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A- Aix-La-Chapelle THE AGES DIGITAL LIBRARY REFERENCE CYCLOPEDIA of BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL and ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE A - Aix-La-Chapelle, Councils Of by James Strong & John McClintock To the Students of the Words, Works and Ways of God: Welcome to the AGES Digital Library. We trust your experience with this and other volumes in the Library fulfills our motto and vision which is our commitment to you: MAKING THE WORDS OF THE WISE AVAILABLE TO ALL — INEXPENSIVELY. AGES Software Rio, WI USA Version 1.0 © 2000 2 A Aa (old), in ancient Egyptian mythology, was one of the daemons who accuse the soul of the deceased in the Hall of the Two Truths; also a deity worshipped in the town of Aat. Aa, Christian Charles Henry (in Dutch, Christian Karel Hedrik) VAN DER, a learned Lutheran divine, was born at Zwolle, in Overyssel, Netherlands, Aug. 25, 1718 He studied theology at Leyden and Jena in 1737, and was the first secretary-perpetual of the Society of Sciences in Holland, which he assisted in founding at Haarlem in 1752. For fifty-one years he performed the pastoral functions of the Lutheran Church of that place; and died there in 1793. He published several sermons. His writings on the natural sciences are printed in a collection of Dutch periodicals, entitled Algemeene Vaderlandsche Latterefeningen published in 1793. See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s.v.; Biog. Universelle s.v. Aacs (Or Acs), Mihaly (Michael) (1), a Hungarian philosopher and theologian, was born at Szent Martolny (or Martonhegy;), in Transylvania, July 9, 1,631. He finished his studies in Germany, and filled the office of pastor at Hemegges Ala, at Raab, and at Rosenau. He died at Rosenau Dec; 23, 1708. He wrote in Latin and Hungarian, Fontes Calvinismi Obstructi Tubingen, 1669): — Bodag Halalak Szekere (Strasb. 1700). See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gen.; s.v. Aacs, Mihaly (2), a Hungarian theologian, was born at Raab, Feb. 28, 1672. He studied theology at Wittenberg and Tubingen; and became chaplain of a Hungarian regiment. He died at Bartfeld, Feb. 2, 1711. He wrote in Latin and Hungarian, Dissertatio Historicotheologica de Catechumenis (Strasb. 1700): — Magyar Theologia (Bartfeld, 1709): — Currus Mortis ex Pestilentia, in quo Hominibus Salutarem Mortem Cupientibus Gratiam 3 ipsemet Dominus Jesus Preparet (Strasb. 1702). See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s.v. Aaede one of the original three muses of the ancient Egyptians; the other two were Melete and Mneme. Aagaard, Christian a Danish poet and theologian, was born at Viborg in. 1616. He was professor of poetry at Siore, and afterwards lecturer in theology at Ripen, Jutland." — He died in February — 1664. Among his poems are, De Hommagio Frederici III, Dania et Norw. Regis (Hafniae, 1660,' fol.): Threni Hyperborai, on the death of Christian IV. All his pieces are inserted in Rostgaard's Delicic quorundam Poetarum Danorum (Leyden, 1695, 2 vols. 12mo). See, Moreri, Dict. Hist. 1810. Aagaard, Nioholas (Niels), brother of the above, was librarian in the University of Soroe, Denmark, where he died, Jan. 22, 1657, aged forty-five years. He and his brother were both Lutherans. Among other works, he wrote, A Disputation on the Style of the New Testament (Soroe, 1655, 4to). Aah (the Moon), the ancient Egyptian name of the god who was called by the Romans Lunus. He was represented as an ibis-headed man, with the lunar horns and disk upon his head; or else as a man kneeling on one knee and supporting a disk above his head with both hands. Aaheru (the Chief of Terrors), one of the mystical deities of the Egyptian hell. Aahlu (Aaluna, Aahenru, Or Aahnaru) the ancient Egyptian name for the plains of Elysium, of which the valley of Balot formed a part. 4 Aare, Diederik (Dirk Or Thierry) Van Der, was bishop of Utrecht in the 13th century. He seems to have attended more to the temporalities of his see than to his spiritual duties, and was involved in frequent warfare with William, count of Holland. He governed Utrecht for fourteen years, and died at Deventer, Dec. 5, 1212. See Hook, Eccles. Biog. s.v. Aaron The following description of the ascent to his reputed tomb on Mount Hor is taken from Porter's Handbook for Syria (p. 91). See HOR. "Ascending the ravine from the south-eastern angle of the valley, we reach in about half an hour the plain called Sutuh Harun, which skirts the base of Mount Hor. Crossing this towards the south-east side of the peak, we find a path winding up to the summit. The ascent from the plain must be made on foot, and occupies about an hour. It is neither difficult nor dangerous if the proper track be followed, for in the steeper portions rude steps aid the pilgrim. Not far from the summit is a little platform, from which the central and culminating peak rises in broken masses, giving a peculiar character to the mountain, like — ‘Embattled towers raised by Nature's hands.’ A deep cleft in the rock opens a way to the top. A little way up are the openings to subterraneous vaults with rounded arches, nearly similar to those in front of the tomb in the eastern cliff of Petra. From hence a staircase leads to the narrow platform on which the tomb stands. "The tomb, as it now stands, is comparatively modern; but it is composed of the ruins of a more ancient and imposing structure. Some small columns are built up in the walls, and fragments of marble and granite lie scattered around. The door is in the- outh-west corner. An ordinary cenotaph, such as met with in every part of the East — a patchwork of stone and marble — is the only thing in the interior. It is covered with a ragged pall, and garnished with the usual accompaniments — old shawls, ostrich-eggs, and a few heads;" Near the north-west angle a staircase leads down to a dark vault, partly hewn in the rock. Visitors desirous of exploring this grotto would do well to have lights in readiness. The real tomb of the high-priest is here shown at the far end of the vault. It was formerly guarded by an iron grating. The date of the building is at least prior to the time of the 5 Crusades; for the author of the Gesta Prancorum mentions that in the time of Baldwin (A.D. 1100) an expedition was made in vallem Moysi, to Wady Musa;' and that there, on the summit of a mountain, was an oratory. Fulcher of Chartres, who also gives an account of the expedition, says he saw the chapel. It is highly probable that the spot was held sacred by the Christians before the Mohammedan Conquest. Aaron is commemorated as a Christian saint in the Ethiopic calendar on March 27; and his deposition on Mount Hor is assigned in early Roman martyrologies to July 1. Aaron St. (1), was a Briton who suffered martyrdom with St. Julius in Britain, during the persecution under Diocletian, in 303. We are not informed as to the British name of Aaron; but he and Julius had each a church erected to his memory in the city of Caerleon, the ancient metropolis of Wales. Their festival is placed in the Roman martyrology on July 1. Aaron St. (2), is said to have been the founder of the first monastery in Brittany. He flourished in the 6th century, and was eminent for his piety. When St. Malo fled from Britain into Gaul, he was received and hospitably entertained by Aaron, then residing on a little island not far from the present town of Saint Malo. Together with St. Malo, he labored for the conversion of the heathen, and was induced to erect a monastery, over which he presided till his death, in 580. See Hook, Eccles. Biog. s.v. Aaron Abiob (Or Aviob), a rabbi of Thessalonica who lived near the close of the 16th century. He wrote a literal commentary on the book of Esther, in Hebrew, entitled rMohi ˆm,v, — i.e. Oleum Myrrhoe, ex Rabbinorum Commentariis, etc. ( Thessalonica, 1601). See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s.v. Aaron A Presbyter Of Alexandria, was the author of thirty books on physic, in the Syrian tongue, which he called the Pandects. They were supposed to have been written before 620, and were translated into Arabic by Maserjawalh, a Syrian Jew, about 683. The original Pandects and their translations are now lost, and we have 6 nothing of them remaining but what Mohammed Rhazis collected from them and has left us in his Continens. Aaron Of Bistritz, Peter Pau1, was a friar of the Order of. St. Basil, and bishop of Fogaras, in Transylvania. — He died in 1760. He wrote Definitio et Exordium Sanctoe — Ecumenicoe Snynodi (Florence, 1762). See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale., s.v. Aaron Ben-Elia, a Karaite of Nicomedia, lived in the 14th century. He wrote a work in imitation of the Moreh of Maimonides, entitled The Tree of Life, which is a presentation, on a philosophical basis, of the dogmas of Mosaism; and contains, also, detailed accounts respecting the religious and philosophical schools among the Arabs. See Ueberweg, Hist. of Philos. 1, 428. Aaron Ben-Josef Ben Benveniste Ben-Josef Ben-Serachja Ben-Shem-Tob, Ha-Levi, a Jewish writer of Barcelona, was born about 1235, and died after 1300. He was a great authority and rabbi at Toledo. Being a good Talmudist he wrote some novellas on Talmudical treatises. He also wrote tyæBi — h qr,B,, The Fixture of the House, a criticism on the tyæBi — h tri/T of Ben-Adrat, and the ËWNjæhi 8s, an exposition of the six hundred and thirteen precepts.
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