in Great Britain The changing role of the

Frank Scholten NHL University of Applied Sciences

Master Project Yvonne ter Brugge June 2016

1

Contents

Introduction ...... 3 Chapter 1 – Castle, a definition ...... 4 1.1 Introduction ...... 4 1.2 Dictionary definitions ...... 4 1.3 Broader definitions ...... 4 1.4 The purpose of the castle ...... 6 1.5 Castle building through the centuries ...... 6 1.6 Conclusion ...... 7 Chapter 2 – Castles that have survived ...... 7 2.1 Introduction ...... 8 2.2 Castles in ...... 8 2.3 Castles in ...... 9 2.4 Castles in Scotland ...... 10 2.5 Conclusion ...... 11 Chapter 3 – The castle in medieval times ...... 12 3.1 Introduction ...... 12 3.2 A license to crenellate ...... 12 3.3 Defence and protection ...... 12 3.4 Government and administration ...... 13 3.5 The castle as a residence ...... 13 3.6 Conclusion ...... 14 Chapter 4 – The castle today ...... 15 4.1 Introduction ...... 15 4.2 Decline and changing image of the castle ...... 15 4.3 Ownership and management ...... 16 4.4 Activities on castle grounds ...... 16 4.5 Conclusion ...... 17 Conclusion ...... 18 References ...... 19 Appendix ...... 21 List of surviving castles in England ...... 22 List of surviving castles in Wales ...... 27 List of surviving castles in Scotland ...... 29

2

Introduction

Castles have always interested me. As a young boy I watched cartoons and TV series which involved or were centred around castles, like Alladin, Dag Sinterklaas, Princess Sissi, De vloek van Woestewolf, the Belgian series Kulderzipken and probably many more. I was fascinated by castles, fantasised about being a king and I often drew or invented my own castle. I remember getting a book with pictures of German castles from my grandfather. I was delighted and intrigued. Unfortunately, I lost the book and I still regret losing it. The love for castles never really faded. At the time of writing this introduction I am watching the British series Merlin, which is set in and around the castle of Camelot and I still secretly dream of living in a castle one day. I drew the image on the front page specifically for this paper and it is inspired on St Michael’s Mount, as it was the first castle I came across while doing the research. In 2009 I went to Halmstad, Sweden, for my educational stay. The original idea of the educational stay was for students to go abroad and live in a country with English as its mother tongue. Due to an organisational error of the NHL a small group of classmates and I were not able to go to Leeds or any other city in an English speaking country. We could then choose between a place in Finland or Sweden and we chose Sweden. In Halmstad I started working on my master project, as this final project was called back then. It was focused on the Swedish school system. It was difficult to find good sources and eventually I lost my motivation. When I was offered the chance of making a fresh start with the master project I knew I wanted to research the history of British castles and their current use. Times have changed tremendously, it is the very nature of life. Most aspects of life change, methods improve, cultures evolve and buildings fall apart and get replaced within decades or within a century. Some things, however, seem to survive the centuries. Castles are an example of something that can survive centuries. Although the buildings managed to remain, life in castles must have changed greatly. In this report I want to research how life in British castles has changed over the centuries. This will be a factual report, comparing life in British castles around the and present-day life.

This leads me to the main question of this paper: How has life in British castles changed from the Middle Ages to now?

In order to answer this question I have to delve into these subquestions first: 1. When do we speak of a castle? 2. Which, and how many, castles have survived the centuries in Great Britain? 3. Which functions did castles in Great Britain have in the Middle ages? 4. Which functions do castles in Great Britain have nowadays?

3

Chapter 1 – Castle, a definition

1.1 Introduction The first thing that comes to mind at the very start of this research is the definition of the word castle. What is a castle? It is the first aspect that needs to be looked into. The definition of “castle” influences the answers to all questions in this research. At first glance this might seem to be an easy subject. However, it is more difficult than it would appear. This chapter explores narrow and broader definitions of the word. The interpretation chosen in the conclusion of this chapter will provide a set of characteristics that can be used to draw up the list of medieval castles needed in chapter two. This list will in turn provide the basis for the sub-questions in chapters three and four and it lays the foundation for answering the main question: how has life in British castles changed from the Middle Ages to now?

1.2 Dictionary definitions The online Merriam Webster dictionary is a respected online dictionary. The American company was founded in 1831 and is known for its diverse range of language works. The full definition of “castle” by the Merriam Webster dictionary (Castle, n.d.):

1 a : a large fortified building or set of buildings b : a massive or imposing house 2 : a retreat safe against intrusion or invasion

The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English is a dictionary for advanced learners of English and it is used by the entire English language department of the NHL University of Applied Sciences. This dictionary defines the word as follows (Summers, D. (Ed.), 2003):

a very large strong building, built in the past as a safe place that could be easily defended against attack.

In addition to the online Merriam Webster dictionary and the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, the Dutch dictionaries Kramers Handwoordenboek Nederlands (Coenders, H. (Ed.), 1998), Van Dale Online Woordenboek (Van Dale Online Woordenboek, n.d.) and Koenen Woordenboek Nederlands (De Boer, W. Th. (Ed.), 1999) were consulted. Most dictionaries define a castle as a fortified building or just as a large and beautiful house. These are mostly very short descriptions and as a result they are usually vague. A castle is not just a large and strong house, or is it?

1.3 Broader definitions The Encyclopaedia Britannica 1961 edition provides a more thorough explanation. The word is derived from Latin “castellum,” meaning “fortified place.” The castle concept is primarily described as a fortified residence. Castles or fortifications of the early Middle Ages were built for communal defence. They seem to have been military places as well as places to live. In medieval times the most prominent feature of a castle was fortification and this fortification

4 could be applied to a residence, just a tower or a whole town. (Britannica, Castle, 1961) This shows the dictionary definitions are indeed short and the subject is worth looking into. The word “castle” appears to be a general term used for a variety of structures, made from different materials in different times. The fact that Charles L. H. Coulson spends at least two chapters on our view of the castle in his book Castles in Medieval Society (Coulson, 2003) illustrates that describing the concept of castles can be a complex matter. Early castles were often made of earth and timber, later on they were built from stone or brick. An early version of the castle was the motte and . The motte is a like a hill or terp. Either a natural mound, a partially artificial or completely artificial mound was used, depending on the location and available resources. It served both a structural and military purpose. The motte was commonly made of heaps of earth and sometimes clad with wooden boards or stone slabs. It was often surrounded by a and a tower was constructed on top of the motte. Usually a bailey was added and constructed against the ditch. A bailey is an area encircled by walls and it could include a stable, a place to store supplies, a parish church and sometimes even permanent homes. If a bailey proved to be too small sometimes a second or third would be added. (Pounds, 1990) The origin of the motte and castle lies outside England. There seem to have been few castles in England before 1066. There have been many excavations and most of the mottes and ruins that were found belong to the period after 1066.

“In fact, the earliest castles recorded in England – and recorded with the name, never hitherto used, of ‘castel’ – were those of the Norman followers of Edward the Confessor, which briefly appear in 1051-2.” (King, 1988, p. 34)

Mottes and baileys were not the only structures that were called castles. Walled towns and entire villages were called a castle in the past as well. An example of this can be read in Castles in Medieval Society:

“The Franks or ‘Latins’ on the First Crusade (1096-9) indifferently called the forts, walled towns, and villages they encountered ‘castles’, just as to St Jerome in his Latin Vulgate Bible translation towns were castra.” (Coulson, 2003, p. 16)

A short description of what would be considered a true castle by Normanists is provided by Norman Pounds in The Medieval Castle in England and Wales (1990):

“The burh was little more than a well-protected home; a true castle was the defended focus of feudal administration.” (Pounds, 1990, p. 11)

Although form seems relevant when defining a castle, Pounds seems to suggest its function should be taken into account and might be more important.

