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Farmaka 212 Volume 17 Nomor 3

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Farmaka 212 Volume 17 Nomor 3 Farmaka 212 Volume 17 Nomor 3 REVIEW ARTIKEL: AKTIVITAS FARMAKOLOGI DARI TANAMAN GENUS DYSOXYLUM Muhamad Nadiva Mardiana dan Raden Bayu Indradi Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Padjadjaran Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, Jawa Barat 45363 [email protected], [email protected] Diserahkan 29/06/2019, diterima 23/01/2020 ABSTRAK Tanaman obat telah menjadi alternatif pengobatan pada masyarakat lokal untuk beberapa penyakit. Banyaknya resistensi mikroba terhadap obat kimia yang meningkat memunculkan beberapa penelitian untuk beralih ke obat herbal yang memiliki efek samping yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan obat kimia. Tanaman dari genus Dysoxylum sangat tersebar luas di benua Asia, dan ada kurang kebih 80 spesies yang sudah diuji, dan masih ada banyak spesies tanaman genus ini yang belum diuji aktivitas farmakologinya. Berdasarkan kebutuhan yang ada, pengkajian terhadap tanaman-tanaman genus Dysoxylum perlu dilakukan agar dapat memberikan manfaat secara menyeluruh terhadap pengembangan obat herbal. Dari hasil ulasan diperoleh beberapa tanaman genus ini, didapat hasil aktivitasnya yang berupa sitotoksik terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7, antiinflamasi, antibakteri, antifidan, antiplasmodium, antioksidan, sitoprotektif dan penghambat pertumbuhan bakteri dan jamur yang berasal dari tanaman Dysoxylum aborescens, Dysoxylum parasiticum, Dysoxylum lukii, Dysoxylum alliaceum, Dysoxylum hainanense, Dysoxylum caulostachyum, Dysoxylum gothadora, Dysoxylum binectariferum, Dysoxylum cauliflorum, Dysoxylum densiflorum. Kata kunci: tanaman obat, Dysoxylum, aktivitas farmakologi ABSTRACT Medicinal plants have become an alternative treatment for local people for several diseases. A lot of resistance to chemical drugs has led to several studies to switch to herbal medicines that have fewer side effects than chemical drugs. Plants of the genus Dysoxylum are very widespread in the Asian Continent, and there are more than 80 species that have been traded, and there are still many genus species of plants that have not been protected by their pharmacological activity. Based on existing needs, an assessment of the genus Dysoxylum needs to be done in order to provide benefits for the development of herbal medicines. From the results of a review obtained from this genus plant, obtained from the results of his research consisting of cytotoxic MCF-7 breast cancer cells, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifidant, antiplasmodium, antioxidant, cytoprotective and bacterial and fungal growth inhibitors derived from the Dysoxylum aborescens, Dysoxylum parasiticum, Dysoxylum lukii, Dysoxylum alliaceum, Dysoxylum hainanense, Dysoxylum caulostachyum, Dysoxylum gothadora, Dysoxylum binectariferum, Dysoxylum cauliflorum, Dysoxylum densiflorum.. Keywords: herbal plants, Dysoxylum, pharmacology activity Farmaka 213 Volume 17 Nomor 3 PENDAHULUAN seperti sebagai antikanker payudara MCF-7, Tanaman memiliki peranan antiplasmodium, antiinflamasi, antibakteri, yang sangat banyak bagi manusia. Seperti antifidan dan lainnya. (Subarnas et al., 2012; manfaat kebutuhan konsumsi, bahan mentah