Planning the System Purpose of the System Operating the System A Reliable System Before the System The Physical System
For centuries the Colorado River was untamed: the The CAP's operating features -- pumping plants, check CAP archaeological studies were undertaken by private The conveyance system incorporates the interconnected precious resource of water poured wastefully into the structures, and turnouts -- are remotely operated from the groups, including universities and small businesses that Hayden-Rhodes, Fannin-McFarland and Tucson Gulf. Annual flows of the Colorado ranged wildly from as project's headquarters in north Phoenix by a computer specialize in archaeological research. Since the first CAP aqueducts. These aqueducts consist of concrete-lined little as 5.6 million acre-feet (maf) to more than 24 maf. assisted control and communications system. archaeological studies contract was awarded in 1968, canals, inverted siphons, tunnels, pumping plants, and Consequently utilization of the river water was an on Reclamation has funded 11 major suNeys and 10 major pipelines that extend the physical system through again off-again enterprise until the Colorado could be Cables buried along the aqueduct carry operating excavation proiects. More than 3,000 historic and approximately 336 miles of arid Sonoran desert. controlled. commands from the Control Center's computer to check prehistoric sites have been located within the project structures and turnouts. The commands raise or lower area, and 300 of those were intensely studied, There is little difference in these aqueducts except the In 1944, Arizona contracted with the Secretary of Interior gates in these structures so water can be moved through number of features and their sizes . The system becomes for delivery of 2.8 maf of Colorado River water annually. the system or delivered to users. More than ever before, the CAP archaeological studies smaller as water is delivered to users along the way. Simultaneously the Arizona Legislature appropriated I,ave allowed scientists to excavate and examine a wider System capacity at the Colorado River is 3,000 cubic feet. $200,000 to be used with matching federal money to range of sites. A more accurate picture of the Hohokam A microwave system is used for communicating with the or 22,500 gallons, of water per second. At its end, the develop a plan for delivering about one million acre-feet Indians, an ancient civilization that farmed the Salt River pumping plants. Commands are sent from the Control narrower Tucson Aqueduct has a capacity of only 200 Valley from A. D. to_1450, has emerged as a result. of Colorado River water into Central and Southern Center through the microwave system to pump units at i cubic feet, or 1,500 gallons per second. Arizona. In developing the plan, several different diversion the plants, starting and stopping them as needed. points and aqueduct routes were studied for financial, To help in future studies, the thousands of artifacts that Besides its major components, the CAP has many other have been recovered from the sites will be preserved. economic, and engineering feasibility. The communication systems also carry information from associated features. These include: road bridges, These items will eventually be housed in a repository the operating features back to operators at the Control wildlife/cattle crossings, and overchutes and culverts that However, the lengthy Central Arizona Project (CAP) Center. The operators, who plan system operations, also funded by Reclamation. Here, scientists may study and carry local storm runoff water over or under the canal. restudy_the physical evidence of our heritage as new authorization process, and about 20 years of legal action The control room loca1ed at the CAP headquarters. monitor the system's performance and adjust it as including the landmark case, Arizona v. California, necessary, correcting problems that may occur. The scientific techniques are developed. These collections Transmission lines and switchyards carry electric power delayed the approval for the CAP. microwave and cable systems can be used also offer the opportunity to exhibit the artifacts in to project features and earthen dikes paralleling the canal museums and other displays. Constructed by the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), interchangeably to operate the project features. If this protect it and downstream areas from floods. The entire A key element of the CAP was to be the construction of the CAP delivers Colorado River water from Lake Havasu New Waddell Pumping/Generating Plant and Dam with remote operations capability is temporarily lost, each Lake Pleasant reservoir in the background. canal is fenced for the protection of people and wildlife. Orme Dam or a suitable alternative. However, an on Arizona's western border to Maricopa, Pinal, and Pima individual operating feature can be operated locally. New Waddell Dam provides seasonal storage for Environmental lmpact Statement indicated that the dam counties in Central and Southern Arizona. Operated and Specific features such as fences, bridges, watering sites, Colorado River water imported by the CAP. The zoned might impact a large portion of the Fort McDowell Indian maintained by the Central Arizona Water Conservation and road underpasses were built into the project to Inside the New Waddeff Dam Pumping/Generating Plant. earthfill dam, located on the Agua Fria River northwest of reseNation and several endangered species, including District (CAWCD), the CAP delivers water to users in the lessen its impact on wildlife. Additionally, revegetation Phoenix, operates as part of the conveyance system. It is the bald eagle, As a result of these and other concerns, three-county service area. The water will largely replace around flood detention dikes provide wildlife habitats. Orme Dam was dropped from the CAP plan. existing groundwater uses and supplement surface water connected to the CAP aqueduct by a nearly five mile-long reversible canal. supplies. Near Tucson, short sections of canal were placed below In 1978, the Central Arizona Water Control Study ground so animals could use existing washes as natural Water is pumped into the dam's reseNoir from the CAP (CAWCS) examined alternative plans. Of the more than The CAP can deliver an average of 1.5 maf