5

1.4 The purpose of the castle Castles served at least three purposes, according to Pounds (1990). The castle was a home for its lord, (baronial or knightly) family and servants. Regardless of the main function of a castle, it always contained domestic apartments and facilities. Castles could be private or personal, a family residence and a public place at the same time (Coulson, 2003). Early motte-and-bailey castles and their domestic facilities are likely to have been made of wood. Little has survived of these castles. Later on in history people began building castles from stone and brick. The second purpose could be described as defence, military or protective. In order to accomplish this the castle was often also house to soldiers of some kind. It was possible a castle did not provide a home for soldiers. However, the owner of the castle would most likely at least have access to a group of people who could defend the castle. The third purpose was administrative as from most castles an area of land was controlled. This administrative function was most important in royal castles and they could be used for (county) government and courts. The castle could be a place to hold prisoners in a “gaol” or jail. Another example of the administrative use of castles is the collection of scutage (a medieval kind of tax). The building of Castle in 1361 by Edward III might be seen as marking the beginning of purely military castles. (Pounds, 1990)

1.5 Castle building through the centuries An English castle around 1150 would most probably be enclosed, have few towers, a , a and no arrow slits. The enclosure would be irregular or curvilinear. A castle built in or after 1200 would have arrow slits. In fact, all levels of the castle could be used for archery whether it would concern habitable floors or rooms or not. Another thing that castles from 1200 onwards did have and earlier castles didn’t is the portcullis or strong iron gate. This type of castle would have been designed into a polygon or a square and its keep would have been polygonal or cylindrical (not square). In some cases the castle would not have a keep, for the costs of the new type of defence would be too high. (King, 1988) The thirteenth century, especially the period of the great building campaigns of Edward I, is regarded as the most successful period of English castle-building. It is the time of a growing desire for symmetrical castles. They could still have a motte with a tower in this era, with the tower functioning as its keep, according to King (1988). Although not provable, according to Thompson (1987) it is reasonable to assume the building of mottes was discontinued around 1200 unless they were fortified with stone and had become useless by the end of the fourteenth century. (Thompson, 1987) At the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth more complex towers were on the rise. Round towers on top of a square, rectangular or polygonal base stem from this period. Most towers would be large enough to provide comfortable chambers which could be equipped with a fireplace and a kind of toilet (latrine). Towers were essential to the defence of the castle. (King, 1988) People began adapting castles for the use of gunpowder and a sort of gun from about 1370. Thirteenth-century castles look like they were primarily built as defences with houses as some sort of afterthought, according to King (1988). Fourteenth-century castles with their defences and internal buildings, on the other hand, seem to be a planned whole. They were usually built on low and level ground. In the south of England castles were typically built by the head of an emerging family and in the north castles were usually built by established

6 nobles. became an important part of castle's defences in this century and continued to be used in the fifteenth century. In the fifteenth century castles in England were on the decline. The scale at which new castles were built was much smaller and their quality was less. Fifteenth-century castles looked a lot like castles from the previous century; architects didn't experiment as much and the castle did not really evolve, except for the greater use of machicolations. (King, 1988) According to the page on castle architecture in the online version of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (Britannica, Castle Architecture, n.d.) machicolations were openings in roofs of passages, walls or gates through which missiles could be dropped, thrown or shot.

1.6 Conclusion Fortification seems to be a shared element in all definitions. The origin or the word “castle” supports this idea, as it is derived from Latin “castellum,” meaning a fortified place. Defence and fortification is definitely a key characteristic and should be part of the definition. Of course the way in which a castle was fortified or defended changed over time. The first castles were made of earth and wood and this evolved into castles made from stone and brick. The tower or keep was already present in the early castles and stayed part of it throughout the Middle Ages. In addition, almost all castles seem to have had at least some form of enclosure, like a ditch, or wall. Domestic facilities are also a key feature of castles, as all castles provided a place for people to live, prepare food and sleep. A bailey was often used for stables, a place to store food and sometimes even permanent homes. The last key feature of nearly all castles is its connection to a community by serving public or administrative functions. Justice could be spoken in the castle’s court, prisoners could be held in a gaol and it could be the place to collect taxes as well. The word “castle” can be applied to motte-and-baileys, forts, walled towns and villages, like the Franks did, as they can all be defended, provide domestic facilities and could serve administrative purposes.

The above leads to the following definition:

an often large and fortified building, town or village that can be defended or serve as a defence, provide a place to live and in most cases facilitate public or administrative functions.

This definition should be narrowed down a little in order to be useful for this paper. This rather broad definition is not specific enough since it could be applied to entire towns or just one residence.

Therefore, the definition used in this paper is as follows:

Castle; an often large and fortified building that can be defended or serve as a defence, can serve as a residence and in most cases facilitate public or administrative functions.

Chapter 2 – Castles that have survived

7

2.1 Introduction This chapter focusses on the castles in Great Britain that still exist, for the main question of this paper is how life in British castles changed from the Middle Ages to now. The medieval period lasted from about the fifth century to approximately the fifteenth century. Castles built after 1500 AD will not be discussed, since there was no way of life in these castles in the Middle Ages. The question of this chapter is: which, and how many, castles have survived the centuries in Great Britain? A list of surviving castles has been compiled in the process of answering this question. The list is added as an attachment at the end of this paper. For this paper a surviving castle is defined as a castle that still has a purpose or that is stable enough to provide shelter and, in theory, a place to live. Although one could argue most ruins still serve a kind of purpose, as part of a public park or history tour for example, they are often not very stable and incapable of reasonably supporting human life. Ruins are therefore not included in this chapter. Some castles that did make the list are partially ruined, yet complete and stable enough to provide shelter and often include room for exhibitions and tours. Particularly interesting was the case of Mountfitchet Castle. Today Mountfitchet Castle is a reconstructed Norman castle and village. The original castle and village were destroyed in 1215 and the castle had been forgotten for about 700 years. The current castle was built in 1980 by Alan Goldsmith. (Mountfitchet Castle, 2016) Since it is a recently built reconstruction and there are no original walls used in the reconstruction, Mountfitchet Castle did not make the list.

2.2 Castles in England There are many castles in England, most of which are considered ruins. The list with ruins that can still be visited is larger than the list of castles that really survived the centuries. Some castles were destroyed in battles, others were ordered to be dismantled by royalty, some castles were taken down so that its stones could be used to build a new castle and others were simply abandoned. Brough Castle is a perfect example of a castle that was demolished so that the stones could be used to build another castle. In the case of Brough Castle the stones were used to provide stone for a new house at Appleby Castle. (Brough Castle, 2016) (Brindle, 2016) Appleby Castle made the list of surviving castles, Brough did not. Ruins can often still be visited. Some are part of a park. Castle is an interesting example a ruin. Even though there is not much left of the castle visitors can still enter what remains. The former courthouse of the castle is now used as a museum. (About Knaresborough Castle, 2016) Most ruins are just a shell at best, without an original indoor area that can be used. Some ruined castle walls can still be walked on and sometimes towers can still be climbed. Of some castles only earthworks remain. These earthworks are often protected and can be visited. Castle, for instance, was destroyed in 1221 and is a perfect example of a castle which was completely lost and of which only earthworks remain. (History of Skipsea Castle, 2016) The list of English medieval castles that have survived the centuries contains 69 castles. This means that in the definition used for this paper there are at least 69 castles in England which still have, or can have, a purpose and are still able to provide shelter. Thirteen of these castles are in the care of English Heritage Trust, eight are in the care of the National

8

Trust and the other castles are either privately owned or owned by a local council or a trust dedicated to one specific castle. St Michael’s Mount Castle in Marazion, Cornwall, is an example of a 12th century castle still standing. It stands on top of a rocky island and it is in the care of the . (History of the Mount, 2016) The Great Hall is all that remains from Winchester Castle. Because of the good condition of the great hall it made the list, even though the rest of the castle is gone. The Castle was originally built in 1067 for . The hall which can be seen and visited today was built between 1222 and 1235. It is situated in Winchester, Hampshire, and in the care of Hampshire County Council. (The Great Hall, 2016) The Great Hall features a round table, which, according to the legend, is the round table of King Arthur. Although scientific investigation revealed that the table came from a time centuries after King Arthur would have lived, the legend and the mystery remains. (What is the round table?, 2016) Penshurst Place is a well preserved 14th century castle and a perfect example of a privately owned castle. Philip Sidney, 2nd Viscount De L'Isle MBE is the current owner and inherited the estate in 1991. The castle has been in his family since 1552. The castle and its gardens are open to visitors. There is a visitor entrance, gift shop, a café and a restaurant. (History Timeline, 2016)

