Tradición Revista Volume 58

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Tradición Revista

7-1-2012 Tradición Revista volume 58

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Home Country Western Saddles Six Guns & Horses Potato Patriotism Governor’s Mansion That’s My Mountain Abad Lucero: A Quiet Artist Charlie Carrillo

Santo by Charlie Carrillo and Pottery by Debbie Carrillo

Studio by Appointment

2712 Paseo de Tularosa, Santa Fe, NM 87505 505/473-7941 E-Mail: [email protected] University of New Mexico Press

returns to Spanish Market! July 28 and 29, 2012, on the Santa Fe Plaza

Featuring many new titles, author book signings, and a rich selection of scholarly, children’s, bilingual, fiction, New Mexico, and cook books!

University of New Mexico Press 800.249.7737 • unmpress.com

Tradición Featuring Southwest Traditions, Sylvia Martínez Art & Culture ohnson J JULY 2012 VOLUME XVII, No. 2 (#58) ISSN 1093-0973 New Mexico Folkart Originals

Publishers/Managing Editors Barbe Awalt Paul Rhetts

Contributors L

Tradición Revista is published electronically four times a year by LPD Enterprises, 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos de Albuquerque, NM 87107-5647

505/344-9382 t FAX 505/345-5129 Website: www.nmsantos.com Email: [email protected]

The nmsantos.com website contains information on both the current issue of Tradición Revista as well as all back issues, a comprehensive index of articles, and information on the book list from LPD Press. The website also contains a variety of information on santos/saints, their identification and artists.

The subscription rate is $10 a year (4 issues) or $20 for two years (8 issues); U.S. currency only.

Copyright © 2012 by LPD Enterprises. All rights reserved. Reproduc- tion in whole or in part by any means without written permission is strictly prohibited. Tradición Revista invites letters of criticism, com- ment, and ideas for future issues. Tradición Revista and its publishers disclaim responsibility for statements either of fact or of opinion made by contributors. Tradición Revista encourages the submission of manuscripts with photographs, but assumes no responsibility for Angel of the Nativity such submittals. Unsolicited manuscripts must be accompanied by 12” x 8” self-addressed, stamped envelopes to ensure their return. oil, crystals, silver, & turquoise

Scarlett’s Gallery 225 Canyon Road Santa Fe, NM 87501 505.983-7092 Front cover: Organs, Chile & Cotton by Elisa Wood.

6 TRADICIÓN July 2012 Tradición Featuring Southwest Traditions, Art & Culture

JULY 2012 VOLUME XVII, No. 2 (#58) IN THIS ISSUE Feature Articles

Departments

Editors’ Notes/Publishers’ Message...... 9 Calendario/Calendar...... 13 Artist’s Portfolios...... 86 Book Reviews & Resources...... 92

Hispaniae folk art of the americas

santos, ceramics, textiles, books, and much more in Old Town, Albuquerque at 4110 Romero St. NW (505) 244-1533

TRADICIÓN July 2012 7 Cristina Hernández Tinwork

GABYGLASSExquisite Custom Handmade Art Glass Designs & Creations That Warm Your Heart

Contemporary Reverse & Traditional Glass Design Painting

Glass Designer & Artist Gabriela Bartning Aguirre Cristina Hernández Feldewert [email protected] or 602.462-9419 18 Paseo del Caballo • Santa Fe, NM 87508 www.gabyglass.com 505.473-2952 • [email protected] pensamientos de los editores

New Mexico, and we want it! There are no plans for the movie, so far, to come to New Mexico. The pr company is Publishers’ talking about California. What? Awards In one week we won 10 awards for us, our authors, or their books. Unbelievable! Don Bullis won a Bronze Message Medal for his New Mexico Historical Biographies. The four editors of The World Comes to Albuquerque won a Silver Medal – both in the Ippy Awards. Don Bullis – again – won a Dominguez Award from the Histori- We are still here!!! cal Society of New Mexico while Nasario Garcia won a Lifetime Achievement Award. In the New Mexico Press The fires are uncomfortably close with one just in Women Book Awards The World Comes to Albuquerque Corrales not 5 minutes away from us. Of course we have won two first place awards, Out of this World by Loretta the largest fire in New Mexico history still burning and a Hall won a 1st and 2nd, Slim Randles won a 1st for A Cow- large fire in Ruidoso. Things are dry and hot. We need all boy’s Guide to Growing Up Right. Voices of New Mexico the rain we can get! won a 2nd Place. LPD Press/Rio Grande Books won a rd With not having any money to go on vacation, this 3 Place for points accumulated on all the wins and we may be a sad art fair season. Add in fires, heat, and road were tied with a radio station. construction and this may be the summer to stay home. We - Paul and Barbe – won the Millie Santillanes We have seen some very bad shows with no attendance Education Award from the New Mexico Preservation st but we have also seen attendance high with no buy- Society. A Cowboy’s Guide to Growing Up Right won 1 ers. This being said, we have done well in a number of Place from the National Federation of Press Women and rd shows. We have heard from artists that business is down. Out of This World won a 3 . We continue to preach – make your own opportunities! We know book awards are beauty contests and may We are having trouble understanding the Peruvian art be very political and capricious but, we and our authors, at the MOSCA Museum. We would like the MOSCA/ like them anyway! SCASites to understand and promote New Mexican His- panic art first but what do we know? Maybe Peruvian art Stan & Connie is easier to understand? We can look forward to Peruvian We were very sad to hear about the passing of one of art in Traditional Spanish Market? our authors, Stanford Lehmberg. He died in Santa Fe after It is a tacky thing but on the SCAS website they have an illness. He wrote Holy Faith of Santa Fe and many Georgia O’Keefe – it is really Georgia O’Keeffe. Maybe other books with other publishers. they should find out? It is also tacky that SCAS President, Our friend, Connie Gotsch of Farmington, died in late Jim Long’s company owes $200,000 for Santa Fe Lodger’s July. She was a great friend to authors and artists. She Tax fees collected monthly. Heritage Hotels hasn’t paid supported all the arts in San Juan County. Many authors since July, 2011. Nice example for artists to follow! and artists were featured ion the two radio shows she hosted. She will be missed. Lavender in the Village Look for the Matanza on Bizarre Foods America on Lavender in the Village made a great return mid-July the Travel Channel. Steve Otero has already been fea- in Los Ranchos de Albuquerque. They were off for a tured in commercials for the show. It will be late July or year and came back to a new venue. It is one of the best August. You might see artist Nick Otero at the Matanza events in New Mexico. Now if we could just do some- also! Fun, good times, and a New Mexico tradition mak- thing about the HEAT! ing prime time. Keep your head covered, ice nearby, and experience early - Contemporary Hispanic Market and the artists Bless Me Ultima at Traditional Spanish Market in Santa Fe, July 28 & 29. The movie is great! We have seen it and it should Then go to the Hispanic Gallery at New Mexico State be used in classrooms for a long time. The movie is Fair/Expo a month later. There is a lot of good art out scheduled to be released at the end of September in EL there – enjoy it! PASO!! We don’t want to take anything away from El Paso but can’t we have a premier on the sooner side in Albuquerque? The author of Bless Me Ultima is the noted Albuquerque writer Rudolfo Anaya, most of the actors are from New Mexico, the film is set in Northern TRADICIÓN July 2012 9 Faces of Market Traditional Spanish & Contemporary Hispanic Market by Barbe Awalt & Paul Rhetts 1 1 64 pages 170 illustrations; 8 ⁄2 x 8 ⁄2 ISBN 978-1-890689-94-0 ($19.95) (Trade paper)

This is the first time both Spanish and Hispanic Markets in Santa Fe have been featured together in a single book. It is appropriate that the tradition be celebrated and remembered for New Mexico’s Statehood Centennial in 2012. Pictures of Market from twenty years are presented like a scrapbook. In addition, this is the first time Best of Show winners of both Markets and the Masters Awards for Lifetime Achievement for Traditional Market are compiled. There are resource listings with books on traditional Hispanic art of New Mexico, museums with Hispanic art collections, videos, newspapers, and magazines. The history on both Markets is explored— how they came to be and what is involved in both Markets. It is also a record of people who have passed or left Market over the years.

The Santa Fe New Mexican says “Unafraid to share their views on the politics of the New Mexico art scene, Awalt and Rhetts waste no time in their new book calling out the problems they see in and between the traditional and contemporary Spanish markets in Santa Fe. Whether you agree or disagree with the couple’s opinions, the photos offer a colorful peck at markets past and immortalize market award winners.”

ABOUT THE AUTHORS: Awalt and Rhetts, authors of a dozen books on the Hispanic art of New Mexico, are the publishers of Tradición Revista magazine, the only magazine that focuses on the art and culture of the Southwest. They have also published over 100 books on the art, culture, and history of New Mexico.

Name ______Order Faces oF Market -- $27 each (tax and shipping included address ______) please eNClose CheCk or provide ______Credit Card (visa or masterCard) iNfo below:

City ______Card No.

______state/ Zip ______expire date ______

3-digit Cvs No. from baCk of Card ______

daytime phoNe daytime phoNe ______

iNt’l orders: add $16.00 usps shippiNg for the first book aNd $11.00 for eaCh additioNal book. Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com Award Winning Artist Ramona Vigil Eastwood

Showing at Contemporary Hispanic Market Santa Fe, NM t July 28-29 t

Museum of New Mexico Foundation

ON the Plaza: New Mexico Museum of Art Shop Palace of the Governors Shop

ON MuseuM hill: Museum of International Folk Art Shop Colleen Cloney Duncan Museum Shop at the Museum of Indian Arts & Culture

ON the web: www.shopmuseum.com PO Box 23455, Albuquerque, NM 87192 www.newmexicocreates.org 505.296-2749 email [email protected] www.worldfolkart.org

TRADICIÓN July 2012 11 Rio Arriba: A New Mexico County by Robert J. Tórrez and Robert Trapp 408 pages 68 illustrations; 6 x 9 ISBN 978-1-890689-65-0 ($19.95) (Trade paper)

This book has been a long time coming. Of the thousands of books published on New Mexico’s long and varied history, none have attempted to tell the history of Rio Arriba County. Rio Arriba County was formally established January 9, 1852, one of seven original counties organized when New Mexico became a United States territory. It is a vast land mass nearly twice the size of the combined states of Delaware and Rhode Island. But its history predates 1852. It is a story of good times and hard times; of land grants, violence and yes, corruption in a remote area where the family was all-important as was the feeding of that family.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS/EDITORS: Robert J. Tórrez was born and raised in the northern Rio Arriba County community of Los Ojos and is a graduate of Tierra Amarilla High School. He received his undergradu- ate and graduate degrees from New Mexico Highlands University in Las Vegas and served as the New Mexico State Historian from 1987 until his retirement in December 2000. During the past four decades more than one hundred of his scholarly and popular articles on New Mexico history and culture have been published in numerous regional and national publications. He has also contributed to a dozen books, and since 1992, has written a monthly column, “Voices From the Past,” for Round the Roundhouse. His recent books include UFOs Over Galisteo and Other Stories of New Mexico’s History (University of New Mexico Press, 2004), New Mexico in 1876-1877, A Newspaperman’s View (Rio Grande Books, 2007) and Myth of the Hanging Tree (University of New Mexico Press, 2008). Robert Trapp is a native of the San Luis Valley in southern Colorado and a veteran newspaperman. He served with the Army Air Force in World War II and after the war attended the University of Colorado under the GI Bill. He worked on daily newspapers in Alamosa, Colorado; New Bern, North Carolina; Rock Springs, Wyoming and Great Falls, Montana. In 1956, he, his wife Ruth, also a journalist, and another couple started the Rio Grande Sun in Española and he has worked as an editor/publisher since. He and Ruth have three children and live in an old adobe in Sombrillo, a suburb of Española. Their son, Robert B. Trapp, currently is managing editor of the Sun. Order Name______Rio Arriba—$19.95 each

Address______Please enclose check or provide credit card (Visa or Mastercard) ______info below: Card No.______City______Expire Date______

State/ Zip______3-digit cvs no. from back of card______

Daytime phone______Daytime phone______

Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com NICholas HERRERA

Catherine Robles-Shaw Award-winning Artist PO Box 43 El Rito, New Mexico 87530 303/258-0544 505.581-4733 Special Orders for Altarscreens www.nicholasherrera.com www.catherineroblesshaw.com

TRADICIÓN July 2012 13 Contemporary & Traditional Art by Teresa May Duran ROSA MARIA CALLES

www.corazondeduran.com P.O. Box 57135, Albuquerque, NM 87187 [email protected] 303/522-6994 505-379-3230 in the art world current exhibitions and shows

HATOExhibits REY, PR OROCOVIS, & PREventsSANTA FE, NM September 10-23, 2012 December 17, 2012 Through May 1, 2014 Antiques show including santos at 29th Encuentro de Santeros Woven Identities Plaza las Americas Orocovis, Puerto Rico Museum of Indian Arts & Culture. 505/476- 1269. Hato Rey, Puerto Rico ROSWELL, NM LAS CRUCES, NM Through Jan. 6, 2013 Through Sept. 16, 2012 Roswell: Diamond of the Pecos Land of Enchantment: Roswell Museum & Art Center. 575/624-6744. Commemorating the Centennial of New Mexico Statehood New Mexico Farm & Ranch Museum. 575/522-4100.

TRADICIÓN July 2012 15 Contemporary Hispanic Market: 25 Years by Paul Rhetts and Barbe Awalt

1 1 182 pages 280 illustrations; 8 ⁄2 x 8 ⁄2 ISBN 978-1-890689-98-8 ($39.95 pb)

From humble beginnings with a few artists in the Palace of the Governor’s courtyard in Santa Fe to the biggest contemporary Hispanic art show in the country, Contemporary Hispan- ic Market is celebrating its 25th Anniversary. Contemporary Hispanic Market is held on the last full weekend in July on Santa Fe’s Lincoln Avenue, just off the historic Plaza and in December at the Santa Fe Community Convention Center. Contemporary Hispanic Market is run by artists for artists. As collectors attest, they have had beautiful results. Contemporary Hispanic Market gives Hispanic artists a statewide public venue to show and sell their art. This is also a time for collectors, museum curators, or the newly curious to talk with the artist and find out more about them and their work. All kinds of art is displayed: furniture, paintings, jewelry, sculpture, mixed media, ceramics, devotional art, tinwork, drawing & pastels, photography, printmaking, fiber arts, and surprises like skateboards, tiles, glass art, Day of the Dead, recycled art, computer art, and much more. Contemporary Hispanic Market is changing quickly with customer’s desires. This is a collection of some of the artists of Contemporary Hispanic Market and their media. They want you to know who they are and the different things they are doing in the art world. They also want to celebrate what Contemporary Hispanic Market has grown into. Here is to twenty-five more colorful years!

WHAT PEOPLE ARE SAYING... Order Form—Free Shipping Since its inception 25 years ago, Contemporary Hispanic Mar- ket has provided a venue for the Hispano artists of New Mexico Special Offer Until 6/1/12 to present their work to a wide public demonstrating the cultural Please enclose check or provide credit card info below. richness and diversity of expression that is so abundant in this community. Through this handsome volume we can all celebrate the ______Paperback $39.95@ (Add $3.20 tax if shipped to NM) accomplishment of its founders and recognize the immensity of talent that exists in our state. We offer kudos to the Market, the gen- Name______erations of artists and the editors of this book for enriching us with their efforts.—Stuart A. Ashman, former Director of the New Mexi- Address______co Museum of Art, the Museum of Spanish Colonial Art, and Cabinet Secretary for the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs City______Contemporary Hispanic Market in Santa Fe is a terrific oppor- State/Zip______tunity every year to get to meet new voices with new visions, as well as check in with numerous acknowledged masters of contemporary Daytime phone______art in the Southwest. This handy book is a great visual reference to many of these artists.—Andrew Connors, Curator of Art, The Albu- Email address______querque Museum of Art and History Card No.______This is the first all-inclusive book of Hispano/a artists who participate in Santa Fe’s annual Contemporary Hispanic Market. It fills Expire Date______in a much overlooked void in the realm of contemporary Hispanic 3-digit cvs no. from back of card______artists in New Mexico. Including background and current information on each artist (sometimes down to how many pets they live Daytime phone______with), and color images, this book is a delight. Veteran collectors and newcomers alike will enjoy the insightful, reader-friendly for- VISA, Mastercard, or American Express mat.—Nicolasa Chávez, Curator of Contemporary Hispanic Art, Museum of International Folk Art Finalist, 2011 New Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 Mexico Book Awards 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com

Announcing the Los Alamos Book Fair

Sponsored by the Los Alamos Historical Society & BATHTUB ROW PRESS

September 8, 2012 at Fuller Lodge in the middle of the Los Alamos Historic District 9 a.m. to 2 p.m.

Refreshments will be available!

AND

At 3 p.m., after the book fair), please join us for a free, guided tour of the Los Alamos Historic District, including Ashley Pond, the Ice House Memorial, Fuller Lodge, and Bathtub Row. The tour takes approximately one hour. In addition to learning some interesting Los Alamos history, you can enjoy the fresh mountain air and stretch your legs before the trip home! Jason Salazar

Traditional & Contemporary Wood Carving

505/514-1120 or 505/271-0925

18 TRADICIÓN July 2012 ! EXPERIENCE IT ! Art &Colcha Lovato

ELVIS ROMERO ELVIS ROMERO AND FIESTAELVIS AND SANTA DE FE ROMERO AND FIESTA DE SANTA FE featuring Zozobra’s Great Escape

by Andrew Leo Lovato

For three centuries, the Fiesta de Santa Fe has commemorated historical events including the Spanish reconquest of New Mexico by Don Diego de Vargas in 1692 and the confraternity of the Rosary ELVIS ROMERO named in honor of La Conquistadora. Over the generations the oldest community celebration in the country has evolved to include AND DE elaborate parades and processions, including the royal court of De- FIESTA Vargas and La Reina, and memorably, the burning in effigy of Zozo- bra, or Old Man Gloom, drawing locals and visitors each autumn. SANTA FE featuring “Children are the heart of Fiesta,” reflects Andrew Lovato as he recalls his schoolboy experiences growing up in Santa Fe in the 1960s. Enter Lovato’s altar ego, a fictional character named Elvis Romero, who with his cousin Pepa engage in a scheme to rescue Zozobra’s Zozobra from his inevitable demise. In a Huck Finn tale for all

featuring Great Escape ages, Lovato captures the essence of Fiesta de Santa Fe as only a child can experience it. by Andrew Leo Lovato

Zozobra’s Great Escape Andrew Leo Lovato, PhD, is professor of speech communication at Santa Fe Community Col- lege and author of numerous books and articles relating to New Mexico history and culture, including Santa Fe Hispanic Culture: Preserving Identity in a Tourist Town (UNMP).

