DOCSLIB.ORG

“Software Libre Y GNU/Linux” Apunte Teórico

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

“Software Libre y GNU/Linux” Apunte Te´orico Universidad Nacional de La Matanza Ingenier´ıa Inform´atica Taller de GNU/Linux Recopilaci´on y edici´on realizada por Diego J. Brengi 2 de mayo de 2008 2 Prefacio El taller de GNU/Linux 1 naci´oen el a˜no 2001 como un curso optativo para los alumnos de ingenier´ıa en inform´atica de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza 2. Su objetivo principal es el de iniciar a los alumnos en la utilizaci´on del sistema operativo, fomentar su uso y ense˜nar la filosof´ıa que ha hecho posible su nacimiento y evoluci´on. El taller comienza con una introducci´on al mundo del “software libre” y complementa esto con clases pr´acticas frente a la computadora. Desde sus inicios comenc´euna tarea de recolecci´on de material did´actico y a apartir del a˜no 2006 debo agradecer la importante colaboraci´on de Alejandro Casas para llevar adelante el curso. Tratando de mantener cierta coherencia seg´un los objetivos y tiempos del taller hemos tenido que complementar y editar los art´ıculos, donde el autor original lo permite. En este apunte, que se ha convertido casi en un libro, se ha condensado todo el material asociado a los aspectos hist´oricos, filos´oficos y estructurales necesarios para comenzar a comprender el “software libre” y el sistema operativo GNU/Linux, sin entrar en detalles demasiado t´ecnicos. Cabe aclarar que muchos de los art´ıculos aqu´ıexpuestos expresan opiniones propias de cada autor, las cuales podr´an agradar o no al lector. Su inclusi´on responde a la relevancia hist´orica de estos art´ıculos y la gran difusi´on que tienen dentro del mundo del “software libre”. Los ap´endices se brindan como lectura complementaria, pero pr´acticamente obligatoria para quienes cursan el taller. La mayor parte de este apunte est´acompuesta por textos e im´agenes obtenidos de la red, con permiso expreso de reproducci´on por parte de sus autores. Se aclara al final de cada cap´ıtulo el origen de cada secci´on. A principios de 2008 se han migrado todos los apuntes desde OpenOffice a LATEX por cuestiones pr´acticas a la hora de actualizar el material. Por supuesto esto hace que apa- rezcan nuevos errores y se sumen a los viejos. Sepa el lector comprender y disculpar esta situaci´on. Ing.Diego J. Brengi 1http://tallergnulinux.sf.net 2http://www.unlm.edu.ar 4 ´Indice general ´Indice general 5 ´Indice de figuras 9 1. El sistema operativo UNIX 11 1.1. Introducci´on.................................. 11 1.2. Historia ...................................... 12 1.3. El laboratorio de inteligencia de Berkeley . ......... 15 1.4. Breve biograf´ıa de Kenneth Thompson . ...... 16 1.5. Breve biograf´ıa de Dennis M. Ritchie . ....... 17 1.6. ArboldefamiliasUNIX´ ............................. 17 1.7. Autoresdelcap´ıtulo . 18 2. Historia del Proyecto GNU 21 2.1. ElproyectoGNU ................................ 21 2.1.1. Elt´erminoGNU ............................. 21 2.1.2. CompatibilidadconUNIX. 22 2.1.3. Licencia .................................. 22 2.1.4. Financiamiento.............................. 22 2.1.5. Avances .................................. 22 2.1.6. HerramientasGNU. 