without a test will be quarantined untila negative result is obtained. All travellers will be screened upon arrival; those who fail to pass screening protocols will be required to quarantine until a negative result is obtained.

Testing https://www.gov.za/covid-19/individuals-and-households/travel- Rules: coronavirus-covid-19 Last 26 August 2021 Update:

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 34 Health and Travel Documentations

Do arriving travellers need any health and/or travel documentation? Yes

Documentation Explanation:

All travellers must complete a health declaration form on arrival.

Health https://www.airports.co.za/Documents/ENTRY%20SCREENING%20THQ.pdf Document: Last 26 August 2021 Update:

Tracing App

Do travellers need to use a contact tracing app after arriving? Yes

Tracing App Explanation:

Travellers will be asked to download the "COVID Alert South Africa" mobile app for contact tracing.

IOS App: https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id1524618326?mt=8 Andriod App: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=za.gov.health.covidconnect Last Update: 26 August 2021

Quarantine on Arrival

Who needs to quarantine on arrival None

Travellers from where need to quarantine?

How many days is quarantine? Is it self-quarantine or operated by the government? Gov

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 35 Quarantine Explanation:

Following the resumption of flights, only travellers entering South Africa without a PCR test will be required to quarantine at a government facility at their own expense.

Quarantine https://www.gov.za/covid-19/individuals-and-households/travel- Rules: coronavirus-covid-19 Last Update: 2021-08-26

Exit

Is there a ban on exit for any travellers? No

Are there special requirements to exit the country? No

Exit Requirements Explanation:

Exit Requirements https://za.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information-2/ (URL): Last Update: 26 August 2021

Vaccination

Percent vaccinated with at least one dose: 9.238 as of 23 Aug 2021 Percent fully vaccinated: 8.56 as of 24 Aug 2021 Is vaccination mandatory for entry? No Are vaccinated travellers exempt from any policies or requirements? No Qualified vaccines and timeline: Certificates accepted:

Explanation:

Source: https://za.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information-2/ Last Update: 26 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 36 Other International Travel Restrictions

Exit Requirements Explanation:

Last Update:

Domestic Situation

Areas on Lockdown

Last Update:

Areas under Curfew

A nationwide nightly curfew is in effect from 22:00 to 04:00 until further notice.

Last Update: 26 August 2021

Domestic Travel

Domistic Travel Explanation:

Inter-provincial travel is permitted but capacity restrictions on long-distance public transport are in effect.

Last Update: 26 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 37 Other Domestic Restrictions

Non-essential establishments, including retail shops, restauarants and bars, fitness centres and cultural venues, must close by 21:00. Indoor and outdoor gatherings of up to 50 and 100 people are permitted, respectively.

Last Update: 26 August 2021

Demonstrations and Unrest

Violent looting and clashes with police took place in and around Cape Town on several occasions in mid-April, including the targeting of food delivery trucks, redistribution centres, grocery stores and other shops selling essential goods. On 22 June, taxi drivers in Laudium, Olievenhoutbosch, Soshanguve and Mabopane, Tshwane municipality, Gauteng province, blocked traffic and demanded the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions. Hospitality workers in Cape Town and other urban areas launched protests on 22 and 24 July, to denounce COVID-19-related restrictions negatively affecting the sector. The National Education, Health and Allied Workers Union (Nehawu) held protests nationwide from 24- 27 August and a strike on 28 August. Further protests were held 3 September, including in Pretoria. National Education, Health and Allied Workers Union (Nehawu) ralied outside the Union Buildings in Pretoria on 21 September to demand greater protections and wage increases for medical professionals amid the pandemic.

Last update: 26 August 2021

Resources

Government COVID Site: https://sacoronavirus.co.za/

Health Dept COVID Site: http://www.health.gov.za/covid19/

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 38 Recent incidents

22 August 2021 - 23 August 2021 Moderate risk: Demonstration called in Pretoria on 22 August Local sources indicated that a pro-Christian group in Pretoria called for a protest outside the Union Buildings in Pretoria on 22 August from 10:00 local time (08:00 GMT) to 'defend our faith' in what the group described as an 'attack on Christianity' as COVID-19 restrictions have reduced the amount of attendees permitted in congregations.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 39 Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 40 Local Travel : Moderate Risk

Travel Safety

Air Travel and Airports: OR Tambo International Airport (formerly Johannesburg International Airport) is located 20km from the city centre and is a world-class airport. Facilities at the airport include ATMs, banks, bureaus de change, a post office, shops, business conference facilities, a 24-hour medical clinic and car hire agencies. Luggage storage facilities are available in the domestic arrivals and international departures terminals, and a free shuttle bus operates between terminals. Do not use local minibus taxis as these vehicles are unsafe, often unlicensed and driven recklessly.

