Gaia Scientia (2014) Volume 8 (1): 34-50 Versão On line ISSN 1981-1268 http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/gaia/index

Traditional knowledge and use of Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild.) Poir. (jurema-preta) in the semi-arid region from Northeastern Brazil

Reinaldo Farias Paiva de Lucena1*, Diego Batista de Oliveira Abreu2, Josênio Lucena de Medeiros Leal3, Natan Medeiros Guerra4, Arliston Pereira Leite4, João Everthon da Silva Ribeiro5, João Paulo de Oliveira Ribeiro5, Ernane Nogueira Nunes6, Maria da Glória Vieira Anselmo6, Carlos Antônio Belarmino Alves7, Severino Pereira de Sousa Junior1, Alissandra Trajano Nunes8, Jacob Silva Souto9, Thamires Kelly Nunes Carvalho10 e Rodrigo Ferreira de Sousa11

1 Docente da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Campus II. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Departamento de Fitotecnia e Ciências Ambientais. Setor de Ecologia e Biodiversidade. Laboratório de Etnoecologia. Areia. Paraíba. Brasil. e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Discente de Pós Graduação (Mestrado) do Programa de Pós Graduação em Botânica. Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected] 3 Discente de Graduação em Medicina Veterinária. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Campus II. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Setor de Ecologia e Biodiversidade. Laboratório de Etnoecologia. Areia, Paraíba, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected] 4 Discente de Graduação em Agronomia. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Campus II. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Setor de Ecologia e Biodiversidade. Laboratório de Etnoecologia. Areia, Paraíba, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 5 Graduado em Ciências Agrárias. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Centro de Ciências Humanas, Sociais e Agrárias. Laboratório de Etnoecologia. Bananeiras, Paraíba, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 6 Discente de Pós Graduação (Mestrado) do Programa de Pós Graduação em Agronomia. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Campus II. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Areia, Paraíba, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 7 Docente da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba. Centro de Humanidades. Guarabira, Paraíba, Brasil. e- mail: [email protected] & Pesquisadora associada ao Laboratório de Etnoecologia. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Campus II. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Areia, Paraíba, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected] 9 Docente da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural. Patos, Paraíba, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected] 10Discente de Pós Graduação (Mestrado) do Programa de Pós Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Campus I. João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected] 10Discente de Pós Graduação (Mestrado) do Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Florestais. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected]

Artigo recebido em 10 dezembro 2013; aceito para publicação em 10 janeiro 2014; publicado 03 fevereiro 2014

______1 *Autor para correspondência: [email protected]

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Lucena et al. (2014)

Resumo

Este estudo teve como objetivo registrar as informações relativas ao conhecimento e uso de Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild.) Poir. em três comunidades rurais, nas cidades de Itaporanga, Lagoa e São Mamede (Paraíba, Brasil). Entrevistas semi-estruturadas foram realizadas com todos os chefes de família (homens / mulheres), nas comunidades de Pau D'Arco, Barroquinhas e Várzea Alegre. Foram realizadas entrevistas com foco na identificação e análise dos usos atuais e potenciais, para obter informações mais precisas sobre a relação dos informantes com M. tenuiflora. Os usos foram distribuídas em nove categorias. Nos comunidades de Pau D'Arco, município de Itaporanga, Barroquinhas em Lagoa e Várzea Alegre em São Mamede. Foram identificadas 43, 181 e 158 citações de uso, respectivamente. A 35 separação do uso atual e potencial é importante para expressar a situação em termos de conservação de espécies que estão ameaçadas pelas multiplicidades de usos. O maior uso atual para M. tenuiflora, considerando todos os usos atribuídos nas três comunidades, foi para combustível e construção. Portanto, a investigação que incide sobre os usos de M. tenuiflora torna-se urgente, uma vez que deve valorizar estudos que busquem o resgate do conhecimento tradicional sobre a Caatinga como base epistemológica, como uma forma de registrar o maior número de utilidade para a espécie e implementar planos de gestão sustentável para cada comunidade local. Palavras chave: ethnobotânica; Caatinga; população tradicional.