23 2.1.7. Desarrollos ................................ 23 2.2. La Free Software Foundation . 24 2.3. ActividadesprincipalesdelaFSF. ...... 25 2.4. Biograf´ıa breve de Richard M. Stallman . ....... 26 2.5. NacimientodelproyectoGNU. 27 2.6. El Proyecto GNU por Richard Stallman . 27 2.6.1. La primera comunidad que comparte el software . ..... 27 2.6.2. Elcolapsodelacomunidad . 28 2.6.3. Unaelecci´onmoralsevera . 29 2.6.4. Librecomoenlibertad. 30 2.6.5. Software GNU y el sistema GNU . 31 2.6.6. Eliniciodelproyecto. 31 2.6.7. Losprimerospasos............................ 31 2.6.8. GNUEmacs ............................... 32 2.6.9. ¿Es libre el programa para cualquier usuario? . ....... 32 2.6.10.CopyleftylaGNUGPL. 33 2.6.11. La Fundaci´on para el Software Libre . ..... 34 2.6.12. Asistencia para el Software Libre . ..... 34 2.6.13.Metast´ecnicas . 35 6 ´INDICE GENERAL 2.6.14. Computadoras donadas . 35 2.6.15.LalistadetareasdeGNU. 35 2.6.16.LaGPLparaBibliotecasdeGNU . 36 2.6.17. ¿Rascarse una comez´on? . 36 2.6.18.Desarrollosinesperados . 37 2.6.19.ElGNUHurd............................... 37 2.6.20.Alix .................................... 37 2.6.21.LinuxyGNU/Linux . 38 2.6.22. Desaf´ıos en nuestro futuro . 38 2.6.23.Hardwaresecreto. 38 2.6.24.Bibliotecasnolibres . 39 2.6.25.Patentesdesoftware . 39 2.6.26.Documentaci´onlibre . 40 2.6.27. Debemoshablaracercadelalibertad . 41 2.6.28. ((Open Source)) .............................. 41 2.6.29.¡Pru´ebelo!................................. 42 2.7. Autoresdelcap´ıtulo . 42 3. El kernel Linux 43 3.1. Kernel....................................... 43 3.2. NacimientodeLinux .............................. 44 3.3. Licencia ...................................... 45 3.4. Avances ...................................... 45 3.5. LinuxyelproyectoGNU ............................ 46 3.6. Lalistadedesarrollo. 47 3.7. Desarrolladores ................................ 47 3.8. Versionesdelkernel. 48 3.9. Estructuramonol´ıtica . 49 3.10.Arquitecturasdehardware. ..... 49 3.11.Elc´odigofuente. 49 3.12.Cambiandoelkernel . 50 3.13.Kernelsprecompilados . 50 3.14. Instalando un kernel compilado a medida . ....... 51 3.14.1. Obteniendo el c´odigo fuente . 51 3.14.2.Aplicarparches. 51 3.14.3.Configuraci´on. 52 3.14.4.Compilaci´on ............................... 52 3.14.5.Instalaci´on ................................ 53 3.14.6.Otrasvariantes . 53 3.15.Elarranque .................................... 53 3.16.Losm´odulos................................... 58 3.17.Logo........................................ 59 3.18.Lecturascomplementarias . ..... 60 3.19.Autoresdelcap´ıtulo . 60 4. Distribuciones GNU/LINUX 61 4.1. ¿Qu´ees una distribuci´on de GNU/Linux? . ....... 61 4.2. ¿Que partes componen una distribuci´on? . ........ 61 4.2.1. Programadeinstalaci´on . 61 4.2.2. KernelLinux ............................... 61 4.2.3. Herramientas GNU y sistema base . 62 ´INDICE GENERAL 7 4.2.4. Programas de aplicaci´on con licencias libres . ......... 62 4.2.5. Programas de aplicaci´on “privativos” . ....... 62 4.2.6. Configuracionespordefecto . 62 4.2.7. Herramientas de configuraci´on y administraci´on . .......... 63 4.2.8. Documentaci´on.............................. 63 4.2.9. Actualizaciones de seguridad y correcciones de bugs ......... 