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Exceptionally Low Daily Energy Expenditure in the Bamboo-Eating Giant Panda Yonggang Nie Et Al

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Exceptionally Low Daily Energy Expenditure in the Bamboo-Eating Giant Panda Yonggang Nie Et Al RESEARCH | REPORTS inferred final mass ratio is MBH/M∗ ∼ 1/50. This 21. O. Ilbert et al., Astron. Astrophys. 556, A55 (2013). fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from growth can only occur if star formation continues 22. J. S. Speagle, C. L. Steinhardt, P. L. Capak, J. D. Silverman, this mountain. Some of the analysis presented here is based for a relatively long period (≥1Gy)andatahigh Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 214, 15 (2014). on data products from observations made with European −1 23. N. Häring, H. Rix, Astrophys. J. 604, L89 (2004). Southern Observatory (ESO) Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal rate (>50 M⊙ year ). This would require the 24. R. C. E. van den Bosch et al., Nature 491, 729–731 (2012). Observatory under ESO program ID 179.A-2005 and on data presence of a substantial reservoir, or the accre- 25. E. Emsellem, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 433, 1862–1870 (2013). products produced by TERAPIX and the Cambridge Astronomy tion, of cold gas, which, however, could not in- 26. I. K. Baldry et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 421, 621 (2012). Survey Unit on behalf of the UltraVISTA consortium. We are creasetheSMBHmassbymuch.Finally,inthe 27. J. L. Walsh, A. J. Barth, L. C. Ho, M. Sarzi, Astrophys. J. 770,86(2013). grateful to A. Faisst and M. Onodera for their assistance with the 28. K. Gebhardt et al., Astrophys. J. 729, 119 (2011). acquisition and reduction of the MOSFIRE data. We thank most extreme scenario, the star formation shuts 29. C. Y. Peng et al., Astrophys. J. 649, 616 (2006). S. Tacchella, J. Woo, and W. Hartley for their assistance with some down almost immediately (i.e., due to the AGN- 30. R. J. McLure, M. J. Jarvis, T. A. Targett, J. S. Dunlop, P. N. Best, of the evolutionary calculations. K.S. gratefully acknowledges support driven outflow), and the system remains “fro- Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368, 1395–1403 (2006). from Swiss National Science Foundation Professorship grant PP00P2 138979/1. F.C. acknowledges financial support by the NASA grant GO3- zen” at M /M∗ ∼ 1/10 throughout cosmic time. BH ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 14150C. M.E. acknowledges financial support by the NASA Chandra If the SMBH does indeed grow further (i.e., grant GO2-13127X. B.T. is a Zwicky Fellow at the ETH Zurich. 10 The new MOSFIRE data presented herein were obtained at the beyond 10 M⊙), this would imply yet higher W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific MBH/M∗. Thus, the inferred final BH-to-stellar partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS mass ratio for CID–947 is, in the most extreme University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space www.sciencemag.org/content/349/6244/168/suppl/DC1 Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the Data, Methods, and Supplementary Text S1 to S4 scenarios, about MBH/M∗ ∼ 1/100, and probably generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. We Figs. S1 to S4 much higher (see Fig. 2). thank M. Kassis and the rest of the staff at the W. M. Keck – Table S1 CID 947 therefore represents a progenitor of observatories at Waimea, HI, for their support during the observing References (31–81) the most extreme, high-mass systems in the local run. We recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural universe, like NGC 1277. Such systems are not role and reverence that the summit of Mauna Kea has always 10 December 2014; accepted 29 May 2015 had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most 10.1126/science.aaa4506 detected in large numbers, perhaps due to ob- servational selection biases. The above consider- ations indicate that the local relics of systems like CID–947 are galaxies with at least M∗ ∼ 5× ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY 11 10 M⊙. Such systems are predominantly qui- escent (i.e., with low star-formation rates, SFR ≪ −1 on July 10, 2015 1 M⊙ year ) and relatively rare in the local uni- verse, with typical number densities on the order Exceptionally low daily energy of ∼10−5 Mpc−3 (26). We conclude that CID– 947 provides direct evidence that at least some expenditure in the bamboo-eating 10 of the most massive BHs, with MBH ≳ 10 M⊙, alreadyinplacejust2GyaftertheBigBang,did giant panda not shut down star formation in their host ga- laxies. The host galaxies may experience appre- Yonggang Nie,1* John R. Speakman,2,3* Qi Wu,1* Chenglin Zhang,4 Yibo Hu,1 ciable mass growth in later epochs, without much Maohua Xia,4 Li Yan,1 Catherine Hambly,3 Lu Wang,2 Wei Wei,1 further black hole growth, resulting in very high www.sciencemag.org Jinguo Zhang,4 Fuwen Wei1† stellar masses but still relatively high MBH/M∗. Lower-mass systems may follow markedly differ- The carnivoran