Abstract

This study aimed to record information concerning the knowledge and use of Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild.) Poir. in three rural communities in the cities of Itaporanga, Lagoa and São Mamede (Paraíba, Brazil). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with all heads of families (men/women), in the communities of Pau D’Arco, Barroquinhas and Várzea Alegre. The interviews focused on the identification and analysis of the current and potential uses, to obtain more precise information about the relationship of the informants with M. tenuiflora. The uses were distributed into nine categories. In the communitites of Pau D’Arco in Itaporanga town, Lagoa in Barroquinhas and São Mamede in Várzea Alegre, 43, 181 and 158 use citations were identified, respectively. The separation of current and potential use is important for expressing the situation in terms of the conservation of species that are threatened by the multiplicities of uses. The greatest current use for M. tenuiflora, considering all uses attributed in the three communities, was for fuel and construction. Therefore, research that focuses on the uses of M. tenuiflora (Wild.) Poir. becomes urgent, since it must value ideological studies that have the rescue of traditional knowledge about the Caatinga as their epistemological basis, as a way to fulfil the largest number of utility properties for the species and from the findings, implement plans for the sustainable management for each local community. Keywords: ethnobotany; caatinga; traditional population.

Introduction Nyctaginaceae and Sapindaceae. The family with the greatest diversity is the Fabaceae, Traditional people who inhabit the which contains many important species for semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil have the survival of traditional people from the developed a multitude of adaptive functions semi-arid region in Northeastern Brazil, for living in the areas of the Caatinga biome including Mimosa tenuiflora. (Wild.) Poir., to survive the environmental adversities of popularly known as “jurema preta”. This this region, using techniques of use, species belongs to the subdivision observation, physiognomy, floristic Mimosoideae, which contains approximately composition and ecological relations with 82 genera with 3,271 species, distributed plants and animals, their survival tools, throughout the world, in tropical, subtropical through their culture and cognitive and temperate regions (Schrire et al. 2005). knowledge (Albuquerque 1997, Chaves From these species, about 350 are endemic 2004, Mourão and Montenegro 2006, Abreu to Latin America, including the genus et al. 2010, Carvalho et al. 2012, Leite et al. Mimosa. 2012, Lucena et al. 2012a,b). According to Lewis (2006), the The flora of the Caatinga, according genus Mimosa contains 104 taxa distributed to Ferraz et al. (1998), is rich in the number in the northeastern region of Brazil and more of species from several botanical families, specifically in the Caatinga, the sympatric such as the Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, species Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Bignoniaceae, Boraginaceae, Malvaceae, Benth. (jurema de imbira) and M. tenuiflora. Cactaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, (jurema preta) are found, belonging to the section Batocaulon DC. and the Leiocarpae Gaia Scientia (2014) 8 (1)

Traditional knowledge and use of Mimosa tenuiflora

Benth (Lewis 2006, Oliveira 2009, Queiroz The wood of M. tenuiflora is very 2009). According to Oliveira et al. (2009), resistant and has a high energy value, and is M. tenuiflora is a shrubby tree between 5.0 widely used for firewood and charcoal and 7.0 m tall, that forms stems of over 1.5 (Pereira Filho et al. 2005, Silva et al. 2011), m tall, with sparse, erect aculeus and also a and it also has a high value in the production stem that is acute or slightly tilted depending of stakes for construction (Pereira Filho et on the type of soil, with abundant reddish- al. 2005, Silva et al. 2011) and a wide use as brown branches. It has a cosmopolitan fodder (Sampaio and Salcedo 1993, 36 distribution in most northeastern States Sampaio et al. 1998, Pereira Filho et al. (Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, 2005, Bakke et al. 2007) and for medicinal Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe and Bahia), purposes, for example in the treatment of and prefers deep, highly fertile alkaline inflammations and infections (Albuquerque soils, but can occur in secondary formations and Chiappeta 1994). of floodplains with a high moisture content. In folk medicine, the stem bark is Mimosa tenuiflora shows great used in the treatment of various illnesses and potential as a regenerative plant of eroded diseases, such as burns and external and land, because apart from being a good internal inflammations, probably due to its indicator of progressive secondary high tannin level, which is believed to succession, it is an opportunistic species and possess anti-microbial activity (Albuquerque is mostly connected with areas occupied by 2006, Albuquerque and Hanazaki 2006, man that are in the process of desertification. Mota and Albuquerque 2006, Siqueira et al. In addition, it shows a great extent and 2012). tolerance to different physico-chemical soil Studies carried out in Mexico have attributes; its tendency throughout the evaluated the antimicrobial properties of the ecologic process is to reduce its sectional stem of M. tenuiflora and have demonstrated density (Araújo Filho and Carvalho 2001, a wide inhibitory action of ethanolic and Lorenzi 2002, Lorenzi and Matos 2002). aqueous extracts against gram-positive Pereira Filho et al. (2005) reports that M. bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and tenuiflora. is well-known by farmers in dermatophyte fungi (Lozoya et al. 1989). semi-arid regions of Brazil, due to its Data from (Golçalves et al. 2005) obtained multiple uses, which are important, for from the laboratory testing of extracts from example, for raising animals, through its use M. tenuiflora stems, confirmed their as fodder, as well as providing food and pharmacological properties and showed an shelter for many native bird nests. Faria exceptional antimicrobial activity of the (1984) outlines the timber potential of this hydro-alcoholic extract against the bacteria species, emphasising its use as fuel (wood Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, and coal), due to its high calorific content, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella sonnei, which is appreciated by traditional Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp. populations as a wood of "hot fire". (Santos et al. 2005, Santos et al. 2012). An ethnobotanical study conducted Many studies have also addressed nutritional by (Albuquerque and Andrade 2002a) features of M. tenuiflora, as well as its confirms the findings (Faria 1984), that M. pharmacological properties. tenuiflora is used by northeastern Recognising the great importance populations for making fences (stakes) and the potential utility of M. tenuiflora in because of the quality of its wood, and also the semi-arid region of Brazil, this study in charcoal and firewood production. aimed to record and analyse the knowledge Several other ethnobotanical studies have of traditional people concerning this species recorded these and other uses (Chaves 2004, and the uses assigned to it in three rural Albuquerque and Lucena 2005, Oliveira et communities in Depressão Sertaneja in al. 2006, Lucena et al. 2008, Ramos et al. Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil, more 2008, Carvalho et al. 2012, Leite et al. 2012, specifically in the communities of Lucena et al. 2012a, Ramos and Itaporanga, São Mamede and Lagoas. Albuquerque 2012).

