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1 Learning the bash Shell, 3rd Edition Table of Contents 2 Preface bash Versions Summary of bash Features Intended Audience Code Examples Chapter Summary Conventions Used in This Handbook We'd Like to Hear from You Using Code Examples Safari Enabled Acknowledgments for the First Edition Acknowledgments for the Second Edition Acknowledgments for the Third Edition 1. bash Basics 3 1.1. What Is a Shell? 1.2. Scope of This Book 1.3. History of UNIX Shells 1.3.1. The Bourne Again Shell 1.3.2. Features of bash 1.4. Getting bash 1.5. Interactive Shell Use 1.5.1. Commands, Arguments, and Options 1.6. Files 1.6.1. Directories 1.6.2. Filenames, Wildcards, and Pathname Expansion 1.6.3. Brace Expansion 1.7. Input and Output 1.7.1. Standard I/O 1.7.2. I/O Redirection 1.7.3. Pipelines 1.8. Background Jobs 1.8.1. Background I/O 1.8.2. Background Jobs and Priorities 1.9. Special Characters and Quoting 1.9.1. Quoting 1.9.2. Backslash-Escaping 1.9.3. Quoting Quotation Marks 1.9.4. Continuing Lines 1.9.5. Control Keys 4 1.10. Help 2. Command-Line Editing 2.1. Enabling Command-Line Editing 2.2. The History List 2.3. emacs Editing Mode 2.3.1. Basic Commands 2.3.2. Word Commands 2.3.3. Line Commands 2.3.4. Moving Around in the History List 2.3.5. Textual Completion 2.3.6. Miscellaneous Commands 2.4. vi Editing Mode 2.4.1. Simple Control Mode Commands 2.4.2. Entering and Changing Text 2.4.3. Deletion Commands 2.4.4. Moving Around in the History List 2.4.5. Character-Finding Commands 2.4.6. Textual Completion 2.4.7. Miscellaneous Commands 2.5. The fc Command 2.6. History Expansion 2.7. readline 2.7.1. The readline Startup File 2.7.2. Key Bindings Using bind 2.8. Keyboard Habits 3. Customizing Your Environment 5 3.1. The .bash_profile, .bash_logout, and .bashrc Files 3.2. Aliases 3.3. Options 3.3.1. shopt 3.4. Shell Variables 3.4.1. Variables and Quoting 3.4.2. Built-In Variables 3.5. Customization and Subprocesses 3.5.1. Environment Variables 3.5.2. The Environment File 3.6. Customization Hints 4. Basic Shell Programming 6 4.1. Shell Scripts and Functions 4.1.1. Functions 4.2. Shell Variables 4.2.1. Positional Parameters 4.2.2. Local Variables in Functions 4.2.3. Quoting with $@ and $* 4.2.4. More on Variable Syntax 4.3. String Operators 4.3.1. Syntax of String Operators 4.3.2. Patterns and Pattern Matching 4.3.3. Length Operator 4.3.4. Extended Pattern Matching 4.4. Command Substitution 4.5. Advanced Examples: pushd and popd 5. Flow Control 5.1. if/else 5.1.1. Exit Status 5.1.2. Return 5.1.3. Combinations of Exit Statuses 5.1.4. Condition Tests 5.1.5. Integer Conditionals 5.2. for 5.3. case 5.4. select 5.5. while and until 6. Command-Line Options and Typed Variables 7 6.1. Command-Line Options 6.1.1. shift 6.1.2. Options with Arguments 6.1.3. getopts 6.2. Typed Variables 6.3. Integer Variables and Arithmetic 6.3.1. Arithmetic Conditionals 6.3.2. Arithmetic Variables and Assignment 6.3.3. Arithmetic for Loops 6.4. Arrays 7. Input/Output and Command-Line Processing 7.1. I/O Redirectors 7.1.1. Here-documents 7.1.2. File Descriptors 7.2. String I/O 7.2.1. echo 7.2.2. printf 7.2.3. read 7.3. Command-Line Processing 7.3.1. Quoting 7.3.2. command, builtin, and enable 7.3.3. eval 8. Process Handling 8 8.1. Process IDs and Job Numbers 8.2. Job Control 8.2.1. Foreground and Background 8.2.2. Suspending a Job 8.3. Signals 8.3.1. Control-Key Signals 8.3.2. kill 8.3.3. ps 8.4. trap 8.4.1. Traps and Functions 8.4.2. Process ID Variables and Temporary Files 8.4.3. Ignoring Signals 8.4.4. disown 8.4.5. Resetting Traps 8.5. Coroutines 8.5.1. wait 8.5.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Coroutines 8.5.3. Parallelization 8.6. Subshells 8.6.1. Subshell Inheritance 8.6.2. Nested Subshells 8.7. Process Substitution 9. Debugging Shell Programs 9 9.1. Basic Debugging Aids 9.1.1. Set Options 9.1.2. Fake Signals 9.1.3. Debugging Variables 9.2. A bash Debugger 9.2.1. Structure of the Debugger 9.2.2. The Preamble 9.2.3. Debugger Functions 9.2.4. A Sample bashdb Session 9.2.5. Exercises 10. bash Administration 10.1. Installing bash as the Standard Shell 10.1.1. POSIX Mode 10.1.2. Command-Line Options 10.2. Environment Customization 10.2.1. umask 10.2.2. ulimit 10.2.3. Types of Global