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International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Impact Factor: 5.114 ISSN: 0976-3031 International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Impact factor: 5.114 SUSTAINABLE GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS IN THE FLUORIDE AFFECTED ALLUVIAL TRACT OF SOUTH DINAJPUR DISTRICT IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA Anadi Gayen Volume: 6 Issue: 9 . THE PUBLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RECENT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (IJRSR) http://www.recentscientific.com E-mail: [email protected] Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com International Journal of Recent Scientific International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 6, Issue, 9, pp. 6031-6035, September, 2015 ISSN: 0976-3031 RESEARCH ARTICLE SUSTAINABLE GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS IN THE FLUORIDE AFFECTED ALLUVIAL TRACT OF SOUTH DINAJPUR DISTRICT IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA Anadi Gayen Scientist ‘D’, Central Ground Water Board, Rajiv Gandhi National Ground Water Training and ARTICLE INFO ResearchABSTRACT Institute (RGNGWTRI), Raipur, Chhattisgarh Article History: South Dinajpur district lies in the Latitude between 260 35' 15" N and 250 10' 55" N Longitude between 0 0 Received 15thJune, 2015 89 00'30"E and 87 48' 37" E in northern portion of West Bengal State. The district forms part of Garo- Received in revised form 21st Rajmahal gap and has typical combination of older alluvium (including Barind tract) and Recent July, 2015 alluvium. Coarse to fine sand and gravel forms the principal aquifers. Ground water occurs under Accepted 06thAugust, 2015 unconfined condition in northern part, whereas in semi-confined to confined condition under a clay Published online 21st blanket in the Barind tract. In the tract, the aquifers are fine grained and thinner alternating with thick clay September,2015 beds. The mode of withdrawal of ground water is through through dug well, shallow tube well fitted with submersible pump and deep tube well (Medium duty) are feasible for irrigation purposes. In the remaining part of the district shallow tube well and heavy duty tube wells are in use. Drinking water demand is fulfilled by hand pump fitted small diameter tube well and through piped water supply from medium duty or heavy duty tube well in city area. Dug well numbers have been decreased at present and used for domestic purposes mainly. Heavy duty tube wells use for irrigation purposes is tapping the aquifers within the depth range of 250 meter below ground level (m bgl). The district consists of 8 blocks, of which 5 are Key words: having high fluoride content (>1.5 mg/l) in ground water. Sporadic occurrence of fluoride has been observed in the tube wells. The fluoride content in ground water is increasing with depth in and around Barind tract, Older alluvium, the Barind tract. The medium duty hand pump fitted tube well in the tract has.>5mg/l fluoride content, Recent alluvium, High fluoride whereas in deeper aquifer fluoride content is as high as >10 mg/l. As the district has diversified (>10 mg/l), Ground water hydrogeological set up, ground water management options to be considered with utmost care. In Barind management tract, ground water potential is low and drawdown is high. Hence, scope of ground water development is limited in the tract. In older alluvium, dug well, light and medium duty tube wells fitted with submersible pump can be constructed for drinking and irrigation purposes with due care of the capacity of the pump to be used, so that drawdown can be minimized. Heavy duty tube wells should be constructed within the 250 m bgl depth and restricted drawdown to be maintained. In Recent alluvium, both shallow and deep tube wells are feasible and having very good ground water potential for development. Copyright © Anadi Gayen. 2015, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License,INTRODUCTION which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction inThe any district medium, with provided its headquarters the original atworkBalurghat is properly can cited.be divided into two sub divisions viz Balurghat Sadar and Gangarampur at West Dinajpur District was created in 1947 from the Dinajpur Buniadpur and having 4 blocks for each sub-division. The district at the time of partition of India. The West Dinajpur district has two municipal towns at Balurghat and district was enlarged in 1956 at the time of reorganization of Gangarampur. As per 2011 census, the total population is the state with the addition of some areas of Bihar. The district 1670931 in the district with the density of 753 per sq.km. Bulk was bifurcated into North Dinajpur and South Dinajpur on 01- of the population lives in rural area and their livelihood and 04-92. The district lies between 25°10’55” & 