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Material and Methods production occurs only during the rainy season) and it is mostly used for family The local and regional context of work subsistence (Sousa et al. 2011).

The study was carried out in the Lagoa – Barroquinha rural communities of Várzea Alegre located in São Mamede; in Barroquinhas located in The settlement of Lagoa is located Lagoa; and Pau D’Arco in Itaporanga, all in in the Sertão mesoregion in the northeastern 37 Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil (Figure 1). region of Brazil at 06°34'15''S and These areas were chosen as they belong to 37°54'57''W, covering a land area of the semi-arid regin of Paraíba state and are 177,901 km2 and is bordered by the characterised by the predominance of the settlements of Bom Sucesso, Jericó, Mato Caatinga vegetation type, formed basically Grosso (north), Pombal (to the south), by arborescent plants with a predominance Paulista (to the east) and Santa Cruz (west). of species such as Quince (Croton The community is approximately 394 km far blanchetianus Baill.), mandacarú (Cereus from the State capital João Pessoa and is jamacaru DC.) catingueira (Poincianella accessible via the highways BR-325 and pyramidalis Tul.), pereiro (Aspidosperma BR-230. pyrifolium Mart.) and facheiro (Piloscereus From its 4,681 inhabitants, 2,304 are pachycladus). men and 2,377 are women. Among the members of the rural community of Lagoa, São Mamede – Várzea Alegre Barroquinha has a BSh hot semiarid climate according to Köppen (climate from the hot The community of São Mamede is steppes with low latitude and altitude), the located in the Mesoregion of Borborema in predominant vegetation is typically semi- the northeastern region of Paraíba state, at arid, the mean temperature is 27°C (Peel et an altitude of approximately 263 m, at al. 2007). The economy of the setttlement is 55°06'37"S and 37°05'45W. It is characterised by farming activities within approximately 278 km from the State capital small agricultural areas in the countryside, João Pessoa, and accessible via the highway where there are sheep, goats and cattle BR-230 in the east-west direction. São breeding as well as the family crops of Mamede is bordered by Ipueira - RN and beans, maize, tobacco and cotton (Lucena et Várzea - PB (north), Várzea and Santa Luzia al. 2012c). - PB (east), Areia de Baraúnas - PB, Amongst the communities that form Passagem - PB, Quixaba - PB (south), Patos the rural area of Lagoa, Barroquinhas is - PB, São José de Espinharas - PB (to the important, together with the communities of west). It has a population of 7,548 Jatobá, Timbaúba and Jutubarana, because inhabitants; 1,819 in the countryside and of its influence on the economy of the 5,729 in the urban area, in a territorial area Lagoa. The community of Barroquinha is of 530,725 km2 (IBGE 2012). characterised by the presence of farming The climate according to the activities within small agricultural areas, Köppen climate classification is BSh type: with crops of corn, beans, tobacco and semi-arid hot, with a mean annual rainfall of cotton as well as sheep, goats and cattle about 400 mm (Peel et al. 2007). The breeding (Lucena et al. 2012c). community’s economy is based upon agriculture with cattle, goats and poultry Itaporanga – Pau D’Arco breeding (Sousa et al. 2011). The rural community of Várzea The town of Itaporanga is located in Alegre is located approximately 6 km from the Sertão mesoregion in the northeastern the urban centre of São Mamede. The local region of Brazil, with a land area of 468 economy is based on agriculture, especially km2, at7°18'14''S and 38°09'00''W, with an dairy cattle, also with extensive goat and altitude of 191 m (IBGE 2012). The access poultry breeding. In agriculture, corn and from João Pessoa is via the BR-230 and BR- beans predominate and are produced only 361 in an east-west direction, and it lies byupland agriculture (agriculture where approximately 430 km from the capital Gaia Scientia (2014) 8 (1)

