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The Effects of Cattle Ranching on a Primate Community in the Central

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The Effects of Cattle Ranching on a Primate Community in the Central Abstract According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 64% of primate species are declining in the wild and 49% face a significant risk of extinction. This crisis is largely the result of human activity, including logging, ranching, and hunting. In this study I examine the impacts of the anthropogenic habitat disturbances associated with cattle ranching on a primate community. Research was conducted at the preeminent site for the study of rain forest fragmentation, the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Manaus, Brazil. I surveyed 8 line transects totaling 13 km that sampled: 1) secondary forest on abandoned cattle pasture,2) selectively logged primary forest, and 3) undisturbed primary forest. Specifically, I tested for edge effects, niche partitioning, and interhabitat differences in population density. Primate presence in edge habitats was negatively related to the amount of fruit consumed, a relationship that was also apparent in the densities of individual species. Four species were more abundant in edge habitats: Alouatta macconnelli (folivore- frugivore), Chiropotes chiropotes (seed predator), Saguinus midas (generalist), and Sapajus apella (generalist); one was less abundant: Ateles paniscus (frugivore); and the last showed no edge-related pattern: Pithecia chrysocephala (seed predator). Niche partitioning was evident in diet and macrohabitat use. In addition, in primary forest there was partitioning along several microhabitat variables. In secondary forest, however, microhabitat partitioning was absent, possibly due to habitat constraints or low encounter rates. Body size was positively related to use of vertical strata in both habitats, hence a combination of body size and competition may drive vertical niche partitioning. Primate characteristics were not related to their presence in selectively logged or undisturbed primary forest, though body size was inversely related to presence in secondary forest. Only the two generalists (Saguinus and Sapajus) heavily utilized secondary forest. The two largest species, Ateles (frugivore) and Alouatta (folivore- frugivore), showed an equal preference for all primary forest (logged and undisturbed) over secondary forest. Chiropotes (seed predator) also preferred undisturbed primary forest while Pithecia (seed predator) was relatively uniformly distributed. © Copyright by Bryan Bernard Lenz, 2013 All Rights Reserved Acknowledgments When a Ph.D. dissertation is published, the name of a single author is placed on the title page. This action belies the multitude of people who were crucial in helping the author reach his or her goals, and I am certainly no different. First and foremost I would like to say a heartfelt thank you to my lovely wife, Amaliya, for staying strong, dealing with my being away for so long, and for listening when I needed a friend. I also need to say thank you to my little guy Vaughn for always being ready to cheer me up and for putting up with an exhausted, dissertation-writing dad for the first year of his life. I would also like to thank my parents, Richard and Janet Lenz, my brother and sister-in-law, Tom and Bridget Lenz, and my aunt, Jane Lenz, for taking an interest in my interests - without your support this would not have been possible. I am especially appreciative for the guidance of my advisor, Katharine Jack, who taught me how to forage for myself and who has been a great friend in addition to being a great mentor. I would also like to thank the rest of the faculty, in particular my committee members Trenton Holliday and William Balée, and the graduate students in the Department of Anthropology for all you have taught me and for being my partners in crime in the Big Easy (you know who you are). Special thanks go to Valerie Schoof for her friendship and willingness to talk shop. ii I am forever indebted to Sarah Boyle for her assistance. Even though we were strangers when I decided that I was going to work at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, she took time out of her busy schedule to help me find my way in Brazil. Your assistance throughout this study was immensely valuable to me and I thank you for it. I also owe a great deal to the people of Brazil. They embraced me with open arms, taught me an incredible amount, and were almost universally kind and generous. I will be forever grateful for the people who helped me collect my data, in particular my friends Alaercio (Léo) Marajó dos Reis and Luciana Frazão, who put up with long hours of relentless work while always maintaining good spirits. I would also like to thank the others that helped me in the field: Paulo Apóstolo de Assunção, Cicero Lopes da Silva, Fabiana Galland, Jairo Miranda Lopes, Luiz Raimundo de Queiroz, and José Francisco Tenaçol Andres Junior. I would like to thank my Brazilian counterpart on this project, Wilson Spironello, and my colleagues at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, José Luís Camargo, Regina Luizão, Gonçalo Ferraz, and Ana Andrade, for their advice and friendship. My thanks also go to Ary Jorge Ferreira and Rosely Hipólito for their patience and excellent work organizing all of the entradas and saídas, to the motoristas, Josimar Facundes Menezes, Antonio José Moraes Pereira, Luiz Raimundo de Queiroz, and Paulo Lopes Pereira, for getting me safely (and often harrowingly) from the city to the campsites and back, and to Adriane Gomes and Cleucilene Nery for helping me with a iii wide array of issues. Thank you also to Dona Deuza Oliveira and her family for taking me into their home and for being my surrogate family in Manaus. I also greatly appreciate the many doctors who helped me overcome the cascade of maladies that befell me while I was in Brazil and made me wonder if I should amend my project to include data collection on tropical diseases: Susan Mclellan, Bridget Lenz, Tony Lenz, and especially meu amigo Jorge Guerra who made my life in Manaus at least 50% easier than it would have been without his friendship. Finally, I would like to thank the groups and individuals who provided the financial support that made this project possible: Primate Conservation, Inc., The Stone Center for Latin American Studies, The Middle American Research Institute, The Tulane University Department of Anthropology Graduate Student Aid Fund, The Tulane University School of Liberal Arts Summer Merit Fellowship, and a big thank you to Richard and Janet Lenz, Jane Lenz, and Tom and Bridget Lenz. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgments................................................................................................................ii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: The History, Forests, and Primates of the BDFFP ........................................... 11 The History of the BDFFP .............................................................................................. 11 The Forests of the BDFFP .............................................................................................. 18 The Primate Community ............................................................................................... 24 Chapter 3: Methodology ................................................................................................... 40 Data Collection .............................................................................................................. 40 Primate Population Density .......................................................................................... 45 Sampling the Floral Community .................................................................................... 55 Chapter 4: Edge Effects in a Community of Neotropical Primates ................................... 63 Introduction................................................................................................................... 63 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 72 Results ........................................................................................................................... 83 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 90 Chapter 5: Niche Partitioning in a Community of Neotropical Primates in an Anthropogenic Mosaic Landscape .................................................................................. 101 Introduction................................................................................................................. 101 Methods ...................................................................................................................... 105 Results ......................................................................................................................... 114 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 123 v Chapter 6: Primate Abundance in an Anthropogenic
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