ISBN 978-089013-532-7

New Mexico M NM P

Cady Wells and New Mexico Colcha Club Southwestern Modernism Spanish Colonial Embroidery & the Women Who Saved It Edited by Lois P. Rudnick By Nancy C. Benson Clothbound $39.95 BY CHERYL ALTERS JAMISON Jacketed Paperbound $34.95 AND BILL JAMISON Conexiones Connections in Spanish Colonial Art Origins of New Mexico Families A Geneaology of the Spanish By Carmella Padilla and Donna Pierce Colonial Period

Clothbound $50.00 By Fray Angelico Chávez E-book Edition $40.00 Converging Streams Art of the Hispanic and Paperbound $55.00 Native American Southwest Tasting New Mexico Edited by William Wroth and Robin Farwell Gavin Recipes Celebrating 100 Years of Recipes Celebrating One Hundred Years Paperbound $39.95 Distinctive Home Cooking of Distinctive Home Cooking By Cheryl Alters Jamison and Bill Jamison Dictionary of New Mexico and Southern Colorado Spanish Paperbound with Flaps $29.95 By Rubén Cobos Traditional Arts of E-book Edition $14.00 Spanish New Mexico

Paperbound $19.95 By Robin Farwell Gavin Paper-over-board $19.95 Elvis Romero and Fiesta de Santa Fe Featuring Zozobra’s Great Escape By Andrew Leo Lovato Museum of New Mexico Press Paper-over-board $22.50 www.mnmpress.org Low ’n slow 800.249.7737 Lowriding in New Mexico Visit us at Spanish Market in the Photographs by Jack Parsons book tent on the plaza. Text by Carmella Padilla Paperbound $27.50 Oil base monotype/pastel/litho crayon “Tiernitos” 23½” x 19¼” AnaMaria Samaniego “A sense of place, to remember to enjoy” Participant at the 26th Contemporary Hispanic Market July 28 & 29 2012 on Lincoln Ave., Santa Fe, NM Booth # 11

Studio (505) 501-5661 [email protected] AnaMaria Samaniego Winner of the prestigious 2011 Contemporary Hispanic Market “Tradicion Revista Excellence in the Arts” award. For “Bosque”

Awarded First Place in Printmaking at the State Fair Fine Arts in 2012 for “Calabacitas”

“Calabacitas” is the last of a series of salsas that include “Guacamole” and “Pico de Gallo”

Inquires of show dates, art work and studio visits at: [email protected] Studio (505) 501-5661

Oil base monotype “Bosque” 23½” x 19½”

“Siempre Azul” “Ri Grande” Oil base Monotype Oil base Monotype & Pastel & Pastel 23½” x 19½” 23½” x 19½”

Bosque”, “Siempre Azul”, “Rio Grande”, and “Tiernitos”available as an Archival Pigment Print on 100% rag paper. Call for sizes and prices.

Handcolored 4 panel Linocut on Chiri Rice Paper. “Calabacitas” 6” x 16” edition of 20 albuquerque A Room of Her Own Sandra Cisneros, acclaimed author my installation with items from my ing antiques, and putting odd things of The House on Mango Street and Cara- mother’s room and books from her together.” melo, has created an art installation in bedside. She had a knack for find- the tradition of Día de Muertos ofren- das in the NHCC Art Museum. The work, titled “A Room of Her Own: My Mother’s Altar,” honors Cisneros’ mother, Elvira Cordero Cisneros and runs through November 2012. Cisneros was assisted by Texas artist Irma Carolina Rubio. Com- menting on this work, a version of which they installed two years ago at the National Museum of Mexican Art in Chicago, Cisneros writes: “My Mother never had a room of her own until the last 10 years of her life. She relished her room and often locked the door when the grandkids came so they wouldn’t touch and destroy her things. She was a gardener, and loved her flowers. So I have tried to incorporate a garden bedroom in

22 TRADICIÓN July 2012 albuquerque Fabuloso: Figures in Clay The ceramic artists of Mexico create pottery that reflects familial traditions but is rich in individual expression. Using clay dug from local pits and fired in local kilns, these artists infuse the simplest of materials — mud — with creative force. They call forth forms of animals and vegetation from the natural world as well as recreat- ing creatures from the dream world such as mermaids (sireñas) and guardian spirits (naguales). Their subjects are drawn from politics, popular culture, religion, family, and community and their approaches are often humorous or irreverent. Using familiar techniques and ever- changing subject matter, these artists not only convey their artistic vision, they tell the complex stories of identity and place. This exhibition, ¡FABULOSO!: Figures in Clay from the Van Deren and Joan Coke Collection, offers a glimpse into the diversity of figural clay works that arise from artists of selected regions of the central section of Mexico. On display at the National Hispanic Cultural Center until September 16, 2012. Chaco Culture ATB Quarter

Chaco Culture America the Beautiful Quarter Released as the second of 2012-dated strike of the US Mint's America the Beautiful Quarters® Program will be the 2012 Chaco Culture America the Beautiful Quarter. This strike also represents the twelfth strike overall in the series which debuted in 2010 and will see a total of fifty-six new quarters issued as part of it before the program ends in 2021. The 2012 Chaco Culture America the Beautiful Quarter showcases a reverse emblematic of the Chaco Culture National Historical Park located in the state of New Mexico. The other four 2012-dated strikes of the series (the El Yunque Quarter, the Acadia Quarter, the Hawaii Volcanoes Quarter and the Denali Quarter) all honor different sites of national interest. Sites of national interest were chosen from around the United States and its territories. One site was chosen from each state as well as the District of Columbia and the five US Terri- tories for a total of the aforementioned fifty six new quarters. Chaco Culture National Historical Park was originally created as a national monument in 1907. It gradually grew in size over the years and was redesignated a national historical park in 1980 and today encompasses a total of almost 34,000 acres. In 2012, the US Mint will also release the Chaco Culture ATB 5 Oz Silver Coins. These silver coins are struck from five ounces of silver and contain the same basic obverse and reverse designs as found on the circulating quarter dollars.

TRADICIÓN July 2012 23 Out of this World 175 pages 30 illustrations; 7 x 10 New Mexico’s Contribution to Space Travel ISBN 978-1-890689-79-7 ($19.95 pb) 978-1-890689-86-5 ($27.95 hb) by Loretta Hall

People have dreamed of traveling into space for thousands of years, but atmospheric flight by balloon was not achieved until the late eighteenth century. Powered flight took another 120 years to became a reality. Progress toward space travel accelerated rapidly during the twentieth century, with manned orbital flights being achieved less than sixty years after the Wright Brothers’ first airplane flight. The amazingly quick development of the United States’ space program resulted from the efforts of thousands of people scattered throughout the country. Many crucial experiments took place in New Mexico. Out of this World tells the stories—ranging from hair raising to humorous—of people and animals who worked to develop powerful liquid-fuel rockets, determine the hazards of cosmic radiation, examine the physical and psychological effects of weightlessness, test spacecraft components and safety equipment, devise and implement procedures to evaluate astronaut candidates, search the skies for destinations, scrutinize UFO appearances and possible alien landings on Earth, train astronauts for Moon missions, and—ultimately—construct the first purpose-built spaceport for recreational and commercial flights. From Goddard’s early flights to today’s Virgin Galactic’s pioneering commercial flights, New Mexico has provided fertile soil for cultivating space travel for fun and profit.

What People are Saying about this Book

“We must rekindle the sense of adventure and the irresistible urge for exploration beyond this planet that took us to the Moon and, I hope, will take us to Mars. In her entertaining, inspiring Out of this World, Loretta Hall reveals the grit, de- termination, daring, and down-to-earth humanness of adventurers who brought us to the verge of making space travel available to everyone.” Buzz Aldrin, Gemini and Apollo astronaut

“I knew Spaceport America was an extension of important New Mexico space history. I had heard the names and I knew the basic storylines: Goddard, von Braun, Stapp and Ham. But I didn’t know, in detail, the drama, the intrigue, and the level of risk and passion until I read Loretta Hall’s Out of this World: New Mexico’s Contributions to Space Travel. I know it’s a cliché, but here goes: I couldn’t put this book down. I was absolutely riveted by the very human stories. Goddard battling tarantulas and rattlesnakes in Roswell. Kittinger’s parachute line wrapping his neck on his first jump. Ham dodging the reporters and cameras after his successful launch, flight and recovery. And Stapp’s eyes filled with blood after his record-breaking rocket-sled ride. Most importantly, this book truly establishes New Mexico’s vital role in the history of space travel. It makes me very proud to be a New Mexican and honored to help carry on the state’s leading role through our work at Spaceport America.” Rick Homans, Founding Chairman, New Mexico Spaceport Authority

Table of Contents Prologue: 1598—The Road to the Future Begins Chapter One: Goddard’s Rockets Chapter Two: Operation Paperclip & Beyond Chapter Three: Animals Aloft Chapter Four: Silent Skyhooks Chapter Five: The Human Factor Chapter Six: Window on the Universe Chapter Seven: Alien Visitors Chapter Eight: Xpediting Commercialization Chapter Nine: Spaceport America Epilogue: Critical Mass

Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com 24 TRADICIÓN July 2012 One Nation One Year a navajo photographer’s 365-day journey into a world of discovery, life and hope Photographs by Don James with text by Karyth Becenti Retablos & Relief Carvings 128 pages 213 illustrations; 14 x 10 ISBN 978-1-890689-99-5 ($24.99) (Trade paper) 2010 Best New Mexico Book, Rosina López de Short New Mexico Book Awards “One Nation, One Year” is a photographic journey that tran- scends borders, languages, distance, time, and cultural barriers. For one year, Navajo photographer Don James drove from one side of the Navajo Nation to the other documenting arts, traditions, sports, and people. He travelled by dirt road, horseback, on foot—even as a hitchhiker— for more than 10,000 miles and took over 105,000 photographs. The Navajo Nation and its people have been extensively photographed over the last century, but never from the eye of one of its own. Because he’s native, and knows the land and people, James embarks on a journey to show the world a different view of his culture, through his eyes and his Nikon lens. His understanding of the Navajo gives us a glimpse at a people previously off-limits to outsiders. Edited by Navajo writer Karyth Becenti, the narrative that accompanies the images are succinct and enlightening, offering the viewer the chance to at once see the Navajo people and feel a small piece of their lives. Special Orders Welcomed Rio Grande Books 1381 Bluebonnet Trl., Del Rio, TX 78840-6008 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 (830) 768-1734 505-344-9382 [email protected] [email protected] www.nmsantos.com

TRADICIÓN July 2012 25 santa fe San Ysidro Labrador The Museum of Spanish Colonial still stands in his processional niche, describes an all-night community wake Art recently installed an exhibition of ready to be carried across the fields. On (velorio) that used to be held in the 21 images—including bultos, retablos, a May 15, his annual feast day, many com- town of Córdova in honor of the Saint. straw appliqué panel and a painting on munities in New Mexico would carry Residents of the town would sing hymns tin—of this popular Saint. Most of the im- his image in procession through the and recite prayers throughout the night, ages of San Ysidro created in New Mex- fields, praying to the Saint for a plenti- led by the rezador or prayer leader. At ico depict him with oxen and an angel ful crop. Anthropologist Charles Briggs dawn a procession formed, and every guiding the plow. He is most frequently depicted wearing the basic red-and- blue bayeta (lightweight wool) uniform of the frontier soldier and settler, with a broad-brimmed hat and knee-length breeches, holding a spade, ox goad or crescent-shaped hocking knife (used to cut the hamstring of an oxen to bring it down for butchering). The artworks in this exhibit illustrate the range in style used to depict San Ysidro from the early 19th century to today. From the towering Saint standing amidst the stories of his life and miracles by Catherine Robles Shaw, to the intricate straw appliqué scenes by Diana Moya Lujan, each artist finds a unique perspective to illustrate their personal connection to this Saint. While James Córdova emphasizes the Saint’s importance to agriculture through delicately carved and painted cornstalks, Belarmino Esquibel focuses on his piety, the Saint’s head bent in prayer. Complimenting contemporary inter- pretations of the Saint are colonial and 19th century objects from both Mexico and New Mexico. Perhaps the most stunning of these is a rare 19th century image collected in Socorro, NM—a 4 foot tall bulto of the Saint, carved of wood with molded gesso details, a jacket edged in gold paint and a jaunty velvet hat flanked by two angels guiding two pair of oxen. The anonymous artist of this piece may have been from the Mesilla Valley of southern New Mexico where the use of molded gesso was a more common artistic technique than in the north. Truly an imposing figure, he must have been all the more so when carried in procession, towering over the heads of the participants. A lámina, or Mexican painting on tin, showing the Saint kneel- ing in the fields, and a small sculpture from Querétaro, Mexico, illustrate the widespread popularity of the devotion to this particular Saint. Another historic work, attributed to the anonymous Arroyo Hondo Carver,

26 TRADICIÓN July 2012 field in the community was visited so that San Ysidro might confer his bless- ing for a good harvest. Members of the community would take turns hosting the wake and building the bower in which the Saint was placed during the velorio. Although these processions are less common now, the alabanza (hymn) to San Ysidro is still sung and passed on from one generation to the next, as much a symbol of community life and ethnic identity as a hymn of praise. The patron saint of Madrid and of farmers, San Ysidro was born to a poor family in 1070. While young, Isidore’s devout parents instilled in him a strong work ethic and deep Christian faith. This was reflected in his life as a farmer on the estate of the wealthy Vargas family (ancestors of Don Diego de Vargas, governor of New Mexico in 1691-1697 and 1703-1704) outside of Madrid, where he was renowned for the hours he prayed each day while still managing to complete all his farming tasks. According to legend, another laborer on the estate complained that Isidore was taking too much time off to pray and was not doing his share of the work. When the overseer investigated this complaint, however, he did indeed find Isidore praying—and an angel taking his place behind the plow. Although quite poor all his life, Isidore was known for his generosity to both his fellow humans and to animals. It is said that once when he was returning home with a coveted sack of grain he saw some birds foraging for scarce food. He punctured the sack and allowed the grain to escape, but when he arrived home it was full again. Another legend recounts that his wife, María, insisted that he work one Sunday rather than attend Mass. Isidore agreed and the Lord subsequently threatened him, first with torrential rains, then with a plague of locusts, but was not successful in getting him to go to church. In the end, it was the threat of a bad neighbor that got him to abandon his plow and attend Mass. When he returned home, however, his wife was not angry because an angel had guided the plow in his stead. Isidore was canonized as San Ysidro Labrador in 1622 for the many miracles associated with him. His wife, to whom miracles are also attributed, was canonized soon after as Santa María de la Cabeza. Devotion to San Ysidro spread to the Americas, and in New Mexico, the Saint became an important part of local lore and agrarian life.

TRADICIÓN July 2012 27 Abad Lucero: A Quiet Artist Who Speaks Through His Art by Barbe Awalt

The works of Abad Eloy Lucero are featured at the National Hispanic Cultural Center in the Community Art Gallery until January, 2013. The exhibit, Nuestros Maestros: The Legacy of Abad E. Lucero, does show beautiful furniture of all types, santos, and paintings but is a love story to an exceptional artist who lived his later life in the North Valley. There is obvious love that Abad put in his pieces of art and love from his family in lending most of the pieces. Abad Lucero was born in 1909, in Cerrillos, New Mexico. He worked in mining and coal and Cerrillos certainly had those things going on then. He apprenticed in Santa Fe and then worked for Leonora Curtin, of El Rancho de Las Golondrinas, and she also owned the Native Market Store in Santa Fe. In the 1930s the Native Market Store sold Hispanic New Mexican arts and crafts Abad was hired to manage the furniture department of the Native Market Store that also had a mail-order business to raise their three children. Abad Portfolio of Spanish Colonial Design and branch store in Tucson. worked for the U.S. Forest Service began by EBoyd. Abad Lucero also Abad’s next job was in the Works and carved signs including those for briefly worked in Winslow, Arizona, Progress Administration (WPA) and the Grand Canyon. He also managed at La Posada, a Fred Harvey hotel. taught hundreds of students, furni- a stint at the Springer Boy’s School. In You had to wonder if he designed ture making through the federal and 1995, Abad Lucero received the State with Verne Lucero, the award-win- state funded program. In 1934, Abad of New Mexico’s Governor’s Award ning tin artist who also worked there. was hired for the Taos Vocational for Excellence and was named a But Abad’s real expertise was his School as an instructor. He helped Santa Fe Living Legend in 2001. relationship with wood. He made construct the Harwood Art Center. When Abad moved to the North furniture that was strong, utilitarian, His students also made furniture for Valley of Albuquerque, he resumed basic, and with ornamentation that the Albuquerque Hilton Hotel (now painting in his eighties. He attended made sense. His designs stand up to the Hotel Andaluz), the Zimmerman classes at the North Valley Senior many years of change and his “mod- Library at the University of New Center and Vi Quick was his teacher. ern” chair on display in the exhibit Mexico, and other buildings. He also He began painting in the 1930s in shows he had an eye toward func- began programs in Mora, Puerto de Taos, New Mexico, and knew many tional. In the exhibit there are: chairs, Luna, and Tucumcari. of the “Taos Artists.” You have to real- trasteros, tables, a coffee table, chest In World War II he was stationed ize during that time he was work- of drawers, an entrada/cupboard, in Los Angeles, Ohio, and New ing at the WPA and probably knew benches, chests, bellows, and many Guinea. He and his wife Emma re- many people like Eliseo Rodriguez frames. Abad never used glue and turned to New Mexico after the war who was also working on the WPA constructed hand-carved mortise and

28 TRADICIÓN July 2012 tenon joints or hand-carved pegs. He made his own hardware for his furniture. Usually at an exhibit you can’t touch or sit in the items displayed but Abad’s two benches made for a doctor’s office in Santa Fe are available to actually sit in and enjoy. The paintings of churches and places like the Alamo are Abad’s au- tobiographical statement. His church in Cerrillos marked where he was baptized, confirmed, and married to Emma Roybal. A number of his retablos, bultos, and one large crucifix are in the exhibit. Abad’s bultos were featured in the exhibits at the Albuquerque Museum, The Santero Experience, July – September, 1977, and One Space/Three Visions, August – November, 1979. In his nineties Abad taught retablo painting in Albuquerque and his students won awards at State Fair and Feria Artistica. The exhibit, Nuetros Maestros: The Legacy of Abad E. Lucero is the second in the series in the Community Art Gallery at the National Hispanic Cultural Center. It is not a flashy exhibit or a large exhibit but it was put together with love for an artist who did not call attention to his work or himself. He is an artist who helped the New Mexico style become what it is today. Abad died in 2009, but he has a loving family who uses and enjoys his furniture and it helps them remember this ultimate crafts- man. Abad may have been one artist who was not recognized for his work while living but we can all appreciate his work since his passing. One of Abad’s legacies is passing on his knowledge of art to his students and family. I, for one, am honored to have met him. The National Hispanic Cultural Center is located at 4th and Bridge (Avenida Cesar Chavez) and there is free parking. It is open Tuesday through Sunday from 10am until 5pm. Admission is $3 for adults and $2 for children. While there also see: Fabulosa until the summer, Sandra Cisneros – My Mother’s Altar until November, and Barelas A Traves.