63 4.2.10. Integraci´on de todo el sistema . ..... 63 4.2.11.Soporteparaelusuario . 64 4.2.12.Motivaci´onyobjetivos . 64 4.3. Clasificaci´on de distribuciones . ........ 64 4.3.1. Activaseinactivas . 65 4.3.2. Dependenciadeotradistribuci´on . ..... 65 4.3.3. Pa´ısdeorigenydesarrollo. 65 4.3.4. Popularidad................................ 65 4.3.5. Precio ................................... 65 4.3.6. Licenciasinvolucradas . 66 4.3.7. Manejo de paquetes de software . 66 4.3.8. Tipodeuso................................ 66 4.3.9. Soporteprincipal . 66 4.4. ¿Enqu´ebasarlaelecci´on? . ..... 67 4.5. ¿C´omo obtener una distribuci´on? . ....... 67 4.6. ¿Qu´edistribucionesexisten?. ....... 68 4.7. L´ıneadetiempodedistribuciones. ....... 73 4.8. Autoresdelcap´ıtulo . 73 5. Categor´ıas de software libre y no libre 77 5.1. Softwarelibre.................................. 77 5.2. Software de c´odigo abierto (Open source) . ........ 78 5.3. Softwarededominiop´ublico. ..... 79 5.4. Software protegido con copyleft . ...... 79 5.5. Software libre no protegido con copyleft . ........ 80 5.6. SoftwarecubiertoporlaGPL . 80 5.7. ElsistemaGNU ................................. 80 5.8. ProgramasGNU ................................. 81 5.9. SoftwaredeGNU................................. 81 5.10.Softwarenolibre ............................... 81 5.11.Softwaresemilibre . 81 5.12.Softwareprivativo . 82 5.13.Freeware...................................... 82 5.14.Shareware..................................... 82 5.15.Softwareprivado ............................... 83 5.16.Softwarecomercial . 83 5.17.Autoresdelcap´ıtulo . 83 6. Licencia de este libro 85 A. Conceptos de sistemas operativos 87 A.1. ¿Qu´eeselSistemaOperativo? . 87 A.2. Funciones b´asicas de un sistema operativo . ......... 87 A.3.Caracter´ısticas . 88 A.3.1. Administraci´ondetareas . 88 8 ´INDICE GENERAL A.3.2. Administraci´on de usuarios . 88 A.3.3. Manejoderecursos. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 88 A.4. Historia de los Sistemas Operativos . ....... 88 A.4.1. A˜nos40 .................................. 88 A.4.2. A˜nos50 .................................. 89 A.4.3. A˜nos60 .................................. 89 A.4.4. A˜nos70 .................................. 90 A.5. Autoresdelcap´ıtulo . 92 B. Licencia P´ublica GNU 93 B.1. Traducci´onalcastellano . ..... 93 B.2.Pre´ambulo..................................... 93 B.3. T´erminos y condiciones para la copia, distribuci´on y modificaci´on . 94 B.4. Ap´endice: C´omo aplicar estos t´erminos a sus nuevos programas . 98 C. El t´ermino “Open Source” 101 C.0.1. Definici´ondeOpenSource. 101 D. Trampa en el Cyberespacio 103 D.1. Armarioconcajonesylavadodecerebros . 104 D.2. Elimpuestoalainformaci´on . 107 D.3. El car´acter espec´ıfico del software . .........107 D.4. Los fabricantes atrapados en la trampa . .......109 D.5. Elpa´ısdelostecnocretinos... .......110 D.6....noest´amuylejos. 111 D.7. Pr´acticasdudosas. 112 D.8.Bordeandolaley ................................. 113 D.9. Una mirada al posible futuro de la educaci´on . ........114 D.10.Lo que esta en juego: el control de la informaci´on . ...........115 D.11.Una oportunidad para Europa y el empleo . 116 D.12.Una posible
Recommended publications
  • GNU Readline Library

