Reconciling Wildlife Conservation and Production Forestry in Indonesian Borneo
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Life after logging Reconciling wildlife conservation and production forestry in Indonesian Borneo Erik Meijaard • Douglas Sheil • Robert Nasi • David Augeri • Barry Rosenbaum Djoko Iskandar • Titiek Setyawati • Martjan Lammertink • Ike Rachmatika • Anna Wong Tonny Soehartono • Scott Stanley • Timothy O’Brien Foreword by Professor Jeffrey A. Sayer Life after logging: Reconciling wildlife conservation and production forestry in Indonesian Borneo Life after logging: Reconciling wildlife conservation and production forestry in Indonesian Borneo Erik Meijaard Douglas Sheil Robert Nasi David Augeri Barry Rosenbaum Djoko Iskandar Titiek Setyawati Martjan Lammertink Ike Rachmatika Anna Wong Tonny Soehartono Scott Stanley Timothy O’Brien With further contributions from Robert Inger, Muchamad Indrawan, Kuswata Kartawinata, Bas van Balen, Gabriella Fredriksson, Rona Dennis, Stephan Wulffraat, Will Duckworth and Tigga Kingston © 2005 by CIFOR and UNESCO All rights reserved. Published in 2005 Printed in Indonesia Printer, Jakarta Design and layout by Catur Wahyu and Gideon Suharyanto Cover photos (from left to right): Large mature trees found in primary forest provide various key habitat functions important for wildlife. (Photo by Herwasono Soedjito) An orphaned Bornean Gibbon (Hylobates muelleri), one of the victims of poor-logging and illegal hunting. (Photo by Kimabajo) Roads lead to various impacts such as the fragmentation of forest cover and the siltation of stream— other impacts are associated with improved accessibility for people. (Photo by Douglas Sheil) This book has been published with fi nancial support from UNESCO, ITTO, and SwedBio. The authors are responsible for the choice and presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of CIFOR, UNESCO, ITTO, and SwedBio and do not commit these organisations. The review and synthesis refl ect inputs from many organisations, including MoF, LIPI, WCS, TNC, WWF and CIRAD. This review has also benefi ted from research, and related activities, supported by grants from ITTO, the European Commission, the World Bank, and the MacArthur Foundation. The opinions expressed in this book are not endorsed by any of these organisations. ISBN 979-3361-56-5 The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) was established in 1993 as part of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) in response to global concerns about the social, environmental and economic consequences of forest loss and degradation. CIFOR research produces knowledge and methods to improve the well-being of forest-dependent people and to help countries manage their forests wisely for sustainable benefi ts. This research is conducted in more than two dozen countries, in collaboration with numerous partners. Since it was founded, CIFOR has also played a central role in infl uencing global and national forestry policies. National Library of Indonesia Cataloging-in-Publication Data Life after logging: Reconciling wildlife conservation and production forestry in Indonesian Borneo/ Meijaard, E., Sheil, D., Nasi, R., Augeri, D., Rosenbaum, B., Iskandar, D., Setyawati, T., Lammertink, M., Rachmatika, I., Wong, A., Soehartono, T., Stanley, S. and O’Brien, T.–Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR, 2005. p. cm. ISBN 979-3361-56-5 1. Forest management 2. Nature conservation 3. Social sciences 4. Wildlife 5. Research 6. East Kalimantan 7. Indonesia Published by Center for International Forestry Research Mailing address: P.O. Box 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia Offi ce address: Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor Barat 16680, Indonesia Tel.: +62 (251) 622622; Fax: +62 (251) 622100 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org Contents Preamble and intended audience xi Contributors’ biodata xii Acknowledgements xv Foreword xvi Executive summary xix Abbreviations xxii Introduction 1 Justifi cation 1 Goals 2 Focus and wider relevance 2 Wildlife is important 4 Focal area 7 Location 7 People and change 9 Decentralisation 11 Forest management 11 Wildlife surveys 12 PART I. LITERATURE REVIEW A literature review of logging and wildlife 17 Methods 17 Specialist input 20 Methodological limitations 20 Literature availability 23 Literature scope 26 Bird studies 26 Mammal studies 27 Amphibian and reptile studies 28 Fish studies 28 vi | Contents Background concepts 29 Changing fauna 29 Vegetation change 30 Limited productivity 34 Silvicultural systems 36 Management intensity 37 Liberation and understorey clearing 38 Logged and fragmented landscapes 39 Landscape features 41 The threat of hunting 42 Subsistence hunting 43 Concessions and hunting 45 Roads and hunting 45 Collected products 