TRADICIÓN July 2012 29 Profile: A Crafting Legacy — A Lifetime of Wood

The following article appearded in the holding together soft pine, which is as head of the State Vocation Educa- first issue of Tradición Revista in 1995. used for Colonial Furniture, hence tion Program, came to the aid of the the use of mortise and tenon joints. struggling Hispanic villages with Over 60 years ago, Abad Eloy Lu- This is a practice we do not advocate monies pooled through the Works cero wrote “Spanish Colonial Furni- discontinuing.” Progress Administration (later called ture may not be elaborate in details, When the Great Depression led the Works Projects Program), the but it meets the requirements for to the collapse of New Mexico’s rural National Youth Administration, and durability and comfort.” Abad Lucero subsistence economy, Brice Sewell, the Federal Relief Administration, has proven himself to be almost as durable as the traditional Spanish Colonial furniture itself. Lucero is one of the last remaining participants from the Revival Period of furniture- making which started in the 1920s. Working as an apprentice cabinetmaker in George Gormley’s Tile & Pine Shop in Santa Fe in the late 1920s, Abad Lucero learned furniture-making the traditional way. In- spired first by Benjamin Sandoval of Cerrillos, Abad has been making furniture ever since. In his free time, he studied drawings he received from his friend, architect Bill Lumpkins. After Gormley left New Mexico to pursue his acting career, Abad joined with other young artisans to help resurrect Spanish Colonial arts under the auspices of Leonora Curtain’s Native Market. Abad was also one of the first artisans in furniture-making to participate in the Native Mar- ket back in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The Native Market went on to become what we know today as Spanish Market. As one of the first instructors at the Taos County Vocational School for the State Department of Trades and Industries headed by Brice Sewell, Abad helped to shape Span- ish Colonial furniture as we know it today. Abad also served as an instructor in Mora, Puerto de Luna, Springer and Tucumcari. Abad returned to Taos in the 1940s to set up a woodworking shop in conjunction with the Harwood Foundation. In the first issue of Trade Indus- trial News in December 1935, Abad wrote that “Iron for iron, and wood for wood, a principle taught to me The above trastero by Abad Lucero was recently on exhibit in the Governor’s Gallery at the and I am passing it to my pupils. State Capitol Building in Santa Fe. Abad was one of the recipients of the 1995 Governor’s Nails and screws are not suited for Awards in the Arts. A complicated piece of this type can take several weeks to complete. 30 TRADICIÓN July 2012 among others. Sewell created furniture-making programs all across the state, beginning with pilot projects in Santa Fe, Rio Arriba, and Taos counties. These programs emphasized using local resources to create sale- able products, and taught business management and sales skills. Training with well-known Taos artist Regina Cook in the 1940s, Abad has developed a painting style that realistically portrays mostly traditional New Mexican churches on canvas. He is also a santero, making large, dramatic bultos of San Miguel, Our Lady of Solitude, and Cristo Crucificado and retablos of San Juan Nepomuceno, San Ramon Nonato and San Francisco. A native New Mexican, born in Cerrillos in 1909, Abad has dedicated much of his life to woodworking, sculpting and teaching. Made from ponderosa pine, his furniture uses no nails but follows the Spanish Colonial tradition of blind mortise and tenon joints. Although each piece is finished differently, some Abad holding one of his bultos, San Miguel, which he made in the early 1980s. dark stained, some antiqued, he hand buffs each one to a luminous sheen. Although he retired from civil Traditional Spanish Colonial Furniture Design service in 1971, Abad Lucero continues to make his beautiful furniture To provide visual relief on the sacred symbolism of Spain and Eu- in his North Valley, Albuquerque pine boards used in traditional New rope, while others are drawn from workshop under the watchful eye Mexican furniture, carpinteros de- the striking New Mexican landscape his wife Emma Roybal. The only dif- veloped a number of different design and Native American culture. The ference in his work today is that he details. Some have their roots in the sunburst is one of the predominant only builds pieces on commission or details. It is adapted from the for his family. rosette design, a scallop shell This past fall, Abad Eloy Lucero motif popular in the Renais- was honored as one of the recipi- sance. In ancient Spain, the ro- ents of the New Mexico Governor’s sette symbolized one’s Chris- Awards for Excellence in the Arts. tianity and allegiance to the First Lady Dee Johnson said in her faith. The shell is frequently presentation “Master woodworker associated with Santiago, the Abad Eloy Lucero of Albuquerque patron saint of Spain. can be credited, more than anyone, The rosette detail became with keeping the art of Spanish popular during the New Mex- Colonial furniture making alive. He ican revival period spurred by began his work as a cabinetmaker the W.P.A. in the 1930s and during the Great Depression and 1940s. It is frequently seen in continues to create his masterworks full form as a circle or oval, in to this day.” half form as a sunburst, or in quarters to decorate the corners A rosette pattern carved by Abad Lucero. of boxes and trunks. Rosettes are either carved into the pine or left standing in relief.

TRADICIÓN July 2012 31 “That’s My Mountain!” by Darlis A. Miller

The following essay is adapted from Out of the Shadows: The Women of Southern New Mexico.

“That’s my mountain! . . . That’s my cañon,” screamed ten-year-old Agnes Morley in 1885 after catching her first glimpse of her new home in Datil Canyon and surveying the surrounding countryside.1 Located in what was then western Socorro County in west-central New Mexico, the strikingly beautiful landscape seemingly mesmerized the young girl. It would continue to tug on her heartstrings for the remaining seventy-three years of her life. Agnes Morley Cleaveland, the writer, captured her memories of living and working on this land in her prize-winning book, No Life for a Lady, published in 1941. A family tragedy – the death of her father when she was eight years old – started Agnes on the path to becoming a rancher in the Datil Mountains. The eldest child of Ada McPherson and William Raymond Morley, Agnes was born in 1874 in Cimarron, New Mexico, where her father was manager of the Agnes Morley on a grizzly bear hunt, 1895. RGHC: 00250048 Maxwell Land Grant Company. A civil engineer by training, Morley helped to locate and construct the his advice, she invested her consid- set out for the remaining ten miles, Santa Fe Railroad over Raton Pass erable assets in a ranch in the Datil much of it through Datil Canyon, its and into New Mexico, 1877-78. Later Mountains, this at a time when cattle slopes covered in piñon, juniper, and he took his family, which now in- ranching in the West was touted as ponderosa pine trees, its lateral val- a sure-fire money-making enterprise. leys carpeted with clover and grama cluded William Raymond, Jr. [Ray], 3 and baby Loraine [Lora], to live in The family’s trip to their new home grass. Mexico, where he built a railroad in 1885 remained forever etched in In her memoirs, Agnes vividly de- connecting Guaymas, Mexico (a Agnes’s memory. It entailed a train scribed the children’s exuberance as small fishing village on the Gulf of ride to Magdalena, New Mexico, they approached their new home – a California), with Nogales, Arizona.2 the region’s cattle shipping center, two-room log cabin situated on the On January 3, 1883, shortly af- followed by a thirty-seven-mile trek canyon floor at an elevation of 8,300 ter the railroad was completed, the in a horse-drawn wagon to Bald- feet at the base of a steep mountain. senior Morley lay dead from an ac- win’s, a combination stage station, Almost immediately construction cidental gunshot. Later the widow fell store, and hotel. The site of Baldwin’s began on a ten-room house built under the influence of “a southern complex shortly was named Datil. from logs felled on nearby moun- gentleman”; they married; and on On a crisp February morning they tain slopes. Once the structure was

32 TRADICIÓN July 2012 Levi Baldwin Place, original Datil post office. RGHC: 00250041 finished, Agnes’s mother covered Father Robinson.”5 (1937). 8 Both authors encouraged its floors with deep piled carpets In her sixties, Cleaveland sought her to stop sharing her material and and hung lace curtains at the high to document on paper what trans- write it up herself. windows and oil paintings on the pired when Ada and her three chil- So she did just that. In No Life for walls. Walnut bookcases overflowed dren, assisted by Ada’s cousin Orrin a Lady, Cleaveland depicted her life with books, and a Steinway reposed McPherson and various hired hands, growing up on an isolated ranch in in one room. Since the outside doors, worked to save the ranch.6 By the the Datils as one great adventure. window frames, and veranda pil- time she began her memoirs, Agnes Although she wrote to entertain, her lars were painted white, locals began already was a published author. Her knowledge of ranch life is evident on calling the Morley place “the White western short stories had appeared nearly every page. This combination House”; and Datil Canyon today in such popular journals as Mun- of realism and humor assured the appears on maps as White House sey’s, Cosmopolitan, Metropolitan, and success of her book. Canyon.4 the Overland Monthly. She also had Soon after the family moved to Not long after moving to the become friends with two other west- Datil Canyon, Agnes learned to ride canyon, Ada Morley realized that her ern writers, Eugene Manlove Rhodes horses, to shoot, and to round up second marriage had been a “tragic” and Conrad Richter, and shared with cattle. Like other ranch children, she mistake. As Agnes later recalled: them many colorful tales centering assumed responsibilities commen- “My stepfather vanished . . . [mother] on her life in the Datils. Rhodes so surate to her physical abilities. One found herself marooned with three enjoyed one story that he persuaded of her earliest chores was to ride into young children on a desert island of her to co-author “The Prodigal Calf” Datil once a week to collect the mail cultural barrenness, with no means (1916), based on her remembrances.7 at Baldwin’s – a twenty-mile-round of escape that would not sacrifice her And Richter credited Agnes with trip, which she often made in in- entire investment. We became a sort supplying the background for his clement weather, returning home in of Swiss family Robinson without a first published novel,The Sea of Grass the dark. She and Ray both became

TRADICIÓN July 2012 33 adept at driving horse-drawn wag- ons into Magdalena for supplies, a journey that usually required them to spend a night in the open. They performed many other errands on horseback as well. “Put a kid on a horse” was the usual method of send- ing messages between ranch houses or carrying supplies to subsidiary camps.9 Some tasks that ranch children assumed were exhausting and not without danger. Agnes recalled a time in her teens when she had the job of delivering a horse to a cow- hand who had lost one of his string. Starting before daybreak, she soon discovered a large pack of coyotes following her. When the cowboy failed to appear at the rendezvous site, she was forced to ride all the way into Magdalena leading the extra horse with the coyotes following her most of the way. Although she knew in her heart that coyotes never attacked a rider, their howling nearly unnerved her, sound- ing to her “like the wailing of all

Agnes Morley Cleaveland and son Norman on Ada Morley’s Swinging W Ranch, 1903. RGHC: 00250073

This essay is excerpted from Out of the Shadows: The Women of Southern New Mexico, published in collaboration with the New Mexico State University Agnes Morley Cleaveland contemplating rabbit brush on Jack Howard Flat. RGHC: Library. The book can be ordered from Rio 00250015 Grande Books or online at Amazon.com.

34 TRADICIÓN July 2012 Agnes Morley, “A Jekyll-Hyde Life.” (Photographs taken while attending college in Ann Arbor, Michigan.) RGHC: 00250009 TRADICIÓN July 2012 35 the tormented in hell.”10 In facing made difficult by the lack of fencing. were held annually, one in the spring such daily challenges, Agnes and All ranch children, in fact, contrib- to brand the new calf crop and the other ranch children developed an uted to the ranching enterprise once other in the fall to segregate cattle independence and resourcefulness they mastered horseback riding. Espe- to be shipped east. Although she that astounds modern day read- cially valued were their observational “rode sidesaddle like a lady,” she later ers – traits fostered by necessity and skills. They learned early on to report recalled, “the double standard did not parents who did not overly worry the presence of a maverick. Finding exist on the ranch.” She worked “side when their youngsters failed to re- one of these unmarked calves was by side with the men, receiving the turn home by nightfall. “like finding a gold nugget” – they same praise or same censure for like As Cleaveland makes clear, the were free for the taking. And they undertakings.” Although she did not focus of the ranch centered on cattle. hurried also to report a cow that had rope or brand, or do “the harder and They became “the circumference bogged down in mud, a calamity that harsher part of the cow business,” of our universe and their behavior might claim the victim if not pulled there was usually someplace where absorbed our waking hours.” She out in time. “Pulling bog,” a job Ag- she “could function profitably.” She learned to recognize characteristics nes later performed, was all in a day’s did her share of “brush-breaking,” rid- of individual cattle, their brands and work during the rainy season.11 ing fast into the pines after run-away markings, and to know where the Sometime in her teens, Agnes cattle, breaking off branches with the Morley cattle were grazing, a task started helping out at roundups. Two momentum of her body.12 On occasion she was sent to “work the herd,” which entailed pick- ing out Morley cattle from a large herd that had been moved across their range. She long remembered the time she was assigned to “hold the cut,” keeping Morley cattle that were cut from the main herd from rush- ing back to the larger herd. Seasoned cowboys on the job decided to play a practical joke on Agnes by send- ing the most fractious animals cut from the herd first (instead of gentler animals – the usual practice) to see what Agnes and the ten-year-old boy assisting her would do. With some difficulty she held the cut, a feat that added to her growing reputation as an expert horsewoman.13 At age fourteen, Agnes was “ban- ished” to eastern schools. And thus began her “Jekyll and Hyde” exis- tence, as she called it. During the school term, she immersed herself in the stuff of world history, tennis with friends, and lady-like clothes; in the summers she returned to the ranch, donned a five-gallon Stet- son, and in time wore a split skirt and rode astride a horse on a man’s saddle. The Morley children all attended college. Agnes graduated from Stanford University (in 1900) and Ray, from Columbia. Lora also studied at Stanford but dropped out for health reasons. During the months Agnes spent “in exile,” the Agnes Morley Cleaveland, portrait accompanying publicity for No Life for a Lady. ranch always remained a place of RGHC: MS0025 excitement and the home to which

36 TRADICIÓN July 2012 she longed to return.14 nes collected sufficient excitement to shot Montague when he tripped and In her memoirs, Agnes singled last most people a life-time.15 fell at the exact moment she fired. out to describe in detail a grizzly A superb storyteller, Agnes The Jekyll-Hyde schism in Ag- bear hunt that took place in the fall recreated for her readers the sense nes’s life became permanent in 1899 of 1895, the year she chose to stay of danger and excitement involved when she married Newton Cleave- in the Datils to help her mother run when the three hunters set out after land, a Stanford graduate who was the ranch while Ray went to college. a grizzly at a dead run across rug- to become a well-known mining At age twenty-one, she persuaded ged terrain and then, finding them- engineer. For a short period, Newton a reluctant Montague Stevens, a selves marooned on a narrow shelf, tried living in Datil, but, as Agnes transplanted Englishman who lived lowered their horses by rope down recorded, the experiment did not west of the Morley ranch, to take her a steep cliff. When one horse was work; the couple returned to Califor- along on the hunt–after she prom- injured, Agnes urged the two men to nia. Still, from then on, she became ised to show him the largest bear- continue the chase while she stag- (in her words) “a visiting Californian track anybody had ever seen. She gered home on foot with the horse – for New Mexico always remained carried no firearms and went along in tow, arriving about one o’clock in ‘home’ to me.” Rarely did a span of “as supercargo, merely collecting in the morning, “benumbed with cold, two years go by without Agnes find- excitement my pay for contributing my clothing in tatters.” Danger also ing an excuse for “going home” – to the first and biggest bear.” On the ten- lurked the day Montague fired into assume her “other” identity.16 day hunt, conducted from the Morley a bear den while Agnes perched in The Morley ranch became Ray’s ranch as a base of operations, Stevens a nearby tree. Dan chivalrously gave sometime after the turn of the twenti- and his friend Dan Gatlin shot and Agnes the opportunity to fire his eth century, and he developed it into killed two grizzlies, one black bear, rifle when the bear emerged. She did one of the largest open-range cattle and “jumped” four others. And Ag- not kill the bear but feared she had enterprises in the region. When the

Agnes Morley Cleaveland’s ranch at Jack Howard Flat. RGHC: 00250110 TRADICIÓN July 2012 37 Fred Winn, local artist, painting Agnes Morley Cleaveland’s portrait, Norman in foreground. RGHC: 00250023

United States entered World War White House moved log by log and the Lodge. But Ray suffered financial I in 1917, most of his ranch hands rebuilt in Datil to capitalize on the reversals in the 1920s – which Agnes enlisted. To help run the ranch, he rapidly growing tourist trade. Re- attributed to drought, government promptly organized his “Kindergar- named the Navajo Lodge, it became grazing regulations, and the coming ten Outfit,” a handful of teenagers, a popular resort for both hunters and of homesteaders – and he finally sold including Agnes’s son Norman and travelers.17 the ranch in 1930, two years before Lora’s son Billy, with Lora’s soon-to-be On her frequent visits to the Da- he died of heart disease. Later in the husband Tom Reynolds as foreman. tils after her marriage, Agnes contin- 30s, Agnes and Newton began build- At the close of the war, Ray had the ued to help on the ranch and also at ing a cabin on “Jack Howard Flat,” an

38 TRADICIÓN July 2012 Agnes Morley Cleaveland operating a hay rake on the Swinging W Ranch. RGHC: 00250057 old preemption claim (which they their office, Agnes rushed to Boston played an old-time jig.”20 had purchased in 1903), located three to consult. “Imagine Boston editors The reviews were all that an au- miles from where the White House trying to revise a manuscript on thor could desire. Fanny Butcher of once stood in Datil Canyon. Agnes New Mexico life,” she would later the Chicago Daily Tribune advised her moved to this location permanently chuckle.19 readers: “Before we say another word following Newton’s death in 1944.18 Published in the summer of 1941, about it, get out your notebook and Agnes wrote the manuscript Cleaveland’s book was an immedi- jot down this admonition: ‘Fanny for No Life for a Lady while living in ate success and quickly appeared Butcher says to run, not walk, to the California. Some two months after on best-selling lists across the coun- nearest bookshop and hop onto a submitting it to Houghton Mifflin try. Houghton Mifflin awarded it a copy of ‘No Life for a Lady.’”21 J. Frank Company in 1940, she received word prize of $2,500 in its new “Life in Dobie in his review avowed that No that its editors “were tremendously America” series. And Agnes soon Life for a Lady was “not only the best interested” in her material. They became a much sought after speaker book about frontier life on the range advised her to put more of herself – at book fairs, luncheons, and other ever written by a woman, but one into the story, however, rather than social gatherings. A witty and ac- of the best books concerning range making New Mexico “the hero.” She complished speaker, she regaled her lands and range people written by headed to Datil to make revisions–to audiences with stories about ranch anybody.”22 Fan letters poured in be free of telephone interruptions. life. As a climax to one anecdote, she from all parts of the country, many When the editors wrote that they whipped out a harmonica and “liter- from people with their own stories to wished to make further revisions in ally brought down the house as she tell about life on western ranches.

