7 X 11 Long.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85056-8 - The Spectrum of Psychotic Disorders: Neurobiology, Etiology, and Pathogenesis Edited by Daryl Fujii and Iqbal Ahmed Index More information

Index

abacavir 424 catatonia 234 absence seizures 264, 265 human immunodeficiency virus 318 abstract attitude 20 affective flattening, autism 238–9 acetylcholine receptor systems, dementia with aggression Lewy bodies 481 Alzheimer’s disease 458 acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATPD) delusional disorder 121 age at onset 103 alcoholism, delusional disorder association 127–8 antipsychotic medication 111 alprazolam 402 course 105–7 Alzheimer’s disease duration of treatment 111 dementia with Lewy bodies linkage 482 epidemiology 535 prodromal stage 160 gender 102–3 visual hallucinations 524, 525 genetics 108–9 Alzheimer’s disease-related psychosis 455–6 neurochemical abnormalities 108 age of onset 456–7 neuroimaging 107 associated symptoms 458 neuropathology 107 brain changes 459 outcome 106 course 458–9 presentation 103–4 epidemiology 456, 537 progression 105–7 genetic factors 461–4 psychogenic 110 linkage analysis 461–2 reactive 110 neurochemical abnormalities 460 serine 108 neuropathology 459 treatment 110–2. See also brief psychotic onset of psychosis disorder presentation 457–8 acyclovir, herpes simplex encephalitis 321, 322 progression 458–9 addiction hypothesis, primary 374–5 putative psychosis genes 462–3 adrenocortical insufficiency 356–7 symptoms 457–8 adrenoleukodystrophy, X-linked 353–7 treatment 464–6 age of onset 354 amantadine brain changes 355–6 Parkinson’s disease 493, 502 course 354–5 psychosis risk 423 environmental risk factors 356 amino acids, brief and acute psychoses 108 epidemiology 354 amitriptyline 430 genetic factors 356 amphetamines 434 neurochemical abnormalities 356 Andermann syndrome 207 neuroimaging 355–6 angel’s trumpet 431 neuropathology 355–6 angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors presentation 354 411 progression 354–5 angiotensin receptor blockers 411 temporal lobe pathology 535–6 anosognosia 288 treatment 356–7 antibiotics very long chain fatty acids 355–6 Lyme disease treatment 325 adrenomyeloneuropathy 355 psychosis induction 410, 426–7 affective disorders syphilis treatment 328–9

557

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85056-8 - The Spectrum of Psychotic Disorders: Neurobiology, Etiology, and Pathogenesis Edited by Daryl Fujii and Iqbal Ahmed Index More information

558 Index

anticholinergic medication 423–4 anxiety cholinergic rebound 432–3 brief psychotic disorder 105 Parkinson’s disease 493 epidemiology 536 psychosis induction 430–1 human immunodeficiency virus 318 anticonvulsants schizophreniform disorder 105 bipolar disorder treatment 147 apathy 540–1 cerebrovascular accident 298–9 apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele corticosteroid-induced psychosis 419 Alzheimer’s disease 463–4 traumatic brain injury 255, 256 dementia with Lewy bodies 482 visual hallucinations 525 aripiprazole antidepressant-induced psychosis 407, 410 Alzheimer’s disease 464–5 neurochemistry 409 methamphetamine-induced psychosis 401 presentation 409 Parkinson’s disease-induced psychosis 504 treatment 410 arylsulphatase A 351, 353 antidepressants asparaginase, psychosis risk 309 bipolar disorder 147 Asperger disorder 238 cerebrovascular accident 299 attention, dementia with Lewy bodies 475–6 major depression 180–3 autism 233–5 psychosis induction 407–10 affective flattening 238–9 serotonin and norepinephrine combination 408 age of onset 538 anti-epileptic medication-induced psychosis atypical 238 420–2 catatonia 235, 238–42 antimalarial medication, psychosis induction catatonic variant 242 427–8 cognitive deficits 237 antimycobacterial medication 429–30 conceptualization 233–42 antipsychotics course 538–9 Alzheimer’s disease 464–5 diagnosis 236–7 bipolar disorder treatment 147 electroconvulsive therapy 241 brain tumor psychosis 310–1 epilepsy association 236–7 brief and acute psychoses 111 genetic factors 236 cerebrovascular accident 298–9 hallucinations 238–9 delusional disorder 130–1 intellectual disabilities differential diagnosis epilepsy with schizophrenia-like psychosis 278 199 human immunodeficiency virus 319 medical disorders 236 hyperprolactinemia 310–1 neurological disorders 236 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 209 prevalence 236 major depression 181–3 psychosis 234–5, 237 multiple sclerosis 343 schizophrenia association 237–9 Parkinson’s disease-induced psychosis 502 speech 239–40 schizophrenia 68 symptom overlap with catatonia 241 seizure risk 279 terminology 235 systemic lupus erythematosus 348–9 thought disorders 238–9 tardive dyskinesia 210 autosomal chromosome anomalies, psychotic traumatic brain injury 255 symptoms 208 antipsychotics, atypical avoidant personality disorder 127–8 Alzheimer’s disease 465 axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis 341 bipolar disorder treatment 147 azathioprine 347–8 cannabis psychosis 376–7 cerebrovascular accident 298 baclofen 438 corticosteroid-induced psychosis 419 bacterial infections 322–9 delusional disorder 130–1 behavioral disturbance dementia with Lewy bodies 483 cocaine-induced psychosis 384, 387 epilepsy with schizophrenia-like psychosis 278 metachromatic leukodystrophy 351 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 209–10 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy 354 methamphetamine-induced psychosis 401 benzodiazepines multiple sclerosis 343 epilepsy with schizophrenia-like psychosis Parkinson’s disease-induced psychosis 502–4 278–9 schizoaffective disorder 87–8 methamphetamine-induced psychosis 401 schizophrenia 50–1, 68–9 psychosis induction 439 traumatic brain injury 255 traumatic brain injury 255 antisocial personality, cannabis psychosis 372, 376 benztropin 430 antiviral medication, psychosis induction 424–6 Parkinson’s disease 493

