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AN IRISH PRECURSOR of DANTE (Brimm :CO o CNI 2 CNI 'CD CO 3Ubratp No. 1 8 AN IRISH PRECURSOR OF DANTE (Brimm Halfbuckram . Net prices. I. GEORGIAN FOLK-TALES. By M. WARDROP. Out ofprint. II., III., V. THE LEGEND OF PERSEUS. A Study of Tradition and Story, Custom and Myth. By E. S. HARTLAND. 3 vols. Outofprint. IV., VI. THE VOYAGE OF BRAN, SON OF FEBAL, TO THE LAND OF THE LIVING. An old Irish Saga, now first edited, with Translation, Notes, and Glossary by KUNO MEYER. With an Essay upon the Irish Vision of the Happy Otherworld, and the Celtic doctrine of Rebirth, by ALFRED NUTT. 2 vols. f,\, is. VOL. i. THE HAPPY OTHERWORLD. 1895. xviii, 331 pp. VOL. ii. THE CELTIC DOCTRINE OF REBIRTH. 1897. xii, 352 pp. IOT. 6d. VII. THE LEGEND OF SIR GAWAIN. Studies upon its Original Scope and Significance. By JESSIE L. WESTON. 1897. xvi, 117 pp. 4$. VIII. THE CUCHULLIN SAGA IN IRISH LITERATURE. By ELEANOR HULL. Out ofprint. IX., X. THE PRE- AND PROTO-HISTORIC FINNS. By the Hon. J. ABERCROMBY. 2 vols. Out ofprint. XI. THE HOME OF THE EDDIC POEMS. By SOPHUS BUGGE. Out ofprint. XII. THE LEGEND OF SIR LANCELOT DU LAC. Studies upon its Origin, Development, and Position in the Arthurian Romantic Cycle. By JESSIE L. WESTON. 1901. xii, 252 pp. 7$. 6d. XIII. THE WIFE OF BATH'S TALE. By G. F. MAYNADIER. Out ofprint. XIV. SOHRAB AND RUSTEM. The Epic Theme of a Combat between Father and Son. A Study of its Genesis, Use in Literature and Popular Tradition. By MURRAY A. POTTER, A.M. 1902. xii, 224 pp. 65-. XV. THE THREE DAYS' TOURNAMENT. A Study in Romance and Folklore. Being an Appendix to the Legend of Sir Lancelot. By JESSIE L. WESTON. 1903. xvi, 59 pp. 25. XVI. THE CATTLE RAID OF CUALNGE (Tain b6 Cuailnge). By L. WINIFRED FARADAY, M.A. Out ofprint. XVII. THE LEGEND OF SIR PERCEVAL. Studies upon its Origin, Development, and Position in the Arthurian Cycle. By JESSIE L WESTON. Vol. i. 1906. XVIII. AN IRISH PRECURSOR OF DANTE. By C. S. BOSWELL. 1908. 8*. 6d. An Irish Precursor of Dante A Study on the Vision of Heaven and Hell ascribed to the Eighth-century Irish Saint Adamnan, with Trans- lation of the Irish Text C. S. Boswell London Published by David Nutt at the Sign of the Phoenix Long Acre 1908 TO H, M. H. B. CONTENTS PART I I. INTRODUCTORY PAGE Dante's Commedia preceded by a long series of Visions of the Otherworld The Vision a favourite subject with Irish writers of the Middle Ages Dante's originality . 1-4 2. THE SEER The Irish Church at the close of the seventh century Its missionary activity Irish scholars and clerics on the Continent The authorities for Adamnan's life His birth and parentage Meaning of his name Enters the monas- tery of lona Becomes abbot Missions to Northumbria Intercourse with the Venerable Bede The Paschal contro- versy Adamnan adopts the Roman usage His labours in the cause Wins over Ireland except lona His death His Life of St. Colm Cille His treatise De Locis Sanctis Miscellaneous and apocryphal writings His scholarship Adamnan in the later annals Anecdote of his student days The Boruma Tribute Remitted by Ard Rf Finn- achta Fledach Adamnan's opposition thereto Doubtful authenticity of the record Further dissensions with the Ard Ri Death of Finnachta Adamnan's legislation on behalf of the women of Ireland Their previous status and liability to military service The Cain Adamndin Character of Adamnan The Fis Adamndin, why associated with his name MSS. and editions of the Fis Adamndin . 4-28 vii viii AN IRISH PRECURSOR OF DANTE 3. TRANSLATION OF THE FIS ADAMNAlN PAGE I. Exordium 2. Enumeration of previous revelations of the Otherworld 3. Adamnan's translation from the body 4-6. The Land of Saints 7-8. The Throne of the Deity 9. The Divine Presence enthroned, and 10. Pictured as a mystic omnipresent face n. The Celestial City, its 12. seven walls and its floor ; Its inhabitants; 13. Its design, as of a Christian Church 14. Limbo of the excluded 15-18. The Soul's progress through the seven Heavens; 15. Their doors and porters; the first Heaven; 16. The second Heaven, Purgatorial pains; 17. The third and fourth Heavens ; 18. The fifth and sixth Heavens 19. The Judg- ment of the Soul 20. The fate of the damned 21. Hell, a fiery glen 22-23. The Bridge of Doom 24. The half good, half wicked 25-29. Punishments of the wicked described ; classification of crimes and punishments 27. The charitable but carnal 29. Fiery wall reserved until after the of Last Judgment 30. Description Hell ; impa- tience of for the damned Judgment ; respite on Sundays is 31. Adamnan returns to Heaven ; restored to trie body, and bidden report what he has seen 32. This the subject of his with doctrine subsequent preaching ; consonant the of the Apostles and Saints 33. Enoch, Elias, and the Bird- flocks of Paradise 34. Peroration ; L'Envoy 35. Rhap- sodical description of Heaven ...... 