    GNU Readline Library

    GNU Readline Library Edition 2.1, for Readline Library Version 2.1. March 1996 Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University This do cument describ es the GNU Readline Library, a utility which aids in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs that need to provide a command line interface. Published by the Free Software Foundation 675 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this p ermission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute mo di ed versions of this manual under the con- ditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a p ermission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another lan- guage, under the ab ove conditions for mo di ed versions, except that this p ermission notice may b e stated in a translation approved by the Foundation. c Copyright 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Chapter 1: Command Line Editing 1 1 Command Line Editing This chapter describ es the basic features of the GNU command line editing interface. 1.1 Intro duction to Line Editing The following paragraphs describ e the notation used to representkeystrokes. i h i h C-k is read as `Control-K' and describ es the character pro duced when the k The text key is pressed while the Control key is depressed. h i The text M-k is read as `Meta-K' and describ es the character pro duced when the meta h i key if you have one is depressed, and the k key is pressed.
  • IJIRT | Volume 2 Issue 6 | ISSN: 2349-6002

    IJIRT | Volume 2 Issue 6 | ISSN: 2349-6002

    © November 2015 | IJIRT | Volume 2 Issue 6 | ISSN: 2349-6002 .Net Surbhi Bhardwaj Dronacharya College of Engineering Khentawas, Haryana INTRODUCTION as smartphones. Additionally, .NET Micro .NET Framework (pronounced dot net) is Framework is targeted at severely resource- a software framework developed by Microsoft that constrained devices. runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. It includes a large class library known as Framework Class Library (FCL) and provides language WHAT IS THE .NET FRAMEWORK? interoperability(each language can use code written The .NET Framework is a new and revolutionary in other languages) across several programming platform created by Microsoft for languages. Programs written for .NET Framework developingapplications. execute in a software environment (as contrasted to hardware environment), known as Common It is a platform for application developers. Language Runtime (CLR), an application virtual It is a Framework that supports Multiple machine that provides services such as Language and Cross language integration. security, memory management, and exception handling. FCL and CLR together constitute .NET IT has IDE (Integrated Development Framework. Environment). FCL provides user interface, data access, database Framework is a set of utilities or can say connectivity, cryptography, web building blocks of your application system. application development, numeric algorithms, .NET Framework provides GUI in a GUI and network communications. Programmers manner. produce software by combining their own source code with .NET Framework and other libraries. .NET is a platform independent but with .NET Framework is intended to be used by most new help of Mono Compilation System (MCS). applications created for the Windows platform. MCS is a middle level interface. Microsoft also produces an integrated development .NET Framework provides interoperability environment largely for .NET software called Visual between languages i.e.
  • Version 7.8-Systemd

    Version 7.8-Systemd

    Linux From Scratch Version 7.8-systemd Created by Gerard Beekmans Edited by Douglas R. Reno Linux From Scratch: Version 7.8-systemd by Created by Gerard Beekmans and Edited by Douglas R. Reno Copyright © 1999-2015 Gerard Beekmans Copyright © 1999-2015, Gerard Beekmans All rights reserved. This book is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under the MIT License. Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Linux From Scratch - Version 7.8-systemd Table of Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................................... vii i. Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................. vii ii. Audience ............................................................................................................................................................ vii iii. LFS Target Architectures ................................................................................................................................ viii iv. LFS and Standards ............................................................................................................................................ ix v. Rationale for Packages in the Book .................................................................................................................... x vi. Prerequisites
  • NET Framework

    NET Framework

    Advanced Windows Programming .NET Framework based on: A. Troelsen, Pro C# 2005 and .NET 2.0 Platform, 3rd Ed., 2005, Apress J. Richter, Applied .NET Frameworks Programming, 2002, MS Press D. Watkins et al., Programming in the .NET Environment, 2002, Addison Wesley T. Thai, H. Lam, .NET Framework Essentials, 2001, O’Reilly D. Beyer, C# COM+ Programming, M&T Books, 2001, chapter 1 Krzysztof Mossakowski Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science http://www.mini.pw.edu.pl/~mossakow Advanced Windows Programming .NET Framework - 2 Contents The most important features of .NET Assemblies Metadata Common Type System Common Intermediate Language Common Language Runtime Deploying .NET Runtime Garbage Collection Serialization Krzysztof Mossakowski Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science http://www.mini.pw.edu.pl/~mossakow Advanced Windows Programming .NET Framework - 3 .NET Benefits In comparison with previous Microsoft’s technologies: Consistent programming model – common OO programming model Simplified programming model – no error codes, GUIDs, IUnknown, etc. Run once, run always – no "DLL hell" Simplified deployment – easy to use installation projects Wide platform reach Programming language integration Simplified code reuse Automatic memory management (garbage collection) Type-safe verification Rich debugging support – CLR debugging, language independent Consistent method failure paradigm – exceptions Security – code access security Interoperability – using existing COM components, calling Win32 functions Krzysztof
  • Installation Guide for the UNIX Versions