Sofian et al., 2018; Jiang et al.,2015; Kasmara untuk membuat suatu peralatan, dan bahkan et al., 2018). manfaat kesehatan. Manfaat tumbuhan Aktivitas farmakologi yang digunakan dalam bidang kesehatan sudah ada dihasilkan dari tiap tanaman Dysoxylum sejak jaman dahulu kala, banyak teknik yang diperoleh dari senyawa senyawa yang digunakan orang terdahulu untuk membuat obat terkandung didalamnya. Di tiap spesiesnya, dari tanaman, seperti ditumbuk, direbus, atau genus Dysoxylum memiliki senyawa aktif yang bahkan dikonsumsi langsung. Oleh karenanya, berbeda-beda, namun kebanyakan dari senyawa banyak penelitian mengenai manfaat suatu yang terdapat pada genus Dysoxylum ialah senyawa dalam suatu tanaman, untuk senyawa Steroid, Triterpenoid, dan senyawa mengetahui manfaat spesifik dari suatu Alkaloid (Barliana et al., 2017; Han et al., 2015; tanaman, baik itu berasal dari daun, akar, Tantapakul et al., 2014). batang, buah, ataupun bunga. Dalam review ini akan dipaparkan Banyak Tanaman yang telah mengenai beberapa aktivitas farmakologi dan diteliti menjadi bahan obat, namun ada juga fitokimia dari tanaman genus Dysoxylum. berapa tanaman yang khasiatnya baru METODE ditemukan namun jarang diteliti lebih lanjut. Data yang didapat diperoleh Salah satunya adalah tanaman dari genus berdasarkan literatur web yang meliputi Dysoxylum. Dysoxylum merupakan tanaman pencarian jurnal tentang aktivitas farmakologi yang berasal dari famili Meliaceae. Genus ini dan fitokimia dari tanaman genus Dysoxylum. memiliki lebih dari 80 spesies dimana spesies Pencarian dilakukan menggunakan kata kunci: ini tersebar di beberapa negara seperti India, “aktivitas genus Dysoxylum”, “Dysoxylum Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia dan New activity”, “Tanaman Dysoxylum”. Literatur Zealand (Hu et al., 2013). yang didapat kemudian diolah ke dalam bentuk Aktivitas farmakologi dari data berupa table dan uraian yang sesuai dengan beberapa genus Dysoxylum bisa dihasilkan dari konteks. senyawa -senyawa yang berada didalamnya Farmaka 214 Volume 17 Nomor 3 Tabel 1 Tanaman genus Dysoxylum dengan aktivitas farmakologi Nama Tipe Bagian Kandungan No Aktivitas Referensi Tanaman Ekstrak/Fraksi Tanaman Kimia 1 Dysoxylum Metanol Daun Triterpenoid Sitotoksik sel (Mayanti et aborescens 3β-hidroksi- kanker al., 2016) tirukal-7-en payudara MCF-7 2 Dysoxylum Ekstrak etanol Batang Saponin Pengahmbat (Sasmita et parasiticum Saccharomyce al., 2018) s cerevisae 3 Dyoxylum Fraksi N-heksan Daun Kuarsetin, Toksisitas (Mayanti et parasiticum Fraksi etil asetat Kulit skopoletin Artemia salina al., 2017) Batang L. 4 Dysoxylum Ekstrak etanol Kulit Triterpen, Antimikroba (Hu et al., lukii batang Limonoids 2011) 5 Dysoxylum Fraksi N-heksan Kulit Stigmast-5-en- Sitotoksik sel (Nurcahyan alliaceum batang 3β-ol, kanker ti et al., Stigmasterol payudara 2015) MCF-7 6 Dysoxylum Ekstrak etanol Daun Limonoid Antifidan (Kasmara alliaceum et al., 2018) 7 Dysoxylum Fraksi etil asetat Ranting, Ring A-seco Antibakteri (He et al., hainanense Daun Triterpenoid 2011) 8 Dysoxylum Fraksi etil asetat Daun Terpenoid Antiinflamasi (Zou et al., hainanense 2017) 9 Dysoxylum Ekstrak etanol Daun Polifenol, Antiplasmodial (Sofian et caulostachyum quinon, al, 2018) Flavonoid, Monoterpen dan sesquiterpen 10 Dysoxylum Fraksi etil asetat Daun Terpenoid Antiinflamasi (Jiang et gothadora al., 2015) 