Traditional knowledge and use of Mimosa tenuiflora

(Ministério de Minas e Energia 2005). It km from the urban centre and has a football borders the towns of Aguiar and Igaracy field, a Catholic chapel, a disabled school, (north), Boa Ventura, Diamante and Pedra seven private dams and an artesian well that Branca (south), São José Caiana (east), was built through a governmental action to Piancó and Santana dos Garrotes (west) meet the water needs of the residents (Leite (Leite et al. 2012). et al. 2012). The Pau D’Arco community is The climate according to the located approximately 8 km from the urban Köppen climate classification is BSh type: centre of Itaporanga and consists of eight 38 semi-arid hot, with a mean annual rainfall of inhabited residences. Due the scarcity of about 400 mm (Peel et al. 2007). rainfall in the region. Some residents work Itaporanga has a population of as day labourers in local farms and in other 23,192 inhabitants, including 11,389 men neighboring communities. Many work in the and 11,803 women. It has a hot semi-arid city and some women work as teachers in climate with a short rainy season (IBGE the city school. 2012). The community of Pau D’Arco is 8

Figure 1: Location of the cities of Itaporanga, São Mamede and Lagoa in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil.

Phytosociological Inventory removal of plant resources, or in an area locally considered as degraded (A2), where To evaluate the local availability of the plant resources are continually being species, the vegetation in the studied used. communities was sampled. For each survey, For each plot, all individuals that the standard procedure for studies in dry had a diameter at ground level (DNS) ≥ 3 forests was used, consisting of the survey of cm were recorded (Araújo and Ferraz one hectare of forest (Araújo and Ferraz 2010). The diameter of all studied 2010). The present study consisted of 100 individuals was measured at ground level plots (each 10 x 10 m): semi-permanent, 50 and height was estimated using a plots in each of two communities each in standardised reference. Information was either an area locally considered as also obtained from informal conversations conserved (A1), i.e. showing little or no and open interviews with residents and the

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main informants in each community, to literature makes no distinction between use identify the locations of collection of M. and knowledge (Lucena et al. 2012a). tenuiflora, as well as the forms of collection The information obtained was developed by them. enriched and confirmed by the use of other The phytosociological parameters investigative techniques such as direct adopted were basal area, importance value, observation and a guided tour (Albuquerque relative density (number of individuals per et al. 2010) , which consisted of observing area), relative dominance and relative the informants’ homes and walking through 39 frequency (Araújo and Ferraz 2010), where the forests of the communities with ten the relative frequency (FRt,%) was informants who were willing to cooperate estimated based on FAt (the absolute in this stage of the research and to identify frequency of the species concerned), M. tenuiflora. regarding the total frequency (FT%), which The collection of ethnobotanical represents the sum of all absolute data occurred from January to September frequencies. Relative dominance (DoRt,%) 2011 via semi-structured forms represented the percentage of DoA (Albuquerque et al. 2010). When the form (absolute dominance of the species was provided, the importance of the study concerned), regarding the total dominance was explained to each informant, their (DoT) (sum of the space occupied by DNS participation was requested, as well as the in relation to the area). signing of a Free Consent Term required by the National Health Council through the Ethnobotanical Inventory Committee of Ethics in Research (Resolution 196/96). For recording the information and The botanical collections were collecting the ethnobotanical data, semi- carried out in each community and were structured interviews were conducted with identified and incorporated into the each household (male or female). In total, Herbarium Jaime Coelho de Moraes (EAN) 113 informants in three settlements were of the Federal University of Paraíba in the interviewed: 15 key informants in Agricultural Science Center. Itaporanga (eight men and seven women), This study was approved by the 62 in Lagoa with (24 men and 38 women) Committee of Ethics in Research with and 36 in São Mamede (19 men and 17 Human Beings (CEP) of the Hospital Lauro women). The age of the informants varied Wanderley, Federal University of Paraíba, between 25 and 56 years, 17 and 85 and 30 registered with protocol CEP/HULW No. and 73, in Itaporanga, Lagoa and São 297/11. Mamede, respectively. A form was supplied in the Results interviews that asked specific questions about M. tenuiflora, aiming to elicit all its Phytosociological Inventory local usages, as well as the categories into which they might fit. The categories were When the parameters of the determined according to those in the degraded area from the phytosociological literature (Chaves 2004, Ferraz et al. 2006, survey were compared with those from the Lucena et al. 2008, Carvalho et al. 2012, conserved area for the communities under Leite et al. 2012, Lucena et al. 2012a,b) and study, M. tenuiflora showed a greater were: fuel, construction, forage, magical- number of individuals in the degraded area religious, medicinal, ornamental, and other in the community of São Mamede technology. (individuals = 274) and in the preserved The interviews aimed to identify area in the community of Lagoa (47 and distinguish the current uses, which individuals) (Table 1). were those the person effectively uses, from The highest relative density in the potential uses, which were those known by degraded area was in São Mamede (DeR = the informants, but not used by them; 11.85) and in the preserved area in however, a questionaire commonly used in Itaporanga (DeR = 2.28) and the highest relative frequency in the degraded area was Gaia Scientia (2014) 8 (1)