2.3 Castles in Wales Only 15 Welsh castles made the list, while there are more than 35 medieval ruins to be found. Wales has by far the most ruins. Most of the castles that were looked at so that a list of surviving castles in Wales could be compiled were ruined and didn’t make the list. There is also a great number of castles of which only earthworks remain. Castle Nimble in the area of (Davis, Castle Nimble, , 2016) and Castle in the village of Painscastle (Davis, Painscastle, 2016) are examples of castles of which only a small mound remains. The remains of Castle, also in Radnorshire, consist largely of earthworks but some rubble can still be seen on the site. (Davis, Cefnllys Castles, 2016) Only earthworks remained of Castle until the 1970s when houses were built on the site. (Davis, Glasbury Motte, 2016) Fifteen castles were considered complete enough to be classified as a surviving castle. Three of these are owned and managed by , the Welsh government’s historic environment service, two are in the care of the National Trust and the other castles are either privately owned or owned by a city, county council or trust. St Donat’s Castle is a special case, for it is not owned by a trust, government organisation or private individual. St. Donat’s Castle is a 12th century castle owned by Atlantic College, an international school. Each year it provides a place of learning for over 350 students, aged 15 – 19 from many different countries. (UWC Atlantic College, n.d.) in Manorbier, , was a difficult case, since it is largely ruined. The castle, which is privately owned, eventually made the list for it has been partially renovated, is still used for weddings and has a house within the castle walls where people can stay. (Manorbier Castle, 2013) in Pembroke, Pembrokeshire, was built in 1093 by Earl Roger of Montgomery and sill standing today. Henry VII was born here. In 1648, during the Civil War, took the castle and ordered it to be destroyed, which was more difficult than expected. Cromwell’s men did considerable damage and local people did some more by taking stones. In the 19th and 20th century the castle was restored and now visitors can

9 explore the rooms and towers. The castle is managed by Pembrokeshire Castle Trust and owned by the Phillips family. (Pembroke Castle, 2016)

2.4 Castles in Scotland Thirty-one castles are on the list of surviving Scottish castles which was compiled for this paper. More than thirty ruins were found and did not make the list. During the investigation more than ten castles were found that were built after 1500 and they have therefore not been included either. Dumbarton Castle is not on the list of surviving castles even though a beautiful castle can still be seen at the site. The castle of the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages was ruined and most of the buildings that can be seen today date back to the 17th and 18th century. (Historic Environment Scotland, n.d.) The same goes for Stirling Castle. Most of what can be seen of this castle dates from the 16th century onwards. (Historic Environment Scotland, n.d.) Twelve of the thirty-one surviving castles are in the care of Historic Environment Scotland, one of Scotland’s main heritage organisations, five are owned by the National Trust for Scotland and the other castles are either private property or in the care of a trust dedicated to a specific castle. Craigmillar Castle is a 14th century castle and it made the list although a large part of it is ruined. This is a perfect example of a castle that is complete enough to be considered a surviving castle despite the ruined parts. It is more than an empty shell and visitors can walk around on the different floors. The castle is situated in Edinburgh and managed by Historic Environment Scotland. (Historic Environment Scotland, n.d.) Glamis Castle is a good example of a 14th century castle that survived the centuries. It was the childhood home Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Princess Margaret, daughter of The Queen Mother and sister of the current Queen Elisabeth II, was born here. Glamis Castle is also the setting for Shakespear’s Macbeth. It is situated near Glamis, Angus, and open to the public. (Glamis Castle, n.d.) Doune Castle is a 14th century castle in Doune, in the district of Stirling. It became a royal castle in the 15th century and lost this role in the 17th century. The most impressive feature of the castle is considered to be the great hall, or Duke’s Hall. There is also a kitchen tower, gatehouse and there are still several chambers. In recent history it has been used as a filming site for Monty Python, Game of Thrones and Outlander. It is managed by Historic Environment Scotland and open to the public. (Historic Environment Scotland, n.d.)

10

2.5 Conclusion This chapter focusses on the question of which and how many medieval castles have survived the centuries. In order to classify as a surviving castle a building had to meet three important criteria. In the previous chapter the castle was defined as an often large and fortified building that can be defended or serve as a defence, can serve as a residence and in most cases facilitate public or administrative functions. This definition is the first criterion. The second criterion is a description which sets the surviving castles apart from the ruins. In this chapter a surviving castle has been described as a castle that still has a purpose or that is stable enough to provide shelter and, in theory, a place to live. The third and final criterion that had to be met has to do with the time period in which the castle was built or used. The castles that were looked at for this paper had to have been in use or at least built between 500 – 1500 AD. Castles that were built after 1500 AD were excluded from the research. A total of 114 castles that met the three criteria were found in the whole of Great Britain and were as such classified as surviving medieval castles. Of these 114 castles 69 are situated in England, 15 in Wales and 31 are located in Scotland. There are, of course, many more. The castles that did not meet the criteria were either too ruined or built after 1500 AD. Forty-three castles are owned and managed by one of the major trusts. The English Heritage Trust, the National Trust, Cadw, Historic Environment Scotland and the National Trust for Scotland cover 43 of the 114 surviving castles. The remainder of 71 castles is either privately owned or owned and managed by a city, county council or a trust founded for a specific castle. Most of the surviving castles are open to visitors. Many serve as a museum and wedding venue, like Craigmillar Castle and Manorbier Castle. Some castles have been used as a filming location, like Doune Castle, some are used as a restaurant and one castle, St Donat’s Castle, is now used as a college.

11

Chapter 3 – The castle in medieval times

3.1 Introduction This chapter answers the question which functions castles in Great Britain had in the Middle Ages. It is crucial to look into these functions in order to provide the context needed for answering the main question on how life in castles in Great Britain has changed from the Middle Ages to this day. The following subsections explore the license which gave permission for a castle to be built and the different purposes the castle could have.

3.2 A license to crenellate One needed a licence to crenellate in order to be allowed to build a new castle or to convert an existing building into a castle. In general, the king was the one who reserved the right to grant such a license. However, there were variations. In Chester, Durham and the licence was granted by the earl. (King, 1988) Usually the castle lord was male and he would apply for a licence to fortify or crenellate. Women, however, could also become a castle lord or castellan. Sometimes women obtained licenses by themselves and sometimes together with their husband. (Coulson, 2003) Early licenses would have been verbal agreements. The earliest written licenses date from the 12th century, from the reign of King Stephen. Castles or fortifications without a license would often be destroyed or the owner could be fined. The need for a license became less important in the fifteenth century. (King, 1988)

3.3 Defence and protection The castle is often seen as a feudal and military building or institution. Society in Medieval times could indeed be called warlike, but the degree is often exaggerated in popular media and literature on the subject. (Coulson, 2003) Periods of peace lasted longer than periods of war. (King, 1988) A large part of fortification was in fact part of architecture as an art and a purely military view is limited. (Coulson, 2003) Although a purely military view is limited many castles were built for military reasons, at least partially. According to King (1988) a castle is not a building without defences. Building a castle primarily for this purpose was on the decline in the 14th century, yet some new castles were still built primarily with military goals in mind. Chapter one already spoke about the adaptation of castles for the use of gunpowder and guns. The introduction of gunpowder influenced the way in which castles were designed and built. It led to a decline in the need for knights and it made many castles obsolete when defence and protection were concerned. (Pounds, 1990) The castle could be used for defence but also for conquering territory. If one built a castle he would also gain territory. The is an example of this practice. The built many castles, especially along the coast to provide a way of reconquering England should they be forced to withdraw at a certain time. (King, 1988) Not only did the castle provide protection during war, it also provided protection for those living in the area and the people who were dependent on the castle’s lord. The lord of the castle was expected to support and protect those who were dependent on him. Protection was seen as an ethical duty of the strong instead of a right of the defenceless. If

12 the lord failed in doing so they could, in theory, change their allegiance to another lord who was able to support and protect them. (Coulson, 2003)

3.4 Government and administration Contemporaries often saw the castle as an administrative centre, for the revenues or taxes of the territory of a lord were collected at its castle. Appleby Castle is just one example of a castle that has been recorded as being an administrative and financial centre. (Coulson, 2003) Appleby Castle is also on the list of surviving English castles compiled for this paper. The castle or castle lord would derive (additional) income from the castle mill and meadow and keeping hostages and other prisoners. (Pounds, 1990) Castle lords or castellans were public figures and cannot be seen as private citizens. (Coulson, 2003) Royal castles were managed by a constable or sheriff. Some of his duties next to the financial aspect were to hold the castle, keep it in good condition, guard prisoners, entertain guests and manage the castle’s fields and mill. The constable was also expected to inspect the weapons and stored food and replace them if they were not up to standard, hire staff and recruit garrisons when needed. In many cases craftsmen were employed by the castle lord and it was his responsibility to arrange some form of housing, the materials they needed and often arrange transport for the products of their work. The constable or sheriff had to pay the wages of these craftsmen and those of other officials, servants and watchmen from his own salary. Barons were obliged to provide a certain number of knights for the king’s service. (Pounds, 1990) Castles could also contain or serve as a court house. It could have a prison, called a gaol, and a dungeon, although dungeons were relatively uncommon. (King, 1988) Castles became associated with monasteries or chapels throughout the Middle Ages, for the castle lord often felt a desire to have a religious house nearby. The building of this religious house was often done around the same time the castle was constructed and sometimes long afterwards. However, although castle and religious institution were often associated it was in no way a general rule and definitely not all castles had them. (Thompson, 1987) Records show that there were castles which were not intensively used but merely maintained. Their budget was primarily focussed on care and maintenance and it was common to find only a skeleton staff present at the castle. (Coulson, 2003)