559 Index

beta blockers 411 cognitive impairment 252 biogenic amines contribution to psychosis development depression hypothesis 411 257–8 hallucinations 494 course 252–4, 256, 538–9 bipolar disorder 138 delusions 251 age of onset 139–40 diagnosis 250–1 brain abnormalities 142–4 disconnection syndrome of memory 297 course 141–2 dopaminergic system 254 depression treatment 147 environmental risk factors 255 epidemiology 138–9, 536 epidemiology 250–1 GABA abnormalities 144 gender differences 254 gender differences 140 genetic factors 254–5 genetic factors 145, 543 hallucinations 251, 259 major depression incidence 250 association 178 kindling 258–9 conversion 159 latency 252, 253, 256, 258–9 mania 147–8 neural network changes 259 multiple sclerosis association 146 neurochemistry 254 neurochemistry 144 neuroleptics 254–6 neuropathology 142–4 neuropathology 254 outcome 142 onset 252–3 post-partum psychosis association 146 pathophysiological processes 259 presentation 140–1 presentation 251–2 prevalence 138–9 primary cause of psychosis 256 progression 141–2 prodromal symptoms 253 psychosocial functioning 142 progression 252–4, 256, 538–9 psychotic/nonpsychotic brain differences reduplicative amnesia 297 143–4 seizure disorders 251–2 recurrence 141–2 sensitization 258–9 schizoaffective disorder differential diagnosis 81 severity of injury 250 socio-environmental risk factors 146 temporal lobe pathology 535–6 subtypes 138 treatment 255, 256 symptoms 139–41 unrelated to psychosis development 258 treatment 146–8 brain tumors 302–3 velo-cardio-facial syndrome 220–2 age of onset 304–5 white matter abnormalities 143 antipsychotics 310–1 young people 140 course 305–6 bone marrow transplantation, X-linked diagnosis 305–6 adrenoleukodsytrophy 356–7 electroconvulsive therapy 311 Borrelia burgdorferi 323 epidemiology 303–4 brain genetic factors 308–9 lesions in neurological syndromes 7–8 hallucinations 305, 307 radiation effects 308–10 immunosuppression 308–9 brain changes incidence 302 Alzheimer’s disease 459 location 303, 307 auditory hallucinations 525 neurochemical abnormalities 308 cocaine-induced psychosis 385–6 neuroimaging 306 dementia with Lewy bodies 480 neuropathology 306–8 imbalances in systems 546–8 presentation 304–5 methamphetamine-induced psychosis 396–8 prevalence 303 multiple sclerosis 339–41 prognosis 305–6 neuropathological mechanisms 548 prolactin level 306 Parkinson’s disease-related psychosis 491, 498 psychiatric patients 303–4 psychosis 7–9 psychiatric symptoms 304 severity 548 psychosocial risk factors 309 systemic lupus erythematosus 346 surgery 309 temporal lobe pathology 535–6, 541–2 symptoms 304–6 white matter 143, 222–3, 541–2 mechanisms 306 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy 355–6 treatment 303 brain injury, traumatic 249–50 of psychosis 309–11 age of onset 251 psychosis risk 309 classification 256 types 302

560 Index

brief and acute psychoses schizophrenia 372, 376 antipsychotic medication 111 symptomatology 370–1 duration of treatment 111 treatment 376–7 treatment 110–2. See also acute and transient Capgras’ syndrome 288–90, 297 psychotic disorders (ATPD); brief dementia with Lewy bodies 477 psychotic disorder; schizophreniform carbamazepine disorder bipolar disorder treatment 147 brief psychotic disorder brain tumor psychosis 310 age at onset 103 cannabis psychosis 376–7 amino acids 108 Fregoli’s syndrome 291 antecedent fever 109–10 multiple sclerosis 342, 343 anxiety 105 psychosis induction 420 course 105–7 schizoaffective disorder 87 criteria 97–101 visual hallucinations 525 developing countries 102 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy 357 diagnostic stability 106 cardiovascular medications diagnostic systems 97–101 epidemiology of psychosis 412 differential diagnosis 106–7 neurochemistry of psychosis 412 epidemiology 101–3, 535 psychosis induction 411–13 gender 102–3 catatonia genetics 108–9 affective disorders 234 incidence 101–2 autism 235, 238–42 mood bipolarity 104 childhood 234 neurochemical abnormalities 108 electroconvulsive therapy 241 neuroimaging 107 intellectual disabilities with psychosis neuropathology 107 204–5 outcome 106 mania 234 presentation 103–5 symptom overlap with autism 241 prevalence 101–2 catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene 27, progression 105–7 542 psychogenic 110 Alzheimer’s disease 462–3 psychotic episode duration 105–6 cannabis psychosis 376 rapid onset 538–9 chromosome 22q 218–19 reactive 110 locus 224 symptoms 104 schizophrenia association 225 brimonidine tartrate 411 velo-cardio-facial syndrome 224–5, 542–3 bromocriptine celecoxib 414 Parkinson’s disease 492–3 cerebellar atrophy 207 psychosis risk 309, 423 cerebral insult, delusional disorder association bupropion 128 methamphetamine-induced psychosis 400–1 cerebrospinal fluid, ventricular, velo-cardio-facial psychosis induction 407–9 syndrome 223 cerebrovascular accident, psychosis after caffeine 434 285–6 calcitonin 526 age of onset 287 calcium, intracellular free 319 Capgras’ syndrome 288–90, 297 calcium channel blockers 412 confusion 293 cannabinoid system 374–5 course 295 cannabinoids 373 delusional misidentification 288–9, 295 cannabis psychosis 369 delusions 292, 293, 295–6 brain changes 372–3 with disorientation for place 289–90 course 371–2 dopamine system 298 epidemiology 370 epidemiology 286–7 gender differences 370 Fregoli’s syndrome 288–91 genetic factors 375–6 hallucinations 292–6 mania 370–1 latency 295 neurochemical abnormalities 373–5 mania 292 neuropathology 372–3 MELAS syndrome 297–8 paranoia 370–1 neurochemical abnormalities 298 personality traits 376 neuroimaging 287 presentation 370–1 neuropathology 295–8 progression 371–2 presentation 288–95

