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“Software Libre Y GNU/Linux” Apunte Teórico “Software Libre y GNU/Linux” Apunte Te´orico Universidad Nacional de La Matanza Ingenier´ıa Inform´atica Taller de GNU/Linux Recopilaci´on y edici´on realizada por Diego J. Brengi 2 de mayo de 2008 2 Prefacio El taller de GNU/Linux 1 naci´oen el a˜no 2001 como un curso optativo para los alumnos de ingenier´ıa en inform´atica de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza 2. Su objetivo principal es el de iniciar a los alumnos en la utilizaci´on del sistema operativo, fomentar su uso y ense˜nar la filosof´ıa que ha hecho posible su nacimiento y evoluci´on. El taller comienza con una introducci´on al mundo del “software libre” y complementa esto con clases pr´acticas frente a la computadora. Desde sus inicios comenc´euna tarea de recolecci´on de material did´actico y a apartir del a˜no 2006 debo agradecer la importante colaboraci´on de Alejandro Casas para llevar adelante el curso. Tratando de mantener cierta coherencia seg´un los objetivos y tiempos del taller hemos tenido que complementar y editar los art´ıculos, donde el autor original lo permite. En este apunte, que se ha convertido casi en un libro, se ha condensado todo el material asociado a los aspectos hist´oricos, filos´oficos y estructurales necesarios para comenzar a comprender el “software libre” y el sistema operativo GNU/Linux, sin entrar en detalles demasiado t´ecnicos. Cabe aclarar que muchos de los art´ıculos aqu´ıexpuestos expresan opiniones propias de cada autor, las cuales podr´an agradar o no al lector. Su inclusi´on responde a la relevancia hist´orica de estos art´ıculos y la gran difusi´on que tienen dentro del mundo del “software libre”. Los ap´endices se brindan como lectura complementaria, pero pr´acticamente obligatoria para quienes cursan el taller. La mayor parte de este apunte est´acompuesta por textos e im´agenes obtenidos de la red, con permiso expreso de reproducci´on por parte de sus autores. Se aclara al final de cada cap´ıtulo el origen de cada secci´on. A principios de 2008 se han migrado todos los apuntes desde OpenOffice a LATEX por cuestiones pr´acticas a la hora de actualizar el material. Por supuesto esto hace que apa- rezcan nuevos errores y se sumen a los viejos. Sepa el lector comprender y disculpar esta situaci´on. Ing.Diego J. Brengi 1http://tallergnulinux.sf.net 2http://www.unlm.edu.ar 4 ´Indice general ´Indice general 5 ´Indice de figuras 9 1. El sistema operativo UNIX 11 1.1. Introducci´on.................................. 11 1.2. Historia ...................................... 12 1.3. El laboratorio de inteligencia de Berkeley . ......... 15 1.4. Breve biograf´ıa de Kenneth Thompson . ...... 16 1.5. Breve biograf´ıa de Dennis M. Ritchie . ....... 17 1.6. ArboldefamiliasUNIX´ ............................. 17 1.7. Autoresdelcap´ıtulo . 18 2. Historia del Proyecto GNU 21 2.1. ElproyectoGNU ................................ 21 2.1.1. Elt´erminoGNU ............................. 21 2.1.2. CompatibilidadconUNIX. 22 2.1.3. Licencia .................................. 22 2.1.4. Financiamiento.............................. 22 2.1.5. Avances .................................. 22 2.1.6. HerramientasGNU. 23 2.1.7. Desarrollos ................................ 23 2.2. La Free Software Foundation . 24 2.3. ActividadesprincipalesdelaFSF. ...... 25 2.4. Biograf´ıa breve de Richard M. Stallman . ....... 26 2.5. NacimientodelproyectoGNU. 27 2.6. El Proyecto GNU por Richard Stallman . 27 2.6.1. La primera comunidad que comparte el software . ..... 27 2.6.2. Elcolapsodelacomunidad . 28 2.6.3. Unaelecci´onmoralsevera . 29 2.6.4. Librecomoenlibertad. 30 2.6.5. Software GNU y el sistema GNU . 31 2.6.6. Eliniciodelproyecto. 31 2.6.7. Losprimerospasos............................ 31 2.6.8. GNUEmacs ............................... 32 2.6.9. ¿Es libre el programa para cualquier usuario? . ....... 32 2.6.10.CopyleftylaGNUGPL. 33 2.6.11. La Fundaci´on para el Software Libre . ..... 34 2.6.12. Asistencia para el Software Libre . ..... 34 2.6.13.Metast´ecnicas . 35 6 ´INDICE GENERAL 2.6.14. Computadoras donadas . 35 2.6.15.LalistadetareasdeGNU. 35 2.6.16.LaGPLparaBibliotecasdeGNU . 36 2.6.17. ¿Rascarse una comez´on? . 36 2.6.18.Desarrollosinesperados . 37 2.6.19.ElGNUHurd............................... 37 2.6.20.Alix .................................... 37 2.6.21.LinuxyGNU/Linux . 38 2.6.22. Desaf´ıos en nuestro futuro . 38 2.6.23.Hardwaresecreto. 38 2.6.24.Bibliotecasnolibres . 39 2.6.25.Patentesdesoftware . 39 2.6.26.Documentaci´onlibre . 40 2.6.27. Debemoshablaracercadelalibertad . 41 2.6.28. ((Open Source)) .............................. 41 2.6.29.¡Pru´ebelo!................................. 42 2.7. Autoresdelcap´ıtulo . 42 3. El kernel Linux 43 3.1. Kernel....................................... 43 3.2. NacimientodeLinux .............................. 