Traditional knowledge and use of Mimosa tenuiflora

in São Mamede (FeR = 16.16) and in the was highest in Lagoa (DoR = 11.60), preserved area in Itaporanga (FeR = 6.67). whereas the value of importance in the The relative dominance in the degraded area was highest in São Mamede degraded area was highest in São Mamede (VI = 56.05) and for the degraded area was (DoR = 28.04) and in the preserved area it the highest in Lagoa (VI = 19.56) (Table 1).

Table 1. Phytosociological parameters of Mimosa tenuiflora Wild. Poir. (jurema preta), with a diameter at ground level ≥ 3 cm, in the rural communities of Várzea Alegre, Barroquinhas and 40 Pau D’Arco, in the cities of São Mamede – PB, Lagoa – PB and Itaporanga – PB respectively. Parameters: N°Ind = number of individuals; DeR = relative density; FrR = relative frequency; DoR = relative dominance; VI = value of importance. A1: conserved area; A2: degraded area.

Nº Ind. DeR. FrR DoR VI A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 São Mamede 01 274 0.08 11.85 0.33 16.16 0.15 28.04 0.56 56.05 Lagoa 47 37 1.79 1.55 6.17 8.58 11.60 5.73 19.56 15.86 Itaporanga 42 42 2.28 2.08 6.67 5.75 4.37 3.62 13.32 11.46

Ethnobotanical Inventory Várzea Alegre. In all communities, the categories which were most highlighted Mimosa tenuiflora was recognised were fuel with 63% of the total citations in and cited by residents of the rural Pau D’Arco and 46% in Barroquinha. In communities of Pau D’Arco (Itaporanga), Várzea Alegre, the construction category Barroquinhas (Lagoa) and Várzea Alegre was the most highlighted with 31%. (São Mamede) for several timber or non- The categories were divided into timber uses. subcategories, for example, firewood and In total, 382 citations for the use of charcoal were included in the fuel category, M. tenuiflora were recorded: 43 in Pau and rafters and fence within the D’Arco, 256 in Barroquinhas and 189 in construction category (Tables 2, 3 and 4).

Table 2. Distribution of citations of use of Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild.) Poir. into categories and subcategories of use by residents of the Várzea Alegre rural community, São Mamede, State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Number of Use Use Number of Use Use Categories Sub-category citations current potential citations current potential Fuel 56 47 9 Charcoal 28 25 3 Firewood 28 22 6

Construction 58 50 8 Fafters 1 1

Fence 55 49 6

“Curral de 1 1 faxina” “Forquilha” 1 1

Forage 20 18 2

Magical- 1 1 religious Medicinal 24 16 8

Ornamental 1 1

Other 4 4 Bioindicator 1 1

Shadow 3 3

Technology 22 13 9 Cable tool 17 11 6 Mobile 2 2

Others 3 3

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Table 3. Distribution of citations of use of Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild.) Poir. into categories and subcategories of use by residents of the Pau D'Arco rural community, Itaporanga, Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil. Number of Use Use Number of Use Use Categories Sub-category citations current potential citations current potential Fuel 27 22 5 Charcoal 13 10 3 41 Firewood 14 12 2