26°35’15” occupation are largely dependent on agriculture. Fluoride Latitude (North) and 87°48’37” & 89°00’30” Longitude (east). affected blocks of West Bengal state has shown in fig.1. It is bounded by international boundary with adjoining country Bangladesh on the northern, eastern & part of southern side, by Geomorphology And Drainage Pattern Uttar Dinajpur district in western side and by Malda district in part of southern side. The district with an area of 2187 Sq. Km. The general appearance of the district is flat to gently sloping falls in the survey of India degree sheet nos. 720, 72P, 78C and towards south-east following the trend of the rivers and having 78D. rolling topography with an elevation varying from 22 to 42 *Corresponding author: Anadi Gayen Scientist ‘D’, Central Ground Water Board, Rajiv Gandhi National Ground Water Training and Research Institute (RGNGWTRI), Raipur, Chhattisgarh Anadi Gayen., Sustainable Ground Water Management Options In The Fluoride Affected Alluvial Tract Of South Dinajpur District In West Bengal, India m.amsl. The district can be divided into two district biotite granite basement rock at a depth of 304.8 m Buniadpur geomorphic units based on physiographic characters viz (i) in Bansihari block and sandstone (Tertiary/Siwaliks) at 304 m Barind (ii) Flat Alluvial Plain. at Patiram in Balurghat block. Siwaliks (Wadia & Auden, 1959) underlying the alluvium, overly the basement gneiss. Their buried contact is considered to be an overlap. The Barind consist of well oxidized reddish argillaceous formation (older Alluvium), occur in the east of North Dinajpur district & east of Mahananda river. In the Barind tract, younger alluvium deposits (sand, silt, clay) occur along the course of the Tangon & Purnabhaba River. The sediments in the southern part of the district in Hilli, Balurghat, Tapan, Kumarganj, Gangarampur & Banshihari blocks is predominantly argillaceous. The top clay bed is lenticular. It pinches out northwest of Harirampur and southeast of Balurghat. Hydrogeological Scenario The availability of ground water is more or less limited to Fig.1 Fluoride affected blocks of West Bengal state unconsolidated alluvium formation of Quaternary age comprising (i) Older alluvium, deposits of discontinuous Older alluvial argillaceous (reddish colour) soil is known as aquifers (ii) Newer alluvium of regional extensive aquifers. Barind and is relatively elevated high land with wide Ground water occurs under unconfined condition in a thick undulating tract and interspersed between shallow stretches to zone of saturation within the alluvial sediments. Several deeper depressions, which are nothing but abundant river promising saturated granular zones are present in the depth channels. This formation occurs in Bansihari, Gangarampur, range of 17 to 184 meter below ground lexel. It can be Tapan blocks of the district (eastern part of the district). The observed that the general predominance of sand over clay in the flat and fertile land (Diara) comprises of younger and older alluvial formation, the discontinuous nature of clay horizons alluvial plains, covering most parts of the district are the and commonly the silty characters of the clay layers apparently product of flood plain deposits. (greyish white colour). indicates that the ground water is predominantly under unconfined condition and locally it is under semi-confined The soil composition is mainly consist of loam followed by condition in the district. sandy loam. Largely the soil texture varies from heavy clay to clay loam with poor internal drainage, capability in low land In the northern part of the district, the aquifers are depicted as areas (Bils). Sandy loam occurs in highlands and slightly multilayered fashion. Predomenance of day over sand occurs in reddish in colour, locally known as “Khiar” which is neutral to Barind tract is restricted in the south western parts i.e. in acidic in nature. Both transported & residual types of soil are Bansihari, Tapan & Buniadpur blocks and the yield potentiality commonly found in the district. of aquifers is not so promising with a maximum draw down. The maximum thickness of porous formation is restricted The district is drained by a number of north-south flowing within 50 m only. However ground water also occurs under rivers like Atrai, Punarbhaba, Tangon and Brahmani. Most of semi-confined to confined condition below a blanket of 15-20 the rivers enter from Bangladesh through different blocks of m thick clay bed in the Barind Tract available in Bansihari- South Dinajpur district of West Bengal. All the rivers have full Tapan-Gangrampur sector. flow during the monsoon period. During non-monsoon period, their flow is sustained by base flow along the channels. Thus The ground water occurs under semiconfined to confined non-kharif cultivation in the district has to depend mainly on condition under
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