TRADICIÓN July 2012 39 Most poignant was a letter writ- for the Santa Fe Railroad is described when they regularly killed his cattle. ten in December 1944 by a service- in Keith L. Bryant, Jr., History of Later, he worked to preserve grizzlies man stationed “somewhere in Hol- the Atchison, Topeka and Santa before they became extinct. land.” A buddy had given him a copy Fe Railway (Lincoln: University of 16 Cleaveland, No Life for a Lady, 246- of Agnes’s book, knowing that he had Nebraska Press, 1974). See especially 47. grown up on a ranch in New Mexico. pages 43-46, 58-63. 17 Ibid., 247, 252-53, 299-300, 308-14; After only a few moments of read- 3 Cleaveland, No Life for a Lady, 17, Norman Cleaveland, The Morleys, ing, the soldier told Agnes, the story 21-26. For clover in the canyons, see 28, 239-43. “made me so darn homesick I pretty near cried.” A Reader’s Digest abridged “Historical Sketch of Datil,” undated 18 Cleaveland, No Life for a Lady, 299, version also found its way into a clipping, Magdalena News, Agnes 309-11, 320-21, 331-38; Norman POW camp in the Philippines. A Morley Cleaveland Papers, MS 25, Cleaveland, The Morleys, 258. For New Mexico prisoner who survived Box OS 26, item 15, Rio Grande the year Ray Morley sold his ranch, the Bataan Death March, later cred- Historical Collections, New Mexico see Ray Morley to Agnes Morley ited Agnes’s memoirs “with helping State University [hereafter AMC Cleaveland, January 31, 1930, AMC him through [his three-year] ordeal of Papers]. Papers, Box 1, folder 19; for the date 23 horror.” 4 Cleaveland, No Life for a Lady, 26- of his death, see Magdalena News, No Life for a Lady’s stunning suc- 28, 34-35; Agnes Morley Cleaveland, June 2, 1932. [These two dates are cess prompted Houghton Mifflin edi- “I Remember Ray,” AMC Papers, Box listed incorrectly in No Life for a tors to urge Agnes to continue writ- 11, folder 18. Lady.] ing. In 1952 the firm published her 5 Cleaveland, No Life for a Lady, 36-37. 19 Undated clippings from the Albu- Satan’s Paradise, a book that focused on the Cimarron country of northern 6 Agnes made no mention of Orrin querque Tribune and a Santa Fe New Mexico. It lacked the vigor, exu- McPherson in No Life for a Lady, but newspaper, AMC Papers, Box 13, berance, and humor of her first book, she wrote about him, and his clashes folder 9. however, and failed to garner rave re- with her brother Ray, in her unpub- 20 Ibid. views. No matter. Still as feisty in her lished and unfinished “I Remember 21 Quoted in Paul Brooks (editor, eighties as she ever was – and with Ray.”See AMC Papers, Box 11, folder Houghton Mifflin Company) to her eyesight severely impaired – she 19. Agnes Morley Cleaveland, August began another book of reminiscences 7 Agnes Morley Cleaveland and Eu- 13, 1941, AMC Papers, Box 4, folder entitled “Post Mortem.” It was incom- gene Manlove Rhodes, “The Prodigal 20. plete at the time she died at her Datil Calf,” Silhouette (April 1916): 25-29. 22 J. Frank Dobie, “No Life for a Lady,” home in 1958 at the age of eighty- 8 Conrad Richter to Agnes Morley Southwest Review 27 (Autumn three. No Life for a Lady is still in print Cleaveland, August 13, 1942, AMC 1941): 161-63. and continues to provide enjoyment to countless readers. Agnes would be Papers, Box 5, folder 26. See also 23 Chandler Elkins to Agnes Morley pleased.24 David R. Johnson, Conrad Richter, Cleaveland, December 15, 1944, A Writer’s Life (University Park: AMC Papers, Box 4, folder 7; Santa Pennsylvania State University Press, Fe New Mexican, December 24, Endnotes 2001), 168. 1999. 1 Agnes Morley Cleaveland, No Life 9 Cleaveland, No Life for a Lady, 46- 24 Agnes Morley Cleaveland, Satan’s for a Lady (1941; Lincoln: University 76. Paradise, From Lucien Maxwell of Nebraska Press, 1977), 27. Cleave- 10 Ibid., 87-88. to Fred Lambert (Boston: Hough- land states that the family arrived 11 Ibid., 103-110. ton Mifflin, 1952); Agnes Morley in Datil Canyon in 1886. Evidence 12 Ibid., 110, 127-28. Cleaveland, “Post Mortem,” AMC strongly suggests, however, that the 13 Ibid., 129-32. Papers, Box 14, folder 7; Daily Santa correct date is 1885.For a more ex- 14 Ibid., 90-98, 242-46; Norman Cleave- Fe New Mexican, March 9, 1958. tensive biography of Cleaveland, see land, The Morleys, 219. Darlis A. Miller’s Open Range: The 15 On Agnes and the grizzly bear Darlis A. Miller is Professor Life of Agnes Morley Cleaveland hunt, see No Life for a Lady, 203-19. Emerita of History at New Mexi- (Norman: University of Oklahoma Montague Stevens is best known for co State University. She is the au- Press, 2010). his Meet Mr. Grizzly: A Saga of the thor of several books including, 2 Ibid., 5-17; Norman Cleaveland, The Passing of the Grizzly (Albuquerque: most recently, Open Range: The Morleys: Young Upstarts on the University of New Mexico Press, Life of Agnes Morley Cleaveland. Southwest Frontier (Albuquerque: C. 1943). Montague Stevens hunted Horn, 1971), 198-214. Morley’s work grizzlies in the 1880s and 1890s, 40 TRADICIÓN July 2012 Potato Patriotism: Women & the Home Front in New Mexico During World War I important roles in expanding the their options. The war coincided with by David V. Holtby food supply, including abiding by women’s growing awareness of their The following essay is adapted from mandated rationing, planting private potential. Across the nation, women Sunshine & Shadows in New and public gardens to meet local sought fulfillment through education, Mexico’s Past: The Statehood Period, needs, acquiring new habits in food work, and politics. Whereas Progres- 1912-Present. preparation, and participating in a sivism had introduced them to activ- campaign known as the Woman’s ism, wartime mobilization afforded In his “Appeal to the Ameri- Land Army to harvest crops when opportunities to test themselves and can People” at the outset of World men were unavailable. But their ef- take on new roles given official sanc- War I in mid-April 1917, President forts on the home front went well tion through government-set goals.4 Woodrow Wilson called all citi- beyond these efforts. They also During World War I the federal zens to wartime duty and sacrifice. served in such other key war-related government empowered women on About one-quarter of his remarks activities as selling war bonds in the an unprecedented scale to exercise were addressed to “the farmers of nation’s final three of four Liberty and hone their skills of administra- the country and to all who work on Bond drives and recruiting nurs- tion, management, and leadership. the farms.” A singular responsibil- ing candidates. In this chapter the Focusing women’s talent and provid- ity fell to them: “Upon the farmers role of Euro-American females and ing them organizational experience of this country, therefore, in large Nuevomexicanas are considered, and commenced in mid-April 1917 with measure rests the fate of the war and the first section on women and food the creation of the Woman’s Com- the fate of the nations.... The time is followed by a discussion of their mittee of the Council of National De- is short. It is of the most imperative other contributions. fense [WCCND]. Under the national importance that everything possible “The attitude of the woman with direction of Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, be done, and done immediately, to soldier spirit is ‘stand at attention, a world-recognized activist for causes make sure of large harvests.” Besides receive government orders, obey.’ ” of temperance, women’s suffrage, and urging American farmers to produce This prescription circulated widely peace, the WCCND mobilized Amer- more, he also called upon all citizens in New Mexico shortly after Presi- ica’s women to “supply a new and to eat less, especially of beef, pork, dent Wilson’s April 15 appeal to direct channel of communication sugar, and wheat. The combination of the home front to volunteer in the and cooperation between women these efforts would ensure sufficient country’s “Service Army.” Address- and governmental departments.” By food for American soldiers as well as ing women specifically, Wilson said, September 1918, “15,732 units, which feed the hungry in France and Great “every housewife who practices strict the Woman’s Committee has built Britain.1 economy puts herself in the ranks of up throughout the U.S.,” mobilized New Mexico, a predominantly those who serve the nation.” While eleven million American women to rural state, heeded the president’s ap- Wilson waffled on the issue of suf- comply with regulations and restric- peal. Much land previously used for frage for women, the war prompted tions imposed on the home front by grazing came under the plow as dry him to rally women – and men – to the federal government.5 land farming extended throughout aid their country as “a public duty, Telegrams sent from Washington, the state. The results exceeded expec- as a dictate of patriotism.” Wilson’s D.C., in early May 1917 appointed tations: for example, wheat expanded call for a domestic “Service Army” a prominent woman as each state’s from 2.1 million bushels on 113,000 opened up many roles for women, chair, often a governor’s wife, as acres in 1916 to 6.1 million bushels which in many instances subverted in New Mexico, where Governor on 283,000 acres by the war’s end in their traditional roles as housewives.3 Washington E. Lindsey’s spouse, the November 1918. Overall, the state’s Wartime mobilization tapped often ailing Amanda C. [Houghton] total crop value rose nearly 56 per- into the campaigns unleashed by Lindsey served with her co-chair cent between 1918 and 1919, reach- Progressivism after 1900 and seam- Maude H. Prichard, married to a po- ing a value of $58.4 million dollars in lessly channeled civic commitment litically prominent lawyer and one- 1919. Prior to the war, New Mexicans into crusades promoting shared time attorney general of the Territory grew only about half of the food sacrifice in 1917 and 1918. This shift of New Mexico. They held their first they consumed, but by the summer from Progressivism to mobilization is meeting on May 5, 1917, in Santa of 1918 the state was able to supply abundantly evident in how women Fe, becoming “one of the first – if not all its needs and had a surplus for served at the behest of the federal the first – to mobilize its women for export.2 government. But such service was war service.” New Mexico’s women Women in New Mexico played not one-sided. Women expanded aligned themselves with the national TRADICIÓN July 2012 41 goal, announced in a flyer dated May for many New Mexicans when she conservation program vigorously 15, 1917 “to bring together in friendly said, “This war means real, individual pushed by the government begin- and efficient cooperation all of the work, in other lines than knitting ning in July 1917. Women signed a women’s organization in the country socks and making surgical dressing, Hoover Pledge card promising to use now doing or desiring to do patriotic not that I would lessen the impor- substitutes for wheat, prepare meat- work.” Nationwide over ninety wom- tance of that work by the least bit, but less meals several days a week, and en’s organizations actively participat- there are other things of importance.” in general cut back on consumption ed, including civic, religious, temper- Chief among her priorities was what and avoid waste. In New Mexico in ance, suffrage, peace, and educational she called “potato patriotism,” or the the summer and fall of 1917, women, associations. In New Mexico, at least various wartime food projects.8 including Ferguson, canvassed door- eleven different women’s groups pro- Compelling examples abound of to-door in towns and rural areas vided volunteers in addition to those “bottom up” initiatives by New Mex- to secure card pledges. About 34 already serving in hospitals, schools, ico women, but one name consistent- percent of New Mexico women – a girls’ clubs, and churches.6 ly recurs: Isabella M. Ferguson, wife proportion well above the nation’s Herbert C. Hoover, the Nation- of Robert Ferguson, who had served average – committed themselves. al Food Administrator, delegated as an officer in Theodore Roosevelt’s But Ferguson also recognized – and to women their primary task on Rough Riders, but whose tuberculo- resented – that many of the more June 19, 1917. He called upon the sis brought him and Isabella to New well-to-do Euro-American women, WCCND to enlist women in a first- Mexico in November 1910. Isabella often employing maids, volunteered ever, nationwide food-conservation had her own links to the Roosevelt less than did women struggling to campaign. The call reflected an ur- family, corresponding for decades maintain large families. In contrast, gent need: America’s allies in Europe with Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of future in Roswell a Euro-American woman had less than a two-month food sup- president Franklin D. Roosevelt.9 reported to Amanda Lindsey that ply, and the United States needed to Starting in 1916 Isabella began “you would be delighted at the inter- become their pantry. New Mexican sharing with Eleanor Roosevelt ideas est and enthusiasm they [Nuevo- women responded enthusiastically. she had about roles women might mexicanas] are showing.”11 Blanche Bailey, San Juan County’s fulfill in what she believed to be an Isabella Ferguson also worked to Home Extension worker, informed increasingly urgent national need to ensure that no crop was left un- Amanda Lindsey on July 18, 1917, build grassroots support for defensive picked, and in late summer 1917 that around Aztec women “will dry efforts in case of war. Her foresight she organized women in southwest fruits and vegetables to donate to the enabled her to begin organizing in New Mexico to harvest a cornfield government. They have chosen this late May 1917, prior to any direc- near Tyrone. From this spontaneous in place of the Red Cross sewing, tion by the WCCND. She began initiative, she soon tapped into an feeling that adding to the food supply contacting communities statewide to idea that New York women adapted is more in their line.” In this choice, urge planting war gardens in va- in the fall of 1917, one based on the women in New Mexico followed cant lands. Her goal paralleled the example of British and Canadian the example of British women, who, requests made by President Wilson women beginning in 1915 – self- since 1915, had made food their first and Herbert Hoover to spur food pro- supervised crews of women harvest- priority despite the government’s duction. Soon Santa Fe, Albuquerque, ing crops. In the United States such goals for their service.7 and Roswell reported such under- efforts were directly by the Woman’s What occurred in Aztec – par- takings, but none rivaled Isabella Land Army. A year after Ferguson ticipatory decision-making and Ferguson’s success in Tyrone. Rather initiated these efforts in New Mex- opportunity for independent ac- quickly she converted 140 acres of ico, she headed the state’s Woman’s tion – also took place state-wide. It unused land owned by the Phelps Land Army activities.12 found expression in communities Dodge Company into a large com- Over 500 New Mexico women and groups planting war gardens, in munity garden. The company even joined harvest crews in the summer school children raising chickens and loaned her $700 to match money for and fall of 1918. The largest was one other edible small animals, and in seed and implements.10 of the last: 250 women, working un- towns creating public markets to sell But such gardens were only her der a contract Isabella Ferguson nego- locally grown produce and canned first step, as she explained in mid- tiated with an El Paso grower, picked goods. Reports about such projects June 1917: “As soon as we have crops in October 1918. Each woman consistently linked two themes: self- planted all we can this season we earned $2 a day plus board and sacrifice flowed freely and decision- will concentrate on a campaign for room. Other women, for example making resided locally. The most economics and conservation of food.” Mrs. Harry V. Whitehill of Deming, vocal advocate of local initiative, Mrs. Once again her plans anticipated a dispatched her Land Army crew to Isabella M. Ferguson of Tyrone, spoke nationwide drive – this time a food pick tomatoes. Soon her crew joined

42 TRADICIÓN July 2012 others in the Mesilla Valley to pick the WCCND printed materials only Early in 1918 the WCCND in pears. Near Cloudcroft a crew of fifty in English; however, another gov- New Mexico initiated a full-scale re- Women’s Land Army, representing ernment agency, the Department of organization aimed to draw in more ten counties and laboring ten hours a Educational Propaganda, provided Nuevomexicanas. State chair Aman- day, picked, graded, and packed about literature in Spanish to the WCCND, da Lindsey requested each county’s 8,600 boxes of apples. The Land including for the reserve nurse pro- leaders to recruit more Nuevomexi- Army mobilized young and middle- gram. While WCCND administra- canas at the local level. The WCCND aged women into a proto-sisterhood tors in Washington, D.C., allowed actively sought more grass roots of laborers, one that set a precedent states to pay for translations as need- participation and, in doing so, of- tapped again after 1941. But in trac- ed, New Mexico lacked the money fered more women opportunities for ing the origins of the Woman’s Land to do so during the drive to recruit meaningful experience as adminis- Army in World War I, attention must reserve nurses. Early in the war, trators, managers, and even leaders. be given to the important contribu- though, New Mexico had regularly For its first eight months, leadership tions made by New Mexico women printed Spanish-language materials, of the WCCND in New Mexico had in general, and Isabella Ferguson with the greatest quantities being minimal Nuevomexicana represen- specifically.13 Hoover pledge cards and a separate tation. At the state level, twelve of “Everything is being done even registration form collecting data on thirteen leaders were Euro-American in all Spanish populations to carry volunteers’ skills. Both of these forms women. While county-level orga- out Uncle Sam’s instructions to the were repeatedly distributed through- nizational records are scattered and letter,” reported Kate Hall of Chama out 1918, with the goal of reaching fragmentary, it is possible to say that to Maude H. Prichard early in the more Nuevomexicanas with each in the late summer of 1917 seventeen summer of 1918. What were “Uncle registration.16 counties (out of twenty-seven) had Sam’s instructions” to the WCCND Eventually seventy-seven New reported recruiting women to fill in New Mexico? Kate Hall men- Mexico women signed up as reserve committee chairs, which varied in tioned “strictly adhering to all food nurse candidates and awaited their number from thirteen to sixteen. Of laws.” But she also discussed the school assignment. But then the war these county-level leaders, 199 were latest request from the federal gov- ended, and in mid-December 1918 Euro-American women and 13 (or ernment – recruiting ninety young the government cancelled all train- 6.5 percent) were Nuevomexicanas. women from throughout New ing. But in other ways New Mexico Only in Taos County were the two Mexico to train as “reserve nurses.” contributed significantly to the medi- top leaders Hispanic women, and in The call originated in Washington, cal recovery of soldiers – through the San Miguel County the number two D.C., when planners looked at the Army hospital for tuberculosis at Fort position also went to a Nuevomexi- possibility of a protracted war, lasting Bayard, which had opened in 1901, cana. Otherwise, though, Euro-Amer- into 1919 and maybe beyond, which and another for merchant marines ican women dominated leadership would mean more sick and wounded as well as Navy and Marine person- positions at both the country and soldiers requiring medical care. Each nel suffering from tuberculosis at state levels.18 state received its quota to reach the the federal hospital at Fort Stanton, New Mexico’s WCCND lead- nationwide goal of 25,000, and Kate which had also opened at the turn of ership, like chapters nationwide, Hall headed recruitment in New the twentieth century. Both facilities typically came from among women Mexico.14 grew considerably during W. W. I, already active in Progressive-era Throughout the late summer but Fort Bayard’s patient load showed movements. Moreover, New Mex- and early fall of 1918, WCCND a dramatic rise: from 300 TB patients ico’s leadership mirrored an educa- volunteers assisted Hall in recruit- in 1912 to over 1,200 at the end of tional and class bias evident across ing reserve nurse candidates. The the war.17 the country. As one survey of the WCCND coordinator for San Juan The efforts to recruit Nuevomexi- WCCND reported, “In every state County had an Anglo and a “Mexi- canas into the reserve nurse program in the Union women of the highest can” applicant, and she thought both show how, at the level of individual type, experienced in dealing with merited the opportunity presented contact, ethnic bias based on differ- people and skilled in leadership, by nurses training. But the WCCND ences in language, class, and educa- have given of themselves freely as coordinator in Las Vegas opposed tion persisted in New Mexico. This volunteer workers in America’s great selecting Nuevomexicanas because is not a surprising finding for that army of women.”19 they lacked “adequate education,” period, but an important situational But at the beginning of 1918, even though the program’s rules said distinction must be made. As the Lindsey realized that more had to to accept young woman without a government’s urgency for Nuevo- be done in New Mexico to mobilize high school diploma.15 mexicana support increased, the like- Nuevomexicanas, who represented The National Headquarters of lihood of discrimination diminished. the largest number of females in the