of water each paths across the canal. In addition, a 4.25 square mile canal during the winter and released back into the canal 100 alternatives developed, eight met the study year to cities, industries, Indian communities, and area surrounding the canal was purchased for a wildlife during .the summer. As the water is released during the requirements. Plan 6, one of the alternatives, was farmers. During shortages, cities, industries and Indian corridor and protected home for several rare or summer for CAP users, it also generates electricity. selected because of its strong local support, its meeting communities have priority for the water. Once these uses endangered plant and animal species. Reclamation is of CAP objectives, and because it did not have a severe are met. non-Indian agricultural users will receive water. funding studies of the project's long-term affect on many New Waddell Dam will allow the CAP to bring up to 2.2 social or environmental impact. plant and animal species. The CAP also provides flood control, power, recreation, maf of Colorado River water per year into Central and Plan 6 was modified to include the construction of New and fish and wildlife benefits. Additionally, other water Southern Arizona when the water is available. The dam Waddell Dam, a storage reservoir for the CAR and Safety short areas of the state, and a portion of western New will help ensure the project's reliability by providing a of Dams work on Theodore Roosevelt, Horseshoe, Mexico, may benefit from the project through water water supply even if diversions from the Colorado River Bartlett, and Stewart Mountain dams. exchanges. have to be temporarily halted. It also will reduce summer pumping requirements from the Colorado River about 60 Making the CAP a reality not only provides water for percent. The excess energy will be sold to help repay future generations, but it also has given archaeologists project construction costs. a unique opportunity lo look into Arizona's past.
The System at Work Minimal Impact System Builders of the System Managers of the System
Colorado River water is delivered to users by pumping it Since 1902, the U.S. Department of ihe Interior's Bureau Pursuant to the 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act, from Lake Havasu into the conveyance system, then of Reclamation (Reclamation) has been internationally the Secretary of Interior requested the state of Arizona to . retifl\ng it through a series of pumping plants across the ,, recognized as a premier water resource development create a single agency with which a water delivery and state. From Lake Havasu to the end of the aqueduct, the agency. project cost repayment contract could be negotiated. water wilt be lifted nearly 2,900 feet in elevation by 14 Accordingly state legislation was adopted in 1971 that pumping plants. Reclamation was originally established to provide for the authorized the creation of a multi-county water reclamation of arid and semiarid lands in the We~t. This conseNation district. That legislation formed the Central Havasu, the project's largest pumping plant, lifts the original single-purpose mandate of Congress was quickly Arizona Water Conservation District (CAWCD) water from Lake Havasu to the Buckskin Mountains expanded as Reclamation developed multi-purpose projects through increased expertise and the use of new !l'' . Tunnel's inlet 824 feet above the lake's surface. The water The CAWCD, now referred to as the Central Arizona then flows seven miles through the tunnel to the first technology. Project or CAR is administered by a 15-member board of section of canal. directors popularly elected from the CAP's three-county Reclamation projects continue to provide a safe and service area (Maricopa, Pima, and Pinal). As the water flows through the system to its destination, dependable supply of water for agricultural, municipal, it is controlled by check structures and carried under industrial, and recreation8.I uses. Its projects help CAP is responsible for operating and maintaining the rivers and major washes by inverted siphons or buried generate non-polluting hydroelectric power and control aqueduct system, its associated features , and colhKting A wildlife crossing along the aqueduct. pipes. Turnouts deliver the water to user distribution floods. Because of these projects, water quality is charges for water delivered. systems. The Santa Rosa Canal, the largest distribution improved, fish and wildlife are protected, and regulations facility on the project, delivers water to one Indian A project as large as the CAP has the potential to for rivers and navigation are enhanced. In addition, CAP is repaying the federal treasury for the reseNalion and two of the state's largest irrigation influence the plant and animal populations it touches. The reimbursable costs of building the project. Repayment districts. It will deliver water lo additional users in the CAP fish and wildlife program ensures that all project Reclamation's mission is to manage, develop, and monies are derived from the sale of project water, power future. construction activities fully comply with state and federal protect water and related resources in an environmentally revenues, and from an annual ad valorem property tax regulations. and economically sound manner in the interest of the within Maricopa, Pima, and Pinal counties. The first 17 miles of the Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct, or American public. Reach 1 , play a specific role in the project's operation. Part of the program included conducting biological This oversized section of canal between Havasu and studies to determine how plant and animal communities Bouse Hills pumping plants acts as an in-line storage might be affected by the project and what could be done reservoir. Because the Havasu plant will use about half to lessen any consequences. The studies showed, for C the energy needed for project pumping, it will be example, that acquiring lands to protect existing wildlife operated primarily when energy costs are lowest to habitat and intensive revegetation of disturbed areas A reduce pumping costs. The water will then be pumped were two measures that would significantly offset habitat ~ through the rest of the system as demand requires. loss. ---~--- p Microwave station used to operate the CAP.