561 Index

prognosis 295 COMT gene 224 rapid onset 538–9 microdeletion reduplicative paramnesia 288–90 schizophrenia 220 schizophreniform disorder 296 velo-cardio-facial syndrome 218–19 seizures 296–7 cimetidine, psychosis induction 435–6 symptom clusters 288 ciprofloxacin 426 symptoms 291–5 clonazepam, systemic lupus erythematosus temporal lobe pathology 535–6 348–9 treatment 298–9 clozapine 50 Charles Bonnet syndrome 515–16 autism with catatonia 241–2 chemotherapy, psychosis risk 309, 440–2 bipolar disorder treatment 147 childhood disintegrative disorder 235 cholinergic rebound 432–3 children/young people cocaine-induced psychosis 387–8 autism 234–5 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 209, 210 catatonia 235 Parkinson’s disease-induced psychosis 503 bipolar disorder 140 tardive dyskinesia 210 catatonia 234, 235 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy 357 ictal psychosis onset 264 cocaine 382 metachromatic leukodystrophy 350 cocaine-induced psychosis 382 psychosis onset 538 age of onset 383 schizoaffective disorder 80–1 behavioral disturbance 384, 387 schizophrenia 39–40 brain changes 385–6 age of onset 43, 538 course 385 autism symptoms 240 epidemiology 382–3 comorbidity 41–2 genetic risk factors 386–7 course 46–7 mental disorder prior history 387 ethnicity 42–3 neurochemistry 386 gender distribution 41 neuroimaging 385–6 genetic factors 48–9 neuropathology 385–6 neurochemical abnormalities 48 P50 sensory gating deficiencies 387 neuropathology 47–8 presentation 383–5 obstetric complications 49 schizophrenia 384 pervasive development disorders 235–7 treatment 387–8 presentation 43–5 cognitive disintegration, intellectual disabilities prevalence 40–1 with psychosis 200–1 progression 46–7 cognitive impairment 541 treatment 49–53 Alzheimer’s disease 458–9 University of Hawaii Child and Adolescent autism 237 Thought Disorders Program 51–3 cocaine-induced psychosis 384–5 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy 353–7. dementia with Lewy bodies 475–6 See also velo-cardio-facial syndrome intellectual disabilities with psychosis 206–7 chimeric assimilation 288–9 methamphetamine-induced psychosis 395–6 chlorpromazine traumatic brain injury 252 bipolar disorder treatment 147 cognitive rehabilitation, schizophrenia 32 systemic lupus erythematosus 348–9 cognitiveÀbehavioral interventions traumatic brain injury 255 delusional disorder 129–30 choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) 497 schizophrenia 30–1 dementia with Lewy bodies 481 combivir 424 cholinergic deficit, dementia with Lewy bodies compliance with medication, schizophrenia 69 481 confusion, cerebrovascular accident 293 cholinergic rebound 432 congenital syndromes, intellectual disabilities with cholinergic receptors, muscarinic 460 psychosis 207 cholinesterase inhibitors cortical reassignment 521–2 Alzheimer’s disease 465–6 corticosteroids cerebrovascular accident 299 multiple sclerosis 342 dementia with Lewy bodies 483 psychosis Parkinson’s disease-induced psychosis 504–5 induction 418–19, 542 chromosome 22 risk 309, 342, 348 deletion in velo-cardio-facial syndrome 208 systemic lupus erythematosus 348 mutation in metachromatic leukodystrophy cortisol, major depression 176–8 353 CreutzfeldtÀJakob disease (CJD) 330 chromosome 22q 218–19 cyclobenzaprine 438, 439

562 Index

cyclophosphamide 347–8 cerebrovascular accident 292, 293, 295–6 cyclothymic disorder 138 cocaine-induced psychosis 383–4 velo-cardio-facial syndrome 220 dementia with Lewy bodies 477 cyproheptadine 436–7 episodic 163 erotomania 121 deep brain stimulation, Parkinson’s disease 505 grandiosity 383–4, 538 delirium human immunodeficiency virus 318 anticholinergic medication 430–1 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 198–9 human immunodeficiency virus 317–18 jealous 119–21, 124, 125 infections 316–17 major depression 160–1, 163 medication-induced psychosis 406–7 methamphetamine-induced psychosis 394–5 parkinsonian medication 423 multiple sclerosis 338–9 delusional disorder 116–18 neuropathology 125 absence of psychiatric features 121 paranoid 293 age of onset 119, 124 brief interictal psychosis 270 aggression 121 bupropion psychosis 407–8 antipsychotic treatment 130–1 cocaine-induced psychosis 383–4, 387 behavioral symptoms 122 parkinsonian medication 423 chronic forms 125 Parkinson’s disease-related psychosis 495 clinical features 121 persecution 119–21, 124 cognitiveÀbehavioral therapy 129–30 traumatic brain injury 251 comorbidity 122 preoccupation 123–4 course 123–5 schizophrenia 43–4 emotional symptoms 122 somatic 119–21, 124, 288 epidemiology 118–19, 535 traumatic brain injury 251 gender differences 119 dementia genetic factors 126–8 cognitive impairment 541 hallucinations 122 CreutzfeldtÀJakob disease 330 imaging 126 epidemiology 537 incidence 118–19 human immunodeficiency virus 318 jealous type 119 major depression with psychosis 174–5 latency 123 neurosyphilis 327 misidentification 288–9, 295 psychosis 286 negative 121 dementia with Lewy bodies 472–4 neurochemistry 126 age of onset 474–5 neuropathology 125–6 Alzheimer’s disease linkage 482 neuropsychological findings 122–3 brain changes 480 onset 119–20 course 477–8 organic 125 diagnostic criteria 473 persecutory type 119 epidemiology 474, 535, 537 premorbid risk factors 123 gender differences 474 presentation 119–23 genetic factors 481–2, 484 initial 123–4 neurochemistry 480–1, 484, 497–8 psychotic symptoms 124 neuropathology 478–80, 483–4 prevalence 118–19 presentation 475–7, 483 prodrome 124–5 progression 477–8 progression 123–5 symptoms 475–7, 483 psychosocial treatment 129–30 treatment 482–3 psychotic disorder continuum 120–1 depersonalizationÀderealization state 371 rapid onset 538–9 depression somatic treatment 130–1 Alzheimer’s disease 458 somatic type 119 biogenic amine hypothesis 411 symptoms 122 bipolar disorder 141 positive 121 delusional disorder comorbidity 122 presentation 124 multiple sclerosis 338, 342 treatment 128–31 tactile hallucinations 524–5 delusions 3, 285, 539 velo-cardio-facial syndrome 221–2 Alzheimer’s disease 456–8 depression, major with psychosis autism with catatonia 240–1 age 158 bipolar disorder 138–41, 145 of onset 158–60 brief interictal psychosis 270 antidepressants 181–3 categorization 120–1 antipsychotics 181–3