Construction 12 11 1 Fafters

Fence 12 11 1

Forage 1 1

Technology 3 3 shoulder yoke 3 3

Table 4. Distribution of citations of use of Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild.) Poir. into categories and subcategories of use by residents of Barroquinha rural community, Lagoa city, Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil. Number of Use Use Number of Use Use Categories Sub-category citations current potential citations current potential Fuel 119 59 60 Charcoal 52 16 36 Firewood 57 41 16

Firewood II 10 2 8

Construction 77 55 22 Fence 71 52 19 “Forquilha” 6 3 3

Forage 6 6

Medicinal 54 30 24

Mimosa tenuiflora was recognised community of Pau D’Arco recorded 27 as versatile in use by informants and was citations of use, including 13 for coal and classified as a species of timber and not 14 for firewood, and the community of timber utility. In all three communities Barroquinhas recorded 119 uses; 52 timber use was more frequently cited than citations for coal, 57 for firewood and 10 non-timber use, with values in the Pau for wood. In the communities of Várzea D’Arco community of 97.67% of citations; Alegre and Pau D’Arco, the citations of 72.59% in Barroquinha and 69.84% in current use outweighed those of potential Várzea Alegre (Figure 2). use, in the subcategories wood and An analysis of the citations of charcoal; however, in the community of current and potential uses in the studied Barroquinha, the citations of potential use communities, showed that current usage outweighed those of current use, for the predominates (Figure 3). subcategories wood II and charcoal, In the fuel category, the community however, the subcategory of firewood of Várzea Alegre recorded 56 citations of obtained more citations of current use than use; 28 for coal and 28 for firewood. The potential use (Tables 1, 2 and 3. Figure 4)

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120%

97.67% 100% Timber Percentage of 80% 72.59% Non-timber Citations 69.84%

60% 42

40% 30.16% 27.41%

20% 2.33% 0% Várzea Alegre Barroquinha Pau D'arco Communities

Figure 2. Representative graph of the timber and non-timber uses of Mimosa tenuiflora Wild. Poir. in the rural communities of Várzea Alegre, Barroquinhas and Pau D’Arco, in the cities of São Mamede, Lagoa and Itaporanga, respectively, Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil.

300 256 250

200 189 153 144 Use citations 150 General 112 Current 100 Potential 43 50 33 36 10 0 Pau D'Arco Barroquinha Várzea Alegre Communities

Figure 3. Citations of general, current and potential uses of Mimosa tenuiflora Wild. Poir. and the percentage of current and potential citations in the rural communities of Várzea Alegre, Barroquinhas and Pau D’Arco, in the settlements of São Mamede, Lagoa and Itaporanga, respectively, Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil.

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43

Figure 4: Record of the use of Mimosa tenuiflora Wild. Poir. as an energy source (wood) in Itaporanga, Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil.

for mystical purposes, as the only citation The building category was divided considered as magical-religious was a into four sub-categories (Rafter, fence, potential one (Tables 1, 2 and 3). “Curral de faxina” {fence of fine cuttings} In the medicinal category, 24 and “forquilha” {fork piece of wood that citations of uses were recorded in the holds up the roof}). The Várzea Alegre Várzea Alegre community, 54 citations in community recorded 56 citations of use, the Barroquinha community and none for including 55 for fences. In the Pau D’Arco the Pau D’Arco community. In the community, 12 citations for fences were medicinal category, the current uses were recorded and in the Barroquinha more frequent than the potential ones. community, 71 out of 77 citations were for (Tables 1, 2 and 3, Figure 5). the fence subcategory. In all communities, For the ornamental and other uses the current uses were more frequent that the categories, there were citations only from potential uses, including the subcategories, the Várzea Alegre community. In the other except for the subcategories rafter and uses category, four citations were recorded: “forquilha” in Várzea Alegre community, one for bioindication and three for shade. where the only citation was for a potential For ornamental purposes, only one citation use and also in the Barroquinha community was recorded (Table 2, 3 and 4). which recorded an equal number of The technology category for the potential and current citations for Várzea Alegre community produced 22 “forquilha” (Tables 1, 2 and 3). citations, including 17 citations for wooden For the fodder category, 20 handle (Table 2, 3 and 4). citations were recorded in Várzea Alegre The second category was community, six for Barroquinha and there construction, with a higher percentage of was no record in Pau D’Arco (Tables 1, 2 use citations among the communities of Pau and 3). D’Arco with 24%, Barroquinha with 28% The mystic uses were classified into and Várzea Alegre with 29%. the category magical-religious. In the Mimosa tenuiflora was chosen for Várzea Alegre community, there was a study due to its heavy use as timber. Further citation of a potential use which was not studies that evaluate the frequency and recorded in any of the categories for the quantity of resources extracted from this Pau D’Arco and Barroquinha communities. species and the impact that use has on its This indicates that the species is not used population are necessary.