46 Traffi c 47 Invasive species 48 Fire 49 Certifi cation 51 Birds 53 General 53 Sensitive species 56 Hornbills 57 Woodpeckers 59 Pheasants 64 Other taxa 66 Trogons 67 Bulbuls 67 Babblers 68 Flycatchers 68 Cuckoos, malkohas, coucals and ground-cuckoo 69 Raptors 69 Mammals 71 General 71 Primates 72 Squirrels 78 Rats and mice 81 Insectivores 81 Treeshrews 82 Bats 83 Cats 86 Civets 87 Malayan sun bear 89 Forest ungulates 92 Life after logging | vii Amphibians and reptiles 97 Frogs and toads 97 Reptiles 103 Fish 107 PART II. ANALYSIS Species sensitivity analysis 115 Approach and methods 115 Results 117 Discussion 127 Methodological considerations 127 Direct effects of timber extraction 128 Phylogeny, distribution, taxonomy 129 Feeding strategies 131 The role of timber species 132 Change in structural characteristics 133 Associated effects of timber extraction 134 Fragmentation 134 Hunting 137 Conclusions 139 PART III. MANAGEMENT Implications for forestry and concession management 145 Recommendations to managers 146 Planning before logging 147 Minimising damage during logging and related operations 151 Minimising indirect impacts and threats 159 Logging and conservation for local people 164 Implementation and vigilance 165 Species-specifi c suggestions 168 Recommendations for government planning 179 The need for a wildlife masterplan 179 Land tenure agreement 180 Large-scale planning 181 Hunting and fi shing 182 Forest law enforcement and governance 183 Effective implementation 186 Certifi cation requirements 189 PART IV. RESEARCH Recommendations for research and researchers 193 Recommendations to researchers 195 Timber harvesting 197 Concession operations 198 viii | Contents Landscape features 198 Fruit 198 Species dependencies 199 Habitat structure 199 Connectivity, space and mobility 200 Hunting 201 Other threats 202 Research on birds 203 Research on mammals 204 Research on amphibians and reptiles 205 Research on fi sh 206 Index 299 Literature cited 308 Apendices Appendix 1. Species data checklist 209 Appendix 2. IUCN Status 212 Appendix 3. Importance of vertebrate species in MRF 215 Appendix 4. Species summary–Birds 217 Appendix 5. Species summary–Mammals 242 Appendix 6. Species summary–Amphibians 275 Appendix 7. Species summary–Reptiles 277 Appendix 8. Fish reported from MRF 281 Appendix 9. Act No. 5 of 1990 283 Appendix 10. Law Number 41 Year 1999 on forestry 284 Appendix 11. TPTI 288 Appendix 12. Legislation relevant to the harvest of non-protected wildlife species in Indonesia – 2004 292 Figures Figure 1. Map of Borneo, showing the Indonesian provinces, the Malaysian states, Brunei, and the location of the Malinau District 3 Figure 2. Location of the MRF study site 8 Figure 3. Repeated logging and fi res of forests on poor soils in East Kalimantan resulted in extensive areas of unproductive Imperata cylindrica grasslands 9 Figure 4. Roads and the use of heavy machinery cause fragmentation and lead to severe soil disturbance and erosion 39 Figure 5. A deep wallow in MRF 41 Figure 6. Blue-crowned Hanging Parrots (Loriculus galgulus) captured in Lalut Birai for trade purposes 47 Figure 7. Female Great Slaty Woodpecker (Mulleripicus pulverulentus); densities of this woodpecker are strongly reduced in logged forests 60 Figure 8. Crested Fireback (Lophura ignita) female and male in unlogged forest in the MRF 65 Life after logging | ix Figure 9. Sundasciurus lowii, seen here feeding on Artocarpus fruits, is a common squirrel of undisturbed and disturbed lowland forests 78 Figure 10. Malay Civet (Viverra tangalunga), one of the Bornean civet species that are negatively affected by the effects of timber harvest 87 Figure 11. Limnonectes leporinus, a Bornean endemic generally found near large or medium-sized streams 101 Figure 12. Numbers of amphibians found in an unlogged area in Danum Valley, a area under reduced impact logging (RIL), and an area under conventional logging (CL) 102 Figure 13. Box-and-whiskers plot of logging tolerance in relation to species age 118 Figure 14. Discriminant analysis of 3 variables (number of small Sundaic islands on which species occurs (after Meijaard 2003b), number of species per genus, and number of subspecies per species) and their predictive value for the sensitivity of mammal species to logging 119 Figure 15. Box-and-whiskers plot of categories for tolerance to logging in relation to distribution on small islands 120 Figure 16. Box-and-whiskers plot of categories for tolerance to logging in relation to number of young per nest or litter 120 Figure 17. Column charts of sensitivity to logging in relation to distribution range 121 Figure 18. Column charts of sensitivity to logging in relation to feeding strata 122 Figure 19. Column charts of sensitivity to logging in relation to feeding categories 122 Figure 20. CATPCA of 21 mammal species,