563 Index

bipolar disorder diazepam, traumatic brain injury 255 association 178 digoxin 411–12, 430 conversion to 159 dimenhydrinate 436–7 borderline personality disorder 161–2 diphenhydramine 430 cortisol levels 176–8 DISC1 gene 543 course 163–74 schizoaffective disorder 86–7 delusions 160–1 disorientation for place 289–90 episodic 163 disulfiram, psychosis induction 416–18 dementia 174–5 diuretics, thiazide 412 depression subtype/variant 162 divalproex 147 dexamethasone suppression test 176 donepezil 504–5 disability level 165–74 dopamine dopamine b-hydroxylase 177, 179 cannabinoid system 374 dopamine D4 gene 178 dementia with Lewy bodies 481 duration of depressive symptoms 163 parkinsonian medication psychosis 423–4 early-onset 158–9 dopamine agonists electroconvulsive therapy 180–1 Parkinson’s disease 492–3 electroencephalography 175–6 psychosis risk 309, 423 epidemiology 157–8, 536 dopamine b-hydroxylase (DBH) executive function 163 disulfiram psychosis 417–18 gender differences 158 major depression 177, 179 genetic factors 178–9 dopamine D4 gene 178 glucocorticoids 183–4 dopamine D4 receptor protein 126–7 hallucinations 160–1 dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia 24, 26 5HT2 receptors 177 dopamine receptors impairment level 165 Alzheimer’s disease 460, 464 late-onset 160 cannabis psychosis 375 lithium 183 polymorphisms in delusional disorder 126 mifepristone 183–4 dopaminergic system 542 negative symptoms 161 bipolar disorder 144 neurochemistry 176–8 cerebrovascular accident 298 neuropathology 174–6 cocaine-induced psychosis 386 occupational impairment 165–74 imbalances in systems 546–7 P300 event-related potentials 175 methamphetamine-induced psychosis 397–9 presentation 160–3 sensitization in cannabis psychosis 373–4 prevalence 158 traumatic brain injury 254 progression 163–74 treatment of psychosis 544 psychomotor disturbance 161, 163 velo-cardio-facial syndrome 224 psychosocial assessment 184 doxazosin 411 recurrence risk 164–5 droperidol 290 relapse rate 163–4 drug holidays 424 sleep studies 175–6 DSM-IV nomenclature for psychosis 5–7, 549 social impairment 165–74 suicide risk 165, 166 elderly people symptom severity 165 major depression 158. See also schizophrenia, treatment 180–4 late life tricyclic antidepressants 180–2 electroconvulsive therapy vascular risk factors 174–5 autism with catatonia 241 ventricle-to-brain ratio 174 brain tumors 311 developing countries, brief psychotic disorder/ brief and acute psychoses 110 schizophreniform disorders 102 epilepsy with schizophrenia-like psychosis dexamethasone suppression test, major 278–9 depression 176 major depression 180–1 diagnosis Parkinson’s disease-induced psychosis 505 criteria 5–6 systemic lupus erythematosus 348–9 psychotic disorders 4–5 electroencephalography (EEG) schizophrenia 5–7 epileptic focus laterality 275 diagnostic criteria 549 ictal psychosis 265 psychotic disorders 4 major depression with psychosis 175–6 schizophrenia 4 encephalitis 316–17 substance-induced psychotic disorder 4–5 endophenotypes 8–9 diathesis stress model of schizophrenia 8 environmental factors 543

564 Index

environmental reduplication 288–90 GABAA receptors 269 ephedrine 434 galantamine 504–5 epilepsy ganciclovir 424 autism association 236–7 general deficit syndrome, schizophrenia 19, 20 brief and acute psychoses 110 genetic predisposition to psychosis 8, 542–3 complex partial 268–9 environmental factors 543 idiopathic mendelian 266 glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis 342 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 208–9 glucocorticoids, major depression 183–4 progression 538–9 glutamate schizophrenia association 208–9, 262 GABA imbalance 546 seizures 263 multiple sclerosis 341 temporal lobe pathology 535–6 systemic lupus erythematosus 347 epilepsy with schizophrenia-like psychosis glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 66 age of onset 538 glycerphosphoethanolamine 460 antipsychotic drugs 278 grandiosity 383–4 brief interictal psychosis 270–1 age of onset 538 chronic interictal psychosis 271–9 growth hormone in schizoaffective disorder 85–6 classification 263 clinical features 273 Halle Study on Brief and Acute Psychoses epidemiology 271–3 (HASBAP). See schizophreniform disorder epileptic focus laterality 275 hallucinations 3, 285, 540 genetics 275–6 Alzheimer’s disease 456–8, 524, 525 ictal psychosis 264–6 auditory 540 neuroimaging 276 sensory impairment with psychosis 515, 516, neuropathology 276–7 518, 519, 523, 525 pathophysiology 277–8 autism 238–9 postictal psychosis 266–9 with catatonia 240–1 risk factors 274–5 biogenic amines 494 surgery 278–9 bipolar disorder 138–41 treatment 278–9 brain tumors 305, 307 erotomania delusions 121 brief interictal psychosis 270 erythema migrans 323, 324 bupropion psychosis 407–8 erythropoietin, recombinant human 441–2 cerebrovascular accident 292–6 ethnicity in schizophrenia 42–3 cocaine-induced psychosis 383–4 chromosome 22q 218–19 delusional disorder 122 microdeletion 220 dementia with Lewy bodies 474, 476–7, 480 event-related potentials, schizoaffective disorder epidemiology 537 85 herbal medication 434 executive function, major depression 163 herpes simplex encephalitis 321 expressed emotion, schizophrenia 53 human immunodeficiency virus 318 extra-pyramidal symptoms, HIV treatment 319 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 202 extravagant spatial localization 288–9 major depression 160–1 eye tracking deficit, smooth pursuit methamphetamine-induced psychosis 394–5 schizophrenia 226 multiple sclerosis 338–9 velo-cardio-facial syndrome 226 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 414 parkinsonian medication 423–4 family services, schizophrenia 53 Parkinson’s disease 493–5, 524 Fergoli’s syndrome 288–9 Parkinson’s disease-related psychosis 495–7 fever in brief and acute psychoses 109–10 retinoids 416 forced normalization 421 schizophrenia 43–4 brief interictal psychosis 270–1 sensory impairment with psychosis 514 Fregoli’s syndrome 288–91 age of onset 515–16 Fujii and Ahmed hypothesis for psychosis, course 518–19 neurobiological syndrome 9–10 epidemiology 514–15 fungal infections 330 genetic factors 523–4 furosemide 430 neurochemical abnormalities 523 neuropathology 519–23 GABA 542 presentation 516–18 bipolar disorder abnormalities 144 progression 518–19 glutamate imbalance 546 treatment 525–6 schizophrenia abnormalities 144 SSRI psychosis 408 vigabatrin-induced psychosis 421–2 stimulants 434