TRADICIÓN July 2012 43 state. The new emphasis clearly led a visit to Albuquerque by Secretary bonds.22 to change. Based on scattered reports of the Treasury William McAdoo on In the push to sell bonds to received by state co-chairs Lindsay Wednesday April 24, 1918. An esti- Spanish-speaking women, the and Prichard early in the spring of mated 5,000 men, women, and chil- government’s urgent need for more 1918, eight counties reported twenty- dren heard his address, and Berna- money trumped gender and ethnic six Hispano women now served as lillo County’s purchase of $905,000 stereotypes. From the war’s start and committee chairs. But not everyone in bonds exceeded its goal by nearly throughout each bond drive, adver- embraced change. The coordinator of $200,000. Throughout New Mexico, tising repeated the same refrain: “If San Juan County informed the gov- Spanish-language newspapers en- you are worthy of the great name of ernor’s wife, “There are not enough thusiastically repeated the govern- ‘American’ you will respond and – Spanish Americans in this county ment’s appeal for bond purchases. BUY A LIBERTY BOND.” The sales to mention – and none of those few Under the headline “The Country pitch always came heavily wrapped capable of holding a chairmanship.” Calls,” La Voz del Pueblo [“The Voice in the flag, and doing so promoted Similarly, the WCCND coordinator of the People”] in Las Vegas appealed awareness of citizenship and its du- in Carlsbad summarized her efforts to women to remember “the country ties, appeals surely aimed especially to draw in more Nuevomexicanas asks of its sons total sacrifice, [and] at Nuevomexicanos, about whose in response to Amanda Lindsey’s the flower of our youth . . . are ready loyalty and fitness for the full rights request: “You speak of the Spanish- to give their lives in the fight for of citizens had been repeatedly chal- American population. In this county liberty.” To match the soldier’s sacri- lenged in the long quest for state- they are largely renters, and it will be fice, the Las Vegas paper reminded its hood. In important ways for Nuevo- difficult to find a Spanish woman of readers the home front had a duty to mexicanos, World War I became a education to name for this position, buy bonds. The response by the men test of civic commitment, a call to but I will endeavor to find such a and women of New Mexico – Euro- demonstrate their citizenship through woman.”20 American and Nuevomexicano alike acts of patriotism.23 Unquestionably the outreach – to the third bond drive exceeded Nuevomexicanos were called encountered some local resistance, the state’s quota by 65 percent. They upon to exhibit true citizenship in but equally evident is the expansion purchased $6 million dollars in the bond drives, and the same ap- of the number of Spanish-speaking peal was particularly pronounced in women active in the WCCND. These food conservation efforts. The state’s were likely the elite of their commu- largest circulating Spanish-language nity, but in tapping into the human newspaper, La Bandera Americana capital available in the state, their [“The American Flag”], endorsed inclusion was significant. Why the wheat-less baking in strident terms: sudden interest in improved out- “The selling of wheat is not patriotic reach? The third Liberty Bond sales and aids the enemy. There will not began in the spring of 1918 – seeking be a lack of food, but wheat has to to raise six billion dollars. To achieve go to the soldiers.” The newspaper’s New Mexico’s allotment of just over readers quickly learned that the 3.6 million dollars, sales needed to kitchen became a new front in the expand statewide. The state chair of war: “Three times a day [Nuevomexi- the Women’s Liberty Loan Commit- cano] women have an opportunity tee, Mrs. Howard Huey, notified all to serve their country: by using half county and city Liberty drive leaders the sugar regularly consumed; cook- on April 6, 1918, of the forthcoming ing and consuming less meat than is appeal she was launching among usual; and using other substitutes in Spanish-speakers: place of wheat flour.” The newspaper I am today mailing to all county similarly reminded Nuevomexicanos chairmen a number of Spanish dodg- in a headline, “Each Bushel of Wheat ers [flyers] addressed particularly to Is Equivalent to A Soldier,” and the Spanish-American women.... Women accompanying article, that “The num- This essay is excerpted from Sunshine are to sell [Liberty bonds] to anybody ber of men we can send into battle and Shadows in New Mexico’s Past: they can – men, women, corpora- depends on the number of men we The Statehood Period 1912-Present, tions, societies of all kinds, but with published in collaboration with the Histori- can feed at the front.” Such com- particular emphasis laid on sales to ments echoed in the starkest terms 21 cal Society of New Mexico. The book can be other women. ordered from Rio Grande Books or online at possible the government’s message of The third bond drive occasioned Amazon.com. sacrifice to win the war. Similar calls 44 TRADICIÓN July 2012 were heard throughout New Mexi- publican level and Greenway on the ing the war, see, Kristie Miller, co’s Spanish-speaking communities. national Democratic stage as the first Isabella Greenway: An Enterprising For example, the Spanish-language woman sent from Arizona to the U.S. Woman (Tucson: University of newspaper of Wagon Mound, under House of Representatives (1932-36). Arizona Press, 2004): 84-109. the headline “It is necessary to sacri- But all women from the W.W. I era 5 First quotation: Ida Clyde Gal- fice,” echoed Nuevomexicano pride created an enduring legacy in their lagher Clarke, American Women tinged with defensiveness over the hardship, sacrifice, and empower- and the World War (New York: D. need to prove their worthiness: ment. The nation would again draw Appleton & Company, 1918): Our sons and brothers have on these qualities during World War 19. Second quotation: Woman’s joined the army to fight, to protect II. Committee of the Council of their country and their state. The National Defense [hereafter least you can do to help is give them Endnotes WCCND] press release, Septem- food – they are the ones who need to 1 Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers ber 18, 1918 (GWPFP MSS 187 eat bread made from wheat. Do not of Woodrow Wilson, V. 42 (Princ- BC, box 13, fld 4), CSWR, UL, allow anyone to say the people of eton: Princeton University Press, UNM. On other data reported, New Mexico are less patriotic than 1983): 73. Two especially good see, press release, September 1, those of other states.24 accounts of home front activities 1918 (GWPFP, MSS 187 BC, box Nationwide World War I trans- are, respectively, David M. Ken- 12, fld 2), ibid. formed the home front in numerous nedy, Over Here: The First World War 6 Women’s correspondence in ways. For American women, a new and American Society (twenty-fifth that era typically used “Mrs.” set of responsibilities and opportuni- anniversary edition; New York: followed by the husband’s first ties emerged, which President Wood- Oxford University Press, 2004) name or initials. In those in- row Wilson acknowledged and and Christopher Capozzola, Uncle stances where I could find it, I praised in his open letter, “Tribute to Sam Wants You: World War I and the have used women’s first names. the Women of America,” in mid- Making of the Modern American Citi- First quotation: Bloom, ed., New August 1918. He began by lauding zen (New York: Oxford University Mexico in the Great War, 55. Second women in America for having “risen Press, 2008). quotation: WCCND flyer, May to this great occasion.” He continued: 2 Lansing B. Bloom, editor, New 15, 1917 (GWPFP, MSS 187 BC, “They have not only done what they Mexico in the Great War (Santa box 13, fld 1), CSWR, UL, UNM. have been asked to do, and done it Fe: Historical Society of New Tabulation of organizations, n.d. with ardor and efficiency, but they Mexico, 1927): 31-33. (GWPFP, MSS 187 BC, box 12, have shown a power to organize for 3 First quotation: Undated circular, fld 1), ibid. doing things on their own initiative, George W. Prichard Family Pa- 7 Bailey to Lindsey, July 18, 1917 which is quite a different thing and a pers, (MSS 187 BC, box 12, fld. 7), (GWPFP, MSS 187 BC, box 13, very much more difficult thing.” An Center for Southwest Research, fld 5), CSWR, UL, UNM. On immediate dividend of this “power University Libraries, University British women’s initiatives, see, to organize” was success after more of New Mexico [hereafter GW- Elaine F. Weiss, Fruits of Victory: The than fifty years of suffrage agitation PFP / CSWR, UL, UNM]. Second Woman’s Land Army of America in with ratification of the Nineteenth and third quotations: Link, ed., the Great War (Washington, D.C.: Amendment on August 26, 1920, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Potomac Books, 2008): 6-12. allowing women to vote in their vol. 42, p. 75. 8 Ferguson to Prichard, July 9, 1918 first presidential election ten weeks 4 A feminist re-interpretation (GWPFP, MSS 187 BC, box 12 later. Longer term advances, as mea- of women’s roles in W.W. I is, fld 12), CSWR, UL, UNM. On sured by securing women’s equality, Jennifer Haytock, At Home, At “potato patriotism,” see, Miller, were much more slowly realized, of War: Domesticity and World War I Isabella Greenway, 84-88, 93-97. I course.25 in American Literature (Columbus: am indebted to Kristie Miller That the First World War had The Ohio State University Press, for gently reminding me of this been an apprenticeship in what Pres- 2003): especially 1-30. Capozzola, phase of Isabella [Ferguson] ident Wilson called “the power to Uncle Sam Wants You, 83-116, offers Greenway’s life in New Mexico organize,” was evident over the next a critique of government power prior to moving to Arizona and twenty years in the careers of two and coercion against which marrying John Greenway, which women prominent in this essay – women asserted themselves occurred after the death of her Maude Prichard and Isabella (Fergu- during the war. For an insightful first husband, Robert Ferguson, son) Greenway. Each contributed her case study on the ways a woman in October 1922. I also borrowed talents to promoting national politi- in New Mexico seized the day in her use of “potato patriotism” as cal parties – Prichard at the state Re- her personal and public life dur- a chapter title since none better

TRADICIÓN July 2012 45 emerged in my research. box 12, fld 1), CSWR, UL, UNM. New Mexico. For Georgia, see 9 For their wartime letters, see, Kris- Roberts to Prichard, August 12, Clarke, American Women and the tie Miller and Robert H. McGin- 1918, ibid. World War, 250. nis, editors, A Volume of Friendship: 16 On Spanish-language reserve 21 Huey to Lindsey, April 6, 1918 The Letters of Eleanor Roosevelt and nurse cards, see Martin to (GWPFP, MSS 187 BC, box 13 Isabella Greenway, 1904-1953 (Tuc- Prichard, June 26, 1918 (GW- fld 8), CSWR, UL, UNM. son: Arizona Historical Society, PFP, MSS 187 BC, box 13, fld 4), 22 La Voz del Pueblo article repro- 2009): 98-158, and especially CSWR, UL, UNM and Peixotto duced in La Bandera Americana, 3 145-58 for the years 1917-18. to Nordhaus, July 26, 1918 (GW- de mayo de 1918, p. 2. On the 10 Ibid., 81. Ferguson to Myers, June PFP, MSS 187 BC, box 12, fld 1), total sales, see, Bloom, ed, New 12, 1917 (GWPFP, MSS 187 BC, ibid. Mexico in the Great War, 44. box 12, fld 1), CSWR, UL, UNM. 17 On ending the reserve nurse 23 The Albuquerque Morning Journal, 11 Ibid. On the Hoover Pledge cards, program, see, Patterson to State June 2, 1917, p. 1. see, Bloom, ed., New Mexico in the Chairmen, December 17, 1918 24 First quotation: La Bandera Great War, 58. On Ferguson’s reac- (GWPFP, MSS 187 BC, box 13 Americana, 19 de abril de 1918, p. tion, see, Miller, Isabella Greenway, fld 4), CSWR, UL, UNM. On the 2. Second quotation: La Bandera 87-88. For Roswell’s Nuevomexi- Army’s nursing corps nationally Americana, 16 de agosto de 1918, canas and Hoover Pledge cards, prior to W. W. I, see, Isabel Mc- p. 1. Third and fourth quotations: see, Lathrop to Lindsey, August 3, Isaac, “The Army Nurse Corps,” La Bandera Americana, 21 de junio 1917 (GWPFP, MSS 187 BC, box The American Journal of Nursing, de 1918, p. 2. Fifth quotation, 12, fld 1), CSWR, UL, UNM. vol. 13 (December 1912): 172-76. from El Centinela [“The Sentry”] 12 For a first-rate history of the For the patient load and other reproduced in La Bandera Ameri- movement, but one skewed to wartime and peacetime activities cana, 31 de mayo de 1918, p. 2. the East, Midwest, and South, at Fort Bayard, see, Office of the On doubts over Nuevomexi- see, Weiss, Fruits of Victory, passim. Surgeon General, Record Group cano patriotism during the war, On Ferguson’s appointment, see, 112, General Hospital, Fort Ba- see Phillip Gonzales and Ann Ferguson to Prichard, 9 July 1918 yard, Boxes 1234-1238, National Massmann, “Loyalty Questioned: (GWPFP, MSS 187 BC, box 12, Archives and Records Adminis- Nuevomexicanos in the Great fld 12), CSWR, UL, UNM. tration [NARA] II, College Park, War,” Pacific Historical Review, vol. 13 Trumbull to Ferguson, August 3, MD. 75 (November 2006): 629-66. 1918 (GWPFP, MSS 187 BC, box 18 County-by-county leadership 25 President Wilson’s letter ap- 12, fld 1), CSWR, UL, UNM and forms, undated [c. September peared in newspapers nation- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1917] (GWPFP, MSS 187 BC, box wide, including the Albuquerque Farm Help Specialist to Prichard, 12, fld 1), CSWR, UL, UNM. Morning Journal, [Sunday] August July 8, 1918, ibid; Whitehall to 19 Clarke, American Women and the 11, 1918, p. 3. On women during Prichard, n.d. [summer 1918], World War, 14. W. W. II reviving organizational ibid. 20 County-by-county reports, un- experiences and projects from W. 14 First quotation: Hall to Prichard, dated [c. spring 1918], (GWPFP, W. I, see, Weiss, Fruits of Victory, July 17, 1918 (GWPFP, MSS 187 MSS 187 BC, box 13, flds 3,7,8), 272-74. BC, box 12, fld 1), CSWR, UL, CSWR, UL, UNM. San Juan UNM . Second quotation: ibid. Country report, March 1, 1918 David V. Holtby is a retired univer- For a summary of the program’s (GWPFP, MSS 187 BC, box 13 sity press administrator and editor goals, see, Patterson to State fld 3), ibid. On Eddy County, see, and currently is a part-time re- Chairmen, June 25, 1918 (GW- Report to Lindsey, February 23, search scholar in the Center for Re- PFP, MSS 187 BC, box 13, fld 4), 1918, ibid. By way of comparison, gional Studies at the University of CSWR, UL, UNM. For a brief the WCCND in ten southern New Mexico. He earned his doctor- history of the reserve nurses states and the District of Colum- ate at UNM in 1978 and wrote an program nationwide, see, Emily bia rarely mentioned outreach award-winning dissertation on the Newell Blair, The Woman’s Commit- to the black community. Where social origins of the Spanish Civil tee of the United States Council of Na- such occurred, as in Georgia, it War between 1898 and 1936. His tional Defense: An Interpretive Report, conformed to segregation. In the book, Forty-Seventh Star: New April 21, 1917 to February 27, 1919 South, black women remained Mexico’s Struggle for Statehood, (Washington, D.C: Government distinctly second-class citizens in 1894-1912, was published by the Printing Office, 1920): 93-97. WCCND activities, but no such University of Oklahoma Press in 15 Palmer to Prichard, August 19, societal division or widespread 2012. 1918 (GWPFP, MSS 187 BC, discrimination can be seen in

46 TRADICIÓN July 2012 Albuquerque Convention Center Albuquerque, New Mexico May 10-12, 2013

The Southwest Book Fiesta will bring together authors, publishers and the reading public in a family-friendly community event at the Albuquerque Convention Center on May 10-12, 2013. The Book Fiesta focuses on both nationally-recognized as well as local Southwest authors. The mission is to recognize and encourage the literary accomplishments all across the Southwest, especially of authors in New Mexico and Arizona. The show is being organized by Sunbelt Shows, producer of the National Fiery Foods and Barbecue Show, with support from the largest book publishers in New Mexico and the New Mexico Book Co-op. In addition to over 200 vendors, readings and special author events will feature some of the best books and authors from the region.

Proceeds of the Book Fiesta will be donated to the New Mexico Library Foundation, the New Mexico Coalition for Literacy, and a yet- to-be-named organization in Arizona and will be used to promote literacy and reading programs in the region. Features Importance of books • 20,000+ attendees (projected) • over $16 billion are spent on books every year in the U.S. • Over 300 author/publisher vendors • at least 35% of the U.S. population visits a bookstore at least once a • Book talks with local and national authors month. In fact, Americans visit bookstores more often than any • Book-signings other type of store, except for the mass market chains such as • Family-oriented activities Wal-Mart, Target, and Kmart. • Workshops on writing & publishing • Native American and Hispanic books • According to a Gallup poll, during any given week, 22% of Ameri- • Children’s books can adults bought at least one book. • Poetry • e-book sales have been growing exponentially by as much as 177% • Electronic books per year. • Hands-on demonstrations • 53% of e-book readers say they now read more books than before. • Celebrity chefs & cooking demonstrations • Based on Census data, almost 50% of New Mexicans and Arizo- • Arts & crafts nans could benefit from literacy programs. • Food & entertainment • Usage of libraries in Arizona and New Mexico has been increasing by as much as 10% per year. Sponsors • Patrons of the Albuquerque Public Library checked out over 4.5 million books and magazines last year. • Media • Libraries in Tucson, Phoenix, and Albuquerque were visited over • National publishers 21.6 million times last year! • Regional publishers • Local & regional media • Libraries Other Book Festivals • Literacy programs • Baltimore Book Festival — 40,000 attendees, 100 exhibitors • Regional cultural organizations • Government organizations • Texas Book Festival — 40,000 attendees, 200 author events • Tucson Book estival — 100,000 attendees, 250 exhibitors For more information call 505/873- • Los Angeles Book Festival — 140,000 attendees, 150 exhibitors 8680, email [email protected] or • Miami Book Festival — 200,000 attendees, 200 exhibitors www.swbookfiesta.com

TRADICIÓN July 2012 47 slim randles Home Country

Slim Randles is one of our authors, having penned the award-winning A Cowboy’s Guide to Growing Up Right and Home Country. Slim also writes a nationally syndicated column every week in over 250 newspapers across the country. We are proud to be able to include some of his humor and inpirational ramblin’s. Hope you like his take on things.