1 922: Colorodo !Uver Compoct 1944: United Stale, and Me>.ico 1947: Senaltlr McFarland 1964: Sup,.me Court decree In l967: Senaltl<>C.rl Hayden and 1970: Conllruction began oo 1hc 1919: lea~ o/the South,,.,.,,t si!Jled treaty alloWng 1.S million submitted ID Con~ lo, approval. introduced S. 11 7S ID authorize the c..., of ,._ri,ona ,. c,.l;fo,nia wa, Paul Fannon introduced a new bill, Navajo Generating Station by a <>nized by Colorodo River Duin acre•leet of Color.do Riv<,r waler ha.-.ded do"", lhu, formally ending S. 1004. ID authorize CM'. group of private and public uul;tie, Stale> Ill promote d"""lopment of annually. Arizona i<'l!i
YASU-• WADDELL CANAL BUCKSKIN NEW WADDELL DAM CAPACITY: 3,000 CFS LOCATION: AGUA FRIA RIVER NORTHWEST L ENGTH : 4.9 M ILES MOUNTAIN - OF PHOENIX TYPICAL OIMENSIONS: 24 FOOT BOTTOM WIDTH, - TUNNEL HAYDEN-RHODES TYPE: ZONED EARTHFILL EMBANKMENT 82.5 TO 88.5 FOOT TOP WIDTH, LINING HEIGHT - TUNNELS 8: SIPHONS STRUCTURAL HEIGHT: 440 FEET 19.5 TO 21.5 FEET CREST LENGTH: 4,700 FEET NORMAL WATER DEPTH: 16.43 FEET
BUCKSKIN MOUNTAIN SPILLWAY: UNGA TED FREE OVERFLOW LENGTH: 6.9 MILES CONSERVATION STORAGE CAPACITY: 816,000 WADDELL PUMP/GENERATING PLANT SHAPE: CIRCULAR ACRE-FEET CAPACITY: 4,000 CFS DIAMETER: 22 FEET MAXIMUM LIFT: 192 FEET UNITS: 8 ( 4 ADJUSTABLE SPEED PUMPS, 4 TWO-SPEED PUMP/GENERATOR$) BURNT MOUNTAIN RATED C4PAC1TIE5: PUMPS 475 CFS, LENGTH : 0.6 MILE PUMP/GENERATORS 525 CFS BOUSE HILLS SHAPE : HORSESHOE MOTOR SIZES: PUMPS 10,800 HP, HEIGHT : 19.5 FEET PUMP/GENERATORS 9.900 HP@ l 14,100 HP@ HIGH SPEED AGUA FRIA LENGTH : 0.7 MILE, WADDELL SHAPE: HORSESHOE I HEIGHT: 19.5 FEET Santa Rosa Canal turnout.