On 17 April 2013, the U.S. Consulate General in Johannesburg issued a warning advising special caution when arranging ground transportation from OR Tambo International Airport to hotels, guesthouses, and residences. In the previous month, several U.S. citizens and other travellers were robbed at gun point while travelling in shuttle buses from OR Tambo International Airport to their place of lodging. In some instances, the robberies took place after the shuttle bus arrived at a hotel or guesthouse. In other instances, the shuttle bus was boxed in and stopped by two vehicles on the street. Several similar incidents were again reported in 2018-2019.

Select shuttle or taxi service with care, use reputable companies recommended by major hotels or shuttles provided by hotels, and use only licensed taxis parked at marked taxi locations at the airport. Avoid changing money at the airport, and avoid displaying ostentatious jewellery, watches, or luggage while travelling.

Cape Town International Airport is located 22km (13.6 miles) from the city centre. Facilities at the airport include banks, bureaus de change, shops, ATMs, a tourism information office as well as a number of bars and restaurants, the majority of which are open 24 hours a day. The journey time is around 20 minutes to the CBD. Ensure that you use a reputable taxi service and makes sure that you arrange your taxi with a kerbside representative prior to getting into a vehicle. Avoid taxis touting for business at the airport concourse.

Low-cost airline FlySafair cancelled some flights between Cape Town and George (GRJ/FAGG) airports from 23 August until 10 December 2015 due to lowered demand. The airline stated it would arrange refunds for affected passengers on cancelled flights. Other route changes and cancellations are possible.

We advise you to carry photocopies of your documents, and try to arrange to be met upon arrival at the airport, if possible. Passports and other important documents should remain concealed until they are required. Visitors are advised to avoid withdrawing large amounts of cash at airport ATMs and also to pay particular attention when using airport foreign exchange services, as criminals are known to target weary foreign nationals at these locations.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 41 Visitors are advised to keep laptops on their person at all times and should not trust anyone to watch their luggage. Airport security staff at both OR Tambo and Cape Town International airports are known to be particularly unsympathetic to victims of theft within the airport; as such, visitors are advised to report any thefts to airport police, rather than contracted security staff, who are often involved in such thefts themselves.

Road Travel: Motor-vehicle insurance is not compulsory in South Africa. The majority of accidents are dealt with on the side of the road between the parties involved. However, tow-truck drivers monitor police bandwidths and drivers involved in accidents often find their vehicles hooked up to trucks (being towed to affiliated garages) before they know what is going on. If involved in an accident and you are not insured, then arrange for your own towing or negotiate a fee before you allow your vehicle to be towed. If you are insured, and the majority of people hiring a car will be, then call the number displayed within your hire vehicle. An affiliated tow truck will be sent to assist you free of charge and will take the vehicle to a reputable garage and will often take you to your hotel or required destination. If you are injured then call police on 10111 and report the incident. However, drivers must always report an accident to police within 24 hours, whether parties are injured or not. Due to the high car theft rates, visitors hiring cars during their stay should always consider full insurance cover for the duration of their visit.

Road deaths are highest on weekends, particularly the last weekend of the month and around major holiday times (Christmas and Easter). Pedestrians and cyclists are urged to be particularly careful when crossing roads. Drivers in South Africa do not give right of way to pedestrians, unlike those in most European countries.

Hijackings are common in South Africa, and in Johannesburg and Cape Town up to 10 hijackings per day have been reported. Most hijackers are members of syndicates, who target specific makes and models of cars to fulfil orders. A hijacking can take place at any location and at any time. The common factor is that they take place when the victim's vehicle is either motionless or travelling at a very slow speed. Hijackers are mostly armed and prefer to use a pistol because it can be easily concealed. It is highly likely that the hijacker will shoot the victim if orders are not followed immediately, or if one makes any sudden movements. Always comply unless compliance itself puts your life at risk. Avoid confrontation on the roads and do not stop for any vehicle if they flash their lights at you, unless you are sure the vehicle is a police vehicle. Drivers are advised to drive to the nearest police station if concerned with a police vehicle's authenticity. This is permissible under South African legislation and you will not be fined or arrested for refusing to stop for a police vehicle, unless you were in the commission of a crime at the time they indicated for you to stop.

