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The First Step Toward Sobriety: the "Boozing Devii" in Sixteenth-Century Germany

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The First Step Toward Sobriety: the Contemporary Drug Problems/Fall 1994 453 The first step toward sobriety: the "Boozing DeviI" in sixteenth-century Germany BY HASSO SPODE Dr.phil. Hasso Spode (Geisbergstr. 12/13, D-10 777 Berlin, Germany), a historian and sociologist, is on the faculty of the Historical Commission at Berlin. His latest book, The Power of Drunkenness, deals with the history of alcohol in Germany. The long transition from feudal society to the modern era wit- nessed repeated attempts to contain excessive drinking, a phenomenon of interest to both social historians and histori- cal anthropologists.' The building of the "iron cage" of modernity-in the words of Max Weber-was accompanied by the spread of a "rational lifestyle" involving changes in basic attitudes.' The struggle of preachers, humanists, and authorities against drunkenness in 16th-century Germany- probably the first great temperance campaign-marked an AUTHOR'S NOTE: Cited sources are translated by the author if not noted otherwise. For their critical reviews of the text, especially their suggestions for stylistic improvements, I am greatly indebted to Deborah Cohen, Dolorez Augustine, and the editors. e 1995 454 THE "BOOZING DEVIL" 455 important step in this civilizing process. In the following arti- detailed. Preaehers warning of the perils of drunkenness usu- cle I shall try to place this campaign in the long-term evohj, ally employed the vague set phrase that it does harm to the tion of sobriety. The main questions to be asked are: What "soul, body, honor, and property." The most important was arguments did the temporal and spiritual authorities, the the "soul"-i.~., ~he moral aspeet: immoderate drinking was humanists, and the physicians use? What was new in this dis- gl~ttony iebriositas, Völlerei), a deadly sin for whieh the course on drink, and what was old? What measures were dnn~er had to expeet the severest punishments, not on earth taken? What was drinking behavior really like? And, finally, but m the hereafter. did the campaign produce (lasting) results? D~ring the Second Feudal Age, as Braudei has called the HIgh and Late Middle Ages, trade and affluence increased 1. The initial situation and so did t~e urba~ population (in 13th-century German; one person in te? Iived in a city). In addition to sporadie In the Middle Ages the attitude of educated people toward heavy cons.umphon, everyday use of alcoholic beverages "wine" followed from the Judeo-Christian principle that it spread, parncularly among the new classes: the minor knight- was in itself a substance of manifold utility (usus), while its hood, the wealthy burghers, and also the laboring poor in the improper use was a waste of a gift of God (abusus). Inebriety towns. The. production and sale of fermented beverages and excessive drinking nearly always took place in groups, in became an importanr part of the eeonomy, with inereases the context of the "archaic drinking bout,"? an institution that apparent in the acreage of wine grapes, in the number of in Germany, as in many other pre-modern societies, fulfilled brewing lieenses issued (Braugerechtigkeit), and in the num- basic social and religious functions, pro vi ding an arena for ber of craftsmen's drinking-rooms (Trinkstuben) and of other making reliable personal ties in an insecure world, for dernon- sorts of taverns (Schenken, Krüge, etc.)-places where less strations of physical strength and economic power (potlateh), formal drinking patterns also were common. Lyrical celebra- and for the enactment of oaths and treaties (Weinkauf, tions of the joys-and dangers-of wine emerged. Neverthe- "handage"), as well as for opening up a tran seen dental path to less, the foeus of criticism of drunkenness remained the same: magical knowledge. Essential to the drinking bout were the exeessive eonsumption of alcoholie beverages was mainly ceremonial forms and the principle that one must not refuse a regarded as the result of the "archaie drinking bout," where drink-rules that ensured that each partieipant had t~ people were eoerced into drinking aeeording to certain rites. eonsume the same quantities, not seldom to the point 0 Th~refore the 14th-century guilds passed special regulations uneonseiousness. (Trmkstubenordnungen) that attempted to contain disorder originating from the practices of mutual pressuring to drink.' Beginning with the Frankonian kings (Charlemagne, in par: on tieular issued numerous deerees against drunkenness arn d Medieval physicians were less interested in the abuse of wine soldie;s, priests, and laymen) and the early mission~ie~ ~y than in its prophylactic and therapeutie values. As in other . fluences, bishops, the praetiees of the drinking bout were periodi- _ aspec ts 0f their practices, they assimilated Arab rn of ., espe 1 because condemned by seeular and ecc1esiastieal authorities- such as the teaching that drunkenness is healthf~ 1 thouaht ciall h . n feasts. dlca '" Y w en they were assoeiated with ancient paga . be ItS purging effects. Above alI, however. fI"!e" articularly lItowever, such admonitions did not playamajor role In t " based itself upon ancient authorities, drawI~'" aalen. Thu s ruggl . t ver; e agalllst the sins of the baptised and were no from the works attributed to Hippocrates an 456 THE "BOOZING DEVIL" 457 humoral pathology explained the effects of the different sorts of beverages on the balance of the four humores-whose the Age of Reformation the stru le a . not invented by the Reform gg ga~nst drunkenness was mixture made the four temperaments-and on the fine force · . ers, nor was it an ex 1 . 