MAJOR INVERTED SIPHONS PlmaCoun1y TUCSON The CAP runnmg through a re ntial area in Scottsdale. NUMBER: 7 • TYPE: 5 PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE, 1 CAST-IN-PLACE, 1 STEEL PIPE SIZE: 21 FOOT INSIDE DIAMETER LENGTH ; 0.3 TO 1 9 MILES
HASSAYAMPA \. • PHOENIX FANNIN-MCFARLAND AQUEDUCT LITTLE ....._____ METRO LOCATION: SALT RIVER TO 5 MILES ~ ♦-· ~ NORTH OF BRADY PUMPING PLANT HARQUAHALA ~· • AREA LENGTH: APPROXIMATELY 58 MILES TYPICAL CANAL DIMENSIONS: BOTTOM WIDTH 24 FEET AT BEGINNING, HAYDEN-RHODES AQUEDUCT 22 FEET AT END; TOP WIDTH 80 FEET LOCATION: LAKE HAVASU TO SALT RIVER ----- AT BEGINNING, 78 FEET AT END; LENGTH: 190 MILES LINING HEIGHT 16.7 TO 29.9 FEET CAPACITY: 3,000 CUBIC FEET PER SECOND (CFS) NORMAL WATER DEPTH: 15.74 FEET TYPICAL CANAL DIMENSIONS AT BEG!NNING, 14.66 FEET AT ENO (WITH REACH 1 EXCEPTION): BOTTOM WIDTH 24 FEET, TOP WIDTH 80 FEET, LINING HEIGHT 18.6 TO 23.5 FEET FANNIN- MCFARLAND NORMAL WATER DEPTH: 16.43 FEET PUMPING PLANT 8: SIPHON
liJiJ ffi;\ !Kl □ © © IPffi;\ SALT-GILA REACH 1 PUMPING CAPACITY: 2,800 CFS LOCATION: FIRST 17 MILES OF AQUEDUCT (i;@(]JJ~'iJ"i:i' MAXIMUM LIFT: 86 FEET TYPICAL DIMENSIONS: BOTTOM WIDTH 80 FEET, PUMP UNITS: 10 TOP WIDTH 160 FEET, PUMP CAPACITY: 4 @ 450 CFS, L!N!NG HEIGHT : 19.53 TO 29.03 FEET GIia River 2@ 250 CFS, 4 @ j,25 CFS WATER DEPTH: 10 FEET TO 25 FEET MOTOR SIZES: 4 @'5,200 HP, 2@ 3,000 ftp, 4@ 1,500 HP
MAJORfl NVERTED SIPHON HAYDEN- RHODES NUMfER: 1 PUMPING Pl-ANTS PING PLANTS 8: SIPHON TYPE: CAST-IN-PLACE FLORENCE 51ZE: 19 FEET INSIDE DIAMETER BRADY LE:NGTH: 0.6 MILE HAVASU PUMPING CAPACITY: 3,000 CFS PUMPING CAPACITY: 1,240 CFS MAXIMUM LIFT: 148 FEET MAXIMUM LIFT: 824 FEET PUMP UNITS: 8 PUMP UNITS: 6 PUMP CAPACITY: 155 CFS PUMP CAPACITY: 500 CFS MOTOR SIZE: 3,500 HP MOTOR SIZE: 60,000 HORSEPOWER
BOUSE HILLS PICACHO PUMPING CAPACITY: 930 CFS PUMPING CAPACITY: 3,000 CFS CANAL MAXIMUM LIFT: 232 FEET MAXIMUM LIFT: I 18 FEET PUMP UNITS: 6 PUMP UNITS: 10 TUCSON PUMP CAPACITY: 155 CFS PUMP CAPACITY: 4@ 500 CFS, PUMPING PLANTS 8: SIPHON YUMA 2 @ 250 CFS, 4 @ 1 25 CFS MOTOR SIZE: 5,500 HP SAN XAVIER MOTOR SIZES: 4@ 9,000 HP, PUMPING CAPACITY: 580 CFS TUCSON AQUEDUCT 2@ 4,500 HP, 4@ 2,250 HP RED ROCK PUMPING CAPACITY: 775 CFS MAXIMUM LIFT: 172 FEET LOCATION: APPROXIMATELY 5 MILES NORTH OF MAXIMUM LIFT: 232 FEET PUMP UNITS: 5 BRADY PUMPING PLANT TO END OF SYSTEM LITTLE HARQUAHALA LENGTH: 87 MILES PUMP UNITS: 5 PUMP CAPACITY: 3@ 160 CFS, 2@ 50 CFS PUMPING CAPACITY: 3,000 CFS PUMP CAPACITY: 155 CFS MOTOR SIZE: 3@ 