28-47 PART II I. THE CLASSICAL TRADITION Sources of the mediseval legend of the Vision of the Otherworld The Classical Tradition The Otherworld in the Greek poets Influence of the Mysteries The effect of initiation on the future life Ethical teaching of the Mysteries Plato's Vision of Er Plato's opinion of the Mysteries Description of Elysium in the Axiochus The Frogs of visit Aristophanes; to Hades by Dionysos ; light thrown CONTENTS ix PAGE on the Greek views of the Mysteries of the next world Plutarch's Vision of Thespesios Plutarch's eschatology Rebirth theory in Plato and Plutarch The Vision in Latin literature The Somnium Scipionis Virgil's description of the Otherworld Literary character of his treatment Composite nature of his eschatology His authority in the Middle Ages 48-67 2. THE ORIENTAL TRADITION Dante's attitude towards Virgil His scheme in the Commedia Non-classical elements thereby necessitated Process of accretion in the later Jewish Church The Chaldsean eschatology Visits to Hades of Ishtar and Gisdubar The Chaldsean Elysium Arali, the Chaldsean Hades Aristo- cratic conception of Elysium The effect of the Median conquest The Avestan eschatology The soul after death The Chinvat Bridge Judgment The Avestan Elysium The Tree of Life and the World-Sea The bird Karshipta the Vara of Yima Yima and the Indian Yama Allegoric tendencies of the Avesta Its adoption of earlier animism The question of its influence on Judaism Darmesteter on Neo-Platonic elements in the Avesta Older elements in the Avestan theory of the Otherworld ; Achsemenian, Indian and Chaldsean The Amesha Spentas and the Philonic emanations Their probable connection with the Chaldsean Spirits of Earth Chaldsean and Persian influ- ences upon Jewish speculation Oriental conceptions present in the Vision of Adamnan : the seven Heavens, the mystical Bird, the Tree of Life, the World- Sea, the Bridge Rebirth theory absent from the Avestan religion Egypt and Neo-Judaism The Jewish colony in Alex- andria its of ideas ; culture mainly Hellenic ; interchange with the Egyptians Egyptian cults in the Hellenic world the ' Eater of the Egyptian eschatology ; Judgment, Dead,' Elysium Purgatorial and kindred theories of the Rabbis and early Christians Special treatment of half x AN IRISH PRECURSOR OF DANTE PAGE good, half wicked souls Greek and Oriental influences on the Otherworld conceptions of the Christian Church Rebirth rejected by the Jews, and by the ancient Egyptians 67-94 3. THE ECCLESIASTICAL TRADITION The Vision of the Otherworld a favourite subject in the Jewish apocryphal scriptures The Book of Enoch Parallels to Christian Visions Care for topographical details Disser- tations as in Dante Purgatorial theory Descriptions of Hell and Heaven The Celestial Mountain Sheol The Tree of Life Judgment The Gospel of Nicodemus The Vision ofEsdras in the Old Testament Apocrypha Another Vision of Esdras in the Christian apocryphal books The Vision of Isaiah Little information respecting the Other- world in the canonical books of the New Testament Details in the Epistles of St. Jude and St. Peter and the Revelation Graeco-Roman speculations during the early * ages of the Church The Sibylline books The Harrow- ing of Hell' legend Spread of eschatological writings The Shepherd of Hernias An anticipation of Dante and Beatrice Its scope rather anagogical than eschatological The of St. Peter The Revelation of St. Paul , Apocalypse Their influence apparent in the Fis Adamndin The Transitus Mariae Blending of Hebraic and Hellenic conceptions of the Otherworld Persistence of the moral in the of the belief in teaching Mysteries ; and popular Tartarus The Vision legend little affected by Pagan cults or Neo- Platonic speculation The Vision legend in the Western Church Instances recorded by St. Augustine and St. Gregory Minor importance of the legend in the West until developed by the Irish Church . 94-1 13 4. THE LEGEND IN IRELAND Relations of the Irish Church with Southern Gaul and the East Irish Pilgrimages to Egypt The Egyptian Book of Adam and Eve preserved in Ireland only Resemblances between CONTENTS xi the Irish and Oriental monastic systems Irish knowledge of Greek writers and intercourse with the Greeks The ecclesiastical conception of the Otherworld influenced by cognate ideas in Irish literature and mythology Dignity its of the Irish literary profession ; classifications Cate- gories of the Irish historical and romantic tales Tolerance of the Irish clergy Survival of the Imram and Fis, and their influence upon the literature of mediaeval Europe The Otherworld a favourite subject in Irish legend realms of the Irish of Elysian Gods ; the Dagda and Oengus 6g, of Mider, of Manannan Mac Lfr Poetic description in the Voyage of Bran Tethra, king of
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