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44

Figure 5: The use of Mimosa tenuiflora Wild. Poir for medicinal purposes in the city of Itaporanga, Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil.

Discussion for the present study for the communities of Pau D’Arco and Barroquinha, where the According to ethnobotanical studies fuel category gained greater prominence. (Lima 1996, Chaves 2004, Maia 2004, However, in the Várzea Alegre community, Queiroz 2009, Carvalho et al. 2012, Leite et the most frequent use category was al. 2012, Lucena et al. 2012a,b), M. construction, which was also the case in tenuiflora has multiple and varied uses in studies by Albuquerque and Andrade nine different utility categories. The data in (2002a). this study corroborate what has been The present study records a new reported in the scientific literature, which subdivision within the firewood category, has recognised a total of eight categories in where wood is used for the manufacture of the studied communities. Similar results bricks in brick yards of the region. The use were found in a study by Loiola et al. for this subdivision was current and all (2010), which recorded medicinal, citations mentioned were reported by men technology, fuel, construction, fodder and (this type of service or job in this other categories. Lucena et al. (2012a) also community is probably only perfomed by identified the categories of fodder, fuel, men). Such citations within the fuel construction and medicinal. According to category were only observed in Lagoa. Loiola et al. (2010) that M. tenuiflora In the present study, the categories serves as an energy-generating source for with the highest percentage of citations traditional populations (wood and coal), the were fuel, construction and technology. fuel category was the most frequent one for According to Albuquerque et al. (2009) and its use in its study. This was also the case Ramos (2010), these three categories

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correspond to the main domestic Many indigenous groups from the semi-arid ethnobotanical uses developed as timber region of Pernambuco State consider M. resources in the semi-arid region of Brazil. tenuiflora a sacred plant and the species is It was also observed that within the fuel held in deep respect (Albuquerque and category, the main use of M. tenuiflora is Andrade 2002b). Although the medicinal for cooking of food and as an energy supply category was not recorded in the Pau for brick yards. For construction, the D’Arco community, Várzea Alegre and delimitation of properties (stakes, fence Barroquinha Dimples ranked third, in terms 45 posts, rods) and for animal shelter (“Curral of the number of use citations. Citations of de faxina, rafters and “forquilha”) were the medicinal use of M. tenuiflora are found cited as uses, by Loiola et al. (2010) and in in studies of Albuquerque and Andrade the community of São Miguel do Gostoso, (2002a), Loiola et al. (2010) and Lucena et Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. al. (2012a,b). In the technology category, Loiola For the medicinal category, the bark et al. (2010) points out that there are received the largest percentage of citations elements that suffer some manipulation, but (60%). This has also been reported by are not used for territorial delimitation, such Rivera-Arce et al. (2007) in Mexico and as M. tenuiflora that also serve other Bezerra et al. (2008) in the city of Patos, purposes such as for tool handles (cables of Northeastern Brazil. These authors have the “chibanca” {tool used to dig the soil}, shown that M. tenuiflora was used by 90% hoe, sickle, axe) stools and chairs, of respondents to treat external injuries, confirming findings of Loiola et al. (2010) gastric ulcers, internal inflammations and and Lucena et al. (2012a). The technology female problems such as amenorrhea, category was also cited in the communities dysmenorrhoea and endometritis. The most- of Várzea Alegre and Pau D’Arco, as well used plant part by informants in these as in the study by Loiola et al. (2010). studies was the bark, corroborating the Mimosa tenuiflora also has a forage findings in this study. The most-used plant potential and is used by animals in the field. parts by the informants were the core and Use citations for forage in the communities the leaf, which correspond to the inner bark of Várzea Alegre and Barroquinha, as well (20%) and the flower (20%), which were as a record of the forage use of this species also used in the healing of wounds. These exist in studies by Loiola et al. (2010) and were used both for the treatment of the Lucena et al. (2012a,b), however, there was informants as well as for their animals. The no record of such a use in the Pau D’Arco species was also used to treat pests and community. hemostasis, by vets. This study also recorded other uses The pharmacological properties of for M. tenuiflora, where it was cited as a M. tenuiflora are ascribed to the presence of rainfall indicator, shade for farmed animals compounds known as hydrolysable tannins and it was used to "wash" underwear. and condensed ethanolic extracts which are Other uses were cited only in present mainly in the bark of the stem, and Várzea Alegre community, which were also in the core and leaves (Jiang et al. 1991, recorded by Loiola et al. (2010), in legume Albuquerque and Lucena 2005, research. Citations in the magical-religious Albuquerque 2006, Albuquerque and and ornamentation categories, only Hanazaki 2006, Mota and Albuquerque occurred in the Várzea Alegre community. 2006, Paes et al. 2006, Siqueira et al. 2012). This study recorded both the management, the local availability of the current and potential uses of M. tenuiflora species might be in jeopardy. suggested by Lucena et al. (2012a) and A difference in the cognitive recorded a large number of citations of domain between man/woman for some current usages for the species by local categories was recorded, such as, for communities. The species is heavily used as example, the fuel category. This has been timber, indicating that the species is well documented in several studies in systematically being removed from the ethnobotany (Phillips and Gentry 1993, environment and without removal Amorozo 1996, Caniago and Siebert 1998, Albuquerque 2009, Lucena et al. 2012a), Gaia Scientia (2014) 8 (1)