565 Index

tactile 540 symptoms 265–6 sensory impairment with psychosis 514–19, treatment 266 521–6 ifosfamide 441 traumatic brain injury 251, 259 illusions 285 visual 540 imipramine 430 sensory deprivation 524, 525 immigration status, delusional disorder sensory impairment with psychosis 514–21, association 128 523 immunosuppression haloperidol brain tumors 308–9 Alzheimer’s disease 464–5 psychosis risk 348 bipolar disorder treatment 147 systemic lupus erythematosus 348 brain tumor psychosis 310–1 indomethacin 413 cannabis psychosis 376–7 infections 316 corticosteroid-induced psychosis 419 definition 316–17 multiple sclerosis 342, 343 diagnostic criteria 316–17 Parkinson’s disease-induced psychosis 502 fungal 330 systemic lupus erythematosus 348–9 parasitic 329–30 traumatic brain injury 255 prion diseases 330. See also bacterial infections; X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy 357 viral infections herbal supplements, psychosis induction intellectual disabilities with psychosis 197–8 433–4 age of onset 201–2 herpes simplex encephalitis 320–2 autism differential diagnosis 199 age of onset 320 behavioral symptoms 203–5 course 321 catatonia 204–5 epidemiology 320 cognitive deficits 206–7 neuropathology 321 cognitive disintegration 200–1 presentation 321 congenital syndromes 207 prognosis 321 course 205–6 symptoms 321 diagnostic classification systems 200–1 treatment 322 diagnostic criteria inconsistency 199–200 herpes simplex virus 320 diagnostic pitfalls 198–9 histamine H1 blockers, psychosis induction emotional symptoms 203–5 436–7 epidemiology 198–201 histamine H2 blockers 435 epilepsy 208–9 psychosis induction 435–6 gender differences 201–2 homovanillic acid genetic factors 207–8 cannabinoid system 374 genetic syndromes 208 delusional disorder 126 hysterical symptoms 203–4 5HT2 receptors, major depression 177 incidence 201 5HT2A receptor, Alzheimer’s disease 464 intellectual distortion 200–1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 330 negative symptoms 199, 203, 206 antiviral medication psychosis induction neuropathology 206–7 424–6 neuropsychological findings 205 temporal lobe pathology 535–6 obstetric complications 209 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), new-onset positive symptoms 203 psychosis 317–19 presentation 202–5 course 318 prevalence 201 epidemiology 317–18 progression 205–6 neurochemical abnormalities 319 psychosocial interventions 210 neuropathology 318–19 schizophrenia presentation of psychosis 318 diagnosis 204 prognosis 318 symptoms 198–9 treatment 319 sensory impairment 209 hydralazine 411 severity 200–1 hypnotics, psychosis induction 439–40 symptoms 202–5 tardive dyskinesia 210 ictal psychosis 264–6 thought disorders 198–9 age of onset 264 treatment 209–11 epidemiology 264 interdisciplinary coordination of services, genetic factors 266 schizophrenia 53 neurophysiological disturbance 265–6 interferon, psychosis risk 309 presentation 264–5 interferon a 441–2

566 Index

interferon b 342 Lorenzo’s oil, X-linked adrenoleukodsytrophy interictal psychosis, brief 270–1 356–7 epidemiology 271 Lyme disease 323–5 forced normalization 270–1 course 324–5 neurophysiology 270–1 epidemiology 323–4 presentation 270 neuropathology 325 seizures 270–1 presentation 324 interictal psychosis, chronic 271–9 prognosis 324–5 interleukin-2 441 rapid onset 538–9 isoniazid 429–30 treatment 325 isotretinoin 415 malaria 329 ketamine 526 rapid onset 538–9 kindling mania schizophrenia 259 bipolar disorder 141 traumatic brain injury 258–9 cannabis psychosis 370–1 catatonia 234 lamotrigine, bipolar disorder treatment 147 cerebrovascular accident 292 leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene 482 psychotic symptoms 147–8 leukodystrophies 349–57. MAP2 and MAP5 expression in schizophrenia See also adrenoleukodystrophy, X-linked 65–6 leukodystrophy, metachromatic 350–3 medication-induced psychosis 406–7 age of onset 350 epidemiology 537. See also named drugs behavioral disturbance 351 mefloquine 427 clinical patterns 350–1 MELAS syndrome, cerebrovascular accident 297–8 course 351 memantine environmental factors 353 Alzheimer’s disease 465–6 epidemiology 350, 537 sensory impairment with tactile hallucinations genetic factors 353 526 neurochemical abnormalities 353 memory neuroimaging 351–2 disconnection syndrome 297 neuropathology 351–2 impairment 541 presentation 350–1 mental retardation 538–9 progression 351 schizophrenia 42 treatment 353 methamphetamine 392–3 levetiracetam methamphetamine-induced psychosis 5–6, 393 brain tumors 311 age of onset 394 psychosis risk 309, 420–1 brain changes 396–8 levodopa 423–4, 494 cognitive impairment 395–6 drug holidays 424 course 396 Parkinson’s disease 492–3, 502 delusions 394–5 Lewy bodies epidemiology 393–4, 536 Lewy body pathology 459, 460 hallucinations 394–5 Parkinson’s disease 492–3 neurochemical abnormalities 398–9 psychosis 497. See also dementia with Lewy neuroimaging 396–8 bodies neuropathology 396–8 lidocaine 411–12 presentation 394–6 lisinopril 411, 412 progression 396 lisuride, psychosis risk 309 risk factors 400 lithium schizophrenia 400 bipolar disorder treatment 146–8 stress 399 brief and acute psychoses 111–12 symptoms 394–6 cocaine-induced psychosis 387–8 treatment 400–2 corticosteroid-induced psychosis 419 methylphenidate 434 major depression 183 methylprednisolone 347–9 multiple sclerosis 342, 343 metyrosine 226 schizoaffective disorder 87 mifepristone 183–4 traumatic brain injury 255, 256 mitoxantrone 342 lorazepam mood congruence/incongruence with psychotic autism with catatonia 241–2 symptoms 162–3 traumatic brain injury 255 mood disorders