3.5 The castle as a residence Castles were always a place to live. Even if the castle was meant for defence it needed to be inhabited. So in a sense every castle was a residence or at least contained one. Life in a castle would not have been uncomfortable. It would be when compared to current standards but when compared to the standards of the time the castles were built they were considered comfortable. (King, 1988) In the fourteenth century castles became more like semi-fortified or just well protected homes than purely military buildings. (Pounds, 1990) Castles were built by a wide variety of people, from kings and barons to other upper class citizens. (King, 1988) At the beginning of King Henry II's reign, around 1154, he owned about fifty castles, yet baronial castles outnumbered royal castles by five to one. At the end of his reign the king owned more castles than all baronial castles together, some of which were acquired with little effort. (Pounds, 1990) A castle lord could be female, although most would have been male. Women were certainly important in their role of supervising the household, as guardians of children and

13 estate officials during their husbands’ long absences. If a wife became a widow she sometimes remained in the castle and sometimes even kept managing the it. (Coulson, 2003) A castle was not always necessarily inhabited by its owner. The owner could be elsewhere most of the time or never visit the castle at all. Especially castles owned by the king or his greater subjects were inhabited by an officer instead of the owner himself. When the lord of a castle left his castle for some time, in peaceful times for example, the castle would be stripped of all its furniture except some tables and benches in the hall. The castle would be left to an administrative officer such as a sheriff or constable. (King, 1988) Normally the constable held this position for a few years before being replaced, but there are cases where members of the same family held the office for a few generations. In some cases, like at Worcester, the office became hereditary. At first a constable was only allowed to manage one castle but they were eventually allowed to manage two or even more castles. (Pounds, 1990) The staff present at a castle would depend on the political situation. When there was a threat of invasion, and of course in war, a garrison would be present and the castle would be defended. This was, however, not permanent. The permanent staff would often consist of at least a porter or janitor, gatekeeper, watchman and a chaplain. (Pounds, 1990)

3.6 Conclusion When exploring the functions of the castle in medieval times in general the military aspect is mostly focussed on in popular media. Although the Middle Ages could indeed be called warlike, the purely military angle appears limited. Castles were certainly often built with defence and protection in mind, but it had many other functions. The different functions can be grouped into three categories: residential, governmental and administrative, and defence and protection. In order to build a castle or to convert an existing manor into a castle one needed a license to crenellate. The king solely reserved the right to issue such a license as a general rule, although in a few areas, such as Chester and Lancashire, the earl would have this right. The license became less important in the fifteenth century. Most castle lords were male, although there were female castellans. Sometimes women applied for a license to crenellate on their own, sometimes together with her husband and in some cases a woman would become castellan through inheritance. All castles served at least a residential purpose. This is the first category of purposes recognised for this paper. Even if a castle was primarily built for military reasons it still needed to be inhabited, for an uninhabited building cannot be defended. Castles could be built, owned and managed by a variety of people such as the king, barons and other upper class citizens. It was not necessarily inhabited by its owner. Especially royal castles would be managed by a constable or sheriff. The second purpose is governmental and administrative. Castles were the place to collect the revenues and taxes of a lord’s territory, serve as a court and prison and deliver knights for the king. Dungeons were relatively uncommon. Because of their important public role castle lords should be seen as public figures rather than private citizens. The third and last category is defence and protection. Castles were used for defence in war but also for conquering territory. In addition, the castle lord was expected to provide protection and support for the people living within his territory.

14

Chapter 4 – The castle today

4.1 Introduction This chapter explores the current state of surviving castles mentioned in chapter two. It answers the sub-question of which functions castles in Great Britain have nowadays. The result is crucial for it provides a major part of the context needed to answer the main question of this paper on how life in British castles has changed. In chapter two a total of 114 surviving castles were found in the whole of Great Britain. Ninety-six are situated in England, fifteen in Wales and thirty-one are located in Scotland. There are, of course, many more. The castles that did not meet the criteria were either too ruined or built after 1500 AD.

4.2 Decline and changing image of the castle Castles were often simply abandoned. This was true for early castles made of earth and timber for they became obsolete and were left for expensive stone structures, but it was also true for later castles built of stone. One of the motives to leave the castle to decay had to do with comfort, which is said to have been the main reason. Another contributing factor to the decline or abandonment of castles was that often a skeleton staff was present at the castle, since castle lords could own multiple castles and therefore not always able to visit each castle, and maintenance was a costly business. The main parts of the castle would be maintained by the official managing the place but major parts of the rest of the castle would be neglected. (Thompson, 1987) The introduction of gunpowder, as discussed in chapter one and two, influenced the way in which castles were designed and built. This led to a dwindling need for knights and it made many castles obsolete when defence and protection were concerned. Cannons became significant at the end of the fifteenth century for their accuracy and manoeuvrability had increased by that time. It is said that castle walls could not stand up to this kind of bombardment. (Pounds, 1990) The way in which wars were fought changed during the Middle Ages. Knights were replaced by soldiers and the defence of castles became less important because the need for mobility and for the ability to command forces in the field increased. (Pounds, 1990) Not all castles were abandoned. Some were still frequently visited by royals and their court and some continued to be inhabited by rich members of society. These castles were kept in a decent state and some were even extended through the ages. (Pounds, 1990) In the eighteenth and nineteenth century a fantasy image of the castle was on the rise. The fantasy image outlived the reality of the medieval castle and was based on the final period of the glory days of castles when fantasy and display became more popular and function became less important. This image was strengthened in the twentieth century by cinema and television. (Thompson, 1987)

15

4.3 Ownership and management Forty-three castles were found being owned and managed by one of the major trusts. These major trusts are: The English Heritage Trust, the National Trust, Cadw (in Wales), Historic Environment Scotland and the National Trust for Scotland. These trusts cover 43 of the 114 surviving castles. Only one castle that made the list of surviving castles, Kingswear Castle near Dartmouth, is managed by the Landmark Trust. At least 40 castles are privately owned and the remainder is either owned and managed by a city, county council or a trust founded for a castle specifically. Castles are sometimes owned by a different kind of organisation. St Donat’s Castle in Wales, for example, is a 12th century castle owned by the international school called Atlantic College. Each year it provides a place of learning for over 350 students, aged 15 – 19 from many different countries. (UWC Atlantic College, n.d.) Privately owned castles are sometimes open to the public, but not always. Some owners prefer to keep the castle as their residence, closed to the public. Appleby Castle is a great example of a privately owned castle. It has been held by the kings of England and Scotland and the first stone keep was built somewhere between 1100 and 1120. It changed hands many times and is said to have been in a ruinous state in 1391 but it was probably restored in 1411. Around 1415 the castle was used as court and prison. It is now owned by Mrs Nightingale, the first female owner since Lady Anne Clifford in the 17th century, and the castle has been open to the public since 2013 for guided tours, conferences, afternoon tea and weddings. (Appleby Castle, n.d.) Carn Brea Castle in England is another example of a privately owned castle. Carn Brea Castle is a 14th century castle and is said to have been used as a hunting lodge and may have contained a chapel in the Middle Ages. Today it is private property and used as a restaurant. (Davis, Carn Brea Castle, n.d.) (Eat Out Cornwall, n.d.) Some castles are still owned by the Royal Family. The is a great example of a castle owned by The Queen. Although this castle is owned by The Queen it is managed by an independent charity called Historic Royal Palaces. (Historic Royal Palaces, n.d.)

4.4 Activities on castle grounds Many castles were reviewed for this paper and most of the castles that are open to the public offer similar activities. Many castles function as museums and offer guided tours and they often facilitate weddings, business meetings and conferences. Some offer special tours for schools. If there is a park present at the castle site, then visitors are often invited to enjoy the scenery. In some cases the castle organises more special activities such as jousting, a performance by a jester or dressing up activities for children. Some castles are open to the public in a wholely different way, such as Carn Brea Castle in Wales, as discussed in the previous section, which is now a restaurant. Another Welsh castle used differently is Roch Castle. Roch castle was built in 1195 and is situated in Pembrokeshire. It is now a hotel which can also be used as a wedding venue. (Roch Castle, n.d.) Buckden Towers in Buckden, England, is an 11th century castle owned by the Claretian Missionaries and it is now used by the St Claret Centre for (Christian) retreats, conferences, seminars and meetings. (The Claret Centre, n.d.) Some castles have been the set for a film or TV series, such as Doune Castle and . Doune Castle, managed by Historic Environment Scotland and open to the public, has been used as a filming site for Monty Python, Game of Thrones and Outlander. (Historic Environment Scotland, n.d.) is owned by Ralph Percy and has been in his 16 family for more than 700 years. It has been used as a set for films such as Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Elizabeth, Ivanhoe and others. It also served as the décor for two Christmas specials of the TV series , an episode of the Ellen DeGeneres Show and many other TV shows. It is open to the public and organises guided tours, talks, dining experiences, archery workshops, an outdoor cinema from time to time and Harry Potter inspired activities such as broomstick training, (Alnwick Castle, n.d.)