Customization 10.3. System Security Features 10.3.1. Restricted Shell 10.3.2. A System Break-In Scenario 10.3.3. Privileged Mode 11. Shell Scripting 10 11.1. What's That Do? 11.1.1. Comments 11.1.2. Variables and Constants 11.2. Starting Up 11.3. Potential Problems 11.4. Don't Use bash 12. bash for Your System 12.1. Obtaining bash 12.2. Unpacking the Archive 12.3. What's in the Archive 12.3.1. Documentation 12.3.2. Configuring and Building bash 12.3.3. Testing bash 12.3.4. Potential Problems 12.3.5. Installing bash as a Login Shell 12.3.6. Examples 12.4. Who Do I Turn to? 12.4.1. Asking Questions 12.4.2. Reporting Bugs A. Related Shells 11 A.1. The Bourne Shell A.2. The IEEE 1003.2 POSIX Shell Standard A.3. The Korn Shell A.4. pdksh A.5. zsh A.6. Shell Clones and Unix-like Platforms A.6.1. Cygwin A.6.2. DJGPP A.6.3. MKS Toolkit A.6.4. AT&T UWIN B. Reference Lists B.1. Invocation B.2. Prompt String Customizations B.3. Built-In Commands and Reserved Words B.4. Built-In Shell Variables B.5. Test Operators B.6. set Options B.7. shopt Options B.8. I/O Redirection B.9. emacs Mode Commands B.10. vi Control Mode Commands C. Loadable Built-Ins D. Programmable Completion 12 Learning the bash Shell, 3rd Edition Cameron Newham Copyright © 2009 O'Reilly Media, Inc. O'Reilly Media, Inc. 13 Preface The first thing users of the UNIX or Linux operating systems come face to face with is the shell. "Shell" is the UNIX term for a user interface to the system—something that lets you communicate with the computer via the keyboard and the display. Shells are just separate programs that encapsulate the system, and, as such, there are many to choose from. Systems are usually set up with a "standard" shell that new users adopt without question. However, some of these standard shells are rather old and lack many features of the newer shells. This is a shame, because shells have a large bearing on your working environment. Since changing shells is as easy as changing hats, there is no reason not to change to the latest and greatest in shell technology. Of the many shells to choose from, this book introduces the Bourne Again shell (bash for short), a modern general-purpose shell. Other useful modern shells are the Korn shell (ksh) and the "Tenex C shell" (tcsh); both are also the subjects of O'Reilly handbooks. 14 bash Versions This book is relevant to all versions of bash, although older versions lack some of the features of the most recent version.[1] You can easily find out which version you are using by typing echo $BASH_VERSION. The earliest public version of bash was 1.0, and the most recent is 3.0 (released in July 2004). If you have an older version, you might like to upgrade to the latest one. Chapter 12 shows you how to go about it. [1] Throughout this book we have clearly marked with footnotes the features that are not present in the earlier versions. 15 Summary of bash Features bash is a backward-compatible evolutionary successor to the Bourne shell that includes most of the C shell's major advantages as well as features from the Korn shell and a few new features of its own. Features appropriated from the C shell include: • Directory manipulation, with the pushd, popd, and dirs commands. • Job control, including the fg and bg commands and the ability to stop jobs with CTRL-Z. • Brace expansion, for generating arbitrary strings. • Tilde expansion, a shorthand way to refer to directories. • Aliases, which allow you to define shorthand names for commands or command lines. • Command history, which lets you recall previously entered commands. bash's major new features include: 16 • Command-line editing, allowing you to use vi- or emacs-style editing commands on your command lines. • Key bindings that allow you to set up customized editing key sequences. • Integrated programming features: the functionality of several external UNIX commands, including test, expr, getopt, and echo, has been integrated into the shell itself, enabling common programming tasks to be done more cleanly and efficiently. • Control structures, especially the select construct, which enables easy menu generation. • New options and variables that give you more ways to customize your environment.
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