    Installation Guide for the UNIX Versions

    Appendix A: Installation Guide for the UNIX Versions 1. Required tools. Compiling PARI requires an ANSI C or a C++ compiler. If you do not have one, we suggest that you obtain the gcc/g++ compiler. As for all GNU software mentioned afterwards, you can find the most convenient site to fetch gcc at the address http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html (On Mac OS X, this is also provided in the Xcode tool suite.) You can certainly compile PARI with a different compiler, but the PARI kernel takes advantage of optimizations provided by gcc. This results in at least 20% speedup on most architectures. Optional packages. The following programs and libraries are useful in conjunction with gp, but not mandatory. In any case, get them before proceeding if you want the functionalities they provide. All of them are free. • GNU MP library. This provides an alternative multiprecision kernel, which is faster than PARI's native one, but unfortunately binary incompatible. To enable detection of GMP, use Con- figure --with-gmp. You should really do this if you only intend to use GP, and probably also if you will use libpari unless you have backwards compatibility requirements. • GNU readline library. This provides line editing under GP, an automatic context-dependent completion, and an editable history of commands. Note that it is incompatible with SUN com- mandtools (yet another reason to dump Suntools for X Windows). • GNU gzip/gunzip/gzcat package enables GP to read compressed data. • GNU emacs. GP can be run in an Emacs buffer, with all the obvious advantages if you are familiar with this editor.
  • $SPAD/Lsp Makefile

    $SPAD/Lsp Makefile

    $SPAD/lsp Makefile The Axiom Team December 3, 2016 Abstract 1 Contents 1 The Makefile 3 2 Gnu Common Lisp 2.6.7 3 3 Gnu Common Lisp 2.6.7pre 3 3.1 run-process patch . 3 4 Gnu Common Lisp 2.6.6 3 4.1 run-process patch . 3 5 Gnu Common Lisp 2.6.5w 4 5.1 mingw.defs . 4 5.2 alloc.c . 4 5.3 mingfile.c . 4 5.4 unixfsys.c . 4 6 Gnu Common Lisp 2.6.5 5 6.1 gmp wrappers patch . 5 7 Gnu Common Lisp 2.5.2 5 7.0.1 socket patch . 5 7.0.2 read.d patch . 9 7.0.3 fortran patch . 9 7.0.4 libspad patch . 10 7.0.5 toploop patch . 12 7.0.6 object to float patch . 14 7.0.7 in-package patch . 15 7.0.8 EXIT and MAX STACK SIZE patchs . 15 7.0.9 tail-recursive patch . 16 7.0.10 collectfn fix . 17 7.1 The GCL-2.5.2 stanza . 21 7.1.1 Configure and Make GCL . 21 7.2 The GCL-2.6.1 stanza . 23 7.3 The GCL-2.6.2 stanza . 24 7.4 Directory move . 25 7.5 The GCL-2.6.2a stanza . 25 7.6 Directory move . 26 7.7 The GCL-2.6.3 stanza . 26 7.8 The GCL-2.6.5 stanza . 27 7.9 The GCL-2.6.5w stanza . 28 7.10 The GCL-2.6.6 stanza .
  • Gnu Libiberty September 2001 for GCC 3

    Gnu Libiberty September 2001 for GCC 3

    gnu libiberty September 2001 for GCC 3 Phil Edwards et al. Copyright c 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. i Table of Contents 1 Using ............................................ 1 2 Overview ........................................ 2 2.1 Supplemental Functions ........................................ 2 2.2 Replacement Functions ......................................... 2 2.2.1 Memory Allocation ........................................ 2 2.2.2 Exit Handlers ............................................. 2 2.2.3 Error Reporting ........................................... 2 2.3 Extensions ..................................................... 3 3 Obstacks......................................... 4 3.1 Creating Obstacks.............................................. 4 3.2 Preparing for Using Obstacks................................... 4 3.3 Allocation in an Obstack ....................................... 5 3.4 Freeing Objects in an Obstack.................................. 6 3.5 Obstack Functions and Macros ................................. 7 3.6 Growing Objects ............................................... 8 3.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects ...................................
  • Programming with Windows Forms