4.5 Conclusion Castles have changed over time and have often lost their original functions, although some are still in use as a residence. Different factors such as comfort, maintenance costs, the absence of the owner and the introduction of gunpowder led to the decline of the castle. Castles were often simply abandoned when they were not longer useful. This was true for the early castles, the earthworks and timber motte-and-baileys, but also for the stone or masonry castles built in a later period. Not all castles were abandoned and some continued to be owned and/or inhabited by royals and rich members of society. Today many surviving castles are owned by a trust. Of the 114 surviving castles found for chapter two forty-three are managed by a trust and at least forty are privately owned. Most castles managed by a trust do not serve any of the original purposes or functions castles had in the Middle Ages, which were defence and protection, governmental and administrative, and residential. These castles are now mostly museums, offering guided tours and a place for conferences, meetings and weddings. Privately owned castles sometimes continue to serve one of the three purposes; being a residence. The owner of such a castle still inhabits it. Not all privately owned castles are still used as a residences, for some are now used as a restaurants, schools or hotels. Many castles, whether owned by a trust or an individual person, are open to the public and offer guided tours. Other activities may include talks, jousting and special activities for children and schools. It may provide a place for business meetings and afternoon tea. Some castles have been the set of a film or TV show. If there is a park, visitors can often take the chance to enjoy the scenery.

17

Conclusion The main question of this paper was: how has life in British castles changed from the Middle Ages to now? The answer to this consists of a few layers. Before this question could be answered a few boundaries needed to be clear. In the first chapter of this paper a proper definition of the word castle has been established. For this paper a castle has been defined as an often large and fortified building that can be defended or serve as a defence, can serve as a residence and in most cases facilitate public or administrative functions. The second step was to investigate and draw up a list of castles that are still standing and are in use today. Only castles that existed during the Middle Ages and have survived the centuries were considered. A surviving castle has been defined as a castle that still has a purpose or that is stable enough to provide shelter and, in theory, a place to live. Castles in medieval times were private and communal at the same time. They were the residence of a king, baron or other upper class citizen. Castles were used in a variety of ways. Three main categories with regard to their purpose can be distinguished: residential, defence and protection, and governmental and administrative. The building always provided a place to live. However, this didn’t mean the owner would always live there. If the owner left the castle for some time it would be stripped of all its furniture and a skeleton staff with a constable or sheriff as its leader would manage the property. The castle provided protection for people living in the area and defence and protection during war. Castles were also used for conquering territory, for he who built a castle would also gain land. Castles were not only used for war. The governmental or administrative function would consist of collecting revenues and taxes, serving as a court and prison and by delivering knights for the king. Although popular media tend to see castles primarily from a military viewpoint periods of peace lasted longer than periods of war, so the peaceful purposes of the castle should receive at least equal focus. Many castles were abandoned and left to fall into ruin for a variety of reasons. Some of these reasons include the insufficient level of comfort and high maintenance costs. Castle lords often possessed or managed several castles and were unable to stay or visit all of them. In these cases a skeleton staff would be present to maintain the castle, yet this often led to neglect of at least some parts of the castle and this in turn could lead to abandonment. The introduction of gunpowder and the way warfare shifted to a more mobile style also contributed to a decrease in the need for knights and eventually a decreasing need for defensible and permanent structures such as the castle. The castles that did survive the centuries to this day have almost all lost their original purposes. 114 castles were found in the whole of England, Wales and Scotland that met the criteria for surviving castles outlined in this paper. Forty-three are managed by a trust, at least forty are privately owned and the remainder is either owned and managed by a city, county council or a trust founded for a specific castle. Only some privately owned castles continue to be used as a residence. Some owners like to live a private life and have closed the castle to the public, others welcome visitors with open arms. Even these inhabited castles have lost the other two original purposes. Warfare has changed too much for castles to be of any significance today and castles are not the financial, judicial or governmental centres they once were. Instead, most castles that are open to the public now offer guided tours and serve as museums. They often provide a place for business meetings and serve as a wedding venue. Other activities can include, but are not limited to, talks, jousting tournaments, special activities for children and afternoon tea.

18

References

About Knaresborough Castle. (2016, April 21). Retrieved from Harrogate Borough Council: http://www.harrogate.gov.uk/musm/Pages/Knaresborough-Castle-History.aspx Alnwick Castle. (n.d.). Alnwick Castle home page. Retrieved 06 25, 2016, from Alnwick Castle: https://www.alnwickcastle.com/ Alnwick Castle. (n.d.). Media & filming at Alnwick Castle. Retrieved 06 25, 2016, from Alnwick Castle: https://www.alnwickcastle.com/explore/film-and-tv Appleby Castle. (n.d.). Castle history. Retrieved 05 25, 2016, from Appleby Castle: http://www.applebycastle.co.uk/AC/appleby-castle-history/ Brindle, S. (2016, April 20). History of Brough Castle. Retrieved from English Heritage: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/brough-castle/history/ Britannica, T. E. (1961). Castle. In Encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. five, pp. 2-5). Leeds: Knight and Foster LTD. Britannica, T. E. (n.d.). Castle Architecture. Retrieved September 3, 2015, from Encyclopædia Britannica: http://www.britannica.com/technology/castle-architecture Brough Castle. (2016, April 20). Retrieved from CastleXplorer: http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/brough/brough.html Castle. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2014, from Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/castle Coenders, H. (Ed.). (1998). Kasteel. Kramers Handwoordenboek Nederlands, pp. 618. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Coulson, C. L. (2003). Castles in Medieval Society. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Davis, P. (2016, Februari 1). Castle Nimble, Old Radnor. Retrieved May 4, 2016, from Gatehouse: http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/Welshsites/851.html Davis, P. (2016, Februari 1). Cefnllys Castles. Retrieved May 4, 2016, from Gatehouse: http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/Welshsites/856.html Davis, P. (2016, Februari 1). Glasbury Motte. Retrieved May 4, 2016, from Gatehouse: http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/Welshsites/874.html Davis, P. (2016, Februari 1). Painscastle. Retrieved May 4, 2016, from Gatehouse: http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/Welshsites/900.html Davis, P. (n.d.). Carn Brea Castle. Retrieved 06 24, 2016, from Gatehouse: http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/224.html De Boer, W. Th. (Ed.). (1999). Kasteel. Koenen Woordenboek Nederlands, pp. 533. Utrecht: Koenen Woordenboeken. Eat Out Cornwall. (n.d.). Carn Brea Castle Restaurant. Retrieved 06 24, 2016, from Eat Out Cornwall: https://www.eatoutcornwall.com/restaurants/redruth/carn-brea-castle.html Glamis Castle. (n.d.). About the Castle. Retrieved June 9, 2016, from Glamis Castle: http://www.glamis-castle.co.uk/about-the-castle.cfm Historic Environment Scotland. (n.d.). Craigmillar Castle history. Retrieved April 13, 2016, from Historic Environment Scotland: https://www.historicenvironment.scot/visit-a- place/places/craigmillar-castle/history/ Historic Environment Scotland. (n.d.). Doune Castle history. Retrieved May 11, 2016, from Historic Environment Scotland: https://www.historicenvironment.scot/visit-a- place/places/doune-castle/history/ Historic Environment Scotland. (n.d.). Dumbarton Castle History. Retrieved May 19, 2016, from Historic Environment Scotland: https://www.historicenvironment.scot/visit-a- place/places/dumbarton-castle/history/ Historic Environment Scotland. (n.d.). Stirling Castle history. Retrieved May 19, 2016, from Historic Environment Scotland: https://www.historicenvironment.scot/visit-a- place/places/stirling-castle/history/ 19