There’s something to be said for the brightness of day, of course, when the energies of the world improve our lot in life. But for a special time, give me the night. Give me the soft, velvety quiet of a country evening and its own They don’t put as much butter or jelly “Marvin? I owe you an apology for sounds and flavors and scents. on the toast as they used to, for health’s trying to shut down your counseling It’s good to hear the night shift sake, you know, but somehow if you’re business. Without that, Dewey and I take over the part of our world we together at the kitchen table, looking might not have found each other.” call home. The coyote yaps off in the out on a fresh new world embracing Dewey stepped forward. “This is brush, calling his family to the hunt, summer, it doesn’t matter. for you, Marvin. Happy Father’s Day!” the quail have a soft cluck and rustle “Marvin,” Marjorie said, “this is Marvin took the card, but had a down by the creek. The crickets set up Father’s Day. Happy Father’s Day.” hard time seeing it somehow, so he the background music for all this in a He smiled. “Thanks, Hon, but un- handed it to Marjorie for now. spooky kind of harmony. less you’ve forgotten, we never had Just as Dewey and Emily left, two It’s a resting time for most, but for any kids.” horses stopped outside, and Randy those who will postpone sleep, there is “You would’ve been a great dad, Jones and Katie Burchell walked hand- the secret of another world, where we though, Marvin. A great dad. You care in-hand toward the front door, carry- slow down a little and take a bit more so much about others. And, hey, look at ing a card. time with our lives. A time when we the advice you’ve given people, huh? “Happy Father’s Day, Sweetheart,” can hear the world heal a little before That’s right. And that’s something a Marjorie whispered in her husband’s it goes back into daily battle again. A dad does.” ear. time when we can smile and sit and “And we managed to bypass ------just say thanks for bringing us to an- diapers and tantrums and homework other evening like this. and boyfriends coming over that we “It’s June, by golly!” said Doc. “Isn’t If we like, we can do a little mental couldn’t stand, right?” it great? I mean, all the summer to look planning for the next day. Marjorie laughed. “And we can forward to. Fishing, swimming, camp- Or not. spend as much time around kids as ing, heat stroke, dehydration, skate- A country evening is what we get we want to, and send them home any board accidents and the occasional for being good all day. time we like.” case of appendicitis.” ------“Amen to that,” Marvin said. “That’s what we like about you, The fertilizer king, Dewey Decker, Doc,” Steve said, “always looking on It started out as one of those mid- pulled up to the curb outside and the bright side of things.” June, lazy kind of Sunday mornings parked. He went around and opened “You know what June is, don’t … the kind where you wish the Valley the door for Emily Stickles, the county you?” said Bert. Bert is usually quiet, Weekly Miracle had a Sunday edition lady with the incredible cheekbones so when he does speak up, we tend to just so you could read the funnies. At and Dewey’s heart. They were invited listen. We were listening. He started the Fly Tying Love Center, also known in and coffeed. off kinda low and slow, like a revival as Marvin and Marjorie Pincus’s “Mr. Pincus?” preacher just getting warmed up on sin house, it was a time for toast and coffee. “Just Marvin, Emily.” by starting with jaywalking.

48 TRADICIÓN July 2012 “June is the annual man trap,” he “Sure,” I said, “but it took me the ened up. Then he said, ‘Why, Grandpa, said quietly. He looked at each of us in best part of a month.” that’s Fred. Hi Fred... how you doing?’ turn. “How many of us wouldn’t like “That’s what I mean. These kids to- to relive a particular June in our lives day are just smarter than we were and Slim Randles learned mule pack- when we were led to the slaughter, er, they work harder, and you know, they ing from Gene Burkhart and Slim the altar, that is? To have that chance seem to know what they want to do.” Nivens. He learned mustanging once again, before the organist even Dud whistled in appreciation of and wild burro catching from Hap warmed up … to survey life in the past his own words as he shook his head Pierce. He learned horse shoeing and prognosticate life in the future and in wonder. from Rocky Earick. He learned to perhaps amend a decision? Oh yes. “My grandson’s like that,” Bill said. horse training from Dick Johnson Many of us. “Smart as a whip. He’s only seven, you and Joe Cabral. He learned humil- “MULTITUDES of us.” He stood know. He and I went for a walk the ity from the mules of the eastern and waved his coffee spoon as we in other day to appreciate springtime. I High Sierra. For the last 40 years the orchestra sat in awe. asked him what he was studying these or so, he’s written a lot of stuff, “Was man created just to live in days and he said he knew all about too, especially in his Home Coun- bondage? Does free will mean NOTH- birds. Told me he knew the name of try column, which is syndicated ING? Were we designed to wear every bird in the forest. Every one. all across this country. He lives in SHACKLES?” “Well, I thought I’d test him, so I Albuquerque, New Mexico, and in It was Doc who finally caught pointed to a grackle and said, ‘Tell me a small cabin in the middle of no- Bert’s eye, flat in the middle of his best the name of that bird right there.’ He where at the foot of the Manzano sermon ever. It was Doc who flipped looked at it carefully and then bright- Mountains. his eyes to Bert’s left and gave a quick shake of his head. Bert glanced that way in mid speech and saw his wife, Maizie, standing with her hands on her hips. “What man among us,” Bert said, “would consider the holy sacrament of marriage to be shackles? Not a real man, I say. Not a man who is a real American. Not a man who under- stands the precious relationship between a man and that certain special woman. Do I get an amen on that?” “Amen!” we all chimed in. “Well,” Bert said, sitting again, “that’s all I have to say about June.” ------

“Amazing,” Dud said out at the corrals the other day. Bill and I looked at him a bit strangely, because there were just two horses in the corral and neither one of them had been amazing since Ronald Reagan moved to Washington. “What’s amazing, Dud?” “Kids. What they’re doing today is just amazing, compared to what we did as kids.” “Like those computer game deals?” “No ... not that. I mean ... well you just take that nephew of mine ... my sister’s boy. He does five hours of homework every night. In high school. Did you ever do five hours of homework in high school?”

TRADICIÓN July 2012 49 From Six-Guns & Horses to Helicopters & Computers: New Mexico Law Enforcement, 1912-2012 by Don Bullis

The following essay is adapted from President Ulysses S. Grant; one of his pistol-packing lawman who actually Sunshine & Shadows in New uncles was congressman and Trea- chased down outlaws like TV’s fic- Mexico’s Past: The Statehood Period, sury Secretary John Sherman, Sr.; tional Marshal Matt Dillon of Dodge 1912-Present. and another was famed Civil War City, Kansas. Part of a marshal’s job General William Tecumseh Sher- was hiring deputies to do the field By the time New Mexico gained man. One of his brothers-in-law was work. A marshal was free to appoint statehood status in January 1912, General Nelson A. Miles and an- whomever he chose, again with- several governmental agencies, and other was Pennsylvania U.S. Senator out regard to education, training, or some private organizations, provided James D. Cameron. A pedigree like experience (Marshal John Sherman, law enforcement services to the that did not assure competence as a noted above, actually appointed as residents of the Sunshine Territory. lawman; indeed most historians of deputies a couple of known outlaws: None of them required legal educa- the day discuss Sherman in only the “Mysterious Dave” Mather and “Pe- tion or training for those they em- most derisive terms.2 cos Bob” Olinger.) Until the Foraker ployed to work as lawmen, even the Creighton Foraker served as term late in the nineteenth century, highest ranking among law enforce- marshal for the territory from 1897 deputy U.S. Marshals were not even ment administrators.1 In some cases, to 1912 and he had no law enforce- employees of the federal govern- even literacy was not a minimum ment credentials, either. He had ment, but worked for the marshal standard. previously worked as a miner and himself. Pay was on a piece-work At the top of the lawman pecking rancher. He got the job with the help basis: from two dollars for the execu- order in 1912 was the United States of his older brother, Joseph, a United tion of a warrant to fifty cents for Marshal for New Mexico: Creighton States Senator from Ohio who had the service of a subpoena; and six Foraker (1861-1917) at statehood. The nominated William McKinley for cents per mile for normal travel to marshal was responsible for serving President of the United States at the ten cents per mile when escorting a federal court papers (writs, warrants, 1896 Republican National Conven- prisoner. subpoenas, criminal complaints, etc.), tion in St. Louis. And while Foraker’s Even though Marshal Foraker and for enforcing federal laws any- law enforcement service was well- did a creditable job as New Mexico where in the territory. That was not regarded – Governor Miguel Otero became a state in 1912, residents had as simple as it seems. Federal law did said “[Foraker was] a most excellent little reason to believe that a United not include the most common of ter- official” – he lost his job when Presi- States Marshal would contribute ritorial crimes, such as cattle rustling dent William Howard Taft made much to maintaining law and order, and murder, leaving marshals and a deal with some of the marshal’s and indeed Foraker fell victim to their deputies without authority to political enemies, led by Solomon political chicanery and was replaced act in such cases. In theory, marshals Luna of Valencia County and Holm only a few months later. and county sheriffs worked together O. Bursum of Socorro County. The One step down, in terms of in solving these crimes. president felt the need to protect its breadth of jurisdiction at state- Marshals, were, and still are, New Mexico support in his reelec- hood, came New Mexico’s territory- appointed by the President of the tion campaign against Theodore wide law enforcement agency; the United States, and confirmed by the Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson Mounted Police. Captain Fred Fornoff United States Senate. They were ap- in the 1912 presidential election. It (1859-1935) commanded the organi- pointed to four-year terms. The only didn’t matter: Taft finished a distant zation at statehood. Fornoff and his requirement for the job was good third and garnered only eight elec- officers had “… full power to make political connections. New Mexico toral votes. arrests of criminals in any part of the Marshal John Sherman (c.1850- Organizationally, a U.S. Marshal Territory, and upon the arrest of any 1894), appointed in 1876, epitomized in the years leading up to statehood criminal, deliver[ed] the same over the practice: his business partner was expected to serve as a law en- to some peace officer in the county in Washington, D.C., was the son of forcement administrator and not as a where the crime [was] committed.”3

50 TRADICIÓN July 2012 Very often, that peace officer was superior to that of Mounted Police quired candidates to run for office the sheriff. Much of the focus of privates. Mounties also tapped into in exactly the same way that all Mounted Police work was the arrest the funds available in the fee system, politicians gain office, with all that of cattle rustlers and the recovery of as noted above. These problems were implies. Secundino Romero (1869- stolen livestock; indeed, the territorial exacerbated in early 1907 when 1929), a Republican and a member legislator who authored the bill that Captain Fornoff charged Torrance of a politically influential family, created the Mounties was himself a County Sheriff Manuel Sanchez served as sheriff of San Miguel cattleman. with misconduct and extortion County at statehood in 1912. He had The New Mexico Mounted Police while in office.4 been appointed in 1910 to replace was created by the territorial legisla- That the New Mexico Mounted his brother, Cleofes, who had been ture in 1905, and began operations Police was intended to be window elected to the office in 1899, and who later the same year with John Fuller- dressing for politicians seeking state- resigned to become superintendent ton (1856-1928) of Socorro as its first hood as much as it was meant to be of the New Mexico territorial prison. captain. The organization’s gray-clad a functional law enforcement agency President Taft soon appointed Secun- officers were appointed by the gov- is supported by the fact that the year dino to succeed Creighton Foraker as ernor, and answered to him directly. following statehood – 1913 – the territorial U.S. Marshal, but he didn’t While it is true that rustling was a legislative budget allocation for the serve as marshal for long before he significant problem in New Mexico, group was exactly zero, even though went in search of other political op- and the “Mounties” were expected to the Mounties continued to officially portunities. He ran for State Corpora- take steps to reduce cattle thefts, it is exist until 1921 when, by an act of tion Commission, the State House also true that supporters of statehood the legislature, they were abolished of Representatives, and governor. It for the territory could point to the altogether. New Mexico was without should be noted that while Secun- group as a serious effort toward law a statewide law enforcement agency dino Romero had no training in law and order in what many termed the until the New Mexico Motor Patrol enforcement – indeed sheriffs were “Wild West,” the popular perception was created in 1933. not even required to be peace of- of which had impeded New Mexi- One more step down on the law ficers7 – he was college-educated and co’s chances for statehood for many enforcement ladder were sheriffs had experience as a merchant. years. The seriousness of the overall who held as their primary duties New Mexico’s best-known sheriff, effort is questionable since the origi- the enforcement of the law with- Patrick Floyd Garrett (1850-1908), nal Mounted Police complement was in territorial counties.5 What set actually served but little more than only a captain and ten men (one sheriffs apart from U.S. Marshals six years in that office (two years in lieutenant, one sergeant, and eight and Mounted Police captains was Lincoln County and four years in privates); to patrol the entire territory, that they were elected by the citi- Doña Ana County). He had worked more than 121,500 square miles. zens of each respective jurisdiction. primarily as a buffalo hunter and A budget of $13,000 was appropri- There were twenty-six New Mexico storekeeper before he was elected to ated for agency operations, including counties in 1912 (and thirty-three office in 1880. He too ran unsuccess- salaries. It is to the Mounties’ credit in 2012). Sheriffs were officers of fully for higher office; New Mexico that they made a dent in rustling the district court which meant they territorial council (akin to the mod- and recovered a significant number served legal process in much the ern state senate) in 1882. He also ran of stolen cattle. same way the marshal did, except for sheriff of Chaves County in 1890 No law enforcement agency they did so in a much smaller ju- and lost. operates in a void, however, and the risdiction. Constables,6 like sheriffs, Garrett is best known as the Mounties were no exception. Almost were usually – but not always – sheriff who killed noted outlaw Billy from the beginning, New Mexico elected by the citizens they served, the Kid (William H. Bonney) at Fort sheriffs resented the territorial of- which was the jurisdiction of the Sumner on July 14, 1881. It was he, ficers. For one thing, Mounted Police Justice of the Peace (JP) courts, of as Doña Ana County sheriff, who officers could go into any county which there were several in each conducted the investigation into the and function as peace officers with- county. Often constables also served 1896 disappearance of Col. Albert out so much as a by-your-leave to as municipal police officers. Fountain and his young son, Henry. the local sheriff. Sheriffs, as elected of- Sheriffs and most constables Garrett did not live to see New ficials, believed their jurisdiction was were political positions which re- Mexico statehood; he was murdered

TRADICIÓN July 2012 51 near Las Cruces in 1908. No one was desirable is supported by the fact that earned what they could on a piece- ever convicted of that crime. in the thirty-one years from 1881, work basis. U.S. Marshals and sher- Peace officers with the least juris- when Yarberry was hired, until state- iffs used similar fee schedules. This diction, geographically, were munici- hood in 1912, twenty-eight men held was not as onerous as it might seem; pal lawmen: police chiefs and town the job, some for only a few weeks, deputies could easily make as much, marshals. They had the primary re- or less, and others for only a few or more, than they might as cow- sponsibility for enforcement of local months. By comparison, only seven- boys, who generally made $30 to $40 ordinances which often paralleled teen men held the office of Albu- per month. Cowboys, as a rule, did territorial statutes. In some cases querque police chief in the hundred not face the prospect of meeting a town marshals were elected, but years between 1912 and 2012.9 violent death on a regular basis and more often than not they were hired None of these lawmen received deputies did; at least fifty peace of- by the local merchants association any law enforcement training be- ficers were killed in the line of duty or town council. In cases where they yond what the local District Attor- between 1847 and 1912. All of them were hired by private organizations, ney might offer them on an ad hoc died of gunshot wounds. the county sheriff would be expected basis. What muddies these waters From the time that the New to make them deputies. Jurisdiction further is the fact that peace officers Mexico Mounted Police force was of town marshals was limited to the often served two or more agencies; abolished in 1921 until 1933, New community which paid them. as mentioned above, a town mar- Mexico was without a statewide law Town marshals were a mixed bag shal, or his deputies, might also work enforcement agency. By the early in the law enforcement community for the county sheriff, the Mounted 1930s, as automobile travel became as New Mexico achieved statehood Police, or the United States Marshal, popular and affordable, and paved in 1912. Albuquerque’s first marshal or two, if not all three. This was true road mileage increased,10 it became was Milt Yarberry (c. 1844-1883). because salaries for lawmen were clear that New Mexico needed traffic His brief career is a good example of notoriously low. In some cases, no enforcement officers. To respond to the problems faced by New Mexico regular wage was paid and officers this need, the New Mexico Motor communities as they tried to main- Patrol was created in March 1933 tain law and order on their dusty when the legislature passed a bill streets. Yarberry was an illiterate bul- creating the organization. Gover- ly with a questionable background nor Arthur Seligman (1871-1933) (Yarberry was certainly an alias), signed the bill into law. The original but the fact that he was good with a complement was ten officers, includ- gun seems to have carried the day ing a chief patrolman, all mounted and he was named to the office by on motorcycles. Again, one won- the Albuquerque merchants associa- ders at how serious the politicians tion in early 1881, not long after the of the day were. Remember that the arrival of the railroad. He may have Mounted Police, nearly thirty years been deputized by Bernalillo County earlier, were also authorized only ten Sheriff Perfecto Armijo. Problems officers. came quickly. In a three month peri- The first chief of the Motor Patrol od from March to June 1881, Yarber- was Earl Irish, but he only lasted ry killed two innocent men – Harry from August until October 1933 Brown and Charles Campbell – both when a new governor, A. W. “Andy” said to have been unarmed. He was Hockenhull (1877-1974) took office acquitted of Brown’s killing upon a upon the death of Governor Selig- questionable plea of self-defense, but man. Irish was replaced by E. J. he could contrive no such defense in House. One historian notes that in This essay is excerpted from Sunshine Campbell’s killing. He was convicted spite of its brief tenure, “[T]he Motor and Shadows in New Mexico’s Past: of that crime, and Sheriff Armijo The Statehood Period 1912-Present, Patrol proved its success by generat- 8 hanged him in February 1883. published in collaboration with the Histori- ing enough revenue to more than That the job of town marshal, at cal Society of New Mexico. The book can be pay for itself.”11 least in Albuquerque, was far from ordered from Rio Grande Books or online at Chief House, something of a Amazon.com. 52 TRADICIÓN July 2012 governmental empire builder, envi- unit and State Crime Stoppers. operations diminished. By 1995, the sioned a much larger organization; One other law enforcement orga- GOCPC was defunct with a zero reorganized along paramilitary lines, nization deserves inclusion here: the appropriation. It is of passing inter- with greater police powers and more Governor’s Organized Crime Preven- est that in the same year, the State men. That became a reality when tion Commission (GOCPC). In the of New Mexico and Governor Gary the legislature passed a bill which early 1970s, New Mexico newspa- Johnson (1953- —) began negotiating created the New Mexico State Police pers made much of speculation that for the legalization of tribal gaming. in February 1935. The bill was signed Organized Crime organizations had The gaming compacts were ap- into law by Governor Clyde Tingley made in-roads to the state’s business proved two years later. (1881-1960). Manpower was to be in- community. As a result, two State In modern New Mexico there are creased to thirty officers. The depart- Police officers – Manuel Aragon and numerous other federal law enforcement’s ten motorcycles were aug- James L. Wilson – were assigned to ment agencies that provide services mented by seven Chevrolet sedans. discover whether or not there was to citizens, including the Bureau of The State Police was the first New anything to worry about from that Indian Affairs and its police depart- Mexico law enforcement agency to quarter. Aragon and Wilson de- ment, and several individual tribal require officers to undergo a train- termined that there was indeed. In police departments. To suggest that ing program, and to meet minimum August 1972, Governor Bruce King there are frequent jurisdictional dis- standards.12 signed an executive order which putes would be an understatement. The State Police Department ex- created an organized crime preven- So, finally, law enforcement in isted as an independent agency, an- tion council. With a small staff, the New Mexico over the hundred years swerable only to a State Police Board council served as an advisory group from 1912 to 2012 has moved from a appointed by the governor until the for Governor King. As a result of the few men on horseback to hundreds administration of Governor Jerry council’s early work, the legislature of men and women riding in air- Apodaca in the 1970s. Apodaca was called upon to create a statutory conditioned automobiles and even (1934- —) placed the State Police un- group to contend with the problem. helicopters and planes. Certainly, all der the purview of a new Criminal The GOCPC was created in 1973 things considered, citizens are far Justice Department, along with the when Governor King signed Senate better served today than they were Department of Corrections. When Bill 302. The commission was made in 1912. Governor Bruce King (1924-2009) up of seven members appointed by came to office in 1979, he returned the governor and with the consent Endnotes the State Police to its former inde- of the state senate. Members were 1 The term lawmen is used advisedly. pendent status. In 1987, however, in obliged to undergo background Throughout the territorial period and the administration of Governor Gar- checks. The first executive director for most of the twentieth century, all rey Carruthers (1939- —), the State was Sam Papich, a retired Federal law enforcement personnel in New Police was placed under the super- Bureau of Investigations agent, who Mexico were men. Linnie Thomas of visory umbrella of the New Mexico managed six GOCPC investigators Curry County was probably the first Department of Public Safety which and a support staff of five. female peace officer in New Mexico. also included the Special Investiga- Among the areas investigated She was appointed sheriff to serve out her husband’s term when R. L. tions Division (alcohol and gaming by the GOCPC were drug traffick- Thomas died in office in April 1938. enforcement, organized crime, and ing, organized crime infiltration of Women did not serve as fully certi- State Crime Stoppers), the Motor legitimate business, fencing of stolen fied police officers in New Mexico, Transportation Division (enforce- goods, illegal gambling, prostitu- doing all phases of police work, until ment of motor carrier statutes), and tion, pornography, labor racketeer- the last quarter of the twentieth cen- the Technical and Emergency Sup- ing, public corruption, and waste tury. The University of New Mexico port Division. This organizational hauling operations, among others. police department hired a female structure continued to exist at the Numerous reports were issued and officer—Patricia Caristo—in 1974. The time of the statehood centennial in distributed to appropriate authorities. New Mexico State Police commissioned the department’s first female 2012, except that the State Police im- There was, however, opposition to officers—two of them—in 1976. posed their will on the Department the commission by some members 2 Historian Larry Ball believes that 13 of Public Safety and abolished both of the New Mexico legislature, and Sherman deserved more credit than the organized crime investigative over the years appropriations for its he got. Ball wrote, “By rising above