giant panda has a specialized bamboo diet, to which its alimentary tract ent coevolutionary paths. However, systems with is poorly adapted. Measurements of daily energy expenditure across five captive and M /M∗ as high as in CID–947 may be not as BH three wild pandas averaged 5.2 megajoules (MJ)/day, only 37.7% of the predicted value (13.8 rare as previously thought, as they can be con- MJ/day). For the wild pandas, the mean was 6.2 MJ/day, or 45% of the mammalian expectation. sistently observed among populations with num- − − Pandas achieve this exceptionally low expenditure in part by reduced sizes of several vital ber densities on the order of ∼10 5 Mpc 3,both organs and low physical activity. In addition, circulating levels of thyroid hormones thyroxine at z > 3 and in the local universe, and not just (T ) and triiodothyronine (T ) averaged 46.9 and 64%, respectively, of the levels expected Downloaded from among the rarest, most luminous quasars. 4 3 for a eutherian mammal of comparable size. A giant panda–unique mutation in the DUOX2 gene, REFERENCES AND NOTES critical for thyroid hormone synthesis, might explain these low thyroid hormone levels. 1. L. Ferrarese, D. Merritt, Astrophys. J. 539,L9–L12 A combination of morphological, behavioral, physiological, and genetic adaptations, leading (2000). to low energy expenditure, likely enables giant pandas to survive on a bamboo diet. 2. K. Gebhardt et al., Astrophys. J. 539, L13–L16 (2000). 3. X. Z. Zheng et al., Astrophys. J. 707, 1566–1577 (2009). 4. J. Kormendy, L. C. Ho, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51, he giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) net energy assimilation and matched them with – 511 653 (2013). is an enigmatic, critically endangered bear morphological, behavioral, physiological, and ge- 5. A. C. Fabian, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 50,455–489 (2012). 6. A. Merloni et al., Astrophys. J. 708, 137–157 (2010). endemic to China. Its diet is made up al- netic data. We measured the DEE of five captive 7. R. Decarli et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 402,2453–2461 (2010). most exclusively of bamboo, but it retains and three free-living pandas (supplementary text 8. V. N. Bennert, M. W. Auger, T. Treu, J.-H. Woo, M. A. Malkan, T a short carnivoran alimentary tract and, S1, tables S1.3 and S1.4). Across the captive indi- Astrophys. J. 742, 107 (2011). 9. O. Shemmer et al., Astrophys. J. 614, 547–557 (2004). consequently, has very low digestive efficiency viduals, the body mass averaged 91.1 kg and DEE 10. H. Netzer, P. Lira, B. Trakhtenbrot, O. Shemmer, I. Cury, (1–3). Therefore, the giant panda must feed for a averaged 4.6 ± 0.9 MJ/day (±SEM) (n =5ani- Astrophys. J. 671, 1256–1263 (2007). large part of each day and consume large quan- mals).Inthewild,theequivalentvalueswere 11. G. De Rosa et al., Astrophys. J. 739, 56 (2011). 12. B. Trakhtenbrot, H. Netzer, P. Lira, O. Shemmer, Astrophys. J. tities of food relative to its body mass (1, 4). This 1 730, 7 (2011). has led to speculation that giant pandas must Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, 13. D. Masters et al., Astrophys. J. 755, 169 (2012). also have low metabolic rates to achieve a daily Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, – China. 2State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental 14. N. Z. Scoville et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 172,1 8 (2007). energy balance (1). We report the first measure- 15. F. Civano et al., Astrophys. J. 741, 91 (2011). Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, 3 16. Data and methods, supplementary text, figures and tables are ments of daily energy expenditure (DEE) of cap- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Institute of available on Science Online. tive and free-living giant pandas, measured using Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of 4 17. Y. Shen, Bull. Astron. Soc. Ind. 41, 61 (2013). the doubly labeled water (DLW) method (5)(see Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. Beijing Key Laboratory 18. N. J. McConnell et al., Astrophys. J. 756, 179 (2012). of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing, China. 19. M. Volonteri, Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 18, 279–315 (2010). supplementary materials and methods). We val- *These authors contributed equally to this work. 20. A. Bongiorno et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 427,3103–3133 (2012). idated these measurements using estimates of †Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] SCIENCE sciencemag.org 10 JULY 2015 • VOL 349 ISSUE 6244 171 RESEARCH | REPORTS 92.6 kg and 6.2 ± 1.5 MJ/day (n = 3 animals). equation between NEA and ambient temperature at 36% of the prediction. The lowest reported pri- There was a significant effect of body mass on to predict the expected NEA on the days the DLW mate DEE is for the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) DEE (regression P < 0.001; coefficient of determi- method was used.
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