1ianty of theirs, but rather it . c USIve pecu- of vitality, the pneuma or spiritus, respectively. (Alchemists . 1 was rooted in long te had succeeded in synthesizing this force and called it aqua tlOn.s that now accelerated or burst - .rm evolu- society. With this borne in mind out, th~s formmg a new vitae.) regard sobriety as chiefly a matte 'fopne might nevertheless r 0 rotestant concern. 2. Amenace comes into being !n 1517 Luther posted his 95 thes .. mtention of reforming the Church es m ~It~enberg with the three years the two sides b k ' and wlthm the following The Great Plague of the years 1347-52 marked the beginning ro e completely a rt F 1 pent-up discontent with the ecclesi. ~~ . ue ed by of the end of the Middle Ages. Although Germany gradually nomic situation the refo astica], political, and eco- recovered from this setback over the course of the 15th cen- whole of Germ~y (and ~ movement spread rapidly over the tury, the fabric of personal ties of which feudal society had becoming more and m~;e ~:~~~~~IY a large ~art o~ Europe), been composed began to disintegrate, and the structures of the transition al Early Modem period emerged. At every level ~~~:n:~:oS~liti!n~e a Prot~stant win~~::~~~l~~a~~~~r ~~ of this process-from the formation of territorial sovereignty northern territories ;:na?~ rt was. particularly the central and to the expansion of knowledge, markets, towns, and the and a Protestant_R~f~r~~~ed ~hlS more moderate facti.on- money economy-increasing complexity demanded new Zwingli Bull· d . wing under the leadership of ruIes, new disciplines, and new standards of morality. in the s~uth l~~r ~ C~lvm, roo.ted in urban communities Humanists and reformers discovered the independence of the spreading i~Pth ICUarly m the SWISSconfederation, but also human being from innate qualities, his molding by education. Netherlands as :~~:t:~n anhd central parts. Later, in the One institution especially was destined for a head-on conflict E·. m ot er areas of the Holy Roman with this "moralization of society" (Aries): the drinking bout. ch71~::~i:~~~:1 ~~a~tPtists also gained followers and formed "Unfortunately the whole of Germany is plagued with the lion of ~. lVI wars devastated Germany-the rebel- vice of boozing. We preach and shout and preach against it, W, . ;he Kmghts of the Empire in 1522-23 the Peasants' but it does not heip very much," complained Martin Luther.' ar m 525, and the Schmalkaldian War in 1546-47-b f peace between the Luth era . e ore declared in 1555 B h. ? and Cathohc territories was Drunkenness had been harshly criticized decades before the Because these territori, IS did not usher in a happy period. Reformation-for example, by the poet Sebastian Brandt and routes and markets e res ~ere cut off. from the new trade the preacher Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg in late 15th- tary defeats doo ' dconhomlcdecay set in; political and mili- rne t e drearn of . d H century Strasbourg, a center of early German Humanisru- Empire so that th a urute oly Roman , e peace agreeme t .d d Furthermore, after the schism the Reformers were strongly ing spell until in 1618 th Thi n provi e only a breath- supported on this point by Catholics such as the theologian , , e irty Years' War broke out. and satirist Thomas Murner (a strong opponent of Luther and The struggle against the R Zwingli) and later by the moralist Ägidius Albertinus and by Europe, and the campal'gn 0r.nan Church began in Centra1 the most influential Humanist of all, Erasmus of Rotterdaru- ior beaan there too B hagamst tra diitional dri'nking. behav- b . ot devel T :,-- --_ •• ~.hor "",.;",1 nnlit;C::l nd theoloaical uoheavals in connected to th e opments were also closely ----~ DCA _~ •.1- ..... _ _"_ _ ~ . 458 THE "BOOZING DEVIL" 459 treatises, tracts, and sermons on the perils of "boozing" appeared. One of the most significa~t adm~nitions "on the punishment in the here and now is explained in detail. The terrible vice of drunkenness" was issued in 1521 by the Boozing Devil deprives men of their senses and reason and Lutheran theologian and later Anabaptist Sebastian Franck." ther~fore opens the ~ay for other devils-e.g., the Cursing Despite the efforts of educators, ~e w~r~ed, ,~he world ~as Devil and the Impunty Devil (Friderich estimated that there heading toward an apocalypse of inebriation.
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