567 Index

bipolar disorder 140–1 traumatic brain injury 254–6 bipolarity in brief psychotic disorder/ neurological syndromes 7–8 schizophreniform disorder 104 neuronal networks 548 delusional disorder comorbidity 122 neuronal pruning 8 epidemiology 536 neurontin 525 schizoaffective disorder 82–3, 88–9 neuropsychological deficits 550 mood stabilizers, bipolar disorder treatment neurosyphilis 327 146–8 neuropathology 328 multiple sclerosis 338–43 paretic 327–8 age of onset 338 neurotransmitter systems 542, 548 antipsychotics 343 nevirapine 425 axonal pathology 341 non-affective psychoses, other 108 bipolar disorder association 146 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), brain changes 339–41 psychosis induction 413–14 carbamazepine 343 corticosteroids 342 obsessions, autism with catatonia 240–1 course 339 obsessive compulsive disorder 536 delusions 338–9 obstetric complications depression 338, 342 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 209 environmental factors 341–2 schizophrenia 49, 209 genetic factors 341 olanzapine 51 glutamate toxicity 341 Alzheimer’s disease 464–5 hallucinations 338–9 bipolar disorder treatment 147 haloperidol 343 brain tumor psychosis 310–1 interferon b 342 cannabis psychosis 376–7 lithium 343 methamphetamine-induced psychosis 401, 402 neurochemical abnormalities 341 Parkinson’s disease-induced psychosis 504 neuroimaging 339–40 schizoaffective disorder 87 neuropathology 339–40 schizophrenia 69 presentation 338–9 traumatic brain injury 255 prevalence 338 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy 357 progression 339 oncology patients, adjuvant therapy 440–2 suicide risk 338 ondansetron symptoms 338–9 methamphetamine-induced psychosis 400–1 T lymphocytes 339 Parkinson’s disease-induced psychosis 505 temporal lobe pathology 535–6 opioids 526 treatment 342–3 viral infections 341–2 P50 sensory gating deficiencies, cocaine-induced muscle relaxants, psychosis induction 438–9 psychosis 387 P300 event-related potentials, major depression N-acetylaspartate (NAA) 144, 460 with psychosis 175 negative affect 540–1 paranoia neural networks, traumatic brain injury 259 bupropion psychosis 407–8 neuregulin 1 (NRG1) gene 27 cannabis psychosis 370–1 Alzheimer’s disease 462, 463 cocaine-induced psychosis 387 neuritic plaques 459 herbal medication 434 dementia with Lewy bodies 480 stimulants 434 neurobiological syndrome 7–10, 544–5 paranoid personality disorder, delusional disorder symptoms 544–5 association 127–8 neurochemical imbalance 547–8 paraphrenia 60–1 neurocysticercosis 329–30 parasitic infections 329–30 neurofibrillary tangles 459 parkinsonian drugs dementia with Lewy bodies 480 adjustment 502 neuroleptic malignant syndrome 241 psychosis induction 422–4 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 210 parkinsonism 492 risk with AIDS 425–6 dementia with Lewy bodies 475–6 neuroleptics Parkinson’s disease 422–4 cannabis psychosis 376–7 visual hallucinations 524 cocaine-induced psychosis 387–8 Parkinson’s disease-related psychosis 492–3 multiple sclerosis 342 age of onset 490, 492, 495 schizophrenia 68 Parkinson’s disease-elated psychosis (cont.)

568 Index

behavioral management 501 post-partum psychosis, bipolar disorder brain changes 491, 498 association 146 characteristics 495–7 PraderÀWilli syndrome, psychotic symptoms 208 clinical management pramipexole, Parkinson’s disease 492–3 co-morbid conditions 496–7 prazosin 411 cortical activity premorbidity 543 development model prepulse inhibition deficit epidemiology 490, 494–5, 537 schizophrenia 225–6 genetic factors 491, 498 velo-cardio-facial syndrome 225–6 management 500–5 primary addiction hypothesis 374–5 medication adjustment 502 prion diseases 330 neurobiological model 499–500 procainamide 411–12 neurochemistry 491, 497–8 PRODH gene, schizophrenia 225 neuropathology 490, 492–3, 497 prolactin, brain tumors 306 presentation 490 promethazine 436–7 progression 490 pseudopolymelia 288 psychosis 493–4 psychiatric disorders regional cortical activity 498 brain tumors 303–4 risk factors 495–6 premorbid 543 sequelae 496–7 psychoeducational interventions, schizophrenia symptoms 495 29–30, 69–70 treatment 491–3 psychogenic psychoses, brief and acute psychoses pemoline 434 110 pergolide 492–3 psychomotor disturbance, major depression 161, perphenazine 163 bipolar disorder treatment 147 psychosis major depression therapy 183 chronic 539 Parkinson’s disease-induced psychosis 502 conceptualization 7–9 personality disorder, borderline 161–2 disease virulence 539 pervasive development disorders (PDDs) episodic 539 235 etiology 3, 550 categories 235–6 imbalances in systems 546–7 childhood-onset schizophrenia 235–7 modified conceptual framework 545–9 epidemiology 536 not otherwise specified in schizophrenia 45 petit mal 265 rapid onset 538–9 phantom pain, sensory impairment with psychosis reactive in brief and acute psychoses 110 517–18, 521–4 psychosocial interventions in schizophrenia 29, treatments 525–6 31–2, 51, 69–70 pheniramine 436–7 psychotic disorders phenobarbital, psychosis induction 420 diagnostic criteria 4 phenothiazine 348–9 primary 286 phenytoin 420 pimozide quetiapine delusional disorder 126, 130 Alzheimer’s disease 464–5 Fregoli’s syndrome 291 Parkinson’s disease-induced psychosis 503–4 pituitary tumors 308, 310–1 schizoaffective disorder 87 polypharmacy, late life schizophrenia schizophrenia 69 67–8 traumatic brain injury 255 post traumatic stress disorder 536 quinidine 411–12 posterior fossa atrophy 207 postictal psychosis 266–9 rasagiline 493 active inhibition 269 reactive psychoses in brief and acute psychoses dopamine mechanisms 269 110 epidemiology 267 reduplicative amnesia, traumatic brain injury 297 neurochemistry 269 reduplicative paramnesia 288–90 neurophysiology 269 reserpine 411 pathogenesis 268 retinoids, psychosis induction 415–16 predisposing factors 267–9 Rett’s disorder 235–6 presentation 267–9 risperidone 51 prognosis 269 Alzheimer’s disease 464–5 treatment 269 bipolar disorder treatment 147 cerebrovascular accident 298