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and has not only been observed between Acknowledgements men and women, but is also dependent on the age group. In these studies, the largest We thank the residents of the numbers of citations came from males. communities of Pau D’Arco, Barroquinha However, in this study, most of the citations and Várzea Alegre in the cities of São for Lagoa and São Mamede came from a Mamede, Itaporanga and Lagoa, single female in Itaporanga. These uses are respectively, who participated in the mostly current and for the activities already research and shared their knowledge and 46 mentioned in the literature as being experiences concerning the use of Jurema performed by men. Preta. We also thank the Board of the According to Silva (1997) and CCA/UFPB represented by Prof. Djail Caniago and Siebert (1998), the most Santos for logistical assistance in carrying important plants are those that usually out the research, and to CNPq for providing provide continuous and varied products. a scientific initiation scholarship (PIBIC) to For Lucena et al. (2012a), most plants used one of the authors. by local populations are those that are easiest to find and be incorporated by References traditional people into their daily routines. The data in this study confirm that M. ABREU, D.B.O.; FILHO, R.B.O.; tenuiflora is a very important species for VASCONCELOS-NETO, C.F.A.; the communities of Pau D’Arco, LUCENA, C.M.; FELIX, L.P.; Barroquinha and Várzea Alegre, because it LUCENA, R.F.P. 2010. Classificação demonstrates a high versatility and can thus etnobotânica por uma comunidade provide varied products continuously rural em um brejo de altitude no throughout the year to the local population. Nordeste do Brasil. Revista de This fact can only be observed due the Biologia e Farmácia, v.6, p.55-74. particular ecology of the species and also ALBUQUERQUE, U.P.; CHIAPPETA, because it is available in all areas used by A.A. 1994. O uso de plantas e a the local populations surveyed. concepção de doença e cura nos cultos afro-brasileiros. Ciência and Trópico, Conclusion v.22:197-209. ALBUQUERQUE, U.P. 1997. In this study, Mimosa tenuiflora Etnobotânica: uma aproximação shows great potential for timber use. There teórica e epistemológica. Revista is an urgent need for studies that focus on Brasileira de Farmácia, v.78, p.60-64. the uses of this species. These studies must ALBUQUERQUE, U.P.; ANDRADE, have the traditional knowledge about the L.H.C. 2002a. Uso de recursos Caatinga ecosystem as their epistemological vegetais da caatinga: o caso do agreste basis, as a way to maintain the largest do estado de Pernambuco (Nordeste do possible number of utility properties, which Brasil). Interciencia, v.27, p.336-345. have been reported via surveys carried out ALBUQUERQUE, U.P.; ANDRADE, in partnerships with traditional L.H.C. 2002b. Conhecimento botânico communities in Northeastern Brazil. tradicional e conservação em uma área The unification of use categories de caatinga no estado de Pernambuco, for such species reveals a dynamic of uses Nordeste do Brasil. Acta Botanica and private consumption patterns for the Brasilica, v.16, n.3, p.273-285. species, which are dependent on the ALBUQUERQUE, U.P.; LUCENA, R.F.P. frequency and quantity of resources 2005. Can apparency affect the use of extracted from the species according to the plants by local people in tropical local culture. forests? Interciencia, v.30, p.506-511. The use categories have impacts on ALBUQUERQUE, U.P. 2006. Re- the ecology of species and their examining hypotheses concerning the populations. Thus, it is necessary to use and knowledge of medicinal implement appropriate management plans plants: a study in the Caatinga to be used in species conservation.

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