Incidents of 'smash and grab' attacks on motorists have also increased, especially at stop streets or traffic lights, referred to as 'robots' in South Africa. It is advised that you avoid leaving valuable belongings on vehicle seats in full view of passing thieves. Conceal these items under seats or elsewhere out of sight within the vehicle. Thieves are also known to hide behind bushes or

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 42 stationary objects in order to surprise unsuspecting drivers at junctions or traffic lights.

Attacks on merchandise trucks by groups of individuals increased across South Africa since 2000. These attacks include hijacking, petrol bomb attacks, arson or looting of merchandise, and are perpetrated predominantly along the N1, N2, N3 and N10 national highways across KwaZulu- Natal, Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces. Drivers are advised to lock their doors and windows carefully and not to stop or leave their trucks in places that are not intended for that purpose, particularly along highways and during night hours local time.

Visas: Visitors from a number of countries are exempt from visa requirements for a stay of 90 days or less. All other visitors must apply for a visa in advance of travel. Contact your local South African diplomatic mission or visit the Home Affairs website for the latest regulations and requirements.

Since 1 October 2014, parents travelling to South Africa with children – defined as those under 18 years of age – are required to carry an unabridged birth certificate for each child showing the names of both parents, with a sworn translation if not in English. Single parents or those travelling alone with a child will need to carry an affidavit in which the absent parent gives consent for the child to travel, a court order granting full parental responsibilities or legal guardianship of the child or the death certificate of the absent parent. Further details can be found at the Home Affairs website.

Public Transport

Buses: Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban and Cape Town all have inner-city bus services. The buses are comfortable and relatively cheap, but the routes are limited. Ahead of the 2010 World Cup, Johannesburg rolled out a new bus network, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), that offers rail-like service using dedicated bus lanes. The BRT was met with violent protests by minibus and taxi drivers who feared a loss of revenue. At least one person was killed and eight injured in shootings targeting BRT services.

Mini-bus Taxis: Mini-bus taxis are the cheapest and fastest way of travelling around cities, but they tend to be overcrowded and generally poorly maintained. Foreign nationals are urged to exercise extra caution when driving in the vicinity of mini-bus taxis. Taxi drivers tend to drive with little regard for other road users or the law. Taxi drivers can be very aggressive.

Despite continued assurances from the South African government to regulate minibus taxis, so- called "taxi wars" between rival operators continue to take place. Passengers and passers-by are routinely caught in crossfire between opposing gangs who control the taxi associations during these "wars", which flare up intermittently around taxi ranks in Cape Town and Johannesburg.

Taxis: Sedan-type taxis are available outside the airports and shopping malls. They are expensive by South African standards but reliable and safe to use.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 43 Trains: Rail safety is good on long-distance carriers but there are safety concerns on the inner- city train services. Metro Rail services in the urban areas has a poor safety record with regards to crime and should be avoided. Indeed in the first half of 2016, arson attacks and vandalism on Metro Rail trains in Cape Town caused significant service disruptions and prompted increased security on trains and at stations.

Vehicle Rental: Hire cars are available at all airports and a wide variety of well-maintained vehicles are available. All hire cars come standard with third-party insurance. Desks for major car hire companies are located inside the terminals at airports. Many hotels offer a shuttle service to their clients, generally by prior arrangement or with some notice. Information on such a service should be obtained prior to travel and arranged directly with the hotel, which will need to know your arrival time and flight number.

Recent incidents

11 August 2021 - 12 August 2021 Moderate risk: Security tightened around High Court in Bloemfontein on 11 August Local reports indicated that authorities would implement heightened security measures and street cordons around the High Court in Bloemfontein, Free State province, ahead of a scheduled hearing of African National Congress (ANC) Secretary General Ace Magashule in a corruption case on 11 August. Related rallies are possible in the area.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 44 Country Hotspots

Cities, Towns, Villages: Never enter a township or informal settlement unaccompanied by a guide or trusted local. The township areas around Johannesburg, such as Alexandra and Soweto, should be avoided unless you are with a resident or have an escort from a reputable tour company.

Johannesburg city centre should be avoided at night, especially on foot. Crime, ranging from petty theft to violent crime, occurs on a regular basis. Foreign nationals should avoid the Hillbrow area and refrain from travelling to Berea and Yeoville. Although security conditions have improved in the Carlton Centre, it should also be avoided.

The crime rate around train stations is high and visitors should not use the trains between Johannesburg and Pretoria. The levels of crime and the violence involved seem to increase during the hours of darkness.