Historic Royal Palaces. (n.d.). FAQs. Retrieved 06 25, 2016, from Historic Royal Palaces: http://www.hrp.org.uk/about-us/faqs/#1 History of Skipsea Castle. (2016, March 31). Retrieved from English Heritage: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/skipsea-castle/history/ History of the Mount. (2016, March 31). Retrieved from St Michael's Mount: http://www.stmichaelsmount.co.uk/history-legends/history-of-the-mount/ History Timeline. (2016, April 21). Retrieved from Penshurst Place: http://www.penshurstplace.com/explore/learn/history-timeline King, D. J. (1988). The Castle in England and Wales. : Mackays of Chatham Ltd. Manorbier Castle. (2013). Manorbier Castle Weddings & Functions. Retrieved April 6, 2016, from Manorbier Castle: http://manorbiercastle.co.uk/manorbier-castle-weddings- functions/ Mountfitchet Castle. (2016, May 12). About us. Retrieved from Mountfitchet Castle: http://www.mountfitchetcastle.com/home/about-us Mountfitchet Castle. (2016, May 12). Castle history. Retrieved from Mountfitchet Castle: http://www.mountfitchetcastle.com/home/castle-history Pembroke Castle. (2016). Historic Timeline. Retrieved April 6, 2016, from Pembroke Castle: http://pembroke-castle.co.uk/historic_events Pounds, N. (1990). The Medieval Castle in England and Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Roch Castle. (n.d.). History. Retrieved 06 25, 2016, from Roch Castle: https://www.rochcastle.com/history Summers, D. (Ed.). (2003). Castle. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, pp. 230. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. The Claret Centre. (n.d.). 1974-present. Retrieved 06 25, 2016, from The Claret Centre, Buckden Towers: http://www.buckden- towers.org.uk/index.php?module=article&view=3&page_num=9 The Claret Centre. (n.d.). Claret Centre: activities. Retrieved 06 25, 2016, from The Claret Centre, Buckden Towers: http://www.buckden- towers.org.uk/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_i d=3&MMN_position=5:5 The Great Hall. (2016, March 31). Retrieved from Hampshire Councty Council: http://www3.hants.gov.uk/greathall/greathall-history.htm Thompson, M. W. (1987). The decline of the castle in England and Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. UWC Atlantic College. (n.d.). Our College. Retrieved April 13, 2016, from UWC Atlantic College: http://www.atlanticcollege.org/living/ Van Dale Online Woordenboek. (n.d.). Kasteel. Retrieved October 14, 2015, from Van Dale Online Woordenboek: http://vandale.nl/opzoeken?pattern=kasteel&lang=nn#.Vh6xTitN8tU What is the round table? (2016, March 31). Retrieved from Hapmshire County Council: http://www3.hants.gov.uk/greathall/roundtable.htm

20

Appendix

Contents 1 List of surviving castles in England 2 List of surviving castles in Wales 3 List of surviving castles in Scotland

21

List of surviving castles in England

Castle name Location Built in Built or first Owner Sources owned by St Michael’s St Michael's 12th century monks of its National Trust http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ michael/michael.html Mount Mount, sister isle, Mont http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/content/ Cornwall St Michel in articles/2007/04/04/gardens_stmichaels Normandy mount_feature.shtml Dartmouth Dartmouth, 1388 John Hawley English Heritage http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ dartmouth/dartmouth.html Castle Devon Trust http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/visit/places/dartmouth- castle Kingswear Dartmouth, between The Corporation Landmark Trust http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ kingswear/kingswear.html Castle Devon 1491 - 1502 of Dartmouth http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/search -and-book/properties/kingswear-castle- 8737 Totnes Castle Totnes, Devon about 1100 Norman knight, English Heritage http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ totnes/totnes.html Judhael de Trust http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/visit/places/totnes- Totnes (or castle/ Judhael of http://www.britainexpress.com/counties /devon/castles/totnes.htm Brittany) Powderham Exeter, Devon 1391 Sir Philip The Courtenay http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ powderham/powderham.html Castle Courtenay family http://www.powderham.co.uk/our- stories/history Dunster 11th century William de National Trust http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/dunster -castle Mohun http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ dunster/dunster.html Carisbrooke Newport, Isle about 1000 Anglo-Saxon English Heritage http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ carisbrooke/carisbrooke.html Castle of Wight Trust http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/visit/places/carisbrooke- castle/history/ Winchester Winchester, 1222-36 Henry III Hampshire http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ winchester/winchester.html Great Hall Hampshire County Council http://www3.hants.gov.uk/greathall Arundel Castle Arundel, West around 1068 Roger de Duke of Norfolk http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ arundel/arundel.html Sussex Montgomery, Earl of Arundel Lewes Castle Lewes, East around 1069- William de The Sussex http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ lewes/lewes.html Sussex 1070 Warenne Archaeological http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ Society lewes/lewes.html Windsor, 1080 William the Royal Collection http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ windsor/windsor.html Berkshire Conqueror Trust https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/visit/ windsorcastle Herstmonceux Hailsham, East 1441 Sir Roger Donated to http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ herstmonceux/herstmonceux.html Castle Sussex Fiennes Queen’s http://www.herstmonceux- University castle.com/history/ Ypres Tower Rye, East early 14th Unknown Rye Castle http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ rye/rye.html (Rye Castle) Sussex century Museum http://www.ryemuseum.co.uk/home/ypr es-tower/ Scotney Castle Lamberhurst, Around 1137 Hussay Family National Trust http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ scotney/scotney.html Tunbridge http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/scotney -castle/features/the-history-of-scotney- Wells castle Tonbridge Tonbridge, 1066 Richard de Clare Tonbridge and http://www.tonbridgecastle.org/the- castle/timeline Castle Kent Malling Borough http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ Council tonbridge/tonbridge.html

22

Hever Castle Nr Edenbridge, 1270 William de Broadland http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ hever/hever.html Kent Hever Properties http://www.hevercastle.co.uk/visit/heve r-castle/history/ Leeds Castle Maidstone, Wood: 857, Leed or Ledian Leeds Castle http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ leeds/leeds.html Kent stone: 1119 Foundation https://www.leeds-castle.com/History Dover, Kent 1180’s Henry II English Heritage http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ dover/dover.html Trust http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/visit/places/dover- castle/history/ Tower Of London 1070s William the Historic Royal http://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of- london/history-and-stories/a-building- London Conqueror Palaces history/the-normans/#gs.J0eSgVc http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ toweroflondon/toweroflondon.html Hedingham Castle around 1140 for Aubrey de Jason and http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ hedingham/hedingham.html Castle Hedingham, Vere II, and was Demetra Lindsay http://www.hedinghamcastle.co.uk/abo Essex probably (privately ut-us/present-day/ designed by owned) William de Corbeuil, Colchester Colchester, 1075 - 1080 Eudo Dapifer Town of http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ colchester/colchester.html Castle Essex (Norman baron) Colchester http://www.colchestercastlepark.co.uk/c olchester-castle/ Framlingham Framlingham, 1189 - 1200 Roger Bigod English Heritage http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/visit/places/framlingham Castle Suffolk Trust -castle/ http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ framlingham/framlingham.html Orford Castle Woodbridge, 1165-1167 Henry II English Heritage http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ orford/orford.html Suffolk Trust http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/visit/places/orford- castle/ Norwich Castle Norwich between King William City of Norwich http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visi t_Us/Norwich_Castle/Whats_here/A_his 1095 and (Rufus) II, tory_of_Norwich_Castle/index.htm http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ 1121 continued by his norwich/norwich.html brother King Henry I after his death Lincoln Castle Lincoln, 1068 William the Lincolnshire http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ lincoln/lincoln.html Lincolnshire Conqueror County Council http://www.lincolncastle.com/content/hi story (Ownership confirmed through Facebook message www.facebook.com/lincolncastle/ )

Tattershall Lincoln, 1434-46 Ralph de National Trust http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ tattershall/tattershall.html Castle Lincolnshire Cromwell http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/tattersh all-castle Warwick Warwick 1068 William the The Tussaud's http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ warwick/warwick.html Castle Conqueror Group https://www.warwick- castle.com/explore/history-and- restoration.aspx Tamworth Tamworth, between Normans Tamworth http://www.tamworthcastle.co.uk/victori an Castle Staffordshire 1070 – 1080 Borough Council Stokesay Ludlow, end of the Laurence of English Heritage http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ stokesay/stokesay.html Castle 13th century Ludlow Trust http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stokesay- castle/ Skipton Castle Skipton, North Soon after Robert de The Fattorini http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ skipton/skipton.html Yorkshire 1090 Romille family https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipton_Ca stle