TRADICIÓN July 2012 53 political considerations, Sherman set ticians led by the President of the in 1926, was completed in its more a healthy precedent for his succes- United States and the vast majority direct route across New Mexico by sors.” Larry D. Ball, The United States of them had no previous ties to New 1938. Marshals of New Mexico & Arizona Mexico. 11 New Mexico State Police 60th Anniversary Territories 1846-1912 (Albuquerque: 6 Constables were not particularly 1935-1995 yearbook. In 1953 the University of New Mexico Press, notable in the New Mexico law State Police academy amounted to 1992). Others disagreed strongly and enforcement community, but it is thirty days of uninterrupted train- some indicated that Sherman had significant that during the Lincoln ing. Candidates were required to a drinking problem. Historian Leon County War (1878-1881), the so- complete the so-called recruit school Metz referred to Sherman as “…the called “Regulators” held law enforce- without pay, and thus the State of alcoholic United States Marshal at ment commissions as deputy con- New Mexico had almost no invest- Santa Fe.” Leon Metz, Pat Garrett: The stables. Justice of the Peace John B. ment in cadets until they were Story of a Western Lawman (Norman: “Green” Wilson named Dick Brewer qualified for appointment to the University of Oklahoma Press, 1983). his constable and the other Regula- State Police. In 2012, State Police Re- Newspapers of the day reported on tors were Brewer’s deputies. One of cruit School is five months long. The the marshal’s frequent absences from them was Billy the Kid (William H. course of instruction is not, however, the territory, and the tardiness with Bonney [1859-1881]). done seven days per week. which he paid his bills, including 7 That remains true in New Mexico a 12 Ibid. his bar tabs. hundred years after statehood. Sher- 13 The GOCPC was subject to over- 3 This quote is taken from New iffs were expected to be administra- sight by a committee of legisla- Mexico Council Bill No. 26, “An Act tors and tax collectors while their tors made up of the Speaker of to organize and equip a company deputies went into the field and the House of Representatives, the of mounted police for the Territory performed law enforcement services. President Pro Tempore of the State of New Mexico,” as printed by the There were exceptions, of course. Senate, and the Minority Leader of Santa Fe New Mexican, February 11, Sheriffs Pat Garrett and Perfecto the Senate. These legislators rarely 1905. Armijo certainly did hands-on law attended commission meetings. 4 Historian Chuck Hornung men- enforcement work. tioned the charges Fornoff filed 8 Details of Yarberry’s career may be Don Bullis has been a student of against Sheriff Sanchez. Hornung, found in Don Bullis, 99 New Mexi- New Mexico and Southwest history however, cites no source of that cans…and a few other folks (Chesterfield, for nearly a half century. He has information. Chuck Hornung, The Missouri: Science and Humanities a background in newspaper work Thin Gray Line: The New Mexico Mounted Press, 2005) and Marc Simmons, Police (Ft. Worth: Western Heritage Albuquerque: A Narrative History (Albu- and his column, “Ellos Pasaron Press, 1971). Ball in Desert Lawman querque: University of New Mexico Por Aqui,” ran from 1987 until reported that Governor Herbert J. Press, 1982). 2007. His work has also appeared Hagerman removed Sheriff Sanchez 9 Of the seventeen men who held the in New Mexico Magazine, New from office. A newspaper in late office of Albuquerque police chief Mexico Stockman, and Tradición 1907 referred to Sanchez as “…a during the first hundred years of Revista. He serves as an officer well known citizen of Estancia….” statehood, three were on a tempo- of the Historical Society of New which would indicate that he was rary or interim basis. Even so, the Mexico and as sheriff/president of not sheriff at that time. It is interest- average tenure of Duke City police the Central New Mexico Corral of ing that no newspaper so far located chiefs approached six years. Ac- Westerners. He is editor of the New makes mention of this entire affair. cording to a study conducted by the Mexico Historical Notebook, and 5 Ball in Desert Lawmen compiled lists New Mexico Department of Public he was named New Mexico’s Cen- of county sheriffs for the territorial Safety in the late 1990s, the average period. It included about 360 names tenure of New Mexico police chiefs, tennial Author by the State Library (an exact count is difficult because statewide, was just over two years, in 2010 and will serve in that ca- many individuals served consecu- even factoring in Silver City Police pacity through New Mexico’s 2012 tive terms, and others served non- Chief Thomas J. Ryan who served centennial year. Bullis is also an consecutive terms). More than two in that position for thirty-five years. active member of the Western Writ- hundred of New Mexico’s territorial New Mexico State Police chiefs— ers of America. He is the award- sheriffs had Hispanic surnames. This twenty of them from 1935 to 2012— winning author of eight non-fiction is important because sheriffs were averaged a little less than four years, books and two novels. His most elected by the people they served, even including Martin Vigil who recent book, New Mexico Histori- while the territorial judiciary—mar- served in that position for thirteen cal Biographies, was published in shals, prosecutors, and judges—were years, more years than anyone else. 2011. He lives with his wife Gloria appointed by Washington, D.C., poli- 10 U.S. Route 66, originally established in Rio Rancho, New Mexico. 54 TRADICIÓN July 2012 Becoming a Part of My History Through Images & Stories of My Ancestors by Andrés Armijo 1 68 pages 137 illustrations; 8 ⁄2 x 11 ISBN 978-1-890689-75-9 ($29.95) (Trade paper)

A perfect model for anyone interested in knowing about themselves and their world through research into genealogy and photographic collections, this book is a personal journey into the Becoming author’s past, but it is also a fascinating account of family life in New Mexico, neighborhoods in Albuquerque, the rites and ritu- als of Hispanos, how a family through the ages pictured itself, a Part of My History and how all this information and reflection enlightens the author. “Everything is Illuminated,” while it educates and entertains the reader. This is an original and creative approach to personal and local history. This is a new take on the story of photography and genealogy as it focuses on the importance of the family. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Beginning his career as a Spanish instructor at the University THROUGH IMAGES & STORIES of New Mexico, Armijo has been on the UNM staff for the OF MY ANCESTORS past fifteen years, working in academic programs. He has degrees in Spanish and Southwest Hispanic Studies. COMMENTS ON THE BOOK: Armijo’s book is a new take on the story of photography Andrés Armijo in Nuevo México, the importance of familia. His critical exploration takes us beyond the snapshot to more fully understand it. The family album, and the shoeboxes of pictures, become a place where deep and compelling meanings can be found and recovered. Photographs that have been generally forgotten provide a unique window into the past. Armijo’s book leads us into those images and helps us find new ways to examine the deeper meaning of New Mexico’s rich visual history.—Miguel Gandert, Photographer and Professor of Communication and Journalism, University of New Mexico

One of the great truths in life is that to know what we’ve come from lets us know ourselves better and helps us determine where we’re going. It is such a search that Andrés Armijo describes in Becoming a Part of My History: Through Images and Stories of My Ancestors. It is replete with charming anecdotes that remind us of our own family stories. It is enriched with photographs of several generations of family, a photographic genealogy rare in studies of one’s ancestors. It can be enjoyed by anyone interested in their own and other families’ histories. A gem of a book.—Nash Candelaria, novelist, short story writer 2011 Best First Book, BOOK REVIEW: New Mexico Book Awards The text and photos in this book would be wonderful in demonstrating to students or adults how to research their family and present them in an interesting way.—ReadingNewMexico.com Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com TRADICIÓN July 2012 55 Southwest Books by Barbe Awalt

Gold-Mining Boom- New Mexico Art Rafael Aragon, many Hot Sauce! Techniques town: People of White Through Time by Native American pots for Making Signature Oaks, Lincoln County, Joseph Traugott. and Folsom and Clovis Hot Sauces by Jenni- New Mexico Terri- Published in 2012, points, John S. Cande- fer Trainer Thompson. tory by Roberta Key by Museum of New lario, William Lumpkins, Published in 2012, by Haldane. Published in Mexico Press in associa- Charlie Carrillo, Luis Storey Publishing, pa- 2012, by the Arthur tion with New Mexico Tapia, Richard Dieben- perback, color photos H. Clark Company an Museum of Art, 244 korn, Agnes Martin, throughout, 192 pages, imprint of the Univer- pages, full color with Miguel Gandert, Juane $14.95, ISBN 978-1- sity of Oklahoma Press, many photos, $50 (but Quick-To-See Smith, and 60342-816-3. hardback, $45, 336 Amazon has it for $36), many, many more. There It is no secret I like hot pages, 274 B&W pho- hardcover, ISBN 978-0- is contemporary, His- sauces but I like hot that tos and 1 map, ISBN 89013-545-7. panic, Native American, has flavor. I don’t like 978-0-87062-410-0. This is a must for cowboy, crafts, sculpture, hot that blows the top of This is a beautiful anyone who is inter- drawings, applied straw, your head off - hot for book that historians will ested in New Mexico’s tin, paintings, ceramics, the sake of hot. This book love because it docu- rich art history. The book woodwork, weaving, has 32 recipes for making ments a long-gone era. coincides with an exhibit prints and photography. your own sauces. It also It is filled with archival at the New Mexico Art There is one omission has another 60 recipes pictures and tons of little Museum, It’s About Time and that is jewelry. New with ideas to use your known facts that are fun – May, 2012 to January, Mexicans make fine new sauces. There are and useful. There is gold 2013. (In researching this jewelry and if other crafts recipes from deviled eggs mining, Billy the Kid, review on the Museum were included so jewelry to drinks, or BBQ to chili. Pat Garrett, the Lincoln of Art website they should be too. One other The nice thing about County War, goat cheese, thought the book had the criticism the Bibliography this book is the explana- a Samoan princess, a sea same name as the exhibit is it is a little lacking on a tions for types of chiles, captain, a Black business- and had the wrong page number of fronts but….. storage, uses, different man, Chinese miners, count but whatever!) Everyone should see the types of foods, but most ghost towns, and a lot Artists range in the book exhibit and buy the book of all – how to get started more. The author is a na- from historic – School of and be proud to be a and be successful in the tive of Lincoln County. the Laguna Santero, Jose New Mexican. food business. This is the 56 TRADICIÓN July 2012 kind of book a chilehead Contemporary Native Native American artists Portfolio of Hispanic will like and combine it American Artists by and there should have New Mexican Art. The with some sauces and Suzanne Deats & Kitty been. The book is beauti- WPA Writer’s Project they will go ape. Jennifer Leaken. Published in ful. is included but not the Trainer Thompson has 2012, by Gibbs Smith, Portfolio and they both been called the “Queen hardback, $50, many A History of New had equal influence and of Hot” by the Associated color photos, 184 Mexico Since Statehood their own stories which Press. pages, ISBN 978-1- by Richard Melzer, Rob- are interesting. Books 4236-0559. ert Tórrez, and Sandra like these may be lost on Bitter Water: Diné Oral This is a coffee-table Mathews. Published in the young. Adults would Histories of the Navajo book that you would love 2011, by UNM Press, enjoy them too and – Hopi Land Dispute to show off. It doesn’t fea- hardback, 346 pages, things like the ”Letters to edited and translated ture every Native Ameri- $45 fixed price, full the Editor” brought back by Malcolm D. Benally. can contemporary artist color, ISBN 978-0-8263- memories. This book re- Published in 2011, by but it does show many of 4219-5. ceived an award from the The University of Ari- the movers and shak- First of all this is a Historical Society of New zona Press, paperback, ers. The photos are not textbook so it isn’t in Mexico. There is also a 176 pages, $19.95,B&W static but rather pictures stores but I think you Teacher’s Guide ($10@) with pictures, ISBN of artists creating, their can get it from the UNM and it is included free 978-0-8165-2898-1. work, at Indian Market in website and every library with orders of 25 books. Oral histories need Santa Fe, their family, and should, hopefully, have A bookstore should do to be done – period. The really unusual artists’ pic- it. With text-books there the unheard of and have book spans events of tures doing family things. is a premium page count a signing with this book. three decades. The book Every type of art is so not everything is in is the transcribed con- shown: ceramics, jewelry, the book or is it explored Elevating Western versations of four elders: painting, sculpture, fash- fully. That being said, this American Art: Devel- Mae Tso of Mosquito ions, glass, and beadwork. is a great resource for oping and Institute in Springs, Roberta Black- Artists include: Malcolm teachers and students to the Cultural Capital of goat of Thin Rock Mesa, Furlow, Rhett Lynch, discover and study New the Rockies edited by Pauline Whitesinger and Jody Naranjo, Kevin Red Mexico. There are some Thomas Brent Smith Ruth Benally both of Big Star, and many more. For omissions: the influence and introduction by Mountain. The book has someone who studies of art on the economy is Marlene Chambers. both the natural tongue Native American art or recent years especially Published in 2012, by and English. It is a must contemporary art this is Native American, His- University of Oklahoma for anyone studying a must. When I went to panic, contemporary; Press, 320 pages, 300 Navajo issues and gives college and studied art contemporary artists of color photos, soft- a deep and clear view. there was no mention of all races, and the WPA back (also hardback),

TRADICIÓN July 2012 57 From Mexico City to Santa Fe A Historical Guide to El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro by Joseph Sánchez & Bruce Erickson 290 pages 13 maps; 6 x 9 ISBN 978-1-890689-89-6 ($18.95 pb)

As of 2000, El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Na- Order Form—Free Shipping tional Historic Trail entered the pantheon of national historic trails that have forged our nation’s history, Special Offer which is equally shared with Spain and Mexico. About Please enclose check or provide credit card info below. 1,200 miles of the trail are located between Mexico City ______Paperback $18.95@ (Add $1.50 tax if shipped to NM) and Juarez and another 400 miles in this country. This book is a reference guide for the rich heritage evident in Name______the many place names that align with El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, or Royal Road. Address______To that end, this book, both a travel guide and a place name sourcebook, is aimed at recounting the history City______of the Camino Real and its significance to our national State/Zip______story as well as the associated histories of Spain and Mexico. Daytime phone______Rio Grande Books Email address______925 Salamanca NW Card No.______Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] Expire Date______www.nmsantos.com 3-digit cvs no. from back of card______