In Pretoria/Tshwane foreign nationals are advised to avoid Sunnyside at night, Mamalodi and central Pretoria.

Although thousands of people visit Cape Town every year without incident, crime rates are high and vigilance should be exercised at all times within the city. The informal settlements on the outskirts of the city should be avoided.

The Cape Flats area was recently termed the most dangerous area in all of South Africa and is currently in the grip of a gang war between opposing gangs looking to wrestle control of the drugs trade in the area. Local residents have recently formed vigilante gangs opposing the rise in drug-related murders and have begun to carry out revenge attacks against gangsters terrorising their neighbourhoods. Areas such as Mitchell's Plain should be avoided.

General Areas: The main areas to avoid around South Africa are informal settlements and certain high-density urban areas. The crime rate around train stations and bus stations is high, particularly at night. It is recommended that motorists travel by day if at all possible and avoid long journeys during the night when they may be more susceptible to criminals travelling the roads. Foreign nationals should avoid isolated areas at all times. Tours to townships are increasingly popular but you should make sure to use a reputable tour group by booking directly thorough a tourist information office or via a tour office located in the city centres of Cape Town and Johannesburg.

The township of Khayelitsha is located off the N2, close to Cape Town International Airport. It is advised that you do not stop to look at the township when leaving the airport. Drivers are also urged to pay attention when travelling under walkways and bridges on the N2 motorway, as there have recently been a number of incidents of rocks or bricks being dropped onto passing

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 45 cars. A number of drivers have been killed or seriously injured in the last six months. Police have recently stepped up patrols in the area, however are not allowed to incur overtime and as such there is no police presence in the early hours of the morning.

The Table Mountain National Park has regrettably become dangerous due to an increasing number of robberies by homeless criminals wandering the park. Authorities have recommended that hikers do not go out alone and remain within a group of at least three people. Attacks on visitors to Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden have also recently occurred, however the Gardens are now providing security patrols to visitors wishing to visit the higher reaches of the park leading up onto Table Mountain.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 46 Safety

Begging: Street crime is an ongoing problem within city centres and gangs of street children target tourists or those who appear to be wealthy. Avoid handing any money, food, or drinks to these children, however helpless they may appear. They are responsible for a high number of pickpocket offences and robberies. The gangs comprise of both male and female members, and they are known for their levels of violence and lack of empathy towards their victims. A number of lone female foreign nationals have been lured to isolated areas by street children and gang- raped within the city centre.

Football/Sports: Most sport matches in major cities are well organised with large contingents of law enforcement personnel for crowd-control duties. However, foreign nationals are advised to remain vigilant about their personal safety and attend to their personal belongings at all times. Do not leave bags under your chair or hung over the back of your chair, as they are easily removed by criminals without attracting your attention.

Police: The South African Police Service is understaffed and undertrained. There are not enough police to respond to all requests for assistance and waits of up to two to three hours for help in an emergency is commonplace. Emergency calls may go unanswered by operators due to the high volume of calls and lack of staff. Often callers will be met with an operator for whom English is a second or third language and as such assistance may not be immediately forthcoming. If you are injured in an assault or an accident, it is advised that you go immediately to hospital and arrange for police to take a report from you there. Unfortunately, the majority of police in South Africa are unprepared and ill-equipped to deal with situations that they face every day.

Protests: South Africa has frequent protests in and near townships and in major city centres. Foreign nationals should keep abreast of news reports about strike actions etc., and avoid large crowds and protests at all times, due to the potential for violence.

Water Safety: In May 2012, the South African Water Affairs department red-flagged 14 municipalities in seven provinces, warning residents of small rural towns in these areas not to drink untreated tap water. The municipalities include: Ikwezi Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape; Koukamma Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape; Letsemeng Local Municipality in the Free State; Ngwathe Local Municipality in the Free State; Nketoane Local Municipality in the Free State; Phumelela Local Municipality in the Free State; Thabazimbi Local Municipality in Limpopo; Bushbuckridge Local Municipality in Mpumalanga; Chief Albert Luthuli Local Municipality in Mpumalanga; Mkhondo Local Municipality in Mpumalanga; Msukaligwa Local Municipality in Mpumalanga; Nkomazi Local Municipality in Mpumalanga; Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality in North West; and Umsobomvu Local Municipality in the Northern Cape.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 47 Power Outages: Power cuts across urban centres in South Africa are relatively frequent due to ageing distribution and transmission infrastructure. State-owned Eskom electricity utility company increasingly struggles to generate enough power to meet demand and has implemented rolling blackouts over the past several years, including in Johannesburg and Pretoria, which have resulted in severe travel disruptions as well as associated protests.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 48 Culture

Cultural Sensitivities: South Africa has 11 official languages, although English, Zulu and Afrikaans are dominant. South Africans are generally tolerant of other religions and cultures.