23

http://www.skiptoncastle.co.uk/hist.asp? page=3 Bolton Castle North Leyburn, 1379-1399 Sir Richard le Harry, Lord http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ bolton/bolton.html North Scrope Bolton http://www.boltoncastle.co.uk/what-to- do-yorkshire/medieval-castles-history/ Yorkshire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Cas tle Corbridge, 1296 Robert de English Heritage http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ aydon/aydon.html Northumberla Reymes Trust http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/visit/places/aydon- nd castle/ Darlington, 1378 John, 3rd Baron Henry Francis http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ raby/raby.html County Nevill Cecil Vane, 12th http://www.rabycastle.com/history/the- Durham Baron Barnard vanes Castle Morpeth, First Middleton English Heritage http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ belsay/belsay.html Northumberla recorded in family Trust http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/visit/places/belsay-hall- nd 1270 castle-and-gardens/history/ Alnwick Castle Alnwick, 1096 Yvo de Vescy Ralph Percy, http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ alnwick/alnwick.html Northumberla (Norman baron) 12th Duke of https://www.alnwickcastle.com nd Northumberlan d Chillingham Chillingham, 12th century Sir Thomas Grey Sir Humphry http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ chillingham/chillingham.html Castle Northumberla (fully Wakefield http://www.chillingham- castle.com/Castle.asp?S=2&V=1&P=19 nd fortified in http://www.chillingham- 1344) castle.com/Castle.asp?S=2&V=1&P=20 Bamburgh Bamburgh, 547 (first Anglo-Saxon Armstrong http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ bamburgh/bamburgh.html Castle Northumberla historical king, Ida (first Family http://www.bamburghcastle.com/history nd mention) recorded owner) .php Appleby Castle Appleby-in- beginning of Ranulf le Privately owned http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ appleby/appleby.html Westmorland, the 12th Meschin by Mrs http://www.applebycastle.co.uk/AC/appl Cumbria century Nightingale eby-castle-history/ Carlisle Castle Carlisle, 1092 (timber William II English Heritage http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/ carlisle/carlisle.html Cumbria first, stone (timer), his Trust http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/visit/places/carlisle- came 30 brother King castle/history/description/ years later) Henry I (stone) Elton Hall Peterborough 15th century Unknown Proby family http://www.eltonhall.com/house.html Buckden Buckden, 11th century Bishop of Claretian https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cas tles_in_England Towers Cambridgeshir Lincoln conference https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckden_T owers e centre Longthorpe Longthorpe between Robert Thorpe English Heritage http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/visit/places/longthorpe- Tower about 1290 - Trust tower/history/description/ 1300 Woodcroft Etton, 13th century Woodcroft Private or for https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcroft _Castle Castle Cambridgeshir family sale http://www.medievalhistories.com/woo e dcroft-castle-is-up-for-sale/ Chester Castle Chester, 1070 Hugh Lupus English Heritage http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/visit/places/chester- Trust castle-agricola-tower-and-castle- walls/history/ County 1388 Sir Ralph Lumley Earl of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumley_Ca stle Durham Scarbrough http://www.lumleycastle.com/history-of- lumley-castle/ Witton Castle Witton le 1410 Sir Ralph Eure Witton Castle http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Det ails/Default.aspx?id=111392 Wear, Durham Country Park http://www.wittoncastlecountrypark.co. uk/facilities/park-plan/ Carn Brea Redruth, 14th century Bassett family Private, used as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carn_Brea _Castle Castle Cornwall a restaurant https://www.eatoutcornwall.com/restau rants/redruth/carn-brea-castle.html 24

http://www.gatehouse- gazetteer.info/English%20sites/224.html Place House Fowey, 13th century Treffry family Treffry family https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Hou se Cornwall (private, not http://www.fowey.co.uk/activities-and- open to the attractions/places-of-interest public) Armathwaite Armathwaite, 1445 Skelton family, Private https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armathwai te_Castle Castle Cumbria possibly by John http://www.gatehouse- Skelton gazetteer.info/English%20sites/300.html Askerton Askerton, 1300 Lord of the Private, http://askertoncastle.co.uk/history https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askerton_ Castle Cumbria Manor Askerton Castle Castle Estate (used as a farm) Branthwaite Branthwaite, 14th/15th Branthwaite Private https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branthwait e_Hall Hall Cumbria century family http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_nor th/89/branthwaite.html Broughton Broughton 14th century Brocton family Private, now a http://www.gatehouse- gazetteer.info/English%20sites/350.html Tower West, Cumbria school http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/e n-75801-broughton-tower-special- school-broughton-#.V0m18OTIVDM Catterlen Hall Catterlen, 1460 William de Vaulx Private http://www.gatehouse- gazetteer.info/English%20sites/382.html Cumbria Cockermouth Cockermouth, 1134 Normans Wyndham https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockermou th_Castle Castle Cumbria family Dacre Castle Dacre, 14th century Margaret Hassell-McCosh https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacre_Cast le Cumbria Multon family (probably) Dalton Castle Dalton-in- 14th century monks of National Trust https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_Cas tle Furness, Furness Abbey https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/dalton- castle/features/a-brief-history-of-dalton- Cumbria castle Howgill Castle Milburn 1340 family of Private https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milburn,_C umbria#Landmarks Lancaster http://www.gatehouse- gazetteer.info/English%20sites/530.html Hutton in the Skelton, 1292 Thomas de Richard, the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutton_in_ the_Forest Forest Cumbria Hoton present Lord http://www.hutton-in-the- Inglewood forest.co.uk/family-history/ Muncaster Ravenglass, 13th century Pennington Private, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muncaster _Castle Castle Cumbria family Ramsden family http://www.muncaster.co.uk/castle-and- gardens/castle-overview/history-of-the- castle/ Naworth 1335 Ralph Dacre Howard family http://www.naworth.co.uk/ Brampton, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naworth_C Castle Cumbria astle

Sizergh Castle 14th century Strickland family National Trust, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizergh_Ca Helsington, stle_and_Garden Cumbria (the earliest yet the https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/sizergh building Strickland family /features/discover-sizerghs-history present) still lives there Haddon Hall 11th century William Peverel Lord Edward https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddon_H Bakewell, all Derbyshire Manners Compton 12th century Sir Maurice de la National Trust https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_ Compton, Castle Castle Devon Pole https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/compt on-castle St Briavels between Built as English Heritage https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Briavels St Briavels, _Castle Castle Gloucestershir 1075 and administrative Trust http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/visit/places/st-briavels- e 1129 castle/ 25

centre for the Forest of Dean Croft Castle 14th century Roft family National Trust https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croft_Castl Yarpole, e Herefordshire http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/croft- castle-and-parkland Pembridge 13th century Matilda de St Private https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembridge Welsh _Castle Castle Newton, Valery (most Herefordshire likely) Allington 13th century Stephen de Sir Robert https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allington_C Allington, Kent astle Castle Pencester, Lord Worcester Warden of the Cinque Ports Penshurst 1341 Sir John de Philip Sidney, http://www.penshurstplace.com/explore Tonbridge, /learn/history-timeline Place Kent (completed) Pulteney 2nd Viscount De L'Isle MBE Stone Castle 1135 - 1140 Wiltshire family Blue Circle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cast Bluewater, le Kent

26

List of surviving castles in Wales

Castle name Location Built in Built or first Owner Sources owned by Cardiff Castle Cardiff 1st & 4th Romans City of Cardiff http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/wales/ca rdiff/cardiff.html century http://www.cardiffcastle.com/about-the- castle/ Penhow Penhow, Around Sir Roger de St Private. Not open http://www.theguardian.com/culture/20 02/dec/30/artsfeatures Castle Newport 1129 Maur to the public. http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/wales/pe Bought by a nhow/penhow.html London businessman Chepstow Chepstow, Soon after William fitz Cadw http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/wales/ch epstow/chepstow.html Castle Monmouthshire 1066 Osbern http://cadw.gov.wales/daysout/chepsto w-castle/?lang=en Pembroke Pembroke, 1093 Roger de Privately owned http://pembroke- castle.co.uk/historic_events Castle Pembrokeshire Montgomery by the Philipps http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/wales/pe family, managed mbroke/pembroke.html by Pembrokeshire Castle Trust Manorbier Tenby, 11th Odo de Barri Private http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/wales/m anorbier/manorbier.html Castle Pembrokeshire century (timber), http://manorbiercastle.co.uk/a-brief- (timber), William de Barri history-of-manorbier-castle/ 12th (stone) century (stone) , mid-13th Gruffudd ap National Trust http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/wales/po wis/powis.html century Gwenwynwyn http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/powis- castle-and-garden/features/medieval- (Welsh prince) origins-of-powis-castle Chirk Castle Chirk, Wrexham 1295 King Edward I National Trust http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/wales/ch irk/chirk.html http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/chirk- castle/features/chirk-castle-built-to- defend Caernarfon Caernarfon, Building King Edward I Cadw http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/wales/ca ernarfon/caernarfon.html Castle Gwynedd started in http://cadw.gov.wales/about/news/caer narfon-castle-archaeological- 1283 finds/?lang=en http://www.caernarfon- castle.co.uk/item/castell_caernarfon_cas tle.html Cardigan Cardigan, 1110 Gilbert fitz Ceredigion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardigan_C astle Castle Ceredigion Richard de Clare County Council http://www.cardigancastle.com/history/ Dolwyddelan Dolwyddelan, 13th Llywelyn the Cadw http://www.castlewales.com/dolw.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolwyddel Castle Conwy County century Great, Prince of an_Castle Borough Gwynedd and North Wales Picton castle Haverfordwest 13th A Flemish knight Picton Castle http://www.castlewales.com/picton.html http://www.castlewales.com/picton.html Pembrokeshire century Trust Roch Castle Roch 12th Adam de Rupe Griffiths Roch https://www.rochcastle.com/sites/defaul t/upload/Roch_Castle_history.pdf century (Norman knight) Foundation (now https://www.rochcastle.com/history used as a hotel) Upton Castle Cosheston, 12th/13th Malefant family Private, Steve and http://uptoncastle.com/index.php/upton -castle/history-of-upton-castle Pembrokeshire century Prue Barlow