    Programming with Windows Forms

    A P P E N D I X A ■ ■ ■ Programming with Windows Forms Since the release of the .NET platform (circa 2001), the base class libraries have included a particular API named Windows Forms, represented primarily by the System.Windows.Forms.dll assembly. The Windows Forms toolkit provides the types necessary to build desktop graphical user interfaces (GUIs), create custom controls, manage resources (e.g., string tables and icons), and perform other desktop- centric programming tasks. In addition, a separate API named GDI+ (represented by the System.Drawing.dll assembly) provides additional types that allow programmers to generate 2D graphics, interact with networked printers, and manipulate image data. The Windows Forms (and GDI+) APIs remain alive and well within the .NET 4.0 platform, and they will exist within the base class library for quite some time (arguably forever). However, Microsoft has shipped a brand new GUI toolkit called Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) since the release of .NET 3.0. As you saw in Chapters 27-31, WPF provides a massive amount of horsepower that you can use to build bleeding-edge user interfaces, and it has become the preferred desktop API for today’s .NET graphical user interfaces. The point of this appendix, however, is to provide a tour of the traditional Windows Forms API. One reason it is helpful to understand the original programming model: you can find many existing Windows Forms applications out there that will need to be maintained for some time to come. Also, many desktop GUIs simply might not require the horsepower offered by WPF.
  • Diploma Thesis

    Diploma Thesis

    Faculty of Computer Science Chair for Real Time Systems Diploma Thesis Porting DotGNU to Embedded Linux Author: Alexander Stein Supervisor: Jun.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Robert Baumgartl Dipl.-Ing. Ronald Sieber Date of Submission: May 15, 2008 Alexander Stein Porting DotGNU to Embedded Linux Diploma Thesis, Chemnitz University of Technology, 2008 Abstract Programming PLC systems is limited by the provided libraries. In contrary, hardware-near programming needs bigger eorts in e. g. initializing the hardware. This work oers a foundation to combine advantages of both development sides. Therefore, Portable.NET from the DotGNU project has been used, which is an im- plementation of CLI, better known as .NET. The target system is the PLCcore- 5484 microcontroller board, developed by SYS TEC electronic GmbH. Built upon the porting, two variants to use interrupt routines withing the Portabe.NET runtime environment have been analyzed. Finally, the reaction times to occuring interrupt events have been examined and compared. Die Programmierung für SPS-Systeme ist durch die gegebenen Bibliotheken beschränkt, während hardwarenahe Programmierung einen gröÿeren Aufwand durch z.B. Initialisierungen hat. Diese Arbeit bietet eine Grundlage, um die Vorteile bei- der Entwicklungsseiten zu kombinieren. Dafür wurde Portable.NET des DotGNU- Projekts, eine Implementierung des CLI, bekannter unter dem Namen .NET, be- nutzt. Das Zielsystem ist das PLCcore-5484 Mikrocontrollerboard der SYS TEC electronic GmbH. Aufbauend auf der Portierung wurden zwei Varianten zur Ein- bindung von Interrupt-Routinen in die Portable.NET Laufzeitumgebung untersucht. Abschlieÿend wurden die Reaktionszeiten zu eintretenden Interrupts analysiert und verglichen. Acknowledgements I would like to thank some persons who had inuence and supported me in my work.
  • GNU Octave a High-Level Interactive Language for Numerical Computations Edition 3 for Octave Version 2.0.13 February 1997

    GNU Octave a High-Level Interactive Language for Numerical Computations Edition 3 for Octave Version 2.0.13 February 1997