569 Index

epilepsy with schizophrenia-like psychosis 278 gender distribution 41 methamphetamine-induced psychosis 401 genetic factors 48–9 Parkinson’s disease-induced psychosis 504 neurochemical abnormalities 48 schizoaffective disorder 87 neuropathology 47–8 schizophrenia 68–9 obstetric complications 49 systemic lupus erythematosus 348–9 presentation 43–5 traumatic brain injury 255 prevalence 40–1 rivastigmine progression 46–7 dementia with Lewy bodies 483 treatment 49–53 Parkinson’s disease-induced psychosis 504–5 chromosome 22q 218–19 ropinirole 492–3 microdeletion 220 Rorschach Schizophrenia Index 240 clinical trials 29 cocaine-induced psychosis 384 St John’s wort 408 cognitive deficits 21, 44–5, 61–2 schizoaffective disorder 78–80 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 206–7 age of onset 81–2 cognitive heterogeneity 21 atypical antipsychotics 87–8 cognitive rehabilitation 32 cannabis psychosis 372 cognitive testing 19 children 80–1 cognitiveÀbehavioral interventions 30–1 clinical presentation 82–3 comorbidity diagnosis 88 children 41–2 early descriptions 79–80 conditions 16 differential diagnosis 81 young people 41–2 early descriptions 79–80 compliance with medication 69 electrophysiology 85 comprehensive multimodal approach 51 epidemiology 80–4, 535 COMT gene 225 event-related potentials 85 cost of care 49–50 functional outcomes 83 course 19, 21–4, 538–9 gender 82 children 46–7 genetic factors 86–7, 145, 543 intellectual disabilities with psychosis growth hormone 85–6 205–6 incidence 80–1 late life 63–4 mood disorders 82–3, 88–9 young people 46–7 natural history 83–4 deficit 20 neurobiology 84–6 delusions 43–4 neurochemistry 86 diagnosis 5–7, 15–16 neuroendocrinology 85–6 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 204 neuroimaging 84–5 late life 62–3 neuropsychological performance 84 diagnostic criteria 4, 16, 43, 61 prevalence 80–1 diagnostic methods 44 psychosis 88–9 diathesis stress model 8 thought disorders 82 dopamine hypothesis 24, 26 treatment 87 drug therapies 28, 50–1 schizoid traits, cannabis psychosis 376 early phase 29–30 schizophrenia epidemiology 16–17, 535 age of onset 17–18, 43 epilepsy association 208–9, 262 late life 60–1 ethnicity velo-cardio-facial syndrome 221 children 42–3 antipsychotic medication 68 chromosome 22q microdeletion 218–20 atypical antipsychotics 50–1, 68–9 young people 42–3 autism association 237–9 evidence-based treatments 29 brain abnormalities 24–5, 47–8, 143–4 expressed emotion 53 brief and acute psychosis differential diagnosis familial stress 67 106–7 family services 53 cannabis psychosis 372, 376 first break/episode 18 care levels 49–50 gender distribution children 39–40 children 41 age of onset 43, 538 late life 67, 70 autism symptoms 240 young people 41 comorbidity 41–2 general deficit syndrome 19, 20 course 46–7 genetic factors 26–7, 145, 543 ethnicity 42–3 children 48–9

570 Index

schizophrenia (cont.) increase in intellectual disabilities with intellectual disabilities with psychosis 207–8 psychosis 201 late life 66 young people 40–1 young people 48–9 PRODH gene 225 geriatric 60 progression 21–4, 538–9 glutamate decarboxylase 66 children 46–7 incidence 16, 17, 201 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 205–6 intellectual functioning 22–3 late life 63–4 interdisciplinary coordination of services 53 young people 46–7 kindling 259 psychoeducational interventions 29–30, 69–70 late life 59–60 psychosis not otherwise specified 45 age of onset 60–1 psychosocial functioning 22–3 brain imaging 64–5 psychosocial interventions 29, 31–2, 51, 69–70 course 63–4 psychotic bipolar similarities 143–4 diagnosis 62–3 schizoaffective disorder gender distribution 67, 70 differential diagnosis 81 genetic factors 66 relationship 78–9 heterogeneity 64 sensitization 259 neurochemistry 65–6 smooth pursuit eye tracking deficit 226 neuropathology 64–5 social maladjustment 67 PANSS scale 62 social skills training 31–2 polypharmacy 67–8 somatic treatments 28 presentation 61–3 stabilization phase 30–1 progression 63–4 subgroups 17 treatment 67–70 symptoms 18–19 life events 67 first rank 43–4, 105, 198–9 life span 63–4 intellectual impairment with psychosis 202–3 long-term course 23 synapse abnormalities 65–6 maintenance phase 31–2 treatment 27–32 MAP2 and MAP5 expression 65–6 children 49–53 mental retardation 42 early phase 29–30 methamphetamine-induced psychosis 400 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 209–11 middle-age onset 61 late life 67–70 molecular signaling pathway abnormalities maintenance phase 31–2 65–6 stabilization phase 30–1 mortality 16, 63–4 young people 49–53 neurochemical abnormalities 24–6, 144 University of Hawaii Child and Adolescent children 48 Thought Disorders Program 51–3 late life 65–6 Usher syndrome association 209 young people 48 velo-cardio-facial syndrome 219–22 neurocognitive phenotype 226 vulnerability 8–9 neurological functioning 48 white matter abnormalities 143 neuropathology 24–6, 143–4 young people 39–40 children 47–8 age of onset 43 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 206–7 comorbidity 41–2 late life 64–5 course 46–7 young people 47–8 ethnicity 42–3 neuropsychological deficits 44–5 gender distribution 41 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 205 genetic factors 48–9 obstetric complications 209 neurochemical abnormalities 48 children 49 neuropathology 47–8 young people 49 obstetric complications 49 outcome 46–7 presentation 43–5 PANSS scale 62 prevalence 40–1 premorbid period 21–3, 46 progression 46–7 prepulse inhibition deficit 225–6 treatment 49–53 presentation 6–7, 18–21 schizophrenia-like psychosis children 43–5 very late-onset 60–1. See also epilepsy with late life 61–3 schizophrenia-like psychosis young people 43–5 schizophreniform disorder prevalence 201 age at onset 103 children 40–1 amino acids 108