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58 TRADICIÓN July 2012 $24.95, ISBN 978-0- Hispanic and Anglo art. a symbol of New Mexico Plains Indians. It is all a 914738-71-8. It is a beautiful book that so what better in the part of our history and I This book is a spe- anyone interested in Centennial year. keep remembering that cial issue of Western western art, or the South- I had none of this when Passages and it marks west, or art in general Imprisoned Art, Com- I was going to school. I the 10th Anniversary will want. I especially plex Patronage: Plains should have. of the Petrie Institute liked seeing the work of Drawings by Howling of Western American James Bama – one of my Wolf and Zotom at the Encyclopedia of Santa Art at the Denver Art favorites. Autry National Center Fe and Northern New Museum. Thomas Brent by Joyce M. Szabo. Pub- Mexico by Mark H. Smith is the Director of La Conquistadora by lished in 2011, by SAR Cross. Published in the Petrie Institute. The Sue Houser. Published Press, paperback. Full 2012, by Caminito book is oversized and is in 2011, by Sunstone color, 210 pages, ISBN Publishing, 415 pages, a collection of essays by Press, 93 pages, paper- 978-1-934691-46-5. B&W, many photos, curators at the Denver back, color and black The book has re- $26.95, softback, ISBN Art Museum using items & white photos, $30, sulted from two books 978-098341942-6. from Petrie and other ISBN 978-0-86534-830- commissioned by the This is a good resource collections in the Denver 1. Grandmother of Leonora books for high school Art Museum is make a La Conquistadora Curtin Paloheimo of Las and for writers. The peo- point and to show how is the oldest image of Golondrinas fame. The ple included are incom- other cultures contrib- the Virgin Mary in the drawings are about 100 plete – many are missing uted to western art. I was United States. She is a years old and give us an – but where do you stop? prepared to raise my small, wooden statue, in insight into the Southern It seems a little capricious voice but Donna Pierce, her own basilica in Santa Cheyenne mind. The on who was included in her essay, shows Fe with a wardrobe of drawings were made at and who was not. The Hispanic New Mexican over 200 pieces. She was Fort Marion in Florida NEA Heritage Awardees art – so many curators kidnapped, rescued from when the two Native for the area aren’t listed, forget that Hispanic New a burning church, rode to American artists were many prominent authors Mexican art was a part of battle and in processions, imprisoned. This book like Peggy Pond Church, the Southwest. There is, and has been written is also a view of the and Dr. Tom Chavez are however, a lack of Pueblo about extensively. This is Southwest Museum and missing (Tom was the Indian Art in the Petrie a great souvenir to take its combination with the head of the Palace of Collection and the book. home or if you want a re- Autry Museum in Los the Governor’s Museum Maybe they can go after ally complete version of Angeles. All fascinat- and a player with SCAS future acquisitions in this La Conquistadora, this is ing. Dr. Szabo is a UNM so….). The book also area and contemporary the book. After all she is teacher and expert on the refers to Mayor Martin TRADICIÓN July 2012 59 60 TRADICIÓN July 2012 Chavez as “Marty”. That in this book are made by Year’s, and Thanksgiving. has the award-winning is not good for a book. Native American jewel- The wines from St. Clair’s rode out almost simul- There are also a good ers and you can get a and Gruet are my favor- taneously. This is a look number of very promi- bolo for every job and ite and Jim Hammond into the world of dining nent and award-winning hobby under the sun. It agrees that they are great. with recipes. A foodie artists missing. The book is the necktie of the West There are many things I will love this book. also would have benefit- and with Arizona and didn’t know about wines ted from a bibliography New Mexico celebrating or winemaking in New Illuminations: The or a suggested reading Centennials it is very ap- Mexico. This is the per- Geography of the list of valuable books that propriate. There is more fect souvenir to take back Imagination, Paintings, helped with this book. to bolos that just silver to someone who loves Poems, Drawings by The collection of small and a pretty stone and wines and let them know Steven Edwin Counsell. explanations of each this book explores the about New Mexico. Pair Published in 2012, by entry are very good for a history, designs, and the it with a New Mexico Black Swan Editions, beginner. A good gift. types of bolos. Combine wine and you are golden! hardback, 202 pages, this book with a bolo and full color & B&W, $50, Native American Bolo you have got a great gift Secrets of the Tsil Café ISBN 978-098350230-2. Ties: Vintage and for a lucky person. by Thomas Fox Averill. I must confess, I have Contemporary Artistry Published in 2012, by never heard of Steven by Diana Pardue with Wines of Enchantment: UNM Press, paperback, Edwin Counsell. I prob- Norman L. Sandfield. A Guide To Finding and 240 pages, $19.95, ably don’t run in that Published in 2011, by Enjoying the Wines B&W, ISBN 978-0-8263- circle. But I will also say Museum of New Mexico if New Mexico by Jim 5112-8. that this book is a mas- Press and the Heard Hammond. Published Chef and owner Rob- terpiece. This is truly the Museum, softback, in 2012, by Breakthru ert Hingler invites diners way to show off your 155 pages, $29.95, Communications, pa- to experience the ingre- art. The art is contempo- full color, ISBN 978-0- perback, $? 185 pages, dients of the New World rary, fantasy, geographic, 89013-534-1. B&W, photos in B&W, cooked New Mexico dreamlike, and stylized. This is a beautiful ISBN 978-1-466453432. style. With a Chef father, The book itself is over- book to go with the ex- I swear by New Wes Tito Hingler’s moth- sized and would look hibit at the Heard Muse- Mexico wines. I think er owns Buen AppeTito nice on anyone’s coffee- um. The thing that makes they are as good as Catering Service. This table. It is enjoying the this book so good is the California, New York book is both cookbook art without making a historic ads and bolos to or anywhere else. I and novel tracing Wes’ major commitment but go with contemporary use them for birthdays, adventures in the food after seeing the work you bolos. Most of the bolos events, Christmas, New world. The author also may want to. Yes, it is a TRADICIÓN July 2012 61 62 TRADICIÓN July 2012 definite ego trip but isn’t by Carolynn Roche. young kids. It helps them his website www.mark- most artwork and books? Published in 2012, by learn about Big Horn sublette.com to see his Website: www.black- Clearlight Publishers, Sheep and their habitat. photos and learn more. swangalleries.com. softback, $24.95, color For those of you who & B&W, 95 pages. ISBN have to read a book be- SWNM History: Featur- An Apricot Year by 978-1574161007. fore the kids go to sleep, ing Deming, New Mex- Martha Egan. Published When I was a child, this is a good one. If you ico USA & Highlights in 2012, by Papalote many years ago, we can find a stuffed Big of Neighboring Towns. Press, hardback, B&W, never were aware of Na- Horn Sheep to go with Published in 2012, 282 pages, $25.95, tive Americans. The only the book you are a hero! by JReynolds Photo & ISBN 978-097558816-1. thing we knew about Computer Works, soft- Any book with a Native Americans was Paint By Numbers: A back,483 pages, B&W, Gustave Bauman on the what we saw on TV. This Charles Bloom Mur- many B&W photos, cover has to be interest- is a perfect way to help der Mystery by Mark $38.95, ISBN 978-0- ing. Martha has a num- kids learn about Native Sublette. Published in 9852954-0-0. ber of best books includ- Americans through their 2012, by Just Me Pub- First of all, SWNM? ing La Ranfla and owns stories. It also will start lishing, hardback, 258 SPELL IT OUT!!!!! This Pachamama in Santa Fe. the conversation on the pages, B&W with B&W book is a little rough This would be the per- different Native Ameri- photos, $24.95, ISBN in the niceties of book fect book to slip in your can tribes. This book is 978-0-9855448-0-5. publishing but it has in carry-on for any trip or about the tribes of the We have seen Mark it some killer history of take to the beach. This is Pacific Northwest and Sublette for many years an area that not much a true New Mexico and tales deal with sorcery, especially at Indian has been documented. If Santa Fe story. It is also a the land, animals, and Market time. He owns you are a historian this story about human na- Native Americans. Medicine Man Gallery will fill in a lot of holes ture, family, friends, and a in Tucson. He has been in your notebook of New beautiful land! Combine Big Horns Don’t Honk in the world of Na- Mexico history. Appro- it with a watercolor set by Stephen Lester & tive American art for a priate it came out in the and you have a perfect illustrated by Nathaniel long-time and knows the Centennial. gift. P. Jensen. Published in business. The book will 2010, by Bobolink Me- appeal to Tony Hillerman Raven Finds the Day- dia, full color, paper- fans. It is the story of a light and other Ameri- back, $6.95, 31 pages, gallery on Canyon Road can Indian Stories by ISBN 978-1891795-602- in Santa Fe and the in- Paul M. Levitt & Elissa 2. trigue of a death and the S. Guralnik illustrated This is a cute book for mystery involved. Go to

TRADICIÓN July 2012 63 Contemporary Hispanic Market Artists Contemporary Hispanic Market celebrated its 25th year last summer and almost 90 artists participated in a new book honoring this anniversary. The annual market is held each year on the last full weekend of July on Lincoln Street just off the Plaza in Santa Fe and a Winter Market which is held at the Santa Fe Convention Center on Decem- ber 9-10. Featured here are six of the artists you can meet at the Market.

Gary artzog HGary is a survivor. On the verge of a promising career in racing dirt orge bikes and other extreme sports he J suffered a terrible accident breaking Matthew E. ernandez his neck and back along with shat- FJorge was the Chair for the Marta Gonzales tering his skull. He had to relearn Matthew does bronze sculptures Abreu High School Art Department everything. Now he is a skin/tattoo- of the human form, emphasizing in Cuba overseeing music, arts, the- ing artists and also does his art on movement, beauty, and harmony of ater, and dance. Detained for a year walls, vehicles, clothing, wood with life. All bronzes start with drawings in Guantanamo Bay, he didn’t have acrylics, oils, nail polish, and ink. He and Matthew captures a moment access to art supplies and an artist lets the art speak for itself. in time before sculpting and then friend suggested he paint—point by casting. He has been creating for point. He drew based on the real- more than 20 years. Matthew also ity of captivity and the value of lost teaches figure drawing/sculpture, freedom. Since then Jorge has cre- and portraiture classes. Matthew is ated numerous drawings and paint- a member of the Board of Directors ings and he has participated in art of Contemporary Hispanic Market. exhibitions with reknown artists including Sonny Rivera, Luis Jimenez, and Ricardo Chavez-Mendez.

64 TRADICIÓN July 2012 Teresa M. Michelle utierrez erran GBorn in Cuba, Teresa’s love of art FMichelle grew up in the Espa- Leah and color was influenced not just ñola Valley. Her extended family of by her Caribbean roots, but also her farmers, ranchers, artists, and crafts- Henríquez- yearly summer vacations in Mexico. people influenced her style and ap- eady The folk art of Mexico and its vi- proach to art. Michelle loves the RLeah is always a crowd favorite brant use of color left an indelible free flow and vibrant colors of the with her jewelry. Her love of beads impression that found its way into watercolor medium that allows her and fibers began when she was a Teresa’s artistic expression. In Santa to capture and express her love for child – having artistic parents who Fe, Teresa continues to split her love Northern New Mexico; she dreams influenced her certainly helped. and time between providing hand of a time when her stylized inter- Her work is detailed, repetitive, and therapy at an outpatient facility and pretations become the images peo- time-consuming. Each piece is one- using her own hands daily to cut, ple envision when thinking of her of-a-kind, with its own character sand, and paint her art. home. Michelle is a Board member that tells a story. Leah loves creating of Contemporary Hispanic Market. jewelry that causes people to stop and stare, to reach out, to touch. Wearable art!

TRADICIÓN July 2012 65 A Reception at the New Mexico Governor’s Mansion

by Barbe Awalt

The Historical Society of New Mexico had a reception at the Gover- nor’s Mansion in Santa Fe, with their awards ceremony – I was excited to go and check out the house. I had never been in this Mansion before and going in the Centennial year was fantastic. We were told there would be tight security, you had to be on the list to get in, and no guns. So, on a windy and warm, spring Saturday, we were off to see the Gov- ernor’s Mansion. The Governor’s Mansion is the official residence of the Governor of New Mexico and is the third residence and welcomed inhabitants in 1954. The second home, built in 1870, was next to the New Mexico Capitol on Garcia Street and was made to look like the White House or Tara John Dempsey (1943-1947) and we by the Museums of New Mexico but it was light tan. The first home have been told that the School for and their collections. was in the Palace of the Governors, Advanced Research (SAR) in Santa You are really struck by the fact built about 1610, making it the oldest, Fe has a deed and when the Man- the Mansion is comfortable and it continuously-occupied, public build- sion is vacated the land reverts back doesn’t feel large and imposing. It ing in the United States. The third to them. The Mansion was opened is casual and homey but still a nice Mansion is probably the only one in to the public for tours by former First house. It feels like a family lives the United States with a dirt road a Lady Dee Johnson. there. I sat in a big, over-stuffed chair half a block away. The Mansion also The guest area and dining room in the den and it was comfy. There has a big parking lot and heli-pad. has seen the likes of Princess Grace is a group of personal Governor The Mansion has one of the best of Monaco, Jeff Bridges, Robert Red- Martinez pictures in the living room. locations and views in Santa Fe. You ford, Archbishop Sheehan, Jessica You are told DO NOT TAKE ANY can see the Ski Basin, Downtown Simpson, George Clooney, Robert PICTURES of just the art. They are Santa Fe, sunsets, and the lights. Duvall, Ted Nugent, and many oth- copyright enforced and other issues. It must be a spectacular view in a ers. Harrison Ford and Calista Flock- Looking at the art is like going to a snow-storm. It is 12,000 square feet hart got married there but regular museum – one of the perks of being with a tennis court and stables. It people can’t. It made all the papers the Governor. is on 30 acres with large trees and and a big deal was made of it. The Private Residence is just that many gardens. The original donation When you drive in the gate with – private and where the Governor of land was from former Governor the big Zia’s you notice right away and her family relax. There are big, the New Mexico State Police cars – loud dogs guarding the Private Resi- high security and the police have dence outside and you don’t want to their own office at the Mansion. mess with them. There are security When you go into the Mansion, past cameras everywhere and a security the gardens, sculpture by award-win- fence around the entire property. ning artist Allan Houser, and rock- I was particularly taken by the ing chairs, you notice the rug with painted beams in the dining room. the State Seal of New Mexico do- You just don’t see that a lot anymore. nated by former Governor Jerry and The large table, we were told, was Claire Apodaca (1975-1979). There commissioned by Former Gover- are really nice and valuable paint- nor Bill Richardson because he had ings, sculpture, and other art rotated large groups come to dinner – it seats

66 TRADICIÓN July 2012 22. Remember when those Korean sculpture by Allan Houser. Our day evening and we were told it was delegates were there? It made inter- reception had tables and chairs that very unusual because the Governor national news. In July, 2011, a bear blew in the New Mexico winds likes to relax with family on the walked around the Mansion and that along with the tent. There are big weekends. The Governor was sup- made national news. trees for shade and large planters posedly dancing to Marvin Gaye at The back area and patio is for of geraniums. Groups can book the the National Dance Institute of Santa groups (501.c.3’s) and features spec- Mansion – Monday through Thurs- Fe fundraiser at the Dance Barn in tacular views as well as another day. Our reception was on a Satur- Santa Fe, so the Albuquerque Journal said. The Historical Society of New Mexico gave awards to the following: Chris Wilson, Stefanos Polyzoides, Neta Pope, Andres Jaquez, Rich- ard Melzer, Robert Torrez, Sandra Mathews, Don Bullis, Enrique Lama- drid, Emerita Romero-Anderson, Uy- less Black, Sandra Schackel, Sharon Snyder, Christoph Laucht, Ronald Kil, Mary Davis, Frank Gonzales, David Caffey, David Townsend, and a rare Lifetime Achievement Award to Na- sario Garcia. He wrote this poem for just that occasion:

OBSEQUIO By Nasario Garcia El honor que aquí me rinden, en este dichoso día, es música que proviene de una alegre sinfonía. Todo cariñoso obsequio en nuestras vidas, ya sea grande o pequeño, es como un sueño ya que los sueños, sueños son.

GRATITUDE The honor you have bestowed upon me, on this benevolent evening, is like music born from a jovial symphony. Every surprising gratitude in our lives, regardless of its size or magnitude, is like a dream because dreams, after- all, is what our lives are all about. ¡GRACIAS!

Anyone can take a free, no reser- vations, guided tour of the Mansion: the second and fourth Tuesday of the month from 1pm to 3pm. For parties over 6 people call 505/476-2800. The Mansion is located at 1 Mansion Nasario Garcia was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Historical Drive in North Santa Fe. It is, after all, Society of New Mexico at the 2012 Conference. Nasario, center, is flanked by HSNM Presi- your house too! dent Mike Stevenson (left) and HSNM Vice President Don Bullis (right). TRADICIÓN July 2012 67 68 TRADICIÓN July 2012 The Western Saddle in New Mexico Claude Stephenson Ph.D; New Mexico State Folklorist The image of the American cowboy on horseback on the distinctive “western saddle” is famous worldwide; but few are aware of New Mexico’s role in the creation of this important piece of horse equipment. Saddles have been in use for thousands of years. Their creation and evo- lution in Asia and around the Mediter- ranean Sea are fairly well documented, but few examples of ancient saddles remain today. It is commonly accepted that stirrups first appeared on saddles in Asia Minor several hundred years before the birth of Jesus. Some historians credit a cultural group called the Sarmatians, who lived in the Black Sea region, with this innovation. No matter the source, stirrups provided stability and enabled riders to better wield weapons from atop their horses. The infamous Huns are considered to be the conduit that brought stirrups to Europe. At the time of the colonization of New Mexico in 1598, there were two major types of saddles in use in Spain. One, of Moorish origin, was a light cavalry saddle called a jineta, and the employed “D” rings to tie the cow to employed and “treeless” saddles have other was a heavier more stable war the horse. It was the next innovation been tried. The sport of rodeo has also saddle that evolved from knights and that created the true prototype of the been responsible for many variations jousting traditions called an estradiota. western saddle as we know it today: and innovations, creating specialty In most depictions of Coronado, he is the introduction of the saddlehorn saddles for each event, such as bronco shown atop an estradiota, with its dis- (also known as an apple) on the front riding, roping, cutting, or barrel racing. tinctive high crowned back (or cantle) of the saddle. The addition of this horn Today, there are still many custom and humped front (saddle bow). While allowed the rider to quickly tie a roped saddle makers plying their trade in the estradiota was fine for travel on the cow to his horse with one hand. New Mexico, too many to name here, Camino Real, it was impractical for Although there were many varia- but one retired maker, Slim Green, for- working with cattle. The jineta did not tions on the theme, this remained as merly of Tesuque and now residing in have the stability of the estradiota, and the basic foundation of the “Spanish Las Cruces, deserves a special mention. so it too was a poor choice for the early saddle” that Anglo-Americans encoun- Renowned as one of the best saddle New Mexican caballero. tered as they settled into Texas and makers on the planet, Slim was a re- Somewhere along the line, some New Mexico in the mid-nineteenth cipient of the prestigious New Mexi- innovative caballeros — no one knows century. The AngloAmericans are co’s Governor’s Award for Excellence exactly who, but most historians agree credited by some historians with in- in the Arts among many other awards that they were likely New Mexicans creasing the size of the saddle skirts in and honors. For over twenty-five years, — got the idea to combine different as- the later part of the century, but aside Slim made the parade saddles that pects of these two Spanish saddles into from that, the basic design remained were awarded annually to the winner something new that could be used for even though the name was changed to of the New Mexico State Fair Rodeo their unique occupation. While keep- the “western” saddle. Queen crown. ing the stable platform (saddle tree) of The late nineteenth and twentieth the estradiota, they eliminated the high centuries saw more innovations to the Claude Stephensen is the Folk Arts saddle bow and cantle, incorporat- design including ornamental carving Coordinator for New Mexico Arts, a ing those of the jineta instead. While on the leather skirts and longer fenders division of the New Mexico Depart- this saddle was a great improvement, that reached elaborate lengths on pa- ment of Cultural Affairs. Reprinted it was still a work in progress. Keep- rade and show saddles. Different and with permission from ARTSpeak, ing the cow at the end of the rope was lighter woods were experimented with New Mexico Arts. a challenge. The first hybrid saddles for saddle trees. Fiberglass was also TRADICIÓN July 2012 69

Unique Piece of Southwestern History For Sale

includes original portfolio case, book, 50 hand-colored wood-block prints, and documentation letter (estimated value $35,000)

Portfolio of Spanish Colonial Design in New Mexico published in 1938 No. 6 of 200 Extremely rare

inquiries welcome Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com

74 TRADICIÓN July 2012 Journey of Hope • 36" by 48" 719.543-1514 www.janoliver.com TRADICIÓN July 2012 originals • commissions • giclee 75

deColores Galleria 112 Rio Grande Blvd., Albuquerque, NM 87104 (505) 246-9257 PRESENTS The Masters “Old Town Treasure” — Dallas Morning News

Roberto Gonzales Charlie Carrillo

Sculpture Garden Participating Artists Gary Sanchez

Santos, Tin & Furniture Santos & Paintings

Ricardo Hooper Ernesto Salazar

Oils

New Mexican Tin Cedar Carvings Other artists include: Ted Roybal, David McCoy, Robert Gonzales, Steve Lucero, William Cabrara, Jerry Montoya, and youth artists Adriana & Liberty Gonzales P.O. Box 7453, Albuquerque, NM 87194 y www.decolorsgalleria.com Saturday & Sunday November 10 & 11 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.

Shop the Market • More than 75 Artists • Strolling Mariachis • Live Mural Painting • Performances • Book Signings • Café Dining

“El Alma de la Raza,” mural, 2012 Spanish Market signature art.

For more information visit heard.org/SpanishMarket. Heard Museum 2301 N. Central Ave. Phoenix, AZ 85004 | Light Rail Encanto/Central

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