11 Dysoxylum Fraksi metanol Buah Alkaloid Antiinflamasi (Kumar et binectariferum dalam kloroform Biji kromon al., 2017) Daun 12 Dysoxylum Fraksi kloroform Daun Steroid Sitotoksik sel (Yan et al., binectariferum kanker 2014) payudara, karsinoma hepatoseluler Dysoxylum Fraksi air Daun Alkaloid Sitotoksik (Kumar et 13 binectariferum kromon al., 2016) 14 Dysoxylum Ekstrak etanol Batang Terpenoid Antibakteri (Hu et al., densiflorum dan Sitotoksik 2014) 15 Dysoxylum Ekstrak etanol Daun Fenolik Antioksidan (Ting et al., cauliflorum Ekstrak heksan Batang Sitoproteksi 2011) Penghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker payudara MCF-7 Farmaka 215 Volume 17 Nomor 3 PEMBAHASAN 1. Dysoxylum aborescens Dysoxylum aborescens atau dalam bahasa Indonesia biasa disebut tanaman kapi nango merupakan salah satu spesies dari genus Dysoxylum. Tanaman ini diketahui memiliki (1) aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel kanker payudara MFC-7. Dimana ekstrak metanol dari tanaman ini, diketahui memiliki senyawa triterpenoid 3β-Hidroksi-tirukal-7-EN. Dimana menurut penelitian Maryanti, dkk, sebanyak 50µL ekstrak terdapat aktivitas sitotoksiknya (2) terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7 dengan 3. Dysoxylum lukii ditunjukan nilai IC50 sebesar 155,1 ppm yang menunjukkan akivitas sitotoksiknya terbilang Tanaman Dysoxylum lukii diyakini lemah (Mayanti et al., 2016). dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai antimikroba, karena terdapat senyawa triterpenoid dan limonoid. Hal ini diuji dengan pengujian 2. Dysoxylum parasiticum ekstrak etanol kulit batang yang dilakukan oleh Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah Hu dkk. Pada penelitiannya hasil dari isolasi dilakukan, tanaman Dysoxylum parasiticum ekstrak etanol didapatkan senyawa Limonoid mempunyai aktivitas pada bagian batang, daun, (3) dan triterpene yang kemudian dilakukan uji dan kulit batang. Sasmita dkk, mengatakan sitotoksik dan antimikroba. Dimana pada bahwa pada ekstrak etanol batang mengandung pengujiannya menghasilkan zona hambat 0.17- senyawa saponin yang bermanfaat sebagai 1.69 dan 0.19-2.31 mm yang berarti Penghambat pertumbuhan dari Saccharomyces menunjukkan aktivitas paling signifikan dan cerevisae, dimana pada konsentrasi 2% ekstrak sebanding terhadap semua bakteri yang diuji etanol mampu menghasilkan zona hambat (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, sebesar 9,358 mm (Sasmita et al., 2018). Escherichia coli E. cloacae, Klebsiella Sedangkan penelitian lain mengatakan tanaman pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ini telah diuji toksisitas terhadap Artemia salina Shigella dysenteriae) (Hu et al., 2011). L. pada fraksi N-heksan daun dan fraksi Etil asetat kulit batang mengandung kuersetin (1) dan skopoletin (2) (Mayanti et al., 2017). (3) Farmaka 216 Volume 17 Nomor 3 4. Dysoxylum alliaceum antiinflamasi. Fraksi etil asetat sebanyak 35gram yang didapat dari ranting dan daun Tanaman Dysoxylum alliaceum atau di diketahui memiliki senyawa aktif Ring A-seco Indonesia lebih dikenal dengan sebutan Triterpenoid (5) sebagai antibakteri terhadap tanaman kayu lasun telah diteliti manfaat beberapa bakteri gram positif seperti farmakologinya. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa Staphylococcus epidermidis,
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