27

Fonmon Fonmon, the 12th Oliver St John of Sir Brooke https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonmon_C astle Castle Vale of century Fonmon (myth) Boothby http://www.fonmoncastle.com/visit/ope Glamorgan ning/ St Donat’s St Donat's, the 12th de Hawey family Atlantic College http://www.atlanticcollege.org/about/

Castle Vale of century Glamorgan

28

List of surviving castles in Scotland

Castle name Location Built in Built or first Owner Sources owned by Smailholm Kelso first half of Pringle family Historic http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /smailholm/smailholm.html Tower the 15th Environment https://www.historicenvironment.scot/vi sit-a-place/places/smailholm- century Scotland tower/history/ Craigmillar Edinburgh late 1300s Sir Simon Historic http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /craigmillar/craigmillar.html Castle Preston Environment https://www.historicenvironment.scot/vi sit-a-place/places/craigmillar- Scotland castle/history/ Edinburgh Edinburgh Unclear, Unknown Scottish http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /edinburgh/edinburgh.html Castle current government, https://www.historicenvironment.scot/vi sit-a-place/places/edinburgh- castle 11th managed by castle/history/ or 12th Historic http://www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/disc over/about-the-castle century Environment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_ Scotland Castle Blackness Blackness, 1440's Crichton family Historic http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /blackness/blackness.html Castle Linlithgow Environment https://www.historicenvironment.scot/vi sit-a-place/places/blackness- Scotland castle/history/ Doune Castle Doune, Stirling late 14th Robert Stewart, Historic http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /doune/doune.html century Duke of Albany, Environment https://www.historicenvironment.scot/vi Regent of Scotland sit-a-place/places/doune-castle/ Scotland Castle Stalker Appin, Argyll & mid 15th Sir John Stewart, Stewart Allward http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /stalker/stalker.html Bute century Lord of Lorn family http://www.obanargyll.com/castle- stalker.html (http://www.castlestalker.com/ did not work, May 2016) Alloa Tower Alloa around Erskine family National Trust for http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /alloa/alloa.html 1368 Scotland http://www.nts.org.uk/Property/Alloa- Tower/Hidden-history Clackmannan Clackmannan, Around Sir Robert Bruce Historic http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /clackmannan/clackmannan.html Tower Clackmannans 1359 (the Environment https://www.historicenvironment.scot/vi sit-a-place/places/clackmannan- hire still existing Scotland tower/history/ tower) Castle Dollar, Around John Stewart, Historic http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /campbell/campbell.html Campbell Clackmannans 1430 Lord Lorn Environment https://www.historicenvironment.scot/vi sit-a-place/places/castle- hire Scotland campbell/history/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Ca mpbell Aberdour Aberdour, Fife early to Sir Alan Historic http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /aberdour/aberdour.html Castle mid-1100s Environment https://www.historicenvironment.scot/vi sit-a-place/places/aberdour-castle-and- Scotland gardens/history/ Falkland Falkland 13th the Earls of Fife National Trust for http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /falkland/falkland.html Palace century - Clan MacDuff Scotland http://www.nts.org.uk/Property/Falkland -Palace-and-Garden/Hidden-history# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_P alace Balvaird Castle Newton of about 1495 Sir Andrew Historic http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /balvaird/balvaird.html Balcanquhal Murray and Environment https://www.historicenvironment.scot/vi sit-a-place/places/balvaird- Dame Margaret Scotland castle/history/ Barclay, heiress of the baronies of Arngask and Kippo 29

Huntingtower Huntingtowerfi 15th The Ruthvens Historic http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /huntingtower/huntingtower.html Castle eld, Perth century family Environment https://www.historicenvironment.scot/vi sit-a-place/places/huntingtower- Scotland castle/history/ Broughty Broughty 1490 2nd Lord Gray Historic http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /broughty/broughty.html Castle Ferry, Dundee Environment https://www.historicenvironment.scot/vi Scotland sit-a-place/places/broughty-castle/ Dunnottar Stonehaven, 14th William Keith, Cowdray http://www.dunechtestates.co.uk/index. html Castle Aberdeenshire century Earl Marischal of (Pearson) family / http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /dunnottar/dunnottar.html (earlier Scotland Dunecht Estates http://www.dunnottarcastle.co.uk/histor castles did y2.cfm exist but were destroyed) Drum Castle Drumoak, 1323 William de Irwyn National Trust for http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /drum/drum.html Aberdeenshire Scotland http://www.nts.org.uk/Property/Drum- Castle-Garden-and-Estate/Hidden-history Fyvie Castle Fyvie, 13th National Trust for http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /fyvie/fyvie.html Aberdeenshire century (possibly) Scotland http://www.nts.org.uk/Property/Fyvie- Castle/Property-description https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyvie_Castl e Eilean Donan Dornie 1220 Alexander II Conchra http://www.eileandonancastle.com/abo ut/ Castle Charitable Trust http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/scotland /eilean/eilean.html Sundrum Coylton, South 1360s Sir Robert Graham & Patricia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundrum_ Castle Castle Ayrshire Wallace, Sheriff Cathcart http://www.sundrumcastle.com/history. of Ayr Waddington html Lee Castle Lanark, South Around Lockharts of Lee Addison McElroy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockharts_ of_Lee Lanarkshire 1272 family Fischer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Castle, _South_Lanarkshire http://www.lockharts.com/2010/01/09/t he-lee-castle/ Stirling Castle Stirling Around King Alexander I Historic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Ca stle 1110 Environment http://www.stirlingcastle.gov.uk/discover Scotland /timeline/ Culcreuch Fintry 1296 Maurice Managed by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culcreuch_ Castle Castle Galbraith Robert Reynolds https://www.culcreuch.com/terms Cairnbulg Cairnbulg, 14th Fraser family Katharine Fraser, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairnbulg_ Castle Castle Aberdeenshire century Mistress of http://www.fraserchief.co.uk/places.htm Saltoun l Leslie Castle Leslie, Insch 14th Leslie family Uncertain. It http://www.scotlandinoils.com/clan/Clan -Leslie.html century opened in May https://www.airbnb.nl/rooms/11059012 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Cast 2016 as a B&B. le Landlady is called Heike. Drum Castle Drumoak, 1323 William de Irwyn National Trust for https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_Cast le Aberdeenshire Scotland http://www.nts.org.uk/Property/Drum- Castle-Garden-and-Estate/# Lauriston St. Cyrus 1245 Unknown Private https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauriston_ Castle,_Aberdeenshire Castle https://canmore.org.uk/site/36326/lauris ton-castle Muchalls Bridge of 14th Frasers of Burnett of Leys https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchalls_C astle Castle Muchalls, century Muchalls family http://www.burnett.uk.com/history.htm Aberdeenshire Auchterhouse Dundee, Angus 13th Ramsay family Private https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchterho use_Castle Castle century http://www.stravaiging.com/history/castl e/auchterhouse-castle 30

Ethie Castle Arbroath, 14th Abbot and Private https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethie_Castl e Angus century Monks of http://www.ethiecastle.com/ethie- castle-history/ Arbroath Abbey http://www.clanforsyth.org.nz/cfs_002.h tm Glamis Castle Glamis, Angus 14th Sir John Lyon Lyon family https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamis_Cas tle century http://www.glamis-castle.co.uk/about- the-castle.cfm

31