44 3.3. Licencia ...................................... 45 3.4. Avances ...................................... 45 3.5. LinuxyelproyectoGNU ............................ 46 3.6. Lalistadedesarrollo. 47 3.7. Desarrolladores ................................ 47 3.8. Versionesdelkernel. 48 3.9. Estructuramonol´ıtica . 49 3.10.Arquitecturasdehardware. ..... 49 3.11.Elc´odigofuente. 49 3.12.Cambiandoelkernel . 50 3.13.Kernelsprecompilados . 50 3.14. Instalando un kernel compilado a medida . ....... 51 3.14.1. Obteniendo el c´odigo fuente . 51 3.14.2.Aplicarparches. 51 3.14.3.Configuraci´on. 52 3.14.4.Compilaci´on ............................... 52 3.14.5.Instalaci´on ................................ 53 3.14.6.Otrasvariantes . 53 3.15.Elarranque .................................... 53 3.16.Losm´odulos................................... 58 3.17.Logo........................................ 59 3.18.Lecturascomplementarias . ..... 60 3.19.Autoresdelcap´ıtulo . 60 4. Distribuciones GNU/LINUX 61 4.1. ¿Qu´ees una distribuci´on de GNU/Linux? . ....... 61 4.2. ¿Que partes componen una distribuci´on? . ........ 61 4.2.1. Programadeinstalaci´on . 61 4.2.2. KernelLinux ............................... 61 4.2.3. Herramientas GNU y sistema base . 62 ´INDICE GENERAL 7 4.2.4. Programas de aplicaci´on con licencias libres . ......... 62 4.2.5. Programas de aplicaci´on “privativos” . ....... 62 4.2.6. Configuracionespordefecto . 62 4.2.7. Herramientas de configuraci´on y administraci´on . .......... 63 4.2.8. Documentaci´on.............................. 63 4.2.9. Actualizaciones de seguridad y correcciones de bugs ......... 63 4.2.10. Integraci´on de todo el sistema . ..... 63 4.2.11.Soporteparaelusuario . 64 4.2.12.Motivaci´onyobjetivos . 64 4.3. Clasificaci´on de distribuciones . ........ 64 4.3.1. Activaseinactivas . 65 4.3.2. Dependenciadeotradistribuci´on . ..... 65 4.3.3. Pa´ısdeorigenydesarrollo. 65 4.3.4. Popularidad................................ 65 4.3.5. Precio ................................... 65 4.3.6. Licenciasinvolucradas . 66 4.3.7. Manejo de paquetes de software . 66 4.3.8. Tipodeuso................................ 66 4.3.9. Soporteprincipal . 66 4.4. ¿Enqu´ebasarlaelecci´on? . ..... 67 4.5. ¿C´omo obtener una distribuci´on? . ....... 67 4.6. ¿Qu´edistribucionesexisten?. ....... 68 4.7. L´ıneadetiempodedistribuciones. ....... 73 4.8. Autoresdelcap´ıtulo . 73 5. Categor´ıas de software libre y no libre 77 5.1. Softwarelibre.................................. 77 5.2. Software de c´odigo abierto (Open source) . ........ 78 5.3. Softwarededominiop´ublico. ..... 79 5.4. Software protegido con copyleft . ...... 79 5.5. Software libre no protegido con copyleft . ........ 80 5.6. SoftwarecubiertoporlaGPL . 80 5.7. ElsistemaGNU ................................. 80 5.8. ProgramasGNU ................................. 81 5.9. SoftwaredeGNU................................. 81 5.10.Softwarenolibre ............................... 81 5.11.Softwaresemilibre . 81 5.12.Softwareprivativo . 82 5.13.Freeware...................................... 82 5.14.Shareware..................................... 82 5.15.Softwareprivado ............................... 83 5.16.Softwarecomercial . 83 5.17.Autoresdelcap´ıtulo . 83 6. Licencia de este libro 85 A. Conceptos de sistemas operativos 87 A.1. ¿Qu´eeselSistemaOperativo? . 87 A.2. Funciones b´asicas de un sistema operativo . ......... 87 A.3.Caracter´ısticas . 88 A.3.1. Administraci´ondetareas . 88 8 ´INDICE GENERAL A.3.2. Administraci´on de usuarios . 88 A.3.3. Manejoderecursos. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 88 A.4. Historia de los Sistemas Operativos . ....... 88 A.4.1. A˜nos40 .................................. 88 A.4.2. A˜nos50 .................................. 89 A.4.3. A˜nos60 .................................. 89 A.4.4. A˜nos70 .................................. 90 A.5. Autoresdelcap´ıtulo . 92 B. Licencia P´ublica GNU 93 B.1. Traducci´onalcastellano . ..... 93 B.2.Pre´ambulo..................................... 93 B.3. T´erminos y condiciones para la copia, distribuci´on y modificaci´on . 94 B.4. Ap´endice: C´omo aplicar estos t´erminos a sus nuevos programas . 98 C. El t´ermino “Open Source” 101 C.0.1. Definici´ondeOpenSource. 101 D. Trampa en el Cyberespacio 103 D.1. Armarioconcajonesylavadodecerebros . 104 D.2. Elimpuestoalainformaci´on . 107 D.3. El car´acter espec´ıfico del software . .........107 D.4. Los fabricantes atrapados en la trampa . .......109 D.5. Elpa´ısdelostecnocretinos... .......110 D.6....noest´amuylejos. 111 D.7. Pr´acticasdudosas. 112 D.8.Bordeandolaley ................................. 113 D.9. Una mirada al posible futuro de la educaci´on . ........114 D.10.Lo que esta en juego: el control de la informaci´on . ...........115 D.11.Una oportunidad para Europa y el empleo . 116 D.12.Una posible
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