Political Sensitivities: While South Africans can be openly critical of domestic politics and issues, they remain on the whole proud of South Africa and its institutions. Travellers are advised to broach political issues with South Africans with sensitivity. Race is a sensitive subject across the country, and race issues lurk near the surface in many confrontations and disputes.

Religious Sensitivities: There are a number of religious denominations in South Africa. Various Christian sects make up about 80 percent of the population. A large minorty have no religious affiliation, while small minorities of other major religions are present.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 49 Specific Traveller Advice

Female Travellers Local Customs and Laws: There are no local customs that a female traveller should take into consideration in South Africa. Dress according to the country’s culture, especially when visiting places of cultural and religious importance. Familiarise yourself with your destination prior to travel, and be respectful and mindful of any possible cultural sensitivities, which may include dress, behaviour and topics of discussions.

Safety: There are many safety concerns female travellers should take into consideration in South Africa. Crime rates are high, particularly on the outskirts of Johannesburg, Pretoria, Cape Town and Durban. Do not walk alone at night, especially in desolate areas. Do not use public transportation or hail taxis off the street both during the day and night time. Refrain from wearing headphones while walking in the evening. Opt for official taxis/chauffeur-driven taxis arranged by a reputed hotel. Rates of sexual assault are among the highest in the world, especially on public transport. You may receive unwanted attention from men, ranging from open displays of catcalling to staring, including during the daytime. Friendly behaviour considered normal at home such as smiling or making small talk with strangers may lead to unwanted attention or advances. Emergency services and police outside major cities are unlikely to respond effectively if cases of sexual assault or rape are reported. Female travellers should exercise caution when reporting crimes to local authorities. Consider consulting your home consulate/embassy for legal advice and ensure you receive a copy of the police report.

Health and Wellness: Women have access to some specialised gynaecological and reproductive health services, medicines and products in South Africa. Facilities that provide specialised care are concentrated in major cities. A full range of feminine hygiene products is available. Emergency contraceptives are sold over the counter at pharmacies. In rural areas, prescription contraceptives may not be readily available as access to high-quality medication is limited outside major cities. Abortion is available on request during the first 13 weeks of pregnancy and for socioeconomic and medical reasons up to 20 weeks. Due to the prevalence of high rates of HIV/AIDS, any victims of sexual assaults should immediately seek medical assistance outside the country. Consider bringing an adequate supply of female-specific OTC drugs, feminine hygiene products and oral contraceptive pills, which may not be available locally. Consult a health professional prior to travel.

LGBT+ Homosexuality is legal in South Africa. There are many legal protections for LGBT+ persons in the country, including anti-discrimination laws and laws concerning gender identity or expression. Same-sex marriage is legal. LGBT+ activity and persons are generally socially accepted. Despite the legal status of LGBT+ rights, social conservatism may be prevalent in some parts of the

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 50 country. Travellers may prefer to be discreet about sexual orientation and avoid excessive public displays of affection in areas where attitudes towards the LGBT+ community are unknown or generally not accepted, particularly outside major cities. Use caution in conversations about sexuality or LGBT+ issues with strangers or recent acquaintances. Considering booking hotel rooms with two separate beds. Transgender travellers may wish to consider having their passport and identification changed to reflect their new gender before travelling.

Technology & Communication Risk Travellers are unlikely to face risks related to information and communication technology (ICT) in South Africa.

Internet access and social media have no restrictions. There are no concerns related to device searches or sensitive technology. Device searches and inspections at the border are unlikely. There are no restrictions in relation to bringing or operating sensitive equipment, which may include photo cameras, satellite phones, drones, and other GPS systems, in the country. State or criminal penetration of private data is unlikely. Authorities implement minimal state surveillance of ICT networks in the country. The government is authorised to monitor telecommunications for national security reasons.

Travellers should exercise basic ICT safety precautions. However, travellers should note that ICT laws and practices are subject to change on short notice, and travellers are recommended to confirm the legality/appropriateness of their specific ICT needs prior to departure.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 51 Legal notice

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Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / South Africa 52