4,500 HP, 2@ 1,500 HP CAPACITY: 2,250 CFS AT BEGINNING, MAXIMUM LIFT: 1 15 FEET 200 CFS AT END MOTOR SIZE: 5,500 HP PUMP UNITS: 10 SNYDER HILL TYPICAL CANAL DIMENSIONS AT BEGINNING: PUMP CAPACITY: 4@ 500 CFS, PUMPING CAPACITY: 350 CFS TOP WIDTH 69 FEET, BOTTOM WIDTH 20 FEET, 2@ 250 CFS, 4@ 125 CFS TWIN PEAKS PUMPING CAPACITY: 621 CFS MAXIMUM LIFT: 293 FEET LINING HEIGHT 12.3 TO 18.5 FEET, NORMAL LEGEND MOTOR SIZES: 4@ 8,000 HP, MAXIMUM LIFT: 84 FEET PUMP UNITS: 8 AND 1 SPARE, 60 CFS UNIT WATER DEPTH, 10.75 TO 9.52 FEET 2@ 4,500 HP, 4@ 2,250 HP PUMP UNITS: 6 PUMP CAPACITY: 2@ 15 CFS, 2@ 40 CFS, TYPICAL DIMENSIONS, LAST CANAL SECTION: PUMP CAPACITY: 3@ 155 CFS, 3@ 52 CFS 5@ 60 CFS BOTTOM WIDTH 12 FEET, TOP WIDTH 52 FEET, HASSAYAMPA - AQUEDUCT MOTOR SIZES: 3@ 2,000 HP, 3@ 700 HP MOTOR SIZE: 2@ 900 HP, 2@ 2,250 HP, LINING HEIGHT 13.3 TO 14 FEET, PUMPING CAPACITY: 3,000 CFS 5@ 3,000 HP NORMAL WATER DEPTH 8.95 TO 8.58 FEET MAXIMUM LIFT: 194 FEET ♦ PUMPING PLANT SAN DARIO PIPELINE SECTIONS : TUCSON TERMINUS 3.7 PUMP UNITS: 10 TWIN PEAKS PUMPING CAPACITY: 621 CFS BLACK MOUNTAIN MILES LONG, 8 FOOT DIAMETER, SAN XAVIER PUMP CAPACITY: 4@ 500 CFS, MAXIMUM LIFT: 84 FEET PUMPING CAPACITY: 200 CFS TERMINUS, 14.6 MILES LONG, 6 FOOT DIAMETER ■■■ SIPHON 2@ 250 CFS, 4@ 125 CFS PUMP UNITS: 6 MAXIMUM LIFT: 397 FEET MOTOR SIZES: 4@ 14,000 HP, SAN DARIO PUMP CAPACITY: 3@ 155 CFS, 3@ 52 CFS PUMP UNITS: 5 2@ 7,000 HP, 4@ 3,500 HP • RESERVOIR MOTOR SIZE: 3@ 2,000 HP, 3@ 700 HP PUMP CAPACITY: 2@ 25 CFS, 3 @ 50 CFS MOTOR SIZE: 2@ 1,750 HP, 3@ 3,500 HP BRAWLEY TUNNEL BRAWLEY 111 PUMPING CAPACITY: 580 CFS MAJOR INVERTED SIPHON TUCSON MAXIMUM LIFT: 229 FEET NUMBER: 1 DAM PUMP UNITS: 5 TYPE: CAST-IN-PLACE PUMP CAPACITY: 3@ 160 CFS, 2@ 50 CFS DIMENSIONS: I I TO 13 FEET DIAMETER SAN XAIVER MOTOR SIZE: 3@ 5,500 HP, 2@ 1,750 HP LENGTH: 8,612 FEET SNYDER HILL • ....• 1933: The Ai1"ncy Proposed /\ction 1988: 0-.WCO and the Interior 1990: Wau,r delivefy requests 1 992: A topping out ceremooy was 1973: Apfl«>pn•ted construction 1977:TheM>'Ol'I.OWaW 1981: The Pmwammable Master 1985: The r,...i Coloiado Rive, w.,u,r 1971, The counli<>s cl Maricopa, was identjfied as P1an 6 wluch Department sis,,ed v, amended exceeded the CAP's daily capacity er held lo, New Waddell Dam. funds were made available. and the CommO&On, by le-tlerlolhe Suf'<'rvi,ory Conlr<>I System """pumped from L,.kl, Hava5'J. J Pin.I, and Pima ,eq...,.i.,d the ir,duded NeWModifoed ~oosevelt repayment cootroct for !he O.P. J.000 CYbic feet fl<'' second lcfil first con