571 Index

antipsychotic medication 111 treatment 525–6 anxiety 105 serine, brief and acute psychoses 108 cerebrovascular accident 296 serotonergic system, bipolar disorder 144 course 105–7 serotonin and norepinephrine combined criteria 97–101 antidepressants 408 diagnostic systems 97–101 serotonin receptor 2A 464 differential diagnosis 106–7 sertraline, psychosis induction 409 duration of treatment 111 sex chromosome anomalies, psychotic symptoms epidemiology 101–3 208 genetics 108–9 sleep disorders incidence 101–2 dementia with Lewy bodies 477 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 204 Parkinson’s disease-related psychosis 496 mood bipolarity 104 sleep studies, major depression with psychosis neurochemical abnormalities 108 175–6 neuroimaging 107 smooth pursuit eye tracking deficit neuropathology 107 schizophrenia 226 outcome 106 velo-cardio-facial syndrome 226 presentation 103–5 social maladjustment, schizophrenia 67 prevalence 101–2 social skills training, schizophrenia 31–2 progression 105–7 sodium valproate 343 psychogenic 110 somatophrenia 288 psychotic episode duration 105–6 speech in autism 239–40 reactive 110 spirochetes 322 symptoms 104 status epilepticus 264 treatment 110–12 nonconvulsive 264, 266 schizophreniform disorders partial complex 264 developing countries 102 petit mal 265 gender 102–3 simple partial 264 schizotypy, velo-cardio-facial syndrome 219–20 steroids, psychosis induction 418–19, 542 scopolamine 430 stimulants, psychosis induction 433–4 seizure disorders stress, methamphetamine-induced psychosis 399 traumatic brain injury 251–2. See also epilepsy stroke. See cerebrovascular accident, psychosis seizures 263 after absence 264, 265 substance abuse 5–6 behavioral disturbances 266–7 angel’s trumpet 431 brief interictal psychosis 270–1 epidemiology 536. See also cannabis psychosis; cerebrovascular accident 296–7 cocaine; methamphetamine risk with antipsychotics 279 substance-induced psychotic disorder, diagnostic termination by active inhibition 269 criteria 4–5 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) suicide Alzheimer’s disease 465 major depression with psychosis 165, 166 major depression 182–3 multiple sclerosis 338 psychosis induction 408 synapses, schizophrenia 65 selegiline syphilis 326–9 methamphetamine-induced psychosis 400–1 course 327–8, 538–9 Parkinson’s disease 493, 502 epidemiology 326 psychosis induction 423–4 neuropathology 328 sensitization presentation 327 schizophrenia 259 prognosis 327–8 traumatic brain injury 258–9 tertiary 327 sensory deprivation 546 treatment 328–9 visual hallucinations 524 systemic lupus erythematosus 343–9 sensory impairment with psychosis 514 temporal lobe pathology 535–6 age of onset 515–16 systemic lupus erythematosus, neuropsychiatric course 518–19 syndromes 344 epidemiology 514–15 age of onset 345 genetic factors 523–4 autoantibodies 346–7 intellectual disabilities 209 brain changes 346 neurochemical abnormalities 523 course 345–6 neuropathology 519–23 epidemiology 344–5 presentation 516–18 genetic factors 347 progression 518–19 glutamate toxicity 347

572 Index

systemic lupus erythematosus, neuropsychiatric vascular risk factors, major depression with syndromes (cont.) psychosis 174–5 lupus activation suppression 348–9 velo-cardio-facial syndrome 208, 218–19 neurochemistry 346–7 age of onset 220–1, 538 neuroimaging 346 behavioral phenotype 219–21 neuropathology 346 bipolar disorder 220–2 presentation 345 brain progression 345–6 changes 222–3 symptoms 345 development 223 treatment 347–9 chromosome 22q 218–19 microdeletion 218–19 T lymphocytes, multiple sclerosis 339 COMT enzyme targeting 226 Taenia solium (tapeworm) 329–30 COMT gene 224–5, 542–3 tardive dyskinesia course 221–2 human immunodeficiency virus treatment 319 depression 221–2 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 210 dopaminergic pathways 224 major depression therapy 183 epidemiology 219–20, 536 thiazide diuretics 412 genetic factors 224–5, 542–3 thioridazine 502 imaging 222 thought disorders 19, 540 neuroanatomy 222–3 autism 238–9 neurochemical abnormalities 224 bipolar disorder 140–1 neurocognitive phenotype 226 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 198–9 prepulse inhibition deficit 225–6 schizoaffective disorder 82 presentation 220–1 tick-borne disease 323–4 progression 221–2 tinnitus 523 psychiatric disorder risk 219–20 tocainide 411–12 psychosocial dysfunction 221–2 topiramate 400–1 schizophrenia risk 219–22 transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation schizotypy risk 219–20 (TENS) 526 smooth pursuit eye tracking deficit 226 transmissible spongiform encephalopathies 330 treatment 226 treatment of psychosis 544, 549–53 ventricular cerebrospinal fluid 223 Treponema pallidum 327–9 white matter 222–3 tricyclic antidepressants ventricle-to-brain ratio, major depression with major depression 180–2 psychosis 174 psychosis induction 408, 410, 430 very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) 355–6 trifluoperazine 290, 291 Lorenzo’s oil 356–7 Fregoli’s syndrome 291 vigabatrin 420–2 systemic lupus erythematosus 348–9 violence, delusional disorder 121 trihexylphenidyl 493 viral infections 316–22 tuberculosis medication 429–30 multiple sclerosis 341–2

University of Hawaii Child and Adolescent white matter Thought Disorders Program 51–3 brain changes 143, 223, 541–2 Usher syndrome schizophrenia 143 intellectual disabilities with psychosis 209 velo-cardio-facial syndrome 222–3 schizophrenia association 209 zaleplon 439, 440 valproic acid ziprasidone brain tumor psychosis 310 bipolar disorder treatment 147 psychosis induction 420 cannabis psychosis 376–7 traumatic brain injury 255 schizoaffective disorder 87 visual hallucinations 525 zolpidem 439, 440