    GNU Octave A high-level interactive language for numerical computations Edition 3 for Octave version 2.0.13 February 1997 John W. Eaton Published by Network Theory Limited. 15 Royal Park Clifton Bristol BS8 3AL United Kingdom Email: [email protected] ISBN 0-9541617-2-6 Cover design by David Nicholls. Errata for this book will be available from http://www.network-theory.co.uk/octave/manual/ Copyright c 1996, 1997John W. Eaton. This is the third edition of the Octave documentation, and is consistent with version 2.0.13 of Octave. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this man- ual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the en- tire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the same conditions as for modified versions. Portions of this document have been adapted from the gawk, readline, gcc, and C library manuals, published by the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place—Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111–1307, USA. i Table of Contents Publisher’s Preface ...................... 1 Author’s Preface ........................ 3 Acknowledgements ........................................ 3 How You Can Contribute to Octave ........................ 5 Distribution .............................................. 6 1 A Brief Introduction to Octave ....... 7 1.1 Running Octave...................................... 7 1.2 Simple Examples ..................................... 7 Creating a Matrix ................................. 7 Matrix Arithmetic ................................. 8 Solving Linear Equations..........................
  • GNU Readline Library

    GNU Readline Library

    GNU Readline Library Edition 2.2, for Readline Library Version 2.2. April 1998 Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University This document describes the GNU Readline Library, a utility which aids in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs that need to provide a command line interface. Published by the Free Software Foundation 675 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the con- ditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another lan- guage, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Foundation. Copyright c 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Chapter 1: Programming with GNU Readline 1 1 Programming with GNU Readline This chapter describes the interface between the GNU Readline Library and other pro- grams. If you are a programmer, and you wish to include the features found in GNU Readline such as completion, line editing, and interactive history manipulation in your own programs, this section is for you. 1.1 Basic Behavior Many programs provide a command line interface, such as mail, ftp, and sh. For such programs, the default behaviour of Readline is sufficient.
  • R 3.1 Open Source Packages

    R 3.1 Open Source Packages

    R 3.1 Open Source Packages Package Version Purpose accountsservice 0.6.15-2ubuntu9.3 query and manipulate user account information acpid 1:2.0.10-1ubuntu3 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface event daemon adduser 3.113ubuntu2 add and remove users and groups apport 2.0.1-0ubuntu12 automatically generate crash reports for debugging apport-symptoms 0.16 symptom scripts for apport apt 0.8.16~exp12ubuntu10.27 commandline package manager aptitude 0.6.6-1ubuntu1 Terminal-based package manager (terminal interface only) apt-utils 0.8.16~exp12ubuntu10.27 package managment related utility programs apt-xapian-index 0.44ubuntu5 maintenance and search tools for a Xapian index of Debian packages at 3.1.13-1ubuntu1 Delayed job execution and batch processing authbind 1.2.0build3 Allows non-root programs to bind() to low ports base-files 6.5ubuntu6.2 Debian base system miscellaneous files base-passwd 3.5.24 Debian base system master password and group files bash 4.2-2ubuntu2.6 GNU Bourne Again Shell bash-completion 1:1.3-1ubuntu8 programmable completion for the bash shell bc 1.06.95-2 The GNU bc arbitrary precision calculator language bind9-host 1:9.8.1.dfsg.P1-4ubuntu0.16 Version of 'host' bundled with BIND 9.X binutils 2.22-6ubuntu1.4 GNU assembler, linker and binary utilities bsdmainutils 8.2.3ubuntu1 collection of more utilities from FreeBSD bsdutils 1:2.20.1-1ubuntu3 collection of more utilities from FreeBSD busybox-initramfs 1:1.18.5-1ubuntu4 Standalone shell setup for initramfs busybox-static 1:1.18.5-1ubuntu4 Standalone rescue shell with tons of built-in utilities bzip2 1.0.6-1 High-quality block-sorting file compressor - utilities ca-certificates 20111211 Common CA certificates ca-certificates-java 20110912ubuntu6 Common CA certificates (JKS keystore) checkpolicy 2.1.0-1.1 SELinux policy compiler command-not-found 0.2.46ubuntu6 Suggest installation of packages in interactive bash sessions command-not-found-data 0.2.46ubuntu6 Set of data files for command-not-found.